ATV-REG

E LW E R K
ABWASSER-ABFALL

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ATV - RULES
SEWAGE - WASTE
ATV-M 210
Activation plants with impounding operation
ISBN 3-927729-49-3
September 1997
The ATV working group 2.6.5 "SBR procedure", which developed this leaflet,
belong to the following members:
Dr.-Ing. B. pond graves, Essen (speaker)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. R. Kayser, Braunschweig
Dr.-Ing. J. Oles, Gladbeck
Prof. Dr.-Ing. P. Wilderer, Munich
Participated as guests:
Dipl.-Ing. E. Morgenroth, Munich
Dr.-Ing. A. Stein, Essen
User notice
This information sheet is the result of voluntary,
technical-scientific / economic joint work that is carried out according to the
applicable principles (statutes, rules of procedure of the ATV and the
ATV-A 400 ) came about. For this there is according to the case law
an actual assumption that it is correct in terms of content and subject matter.
Everyone is free to use the information sheet. A duty to apply
but can result from legal or administrative regulations, contract or other
Legal basis.
This information sheet is an important, but not the only source of information for
professional solutions. Nobody eludes it through its application
Responsibility for one's own actions or for the correct application in concrete terms
Case; this applies in particular to the proper handling of the information in the leaflet

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indicated margins.
1. INTRODUCTION
Activation plants are usually designed and have for continuous operation
proven to be an economical and powerful process for biological cleaning
largely enforced by wastewater. With the worksheets ATV-A
122 , ATV-A 126 and ATV-A 131 as well as the ATV-M 208 leaflet in Germany
The experiences available on this are compiled for the design. Already
from the development of the activated sludge process it is known that it also works with
a single basin in the reservoir, e.g. B. as Aufstauoxidationsgraben operated
can be.
As part of the intensive discussion about possible cost reductions for
the wastewater treatment is argued variously, with activated sludge systems
Damming operations are more economical than continuous systems. A comparison is
however
only possible if the requirements to be met and the specific
Loads on the systems, e.g. B. the sludge load (B TS ) are the same.
In the meantime, several accumulation systems have been put into operation in Germany
taken, various others are under construction. So there are enough
Experience in order to be able to formulate rules of technology. That is the goal
of this leaflet.
The design approaches of planners and
Manufacturers of dust recovery systems will be involved in the design rules for
Continuous revitalization systems oriented, uniform measurement method
contrasted, the comparison for building owners and supervisory authorities
various offers, apart from a few special procedures.
When applying the state of the art, the planner and supplier
It is credited that, according to general experience, the desired procedural goals
can be achieved. However, this does not release the planner from the obligation to carry out
technical
To investigate alternatives and, if economic advantages are identified, these
To propose alternatives and use them.
2 GENERAL
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2.1 Definitions
Under the designation "activated sludge plants with impounding operation" are in the frame
of this leaflet, processes for biological wastewater treatment understood,
whose common characteristic is that
• activated sludge is used for biological wastewater treatment
(Activation process),
• the biological cleaning processes and the separation of the activated sludge from
treated wastewater take place in one and the same basin (single-basin technology, see
Image 1),
• The water level in the basin is increased by the discharge of the wastewater to be treated
lifts (damming),
• the treated wastewater is withdrawn from the basin in batches
(Batch operation).
Figure 1: Principle sketch of a dust recovery system (1)
The container in which the biological cleaning processes and the separation of
activated sludge and treated wastewater will take place in the following
Called "storage basin". An activated sludge plant with impounding operation can consist of one or
consist of several storage basins. The technical equipment of the storage basin
consists of at least waste water supply, clear water drainage system,
Ventilation device, possibly mixing device and excess sludge removal. If the
Wastewater is to be fed in batches at time-limited time intervals
one or more storage containers are also required. At small receiving waters a
Compensation for the surge-like clear water discharge may be necessary.
Process in which the biological processes and the separation of the animate
Although the sludge runs off in the same basin, the fill level of the basin during the
Treatment is kept the same (e.g. ESB method, Ingerle 1995 [1]), the
Damming processes are not included and therefore remain in the following
disregarded.
Processes that are also operated in batches, but for wastewater treatment
Biofilms (e.g. Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor, SBBR) are used in this
Leaflet excluded.
The time interval that begins with the completion of the clear water drainage and with the

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Completion of the next clear water drain ends, called a cycle. Every cycle
is divided into a sequence of process phases (Fig. 2).
Picture 2:
Example of the sequence of process phases during a cycle (2)
The terms cycle and the different phases are defined as follows:
• cycle
Time interval for the filling, the biological processes and for the
Separation of the activated sludge from the purified water as well as the
Deduction of the clear water and the excess sludge is required. It
can also include a standstill phase.
• Filling phase
Time interval during which the wastewater to be cleaned enters the
Reservoir is initiated.
• Mixing phase Time interval during which the contents of the storage basin without
Oxygen supply is mixed and becomes anoxic and / or anaerobic
Set environmental conditions.
• Ventilation time interval during which the container contents are ventilated.
phase
• Settling phase Time interval during which the activated sludge sediments.
• reaction
Time interval during which aerobic or anoxic biological
phase
Processes run.
• Clear water time interval during which the clear water and possibly the
withdrawal phase excess sludge is withdrawn.
• standstill
Time interval during which the storage tank is switched to a new one
phase
Filling is waiting (optional).
• Work phase Time interval that defines the cycle duration minus the waiting or
Includes downtime (n).
Cleaning performance and process stability of an activated sludge plant with back-up
operation
are sustainably determined by the following process parameters:
• cycle duration,
• Duration of the individual process phases,
• Volume exchange ratio (ratio of the added or withdrawn volume
the volume of the storage basin) and
• Excess sludge discharge (for setting the sludge age).

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Since the amount of wastewater is subject to fluctuations, you can either use constant
Cycle durations work, with different amounts of wastewater in each cycle
can be processed, or you can work with a constant, maximum filling. There
the cycle times are then of different lengths.
2.2 Scope
The following apply mutatis mutandis to the dimensioning of activated sludge plants with
impoundment operation
Recommendations such as those in the ATV regulations
• Worksheet ATV-A 122
Principles for dimensioning, construction and operation of small sewage treatment plants with aerobic
biological purification level for connection values between 50 and 500 population values
• Worksheet ATV-A 126
Principles for wastewater treatment in sewage treatment plants using the activated sludge process
with joint sludge stabilization at connection values between 500 and 5,000
Population values
• ATV-A 131 worksheet
Dimensioning of single-stage aeration systems from 5,000 population equivalents
are set. In the following only the special features are dealt with, which are applicable to
Revitalization plants with impoundment operation.
This leaflet applies to sewage treatment plants with connection values from 50 population values. For
Sewage treatment plants with connection values below 50 population values are operated by the German
Institute
for construction engineering, construction and testing principles.
2.3 Historical background
A process sequence of chemical precipitation and aeration with storage operation in
Sewage ponds was first created in 1898 by the English engineer Sir Thomas Wardle
[2]. A filling phase of limited duration, a ventilation,
Differentiated sedimentation and emptying phases.
Two decades later, Ardern and Lockett [3] were working in Manchester as part of their
Experiments that ultimately resulted in the stimulation process with a whole
similar process technology. The results obtained on a laboratory scale were like this
encouraging that the process at the sewage treatment plant in the English city of Salford began in 1914
large-scale use came [4]. A year later, a similarly designed system went into
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in operation. This was clarified in Salford

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Waste water into one of two 83 m3 each within 45 minutes
Reservoir initiated and then ventilated for 3 hours. The educated animated
Sludge was then deposited during a two hour sedimentation phase
settled and the clear water supernatant during a one-hour withdrawal phase from the
Basin derived. Until the beginning of the new filling phase was a 15-minute period
Standstill phase provided. It is reported that this was achieved with these plants
Cleaning result was satisfactory [5]. However, a number of technicals emerged
Problems that could not be overcome with the resources available at the time. In particular was the
Operating effort for switching the pumps, slides and aerators on and off
unacceptably high. At that time, the units had to be largely by hand
operated, which led to numerous incorrect switching [6]. By redesigning in
continuously flowing systems with downstream settling basins and
Sludge recirculation was able to overcome these problems. The classic one
The activation process was invented.
The procedure for activated sludge plants with impoundment operation became popular for many years
Oblivion until 1952 by Hoover and Porges [7] and 1959 by Pasveer [8]
of the impoundment oxidation ditch was virtually rediscovered. In contrast to the
original operating technology was suggested by the authors mentioned that
Wastewater continuously into the retention basin when the drainage weir is closed
initiate. This caused a build-up in the basin. Having an upper
When the water level mark was reached, the ventilation was switched off. The revitalized mud
could now sediment and the clear water by lowering the weir
subtracted from.
The impoundment oxidation ditch developed by Pasveer has been in use since the 1960s
applied worldwide. Problems arose mainly because of excessive hydraulic
Load on the system with mixed water inlet. In order to continuously deal with wastewater
fed tanks allow the uncleaned inlet to be mixed with the cleaned outlet
It was suggested by Goronszy [9] to reduce the inlet zone of the pelvis
to separate a baffle from the rest of the pool area. From this idea
a number of special ones developed, e.g. Company solutions protected by patents.
The original operating technology introduced by Ardern and Lockett, which was based on a strict
Separation of the process phases "filling" and "clear water discharge" was established by Irvine
[10, 11, 12, 13] taken up. Through systematic work in the laboratory and in the
industrial scale were established in the USA as well as later in Germany [14, 15, 16,
17] the scientific and technical basis for the Irvine with the abbreviation
Processes called “SBR” (Sequencing Batch Reactor) developed and deepened. It should
point out that the wastewater is treated in batches (batch reactor) that the
processes required for this, such as biodegradation and sedimentation, in a temporal manner

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Sequence and that this sequence is repeated continuously (sequencing).
2.4 Basics
With activated sludge plants is an extensive removal of the dissolved organic
To achieve waste water constituents as well as nitrification and phosphorus elimination.
Accumulation systems are operated continuously or discontinuously (in batches)
Waste water charged. The dust recovery process with a waste water supply via a
Time-limited period (filling phase) was developed to control the process
largely from the fluctuations in volume flow and pollutant load in the
To make sewage treatment inflow independent as well as the deductibility of the animate
To improve the sludge, Irvine et al., (1977) [18]. The procedure corresponds to a
Aeration basins flowed through in a cascade shape with the special feature that the individual
Process phases (aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic mixture as well as sedimentation) along
a timeline in the same pool.
In basins that are filled within a limited time interval, they have after
At the end of the filling phase, changes in the sewage treatment plant inflow have no effect
on the process. The duration of the individual process phases can be
lengthen or shorten according to the current conditions so that the
desired discharge limit values are reliably observed. It should be noted, however, that
This strategy can only be successful if the recovery system has a
has a sufficiently high hydraulic absorption capacity and it is ensured that the measuring
and control systems work reliably. In practical operation, therefore, this
Procedure rarely used.
2.5 Process and operational variants
There are currently three essentially available for the activation process with back-up operation
Variants available. They can be characterized by the following keywords:
1. Continuous wastewater supply (charging time = cycle time)
2. Batch loading of systems without an upstream storage tank
(Pre-storage tank), can only be implemented with at least two storage basins
3. batch loading of systems with pre-storage.
The flow diagrams are shown in Figures 3, 5 and 7 and in Figures 4, 6 and 8
characteristic cycle plans for the three variants are shown.
Systems that are continuously fed consist of one or more
Storage basin (picture 3). The wastewater flows into the basin when it is closed

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Clear water drainage is steadily increasing. The water level in the pool rises. After reaching a
The ventilation is switched off at a certain upper water level. The revitalized mud
can settle. For the subsequent lowering of the water level, the
Clear water drain open and after reaching a certain lower water level
closed again.
Picture 3:
Flow diagram for an activated sludge plant with back-up operation from
Type: "continuous feeding", one of several is shown
Storage basin (3)
The cycle plan shown in Figure 4 shows a problem with the application
this process variant is connected. By having unpurified wastewater even during
the clear water discharge phase flows into the retention basin, it can lead to a
Process deterioration come. This must be done through constructive measures, for example
can be counteracted by separating the inlet area with a baffle. At
small systems, the inflow during the clear water extraction phase u. U. in the
Sewers are backed up.
Picture 4:
Cycle plan for an activated sludge plant with storage facility of the type:
"continuous feeding" (example) (4)
With the process scheme of the type "batch loading without pre-storage"
at least two storage basins are required (Fig. 5). The steadily flowing into the sewage treatment plant
Wastewater is first discharged into the reservoir 1 and then into the reservoir 2
(Pic 6). When using two parallel tanks, the filling time is half, with three
Parallel pool for one third of the cycle duration. After completion of the reaction phase, the
Ventilation switched off. The revitalized mud sinks to the bottom, and the clear water becomes
withdrawn to make room for refilling.
With the process diagram outlined in Figure 5, there is a clear separation between filling,
Sedimentation and clear water extraction phase back contamination of the cleaned
Clear water by inflowing wastewater avoided. For filling the basin 1
can e.g. B. a period of 8 hours can be reserved. Then pool 2 becomes 8
Hours filled. (The choice of 6 or 12 hours filling time is unfavorable, because then the
Usually both pelvis are loaded differently.) At the beginning of the filling phase the
Basin contents are neither mixed nor ventilated (static filling) to prevent degradation
to prevent and thus a significant increase in concentration in the pool
to achieve organic waste water constituents. This is shown for pool 2 in Figure 6.
This results in positive effects for the development of a tax deductible
revitalized mud. The prerequisite for this is that the waste water at the bottom in the
settled sludge is passed.
Pic 5:
Flow diagram for an activated sludge plant with back-up operation of the type:
"batchwise

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Charging without pre-storage "; Example: 2 parallel basins (5)
Pic 6:
Cycle plan for an activated sludge plant with storage facility of the type:
"batch loading without pre-storage"; Example with 2 basins (6)
Figure 7 shows an activated sludge plant with storage operation, in which the storage tanks
(Example: 2 parallel basins) can be filled from a pre-storage tank. Through the
Short-term filling (Fig. 8) can reduce the concentration of organic waste water constituents
can be quickly raised to a maximum level in the pool. This will be optimal
Initial conditions for the formation of an easily settable, activated sludge
created. The sequence of anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic process phases to the biological
Phosphate elimination, denitrification and nitrification can be independent of the hydraulic
Load on the sewage treatment plant.
Pic 7:
Flow diagram for an activated sludge plant with back-up operation of the type:
"batchwise
Charging from a feeder "; example with 2 basins (7)
Fig. 8: Cycle plan for an activated sludge plant with impounding operation of the type:
"batch loading from a pre-store"; Example with 2 basins (8)
Figure 9 shows an overview of the various operational options for the
Damming-activation process based on the hydrographs of the tank level for
Q max and Q <Q max (e.g. with an average inflow), for the two operating modes:
A.
constant filling volume
B.
constant cycle times
and the three variants of the damming process with the additional variant (4) of the
Repeated loading from a pre-storage:
1. Continuous continuous feeding
2. Alternating loading of several basins
3. One-time batch loading from a pre-store
4. Repeated (here twice) batch loading from a pre-store.
Operation with constant filling volume is first considered. If Q <
Q max is, with continuous charging (A1), it is lengthened depending on the water level
Switch on denitrification phases or ventilation pauses as waiting times (not here
shown).

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If two basins are filled alternately (A2), the time must be after completion
the loading must be the same as that of the operation at Q max (indicated by
a bar), because you don't know how the inflow has changed in the meantime
developed. If the inflow remains low, the withdrawal phase is followed by a waiting phase,
the
is ended when the other basin is full and the inflow is diverted again
becomes.
If the charging takes place intermittently from a pre-storage (A3), then at Q <Q max
the work phase equals the cycle duration at Q max
. There is a waiting phase until
the buffer is filled again accordingly. With repeated intermittent loading
(A4), if Q <Q max, the working phase becomes dependent on the level in the pre-storage tank
interrupted by a waiting phase.
For very small systems, e.g. B. for remote small catchment areas, it can be cheap to
to work with a fixed, maximum filling volume. Because of approximately the same
Dirt loads per filling can then z. B. the ventilation can be timed.
If you work with constant cycle times (B1 - B4), the filling volume becomes at Q <Qmax
Vmin + DV (see Fig. 9) smaller than the maximum filling volume VR. This mode of operation is
Most clearly from the perspective of the sewage treatment plant operation. You always know what's in
which pool is currently running. Also in pictures 4, 6 and 8 the operation with fixed
Cycle times shown.
Between the two modes of operation A and B there are also solutions in which using
the inflow and the degree of filling of the basin and / or the preliminary storage tank, if necessary under
Inclusion of parameters for the cleaning process the phases and cycle times of
Calculated on a case-by-case basis. This makes the existing pool volume more economical
be exploited. However, this requires reliable process measuring devices as well
correspondingly highly developed process computers. This mode of operation is rarely used
Commitment.
Fig. 9: Operating modes of the back-up activation process, shown using
Level graphs (9)
2.6 Areas of application
Activation systems with impoundment operation can be used for the purification of such wastewater,
whose ingredients are accessible to biological treatment. In this respect arise
no fundamental differences to the classic activation process
Continuous operation.

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• Damming systems are modular. Reaction and sedimentation take place in time
held separately in a basin. With small sewage treatment plants it is possible without
greater additional effort to operate redundant systems (two storage basins are
an aeration plant with two aeration tanks and one, better two
Secondary clarifier, equivalent). In addition, the modular structure enables a simple
Expand the sewage treatment plant.
• Changes to the operating technology are carried out in the accumulation systems
Modification of the duration and sequence of the individual phases within a cycle
realized and implemented by adjusting the timing. Should, however, be in a
continuously flowing through the system, changes were made to the operating technology
structural measures are often required.
The cycle times can be changed manually by the sewage treatment plant personnel based on experience
(current analysis values or foreseeable changes in the sewage treatment plant inflow, e.g. at
Seasonal operations in the catchment area). It still exists
Possibility to control the operation of the damming system with computer support and thus flexibly
To react to fluctuations in the sewage treatment plant inflow. However, the prerequisites for this are:
(1) highly qualified sewage treatment plant personnel, (2) reliable measurement technology, (3) one
Plant that is not overloaded and (4) a cycle design with variable cycle times
allows.
• If the wastewater treatment plant is under low load, individual retention basins can be out of order
can be taken by extending the downtime in the cycle to hours or days
becomes. The activated sludge can be aerated or mixed at regular intervals
to keep him active.
• With a short filling time and a large exchange ratio (fA), in
Damming systems have large concentration gradients over the cycle duration, which is an ideal one
Come close to plug flow. The constant alternation of high and low
Substrate concentrations have a positive effect on sludge settling
(Selector effect). The requirements for nitrogen elimination are major ones
Exchange ratio, however, set limits.
• When carrying out simple degradation tests and in research in
Laboratory scale damming systems offer the advantage that they can be done with very little effort
are operating. Often a beaker with a stirrer, aquarium aerator and are sufficient
a simple timer. However, it must be determined at kinetic and
stoichiometric values must be observed that the in impounding systems (with short
Filling time and high concentration gradient) determined parameters differ from the
Be able to differentiate between values in systems with continuous flow.
3 Technology of the activated sludge process with impounding
operation
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3.1 General system concept
An activated sludge plant with back-up operation are like the continuously fed
Activation systems, corresponding to the respective wastewater composition
Upstream facilities for mechanical wastewater treatment. The apply here
relevant ATV information sheets and worksheets.
For the purification of municipal wastewater, a computer and a sand-
and grease trap required. If a primary clarifier is connected upstream, the
Sludge stabilization not simultaneously in the impound aeration tank, but in one
separate stabilization system. The primary clarifier can have the dual function of
The settling basin and the preliminary storage tank.
The process-specific system parts include the storage basins and, if applicable, a
upstream storage tank (pre-storage). The function of the pre-storage can also
can be taken over by a channel storage space. Each of the storage basins is with
mechanical equipment (aerator, mixer, clear water extraction device, etc.)
equipped (see Fig. 1). As a rule, the wastewater is raised in between
a pumping station. With favorable topographical conditions this can
Intermediate pumping station is also omitted.
An equalization of the intermittently occurring cleaned discharge volume flow can
become necessary especially with weak receiving waters. This can be done by switching
a compensation basin or a fining pond.
The excess sludge is removed from the reservoirs discontinuously
the time specified in the cycle program. Treatment of the
Excess sludge and also any primary sewage sludge that may occur occurs each time
according to the size of the system and the selected sludge disposal path with the known ones
Process steps such as thickening, aerobic or anaerobic stabilization, drainage, etc.
3.2 Plant technology
3.2.1 Pre-storage and pumping station
A pre-storage is only required if short-term loading is appropriate
is held.
Mixing of the storage basin contents by means of agitators or other means
Facilities should be provided to prevent debris in the storage basin
avoid. The tangential introduction of the has also proven itself for round basins
Raw sewage, coupled with extraction from the middle of the pool with an inclined bottom.
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The number and performance of agitators depend on the size and shape of the tank. In the
The agitator design must ensure that the storage basin is constantly changing
Water levels is operated. A complete emptying of the storage basin must
to be possible.
The performance of the pumps that are used to convey from the pre-storage tank to the storage tank
depends on the duration of the filling phase (s) and the volume of the
Pre-storage.
Even if no pre-storage tank is built, the waste water in the retention basin is retained
Usually pumped in, unless the rake and sand trap are high enough. The
In this case, the delivery rate of the pumps depends on the peak inflow.
The required number of pumps results from the following considerations for the
Pump station concept:
• A feed pump is assigned to each storage basin. A reserve pump
is available if the operating pumps fail. This concept is used in systems with
two storage basins recommended.
• The feed pumps convey into a common distribution line from which over
individual outlets with motorized valves to fill the storage basin
becomes.
If the storage basins are loaded in the free fall, the inlet is over
Motor slide regulated.
3.2.2 Storage basin
Storage basins are not subject to any special design. Water depths are from 4 m to 7 m
common.
3.2.2.1 Ventilation / blower station
The storage basin can be ventilated by means of surface aerators or pressure ventilation
respectively. Surface aerators must be floating.
With intermittent aeration and mixing for the processes of nitrification and the
It must be possible to switch off the ventilation during the denitrification phases without denitrification
that there is an ingress of activated sludge into the aeration device
(Diffusers, air supply lines). The compressed air ventilation has been used for this
Membrane ventilation elements or jet aerators proved to be suitable.
The ventilation system and the associated blower station are designed
corresponding to that for continuous ventilation systems. Process-specific features

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result from the variability of the water level and the time sequence of
possibly several ventilation phases within a cycle. For one
Cycle strategy with intermittent mixing and aeration to achieve a
extensive nitrogen elimination, the design is similar to continuous
systems with intermittent nitrification / denitrification.
In systems that are filled quickly (short filling phases), the first
Ventilation phase of a cycle usually has a particularly high oxygen demand
occur that need not be completely covered. This peak demand will
by the shock factors according to worksheet ATV-A 131 (see Chapter 4.3.7) for the
Design of the ventilation system sufficiently covered. In the further course of the
Cycle, the respiration of the microorganisms is greatly reduced. She commutes
finally at the level of endogenous respiration. The
Oxygen transfer rate can be reduced. The energy consumption and
the development of foam can thus be minimized. The chosen cycle strategy
and the selected exchange volume have a decisive influence on the
Range of change in air demand. The air requirement decreases during a cycle
due to the temporal change in microbial respiration depending on the cycle strategy
approximately in the range of approx. 1: 5 up to 1:10.
The blower is designed for the maximum counter pressure (full filling). Which are in
Dependency on the cycle strategy selected during the various ventilation phases
Changing differential pressures must be taken into account when designing the fan.
3.2.2.2 Circulation
If (which is the rule) separate denitrification phases are provided, one of
aeration independent, separate circulation of the reactor contents necessary. Same thing
applies to the anaerobic phases for biological phosphorus elimination.
Basically, it should be noted that the required mixing performance also applies to
different water level heights in the storage tank must be guaranteed.
All known agitators (e.g. submersible mixers,
Vertical agitators, etc.). Floating agitators can also be used
with which additionally the destruction of a potential floating sludge cover
can be achieved.
3.2.2.3 Clear water extraction device
The clear water extraction device is one for built-up regeneration systems
specific mechanical equipment. It determines the quality of what is going on

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Water in a decisive way.
The trigger device should allow a short-term trigger of the selected
Exchange volume, usually between 10 - 50% of the total reactor volume,
guarantee. The recommended withdrawal times are, depending on the size of the
Exchange volume, between 30 and 90 minutes. An extension of the duration of the
The clear water withdrawal phase beyond this period is unproductive.
The specifications of the weir edge feed for continuously flowing
Secondary clarifier (according to ATV-A 131 ) apply here because of the dormant
Water volume during the withdrawal phase. There are trigger devices
with a withdrawal volume of 100 m 3 / (m · h) and z. T. offered about it.
The specified or selected duration of the clear water extraction phase is used in
Depending on the reactor size or the exchange volume (AV) the size of the
Trigger device determined. In the case of large storage tanks, there may be several in one tank
To arrange clear water extraction devices.
The dragging of floating sludge and foam with the clear water outlet is absolutely essential
prevent. This can e.g. B. by arranging a baffle or by deducting the
Clear water below the water level can be achieved. The
Clear water drainage device must be designed in such a way that during ventilation and
In the mixed phase, no activated sludge gets into the discharge lines. Soaking up the
Settled sludge must also be avoided. This must be done during the withdrawal
a safe distance between the trigger device and the
Sludge level surface are maintained. The suction effect due to high spots
Deduction volume flows are to be limited.
The pull-off device can be floating or positively controlled. In
Rigid extraction devices can be arranged in small storage basins.
In principle, automatic operation of the clear water extraction is required. The
The mechanical design of the extraction devices is supplier-specific and in
in some cases patented.
Because of the arrangement of the trigger device on the water surface of the
Measures against freezing (trace heating) must be taken in the storage basin.
Extraction devices must not be damaged by ventilation or mixing.
The trigger should also be serviced and without complete emptying of the basin
can be repaired.
3.2.2.4 Excess and floating sludge removal
In contrast to the conventional activation process, the

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Excess sludge removal is limited in time at a specified time within the
Cycle. If the same load on the pelvis can be assumed, everyone is off
Basin to remove the same mass of mud. There are two for this
Options:
1. Deduction after the end of sedimentation towards the end of the clear water discharge
the bottom of the pelvis. This is the most common practice.
2. Deduction at the end of the reaction phase (aeration or denitrification phase) from the
mixed basins. The disadvantage here is the lower concentration of solids in the
Excess sludge. This solution has the advantage that the mud ages through
Specification of a certain withdrawal volume kept constant in a simple way
can be.
The excess sludge can be removed depending on the hydraulic conditions in the free fall
or done with pumps.
Any floating sludge that may appear is not harmful as long as it is not in the
Clear water drain is pulled. As a rule, therefore, facilities for
Floating sludge extractor not installed. Floating particles must pass through
Skim removed.
3.2.2.5 Pipelines and fittings
Pipeline installations should follow the known technical quality standards
respectively.
Please note the risk of freezing due to the discontinuous flow
some pipelines. Therefore pipelines should be designed so that after
Completion of the flow an automatic emptying takes place. Fittings are
if necessary equip with trace heating.
3.2.3 Sequence memory
If the drainage needs to be made more even, a fining pond or a
Downstream equalization basin. The outlet can be depending on the flow or level
Throttle organs, as they are common on rain overflows, are set.
3.3 Metrological equipment
Only the technically necessary measurement technology is listed here.
Country-specific self-monitoring or self-monitoring regulations can
require additional facilities.

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3.3.1 Pre-storage
The necessary measuring equipment of a storage basin consists of:
• Level measurement (continuous or in the simplest case as min / max measurement) for
Control of the storage basin loading.
3.3.2 Storage basin
The necessary measuring equipment of the storage basin consists of:
• Level measurement either continuously or multi-point measurement for specified
Water levels,
• Oxygen measurement for aeration control in each pool.
Optional can be provided:
• pH measurement (in each basin), useful for industrial wastewater or less
Buffer capacity,
• Redox measurement (in each pool), provides valuable information on the end of the
Denitrification phase,
• On-line measurements e.g. B. for nitrate and ammonium for process control are recommended
only for large systems with a correspondingly high degree of automation and
sufficient workforce,
• Sludge level measurement to control the clear water extraction device.
3.4 Electrotechnical equipment, control technology
In order to be able to execute the selected cycle strategy, a special one is required
Control technology required. The following options should be available:
• Flexible setting options for cycle time, ventilation time, mixing time,
Settling time, duration for clear water drainage etc.,
• Control of the ventilation or blower via the oxygen measurement in the reactor,
• If necessary, change to a special cycle plan with mixed water inflow,
• If necessary, change to a special cycle plan with low loads (e.g.
Weekend, end of season in areas with heavy tourism).

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3.5 Construction technology
If the pools are set up above the top of the ground, insulation can be useful
so that the contents of the container do not cool down too much in winter.
4 Dimensioning of activated sludge plants with impoundment
operation
For the dimensioning of sewage treatment plants, individual dimensioning values can also be taken from
Try to be derived on site. The associated test facilities are for this purpose
to be built at least on a semi-technical scale and for at least three quarters of a year
to operate under practical operating conditions.
4.1 Assessment bases
The procedure for dimensioning activated sludge plants with impoundment operation
can be divided into the following steps:
1. Determination of the design parameters
- Inflow volume flow with average and maximum wastewater inflow
- Freights
- hydrographs
2. Determination of the process design
- System with or without pre-storage
- filling mode (continuous, intermittent)
3. Cycle dimensioning
Definition of the process parameters
- Mud age
- Volume exchange ratio
- cycle duration
- Sequence of process phases (filling, aeration, mixing, sedimentation,
Clear water discharge, excess sludge discharge)
- Duration of the process phases
- Start and end of the individual actions (e.g. start of ventilation with the start of
Filling process)
4. hydraulic system dimensioning
Definition of the system parameters:
- Number of storage basins
- Volume of the storage basin and, if applicable, the storage tank
5. Mechanical dimensioning
- aerator performance

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- pump performance
- mixer performance
6. Proof of functionality
- with the help of simulation programs
- with the help of pilot tests
The cycle plan can be based on empirical values, based on the results of
Pilot tests or in the course of the dimensioning (see Section 4.4).
For wastewater with a special composition (e.g. industrial wastewater,
Landfill leachate) is the implementation of pilot tests for dimensioning
advisable. The duration of the one after the other is to be determined
Process phases and thus also the cycle duration.
The aim of the hydraulic dimensioning is to determine the basin volumes for treating the
to determine the amount of waste water incurred. The highest level of process engineering
Flexibility is achieved if the waste water is stored in a pre-storage facility
is collected and is introduced from there into the retention basin that is located on
has been in the standstill phase for the longest.
In the case of systems without a pre-storage tank, it must be ensured that the incoming
Wastewater cannot reach the clear water outlet over a short distance.
For the number of storage basins required for reasons of operational safety
The same principles apply as for aeration tanks with continuous flow. In
As a rule, at least two tanks are recommended.
The volume of any pre-storage and the size and number of
Storage tanks are still based on:
• inlet volume flow,
• cleaning goal,
• Variation of the inflow flow (profile) during the day, over the week, depending on the season
and taking into account the mixed water inlet,
• Volume exchange ratio.
V olumenaustauschverhältnis (fA) and cycle time (tZ) are parameters which mutually
influence. The volume exchange ratio is defined as the ratio of the withdrawn
Volume of wastewater during a cycle (DV) and the volume of the impoundment basin
Full filling (V R ).

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f
V
V
A.
R.

=
∆
[-]
(1)
By increasing or decreasing the volume exchange ratio, the
the load of wastewater constituents fed to the individual storage basin increased
or reduced. Accordingly, the duration of the reaction phase (t R ) must be during
which the biological conversions take place (e.g. anoxic and anaerobic phases)
and as a result, the cycle duration (t Z ) can be lengthened or shortened. In
In municipal systems, a volume exchange ratio of f A > 0.5 is not usual.
Studies on existing systems have shown that the
Cleaning performance of a dust recovery system and the settling of the
activated sludge with the cycle frequency (m Z ) increase, ie with the number of
Cycles per day. However, these positive effects only occur if at the beginning
a significant increase in substrate concentration can be achieved during the cycle.
This means that these advantages can only be achieved with more concentrated wastewater.
The amount of the required increase in concentration also depends on the type of
Dependent on wastewater constituents.
When deciding on the number of storage basins, considerations play a role
Role how
• Investment costs for the mechanical equipment including the control technology
the storage basin.
Since each of the storage basins is installed individually, the investment costs also increase
increasing number of basins almost linearly.
• Energy reserve costs for the operation of the pumps, mixers and aerators.
The aggregates for the operation of storage tanks are usually only in operation at times.
As the number of retention tanks increases, the ratio between
Energy connection costs and machine operating times are cheaper. requirement
however, the lowest possible simultaneity factor for the operation of the
individual aggregates.
• Hydraulic power of the extraction device
In order to make the best possible use of the existing pool volume, the duration should
the clear water withdrawal phase should be as short as possible.
The dimensioning of activated sludge plants with impoundment operation must be based on the following
criteria
orientate:

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1 cleaning goal
Options are:
1.1 Carbon (COD, BOD 5 ) elimination
1.2 Carbon Elimination and Nitrification
1.3 Carbon Elimination, Nitrification and Denitrification
1.4 Carbon degradation, nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus elimination
2 Hydraulic inlet characteristics
To be considered are:
2.1 average amount of wastewater in dry weather
2.2 maximum wastewater accumulation (Q m ) during rainy weather, melting snow, etc.
3 sewage sludge treatment
with the options:
3.1 separate stabilization
3.2 simultaneous sludge stabilization
For each of these cases, specially adapted cycle plans must be drawn up. Each
Case is assigned a characteristic mud age. When calculating it is
between the effective residence time of the activated sludge in the individual
Reservoirs and the age of mud resulting from multiplication and death
distinguish.
The mean residence time of the activated sludge ( θ x ) results from the ratio of
Mass of sludge in n basins, each with a volume VR and the
Dry sludge substance TSR as well as the daily withdrawn mass
Excess sludge (ÜSd).
θx=
n V TS
ÜS
R.
R.
d

⋅⋅
[d]
(2)
The sludge age (t TS ) caused by biological reactions can, however, change
refer only to the part of the sludge residence time during which biological
Reactions run, namely on the entire reaction phase (t R ) or on the
Duration of the aeration phase (aerobic sludge age, t TS, a ). That can be calculated

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Sludge age defined in this way by multiplying the mean sludge retention times
with the ratio of the duration of the relevant process phase and the
Cycle duration (t Z ).
t
t
t
TS
R.
Z

= ⋅θ x
[d]
(3)
4.2 Determination of the cycle duration based on empirical values
I n continuously operated activated sludge plants with nitrification-denitrification
hydraulic residence time usually between 12 and 24 hours. The dwell time is from
the wastewater composition, the purification objective and the process technology.
If this hydraulic dwell time (qH) is used as the basis for the design, then
the cycle duration (tZ) results from the following equation:
tZ=θH.fA
[H]
(4)
With a volume exchange ratio (fA) of 50%, this results in
Storage tank cycle times from 6 to 12 hours. With a smaller one
Volume exchange ratio of z. B. 20% result in correspondingly shorter
Cycle times from 2 to 5 hours. These derived from the hydraulic dwell time
Cycle times can serve as an orientation aid for an approximate dimensioning.
With only carbon degradation, shorter cycle times and with
combined carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal longer cycle times
needed.
When calculating the required volume of the storage tank is taken from this
assumed that the volume flow that flows into the sewage treatment plant in one day
(Daily amount of water, Qd), taken up and treated in the existing basin
can be. The volume of the storage basin depends on the
selected cycle time
n*VR=Qd*θH=
Qt
f
d
Z
A.

⋅
⋅
24
[m³]
(5)
The calculation of the volume is for dry weather as well as with reduced
Cycle duration and / or increased volume exchange ratio for mixed water inflow
perform. The higher value is decisive.

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4.3 Dimensioning on the basis of the ATV worksheets
4.3.1 Basics
When dimensioning on the basis of the ATV worksheets ATV-A 122 , ATV-A 126 and
ATV-A 131 assumes that in transit and
Damming activation systems with the same sludge age and comparable
Operating modes the same cleaning results can be achieved.
There are damming systems with special process designs that are not compatible with the
the following calculation methods can be checked. In such cases you have to
Have operational and test results presented. If necessary, have to be on site
Experiments are carried out.
In damming-activated systems the sludge age is on the duration of the
Reaction phase (t R ) to refer to, which are based on the cycle time (t Z ) after subtracting the
Sedimentation time (t Sed ) and the clear water withdrawal time (t Ab ), possibly one
anaerobic phase for biological phosphate elimination (t BioP ) and u. U. one
Standstill phase (t Still ) results. Will be static filling (i.e. without ventilation
and / or mixing during the filling phase) selected, the duration of the
Filling phase (t F ) can be deducted.
t R = t Z - t Sed - t Ab - t BioP - t F - t Still
[H]
(6)
In plants with nitrification-denitrification, t N , the duration of the
Nitrification phase (s) and t D , the duration of the denitrification phase (s):
tR=tN+tD
[H]
(7)
The ratio V D / V BB is equal to the ratio t D / (t D + t N ):
V
D.
/V
BB
=
t
dd
D.
N
D.

+
[-]
(8th)
Another value that is used in the calculations is the number of
Cycles per day m Z :
m
Z
=
24
tZ
[d -1 ]
(9)

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It is clearest for the operating staff when with m Z = 1, 2, 3, 4, or
6 is worked per day because then the same time in the
Assets expires. With m Z = 2 or 4 d- 1 , two are operated with a time offset
Storage basins usually have different loads.
The volume of wastewater added to a basin during a cycle ( ∆ V)
amounts to:
∆V=
Qdt
t
0

∫
[m³]
(10)
The time t is to be inserted with t Z / n. If Q max is used for the inflow , it is obtained
man ∆ V max . The following still applies:
V R = V min + ∆ V max
[m³]
(11)
The sludge load B TS of an impoundment system is calculated as follows:
B.
TS
=
Q BSB
n V TS
t
t
d
R.
R.
Z
R.

⋅
⋅⋅
⋅
5 0,
[kg / (kg · d)]
(12)
The numerator shows the decisive BOD 5 load, n · V R is the total volume of n
Basin with a volume of V R each . With the ratio t Z / t R , the relation to
the response time established. For the age of the mud you get:
t
TS
=
n V TS
ÜS
t
t
R.
R.
d
R.
Z

⋅⋅
⋅
[d]
(13)
ÜS d is the excess sludge dry matter produced daily. The
The dry matter content in the retention tank is deliberately determined with TS R instead of
TS BB
because it depends on the filling volume V R of the storage basin
changes. The product V R · TS R is to be regarded as a constant quantity.
Before the dimensioning, the following must be determined:
• Number of storage basins
• Operating mode (see Fig. 9)
• With or without joint sludge stabilization

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• Sludge index (in connection with the operating mode)
4.3.2 Determination of the required sludge age
The required sludge age can be found in Table 2 (ATV-A 131) . For plants
with joint sludge stabilization, the sludge age t TS = 25
Days. If the sludge is to be stabilized separately, that is before
Determine the ratio V D / V BB using Table 4 (ATV-A 131) . Plants with
batch loading from a pre-storage are like continuous systems with
upstream denitrification. This also applies to systems with two and
more alternating storage basins, because t F ≈ t D
becomes. Plants with
continuous inflow and intermittent denitrification are like continuous flow systems with
to calculate simultaneous denitrification. For systems with common
Sludge stabilization is the ratio VD / VBB essentially for the design of the
Ventilation device important.
4.3.3 Calculation of the volume V BB
With the specified sludge age can be found in Tab. 8 (ATV-A 131) , the
Sludge production ÜS BSB5 . If simultaneous precipitation for phosphate elimination
is required, one obtains from Eq. 11 or Eq. 12 (ATV-A 131) den
Felled sludge (Ü SP ). According to Eq. 4 (ATV-A 131) becomes ÜS B = ÜS BSB5 + Ü SP . With
the Eq. 6th
(ATV-A 131) to obtain the volume loading B R . The decisive pollution load (B d ,
BOD5 ) is known and with Eq. 8 (ATV-A 131) can be found by specifying TS BB the
Aeration tank volume V BB .
4.3.4 Volume of the retention basin
Between the reaction volume of an impoundment system (consisting of n basins with
each a volume V R ) with the dry sludge substance TS R and after the
ATV worksheets calculated aeration tank volume V BB with the
Dry sludge substance TS BB has the following relationship:
n V R TS R = (V BB TS BB )
t
t
Z
R.

[kg]
(14)
The cycle time t Z (reference values see 4.2) and the dry sludge substance TS R

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must first be specified and, if necessary, based on the hydraulic calculations
to correct.
Strictly speaking, the first condition for the volume is calculated using Eq. 14th
the equivalent mass of activated sludge in the activated sludge plant
Damming system. This is particularly the volume V when changing R to be observed.
The second condition for the volume of a storage pool must be the following
hydraulic connection must be fulfilled:
V
R.
=
Q dt
f
t
A.
Max
,Max
0

∫
[m³]
(15)
The integral represents the maximum filling volume as a result of the maximum inflow.
It is to be calculated from the maximum inflow curve for the duration of t = t Z / n.
It is decisive for municipal systems because of the high inflows into the
in most cases the volume according to Eq. 15th
According to Eq. 14, the volume V R increases with decreasing cycle duration, because t Z /
t R then
increases because of the mostly constant duration of t Sed , t Ab , etc.
Conversely, according to Eq. 15, because the filling volume with decreasing cycle time
gets smaller. According to Eq. 15 one would choose f A, max as large as possible. But that is
set a limit by the sludge volume. Therefore, for a preliminary examination
recommended that the volume V R according to Eq. Calculate 15 with f A, Vor = 0.4. The index
"Vor" at f A, Vor should indicate that it is a given value.
The larger of the two according to Eq. 14 and 15 calculated values for V R is used for the
used for further calculations. If V R according to Eq. 15 the greater value
the sludge dry matter has to be corrected:
TS
R.
(new) = TS
R.
·
See
See
R.
R.

(.)
(.)
14th
15th
[kg / m³]
(16)
4.3.5 Volume Exchange Ratio
For the hydraulic calculation, the assumed one is first used
Exchange ratio (f A, Vor ) checked. The primary condition is that the
Sludge level at the beginning and for the entire duration of the

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Clear water withdrawal phase always at an appropriate distance below the
Trigger device is located (see Fig. 10). The performance of the deduction device was here
assumed to be constant during the withdrawal phase. It is by design
possible that this is initially higher and towards the end of the withdrawal phase
decreased.
The most important variable is the altitude of the sludge level (h S ) after completion
the settling process. Assuming that the sludge does not thicken any more
than in the measuring cylinder, the following applies:
hS=hW·
TS ISV
R⋅

1000
[m]
(17)
The course of the position of the sludge level can be found with the help of the
Sink rate of the mud. According to Resch [19] one can with sufficient
Assume accuracy:
vs · VSV = 725 l / (m 2 · h). For secondary clarifiers with vertical flow
To be on the safe side, q SV = 600 l / (m 2 · h) is set. Because of that not with impoundment
systems
settling process disturbed by flow processes can be calculated with q SV = 650
Calculate l / (m 2 h). This will:
vS=
650
TS ISV
R⋅

[m / h]
(18)
As it takes some time after the ventilation is switched off until the basin contents
comes to rest and the sinking process of the mud begins, it is recommended that the
Let the sink line of the mud begin with a time lag of 10 minutes.
The equations 17 and 18 show very clearly that the correct one
(careful) assumption of the sludge index or, more precisely, of the product TS R ISV,
so the sludge volume is of great importance. If no internal
Selectors are present, are higher in continuously loaded systems
Sludge indices to be expected than in discontinuously charged systems, whereby
Systems that are loaded intermittently from a buffer store are usually the least
Have mud index. In principle, one should follow the explanations in
Direct ATV-A 131 under 4.2.2 .
Figure 10: hydrographs of the water level and height of the sludge level during the
Sedimentation and settling phase for a design example (10)

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The trigger device should be one during the entire trigger process
Distance of at least 0.1 h W but not less than 0.25 m from
Have mud levels. This is according to Figure 10, which is the numbers for the
still contains the following example to be demonstrated graphically. For the lowest part of the
The sludge level can be derived from this:
h W ≥ 2.50 m: f A, max ≤ (1 -
TS ISV
R⋅

1000 ) - 0.1
[-]
(19)
h W ≤ 2.50 m: f A, max ≤ (1 -
TS ISV
R⋅

1000 ) -
0 25,
hW
[-]
(20)
The equation above implies that the sludge level is 0.1 h W below the
Water level must be; Eq. 20 applies to water depths below 2.50 m where the
The sludge level should remain at least 0.25 m below the water level. In the
The equation is, if necessary, that according to Eq. 16 corrected value for TS R use. Is f A, max
according to Eq. 19 or 20 less than the value of f A, Vor , that means that the
Sludge volume is too large. Therefore, the dry sludge substance TS R
reduced and the volume V R increased accordingly. To the
If you do not have to repeat calculations, it is advisable to follow the
Assumptions of TS R and f A, Vor with Eq. 19 or 20 to carry out a preliminary examination.
The minimum water level h W, min and the minimum filling volume V min are closed
to calculate:
h W, min = h W (1 - f A, max )
[m]
(21)
V min = V R (1 - f A, max )
[m³]
(22)
If you are working with a fixed cycle duration and variable filling volume, a
second consideration is used for the lowest waste water volume of a cycle
will. The accumulation volume is then ∆ V TW and the total volume V R, TW . It
applies:
∆ V TW = Q TW (t Z / n)
[m³]
(23)
V R, TW = V min + ∆ V TW
[m³]
(24)
f A, TW = ∆ V TW / V R, TW
[-]
(25)

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The average wastewater accumulation Q D / 24 can be used for Q TW . There
working with the same mass of sludge in the reactor is that
Sludge dry matter higher. The following applies:
TS R, TW = TS R (V R / V R, TW )
[kg / m³]
(26)
With the help of TS R, TW , v S, TW is determined according to Eq. 18 calculated. Because of mostly
constant output of the trigger devices, it can happen that with
average filling the trigger in a critical proximity to
Mud level is coming.
4.3.6 Technical conditions for denitrification
The nitrification and denitrification phases are dependent on the operating mode
set up (picture 11). With continuous feeding (1), two or more (z)
Provide nitrification and denitrification phases. This comes off the intermittent
Denitrification of continuous systems the same. Become two (or more) pools alternately
charged (2), a denitrification phase makes sense at the beginning of the charging phase.
This brings you to the process of upstream denitrification of continuous flow systems
very close. It can be useful to have the nitrification phase by a
Interrupt the denitrification phase; this would correspond to a combination of
upstream and intermittent dentrification. The upstream denitrification
correspond to systems with batch loading (3). Shouldn't the nitrogen elimination
sufficient, you have to load in two (or more) (z) batches (4) in Fig. 11.
Fig. 11: Denitrification and nitrification phases with different charging
and modes of operation (11)
In the simplest case, for z thrusts of equal size and constant durations of t N
and t D the following relationship:
t R = z (t D + t N )
[H]
(27)
According to Eq. 8 we then get:
t
D.
=
V
V
D.
BB
⋅t
z
R.
[H]
(28)
For further calculations, the one for nitrification is determined first
available ammonium concentration NH 4 -N Nit :

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NH 4 -N Nit = TKN o - N ÜS - org. N e
[mg / l]
(29)
The nitrogen N ÜS bound in the excess sludge is calculated as 0.04 to 0.05
BOD 5 calculated. The content of organic nitrogen in the drain, org. N e , is in
usually set at 2 mg / l. Backflows from sludge treatment are at
TKN O to be considered.
Under the conditions that no denitrification takes place in the nitrification phases and
vice versa, as well as the assumptions that at the end of the denitrification phase NO 3 -N =
0 and at the end of the nitrification phase NH 4 -N = 0 is obtained from the
the following mass balance, the discharge concentration of nitrate:
∆V
z NH 4 -N Nit = NO 3 -N e (V min + ∆ V)
NO 3 -N e = NH 4 -N Nit ·
∆
∆
V
zV
V
⋅
+
(
)
min

There
f
A.
=
∆
∆
V
V
V
(
)
+
min

you can also write:

[mg / l]
(30)
If z. B. NH4-NNit = 50 mg / l and NO3-Ne = 10 mg / l must be observed,
must according to Eq. 30 fA / z £ 0.2. This can be done with a continuous inflow
appropriate choice of the number (z) and the duration of the individual phases (tN, tD)
Can be implemented relatively easily (see (1) in Figure 11). You can of course also at
intermittent and intermittent loading through the nitrification phases
Interrupt the denitrification phases (shown in dashed lines in Figure 11). The
However, denitrification speed will be slower than during the
Loading phases. This can only be captured by simulation calculations (see 4.4).
These cases are therefore not considered here.
If the wastewater from a storage tank is added in one batch per cycle, Eq.
30 with z = 1 can be observed. Requirements for a more extensive

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Nitrogen elimination can be achieved through several thrusts (z) per cycle.
For municipal wastewater, V R and f A usually represent the ratios
at maximum mixed or external water inflow. However, those in the
Usually prevailing dry weather conditions. In equation 30, therefore, for f A
insert the value of f A, TW .
The nitrate concentration to be denitrified (NO 3 -N D ) is assuming
NH 4 -N e = 0:
NO 3 -N D = NH 4 -N Nit - NO 3 -N e
[mg / l]
(31)
4.3.7 Calculation of the oxygen demand
For the design of the ventilation device, OV C is used for the highest
Summer temperature at the specified sludge age from Tab. 9 (ATV-A 131)
tapped. The shock factors can be determined using the hydrographs or Tab. 10
(ATV-A 131) . The oxygen demand for nitrification and
Denitrification results from Eq. 13 (ATV-A 131) . The load case “only nitrification at T
= 10 ° C “is superfluous if the system is set to denitrification for this temperature
is designed.
The oxygen consumption OV [kg / h] is to be calculated according to the following equation:
OV =
1
1V/V
1
mt
D.
BB
Z
R.

-
⋅
⋅
· (F
C · OV C
+f
N
· OV
N
)B
d, BOD5
[kg / h]
(32)
The oxygen supply ( α OC) required for a reactor is then:
α OC =
C.
C.
C.
OV
n
S.
S.
X

-
⋅
[kg / h]
(33)
The oxygen content is based on C X = 2.0 mg / l; C S is for that
Temperature (e.g. 20 ° C) from tables and, if necessary, for the blow-in depth
correct.
4.3.8 Excess sludge accumulation
It is assumed that in each cycle from each basin the corresponding
Mass of sludge is withdrawn. The measurement of the volume

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Excess sludge (V ÜS ) takes place either, depending on the measuring equipment
by specifying the pumping or withdrawal duration (t ÜS ) or via the
Level measurement or a volume flow measurement directly as a sludge volume
(V ÜS ). With the pump power (Q P, ÜS ) one obtains on the basis of the withdrawal duration:
V ÜS = t ÜS · Q P, ÜS
[m³ / cycle]
(34)
The dry sludge substance (TSÜS) when withdrawn towards the end of the
Clear water withdrawal phase is certainly higher than in the settling cylinder after
half hour weaning:
TS ÜS >
1000
ISV
[kg / m³]
(35)
The mass of excess sludge to be withdrawn per cycle can be calculated as follows
to calculate:
V
ÜS
· TS
ÜS
=
V TS
t
t
R.
R.
TS
R.
⋅
⋅
24
[kg / cycle]
(36)
The total daily accumulating mass of excess sludge (ÜS d ) is then:
ÜS d = V ÜS TS ÜS n m Z
[kg / d]
(37)
It also applies to control:
ÜS d = B
d, BOD5
· ÜS B
[kg / d]
(38)
4.3.9 Volume of a pre-storage tank
The required volume of a buffer depends on whether you have a
Daily compensation wants to create the same wastewater volumes in each cycle
to process or whether to compensate for several thrusts per cycle
strives for one cycle at a time. In the simplest case without any compensation, this is
maximum storage volume:
V
SP
=
Q dt
O
t
Max

∫
[m³]
(39)
The time t in Eq. 36 is for a system with n basins and a single charge per

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Cycle t = tZ / n, ie the storage volume is equal to DVmax. Do you want with several
same bursts z work per cycle, so one will work these at equal intervals during
add tR + tBioP to the time. Then in Eq. 36 insert the time t as follows:
t=
(
)
t
t
nz
t
t
R.
BioP
Sed
From

+
⋅
+
+
[H]
(40)
If there are large differences between Q max and Q TW , the pre-storage can also be used
measured only for Q TW and work with several thrusts in the case of high inflows.
4.4 Example for the dimensioning of an impoundment system
4.4.1 Load and requirements
Affiliated residents:
8,000, purely domestic sewage, separate sewerage
Sewage
Q TW
1,500 m³ / d; Q 24 = 62.5 m³ / h
Maximum daily profile (measured):
Clock
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10 - 12
Q (m³ / h)
150
155
160
170
180
180
Clock
12-14
14-16
16-18
18-20
20-22
22-24
Q (m³ / h)
180
180
180
180
170
160
Qmax = 180 m³ / h
The following loads and concentrations are expected:
BOD 5
480 kg / d = 320 mg / l at TW
TS
560 kg / d = 373 mg / l at TW
TKN
88 kg / d
= 59 mg / l at TW
P
16 kg / d
= 11 mg / l at TW
TS 0 / BSB 5
1.17
Conditions:
Joint aerobic sludge stabilization

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anorg. N e ≤ 18 mg / l, P e ≤ 2 mg / l
4.4.2 Calculations according to worksheet ATV-A 131
Nitrogen balance and required denitrification capacity:
Operating values:
anorg. N e ≤ 10 mg / l; org. N e = 2 mg / l
Eq. 29: NH 4 -N Nit = 59-0.04 * 320-2 = 45 mg / l
Eq. 31: required NO 3 -N D = 45 -10 = 35 mg / l
NO 3 -N D / BOD 5 = 35/320 = 0.11
Required mud age:
t TS = 25 d due to sludge stabilization
Specification: TS BB = 5 kg / m³
According to Tab. 8 (ATV-A 131)
ÜSBSB 5
= 0.98 kg DM / kg BOD 5
Phosphorus elimination: Partly biological, additional simultaneous precipitation.
To be felled approx. 5 mg / l P; β = 1.5.
Eq: 11 (ATV-A 131)
ÜS P = 6.8 5: 320 = 0.11 kg DM / kg BOD 5
Eq. 4 (ATV-A 131)
ÜS B = 0.98 + 0.11 = 1.09 kg DM / kg BOD 5
Required volume V BB :
Eq. 6 (ATV-A 131)
B R = 5: (1.09 · 25) = 0.183 kg / (m³ · d)
Eq. 8 (ATV-A 131)
V BB = 480: 0.183 = 2,620 m³
4.4.3 Damming system with continuous charging
Calculation of the pool volume
Requirements:

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2 storage basins (n = 2);
Assumptions:
TS R = 5 kg / m³; ISV = 120 ml / g; f A, Vor = 0.4
Constant cycle times, selected:
t Z = 8 h, m Z = 3 d- 1
t BioP = 0.5 h; t Sed = 1.0 h; t Ab = 1.0 h
Before further calculating, one first checks with Eq. 19 whether with the assumptions
the assumed for the sludge dry matter and the sludge index
Exchange ratio can be realized:
f A, max ≤ (1-
5 120
1000
⋅
) - 0.1 = 0.30
According to this, one would have to use an exchange ratio of 0.30 instead of
given by 0.40 work. If TS R = 4.0 kg / m³ were taken as a basis, then
According to the above equation, f A, max £ 0.42 results . The decision will be made after the
following calculations.
Eq. 6: t R = 8 - 1 - 1 - 0.5 = 5.5 h
Calculations for T SR = 5.0 kg / m³ and f A, max = 0.3:
Eq. 14: V R = (5 x 2,620): (2 x 5) x (8 / 5.5) = 1,905 m³
Eq. 15: V R = [180 x (8/2)]: 0.3 = 2,400 m³
Calculations for TS R = 4.0 kg / m³ and f A, max = 0.4:
Eq. 14: V R = (5 x 2,620): (2 x 4) x (8 / 5.5) = 2,381 m³
Eq. 15: V R = [180 x (8/2)]: 0.4 = 1,800 m³
In one case there is a volume of approx. 2,400 m³ due to the hydraulic
Circumstances, in the other case an almost equally large volume (2,381 m³) is for
the biological processes required. It is therefore with the volume V R = 2,400
m³ per basin (ie a total of 4,800 m³ storage basin) extrapolated. According to Eq.
16 becomes:
TS R (new) = 5.0 * (1,905: 2,400) = 3.97 kg / m³
The maximum inflow in one cycle is according to Eq. 10:

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∆ V max = 180 · (8/2) = 720 m³, so according to Eq. 1:
f A, max = 720: 2,400 = 0.30 and according to Eq. 11:
V min = 2,400 - 720 = 1,680 m³
Checking the volume exchange ratio
Requirements: Water depth of the pool: h W = 5.00 m
Minimum water level:
Eq. 21: h W, min = 5.00 * (1-0.30) = 3.50 m
Height of the sludge level after completion of the settling process:
Eq. 17: h S = (5.00 x 3.97 x 120): 1,000 = 2.38 m
At the end of the clear water withdrawal phase, the sludge level is 1.12 m below
Water level, this is more than 0.1 · h W = 0.5 m.
Sink speed of the mud:
Eq. 18: v S = 650: (3.97 * 120) = 1.35 m / h
The positions of the water and sludge levels are shown in Figure 10. It is
recognizable that the sludge level is always a safe distance from the
Has water level.
Check for dry weather
Eq. 23: ∆ V TW
= 62.5 x (8/2) = 250 m³
Eq. 24: V R, TW
= 250 + 1,680 = 1,930 m³
Eq. 25: f A, TW
= 250: 1,930 = 0.13
Eq. 26: TS R, TW = 3.97 * (2,400 / 1,930) = 4.94 kg / m³
h W, TW
= 5.00 * (1,930 / 2,400) = 4.02 m
Eq. 18: v p
= 650: (4.94 x 120) = 1.10 m / h
Even in dry weather, the sludge level remains well below that
Water level, as can be seen in Figure 10.
Condition for denitrification
Proof is only provided for dry weather. From table 4 (ATV-A 131)
for the denitrification capacity calculated above, NO 3 -N D / BOD 5 =
0.11 for simultaneous denitrification V D / V BB = 0.4. According to Eq. 28 is obtained when
with

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one denitrification phase is worked per cycle:
t D = 0.4 * (5.5 / 1) = 2.2 h
With Eq. 30 gives the discharge concentration of nitrate:
NO 3 -N e = 45 * (0.13 / 1) = 5.85 mg / l
When it rains, f A rises , but NH 4 -N Nit falls due to dilution . Until then
Sewer washouts do not result in significant additional loads, should anorg. N e
does not rise much above 10 mg / L.
Oxygen demand
Table 9 (ATV-A 131) shows that T = 20 ° C and t TS = 25 d OV C = 1.6 kg
O 2 / kg BOD 5 . According to Eq. 13 (ATV-A 131) you get OV N :
OV N = (4.6 x 10 + 1.7 x 35): 320 = 0.33 kgO 2 / kg BOD 5
To be on the safe side, the required NO 3 -N e concentration (10 mg / l)
instead of what is technically achievable. From Table 10 (ATV-A 131) takes
the impact factors f N = 1.5 and f C = 1.1. The oxygen demand results from
Eq. 32 to:
OV =
1
1 (V / V)
1
3 5.5
D.
BB

-
⋅
⋅
⋅ (1.1 x 1.6 + 1.5 x 0.33) x 480 = 109 kg / h
For each of the two basins the peak demand is at a saturation value of
11.2 mg / l (injection depth 4.75 m, T = 20 ° C) with c x = 2 mg / l according to Eq. 33:
α OC =
11.2
11.2 2
109
2
-
⋅
= 66 kg / h
The ventilation system in each pool must be designed for this purpose.
Excess sludge
According to Eq. 36 deduct:
V
ÜS
· TS
ÜS
=⋅
⋅
⋅
2400 3.97
25th
55
24
,
= 87.3 kg TS / cycle
According to Eq. 37 is obtained with m Z = 3 and n = 2:

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ÜS d = 87.3 · 2 · 3 = 523.8 kg / d
As a control one comes to Eq. 38 on:
ÜS d = 480 · 1.09 = 523.2 kg / d
The calculations are therefore conclusive. The dry matter of the
Excess sludge is at withdrawal towards the end of the clear water withdrawal phase
according to Eq. 35:
TS ÜS = 1,000 / 120 = 8.3 kg / m³
Then 87.3 / 8.3 = 10.5 m³ must be subtracted per cycle.
4.4.4 Damming system with two alternately filled basins
To calculate the pool volume you could use a slightly smaller one
Preset sludge index because the addition of wastewater over a shorter period
Period takes place. The cycle, sedimentation and clear water withdrawal times are
as stated in the previous example. It may be because of the possibly lower
Sludge index result in a slightly smaller volume.
Because the wastewater addition is to a large extent during the at the beginning of the cycle
denitrification phase takes place, you can with upstream denitrification
calculate. From Table 4 (ATV-A 131) one takes V D / V BB = 0.35; in the previous
Example it was 0.40. The required oxygen supply is thereby negligible
smaller. The technically achievable drainage concentration of nitrate remains the same. Also
nothing changes in the amount of excess sludge.
4.4.5 Damming system with two alternating from a pre-storage
basins filled in batches
Compared to the previous example, you can do this in batches
Feed with an even lower sludge index of 90 to 100 ml / g
calculate. This results in an even smaller pool volume.
Oxygen demand, achievable discharge concentration of nitrate and
Any excess sludge remains as in the previous example.
According to Eq. 39 obtained a volume of 4 x 180 = 720 m³.
4.5 Computer-aided dimensioning
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4.5.1 Basics
The change in process variables, such as oxygen demand, sludge dry matter,
Substrate concentration etc. during a cycle sequence in dust recovery systems is a
dynamic process. It is therefore suitable as an aid for dimensioning
Dust recovery systems, computer-aided dynamic simulation programs
to use.
At this point, the term computer-aided dimensioning should include the
Sizing on the basis of a scientifically recognized, dynamic
Model can be understood. This is currently considered scientifically recognized
IAWPRC-Activated Sludge Model No. 1 or the IAWQ-Activated Sludge Model No. 2 [20,
21]. Oles [22] applied the IAWPRC model for the operational simulation of impoundment systems
at.
The model equations used for the description of the biological processes
must be used as a system of differential equations in a simulation program (software)
be integrated.
The model equations contain model parameters to describe the kinetic and
stoichiometric quantities as well as to characterize the wastewater inflow and the
revitalized mud. The sizes of the model parameters are in the simulation program
and can either be taken from the relevant literature or
must be determined by means of suitable pilot or laboratory tests.
4.5.2 Application
The following results for the computer-aided dimensioning
Applications:
• Check the results of the "static" dimensioning according to Chapter 4.3
The results of the dimensioning according to Chapter 4.3 can be viewed with the help of the
Simulation program can be checked.
• Review of the efficiency of a dust recovery system
A given dust recovery system, e.g. B. in the dimensioned according to Chapter 4.3
Size, with the help of the computer-aided dimensioning, can affect their performance
be checked when different boundary conditions vary. With the help of
Simulation program, the inlet conditions,
Temperature, oxygen input, vary.
• Optimization of the cycle strategy
By varying the cycle duration, phase duration, phase arrangement and feed distribution

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the optimal cycle strategy can be found for a given system size using the
Simulation program can be determined.
• Estimation of the oxygen demand, especially with batch loading.
• Operational monitoring through dynamic on-line simulation.
Is the size of the dust recovery system through the computer-aided
dynamic simulation compared to the "static" dimensioning according to chapter 4.3
corrected, the following evidence must be provided:
• The model on which the simulation is based must be clearly described. The
The model concepts used therein must be scientifically verified and
have recognized status.
• The simulation software must be described in a comprehensible manner. If not
commercially available standard software is used, the
Programming basics, such as the differential equation system used,
Iteration method etc. can be specified.
• The parameter values for kinetics and used for the simulation calculation
Stoichiometry and the procedural boundary conditions, such as
Inflow size characterization, sludge fractionation, temperature, oxygen input
etc., must be given numerically.
• The simulation results must be in tabular or graphical form for the
decisive parameters (e.g. oxygen concentration, sludge dry matter,
Nitrogen components etc.) are shown. The results are for both
a single cycle as well as a long-term simulation, ie the development of the
Specify sequence values for repeated cycle sequences.
5 operation
5.1 Operating settings
In the draft, the decisive cycle time for the maximum inflow is usually used
set. Only if it turns out that the maximum inflows are significantly higher,
a correction (shortening) of the cycle time is required.
The duration of the individual phases within a cycle are in the program control
set. They are essentially:
tD
Denitrification or mixed phase

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t BioP
anaerobic phase (mix only)
tN
Nitrification or aeration phase (t N = t B )
t Sed
Sedimentation phase
t from
Clear water withdrawal phase
t ÜS
Duration of excess sludge withdrawal or
V ÜS
Volume of excess sludge per cycle
Changes to the time program should only be made on the basis of a longer observation period
be carried out with intensified sampling. Sampling takes place after every change
continue with the same intensity. Immediate success is often not to be expected. That's why
a changed program should be used for at least one week, until one
another change is made. But if there is a change after a change
rapid deterioration, should immediately revert to the previous program
will.
The duration of the clear water withdrawal phase (t Ab ) is determined by the performance of
the
The clear water extraction device is fixed, but depending on the type of extraction device
possibly changeable.
If the sedimentation behavior of the activated sludge changes, e.g. because of
of an increase in the sludge index, the sedimentation time (t Sed ) must fall below
Shortening of (t D + t BioP + t N ). An insufficient one
The duration of the sedimentation depends on the content of settable substances in the clear
water
The end of the clear water withdrawal phase can be seen.
In municipal systems with joint aerobic sludge stabilization, in
usually the sludge dry matter (TS R ) by the operating staff by variation
of the excess sludge discharge (t ÜS or V ÜS ) to a specified value
set. On many systems it is because of the short duration of the
Excess sludge removal difficult, the dry substance of the withdrawn
To determine excess sludge (TS ÜS ). Then the mud age is not either
to calculate. Alternatively, the sludge load according to Eq. 12th
can be used. As long as B TS remains <0.04 kg / (kg · d), TS R is in systems with
joint sludge stabilization set sufficiently high enough. To
It should be noted that the sludge is stabilized the better, the smaller the

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Sludge pollution is. The mass of sludge to be disposed of is also reduced.
In return, the energy requirement for ventilation is slightly higher.
An anaerobic phase (t BioP ) often follows a denitrification phase ( t D ).
The duration of a denitrification phase is correctly set when the
Nitrate concentration in the tank at the end of the denitrification phase is zero.
This can only be found in the clear water drain when operating without precipitant dosing
low phosphate concentrations, it is a sign of a biological one
Phosphate elimination. Again in the interests of a proper
The ratio (t BioP + t D ) / (t BioP + t D + t N ) should not be greater,
but should be chosen as much smaller than 0.5 as possible.
In systems with joint sludge stabilization, the sludge age is so large
that there should be no problems with nitrification even in winter.
Ammonium concentrations of consistently above 2.0 to 3.0 mg / l are therefore mostly
a sign of insufficient ventilation. Either the
Nitrification phase (s) too short and / or the ventilation performance too weak.
First of all, it should be checked whether the one used for regulation
Oxygen electrode is still correctly calibrated. In the second step, if necessary, the
To extend the nitrification phase (t N ) and the denitrification phase (t D ) accordingly
to shorten, ie t D / (t N + t D ) is shortened.
5.2 Operational monitoring
There is practically no difference between operational monitoring and continuous monitoring
activated activated sludge systems. It should be noted that every storage tank
represents an independent activated sludge plant. Because the sludge is not each other
mixed, different types of biocenosis can form in each tank
develop, especially if u. U. the loads on the pelvis and / or
the sludge dry matter are different. Samples to determine the
Sludge volume and sludge dry matter (TS R ) are towards the end of the
Refer to the ventilation phase. To interpret the sludge data is to
Note that when operating with fixed cycle times the volumes V R are considerable
can fluctuate. For a comparison it can therefore be useful in the
Also write down the product V R · TS R in the operating diary.
The inflow and outflow sampling can be carried out in the same way as on conventional
activation systems
be performed. Is not an equalization basin or a fining pond

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downstream, you have to be aware that the clear water outlet is usually
only takes 15 to 60 minutes. Sampling from the
Drain lines of each basin by solenoid valves, which also from the
Program control can be switched.
In systems with several basins, you get a better insight into the
Load ratios, if one considers the inflows and outflows of the individual basins
correspondingly sampled.
If the discharge samples are cloudy, check whether towards the end of the
Clear water discharge phase sludge is entrained or whether an increased
Floating sludge or foam development is the cause.
6 designations
fA
-
Volume exchange ratio
hW
m
Water level in the retention basin at V R
hS
m
Height of the mud level above the bottom of the basin (according to
Termination of the weaning process)
mZ
d- 1
Number of cycles per day
n
-
Number of storage tanks
NH 4 -N nit
mg / l
Ammonium nitrogen available for nitrification
N ÜS
mg / l
Related nitrogen bound in excess scum
on daily influx
org. N e
mg / l
Concentration of organic nitrogen in the drain
Q
m 3 h- 1
Inlet volume flow
Q max
m 3 h- 1
maximum inflow volume flow (e.g. with
Mixed water inflow)
Q ÜS
m 3 d- 1
Volume flow of the excess sludge
t from
H
Duration of the clear water withdrawal phase

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tB
H
Duration of the ventilation phase
t BioP
H
Duration of the non-aerated phase for the enrichment of
Bacteria that are responsible for biological phosphate elimination
are capable
tD
H
Duration of the denitrification phase
tF
H
Duration of the filling phase
tN
H
Duration of the nitrification or ventilation phase
tR
H
Duration of the reaction phase
t Sed
H
Duration of the sedimentation phase
t still
H
Duration of the standstill phase
t ÜS
H
Duration of the excess sludge removal during one
cycle
tZ
H
Cycle duration
TS R
kg / m 3
Sludge dry matter related to the storage tank
on V R
t TS
d
Mud age
t TS, a
d
aerobic mud age
V BB
m3
Volume of an activated sludge tank with continuous operation
V min
m3
Volume in the storage tank after completion of the
Clear water drain
VR
m3
Maximum volume of a storage basin
V Sp
m3
Volume of a buffer
V ÜS
m3
Volume to be deducted during a cycle
Mud
∆V
m3
Inlet volume that goes into a retention tank per cycle
is initiated

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∆ V max
m3
Maximum inflow volume per cycle in a
Reservoir is initiated
vS
m/h
Descent rate of the mud level
z
-
Number of nitrification or denitrification phases
during a cycle
θH
d
mean residence time of the wastewater in a holding tank
θx
d
Average residence time of the activated sludge in one
Storage basins
The index TW shows that the value relates to conditions in dry weather.
7 literature
[1] Ingerle, K. (1995): ESB process, 1-stage biological nitrogen elimination. poster
presented at the 7th IAWQ Specialized Conference “Design and Operation of Large
Wastewater Treatment Plants “, Vienna, 27.08. - 01.09.1995.
[2] Wardle, Sir Thomas (1893): Sewage Treatment and Disposal. J. Royal San. Inst.,
London.
[3] Ardern, E. and Lockett, WT (1914): Experiments on the Oxidation of Sewage without
the aid of filters. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 33, p. 523.
[4] Melling, SE (1914): Purification of Salford Sewage along the Line of the Manchester
Experiments. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 33, p. 1124.
[5] O'Shaughnessy, FR (1923): The Physical Aspects of Sewage Disposal. J. Soc.
Chem. Ind. 42, p. 359.
[6] Ardern, E. (1927): The Activated Sludge Process of Sewage Purification. J. Soc.
Chem. Ind. 46, p. 822.
[7] Hoover, SR and Porges, N. (1952): Assimilation of Dairy Wastes by Activated Sludge
II: The Equation of Synthesis and the Rate of Oxygen Utilization. Sew. Ind. Waste, 24,
P. 306.
[8] Pasveer, A. (1959): Contribution to the Development in Activated Sludge Treatment. J.
Ind. Sew. Purif., 4, p. 436.
[9] Goronszy, MS (1979): Intermittent Operation of the Extended Aeration Process for

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Small Systems. JWPCF, 51, pp. 274-287.
[10] Irvine, RL and Busch, AW (1979): Sequencing Batch Biological Reactors - An
Overview. JWPCF, 51, p. 235.
[11] Irvine, RL, Ketchum, Jr., LH, Breyfogle, R. and Barth, EF (1983): Municipal
Application of Sequencing Batch Treatment at Culver. JWPCF, 55, p. 484.
[12] Irvine RL and Ketchum, Jr., LH (1988): Sequencing Batch Reactor for Biological
Wastewater Treatment. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Control, 18, p. 255.
[13] Irvine RL (1996): Controlled Unsteady State Processes and Technologies - An
Overview. Proceedings of the 1st IAWQ Specialized Conference on SBR-Technology,
Munich.
[14] Wilderer, PA and Schroeder, ED (1986): Application of the Sequencing Batch
Reactor (SBR) process for biological wastewater treatment. Hamburg reports
on urban water management, 4.
[15] Wilderer, PA and Irvine, RL (1985): Sequencing Batch Reactor - Process for
biological wastewater treatment - concept, mechanisms of action,
Operating experience. Water protection-water-wastewater, RWTH Aachen, 69, p.
521-547.
[16] Görg, S. and Wilderer, PA (1987): Hydraulic dimensioning of SBR systems.
Water and wastewater technology, pp. 39-42.
[17] Irvine, RL, Fox, TR and Richter, RO (1977): Investigation of Fill and Batch Periods
of Sequencing Batch Biological Reactors. Wat. Res., 11, pp. 713-717.
[18] Wilderer, PA, Irvine, RL and Doellerer, J. (Editors), (1997): Sequencing Batch
Reactor Technology. Wat. Sci. Tech. Vol. 35, No. 1.
[19] Resch, H. (1985): Flake filters in secondary clarifiers with vertical flow. Reports out
Water Quality Management and Health Engineering of the Technical University of Munich, No. 60, p.
326-349.
[20] Henze, M., Grady, CPL, Gujer, W., Marais, GvR and Matsuo T. (1987): Activated
Sludge Model No. 1. IAWPRC Scientific and Technical Reports, No. 1, IAWQ London.
[21] Henze, M., Gujer, W., Mino, T., Matsuo, T., Wentzel, MC and Marais, GvR (1995):
Activated Sludge Model No. 2. IAWQ Scientific and Technical Reports, No. 3, IAWQ,
London.
[22] Oles, J. (1991): Method for the dimensioning of SBR plants for nitrification and
Denitrification. Hamburg Reports on Urban Water Management, Volume 8.

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End Notes
1 (popup - popup)
Fig. 1: Principle sketch of a dust recovery system
2 (popup - popup)
Fig. 2: Example of the sequence of process phases during a cycle

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3 (popup - popup)
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Fig. 3: Flow diagram for an activated sludge plant with back-up operation from
Type: "continuous
Charging ", shown is one of possibly several storage basins
4 (popup - popup)
Fig. 4: Cycle plan for an activated sludge plant with impoundment operation of the type:
"continuous feeding" (example)

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5 (popup - popup)
Fig. 5: Flow diagram for an activated sludge plant with back-up operation of the type: "batchwise
Charging without pre-storage "; Example: 2 parallel basins

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6 (popup - popup)
Fig. 6: Cycle plan for an activated sludge plant with impoundment operation of the type:
"in batches
Charging without pre-storage "; example with 2 basins

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7 (popup - popup)
Fig. 7: Flow diagram for an activated sludge plant with back-up operation of the type: "batchwise
Charging from a feeder "; example with 2 basins
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Fig. 8: Cycle plan for an activated sludge plant with impounding operation of the type:
"in batches
Feeding from a pre-storage "; Example with 2 basins

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Fig. 9: Operating modes of the back-up activation process, shown using
Level curves
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Figure 10: hydrographs of the water level and height of the sludge level during the
Sedimentation and settling phase for a design example
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Fig. 11: Denitrification and nitrification phases with different charging
and
Modes of operation

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