Modern Database Management

Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 1
The Database Environment
and Development Process

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 Define terms
1.2 Name limitations of conventional file processing
1.3 Explain advantages of databases
1.4 Identify costs and risks of databases
1.5 Distinguish between operational and informational
data management
1.6 List components of database environment

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
1.7 Identify categories of database applications
1.8 Explain prototyping and agile development approaches
1.9 Explain roles of individuals
1.10 Explain differences between personal, multi-tiered,
and enterprise data management
1.11 Explain three-schema architectures (external,
conceptual, internal)

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Definitions
• Database: organized collection of logically related data
• Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and
events
– Structured: numbers, text, dates
– Unstructured: images, video, documents
• Information: data processed to increase knowledge in
the person using the data
• Metadata: data that describes the properties and context
of user data

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Process of Transforming Data
into Information (DB Organizes Data)

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5
Computer-Based Information Systems
(continued)

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Sixth Edition 6

Figure 1-1 Converting Data to
Information (1 of 2)
(a) Data in context

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 1-1 Converting Data to
Information (2 of 2)
(b) Summarized data

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Table 1-1 Example Metadata for Class
Roster
• Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data, including
data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data context

Data Item Data Item Data Item Metadata Metadata Metadata Metadata
Name Type Length Min imum Maximum Description Source
Blank Blank

Course Alphanumeric 30 Course ID and Academic Unit

name
Section Integer 1 1 9 Section number Registrar
Blank Blank

Semester Alphanumeric 10 Semester and year Registrar

Blank Blank

Name Alphanumeric 30 Student name Student IS

Blank Blank

ID Integer 9 Student ID (SSN) Student IS

Blank Blank

Major Alphanumeric 4 Student major Student IS

GPA Decimal 3 0.0 4.0 Student grade Academic Unit

point average

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Disadvantages of File Processing
• Program-Data Dependence
– All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
• Duplication of Data
– Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same
data
• Limited Data Sharing
– No centralized control of data
• Lengthy Development Times
– Programmers must design their own file formats
• Excessive Program Maintenance
– 80% of information systems budget
Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
PROBLEMS WITH DATA DEPENDENCY

 Each application programmer must maintain

his/her own data
 Each application program needs to include
code for the metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own
processing routines for reading, inserting,
updating, and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 Duplicate Data

Chapter 1 Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 1-12

PROBLEMS WITH DATA REDUNDANCY

Waste of space to have duplicate data

The biggest problem:

Data changes in one file could cause
inconsistencies
Compromises in data integrity

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
SOLUTION: THE DATABASE APPROACH

Central repository of shared data

Data is managed by a controlling agent
Stored in a standardized, convenient
form

Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

◼ A software system that is used to create, maintain, and provide

controlled access to user databases

Order Filing
System

Invoicing Central database

DBMS
System
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
Payroll customer data
System

DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Advantages of the Database Approach
• Program-data independence
• Reduced data redundancy
• Improved data consistency
• Improved data sharing
• Increased application development productivity
• Improved data accessibility and
responsiveness
• Reduced program maintenance
• Improved decision support
Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Database Approach (1 of 2)
• Data models
– Graphical diagram capturing nature and relationship of data
– Enterprise Data Model – high-level entities and relationships for the
organization
– Project Data Model – more detailed view, matching data structure in
database or data warehouse

• Entities
– Noun form describing a person, place, object, event, or concept
– Composed of attributes

• Relationships
– Between entities
– Usually one-to-many (1: N) or many-to-many (M : N), but can also be
one-to-one (1:1)

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 1-3 Comparison of Enterprise-and
Project-Level Data Models
(a) Segment of an enterprise (b) Segment of a project data model
data model

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Database Approach (2 of 2)
• Relational Databases
• Database technology
involving tables (relations)
representing entities and
primary/foreign keys
representing relationships
(see Figure 1-17)

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Components of the Database
Environment
• Data modeling and design tools – automated tools used to design databases and
application programs

• Repository – centralized storehouse of metadata

• Database Management System (DBMS) – software for managing the database

• Database – storehouse of the data

• Application Programs – software using the data

• User Interface – text, graphical displays, menus, etc. for user

• Data/Database Administrators – personnel responsible for maintaining the

database

• System Developers – personnel responsible for designing databases and software

• End Users – people who use the applications and databases

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 1-10 Three-Schema Architecture
• Different people have different views
of the database

• External Schema
– User Views
– Subsets of Conceptual Schema
– Can be determined from
business-function/data entity
matrices
– DBA determines schema for
different users

• Conceptual Schema (ER models)

• Internal Schema (logical and physical

structures)

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 1-11 The Range of Database
Technologies: Past and Present (1 of 4)
(a) Evolution of database technologies

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 1-11 The Range of Database
Technologies: Past and Present (2 of 4)
(b) Database architectures

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Figure 1-11 The Range of Database
Technologies: Past and Present (3 of 4)
(b) Database architectures

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Copyright

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their
courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of
any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will
destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work
and materials from it should never be made available to students
except by instructors using the accompanying text in their
classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these
restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.

Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved