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The BE condensation is the condensation in the momentum space. Bosons and fermions principally
differ in the value of a quantum mechanical property of all particles, called spin. It’s pretty cool.
Where it all began. Bose. Einstein. (1924) Indian S.N. Bose derives the Planck law for black-body by
treating photons as a gas of identical particles Einstein later generalizes Bose’s theory, for an ideal
gas of identical molecules. In the case of superconductivity the weak attractive force between the
electrons is created indirectly through their interaction with the motion of the ions of the crystal
lattice. J. Bardeen, L. Cooper and R. Schrieffer won the Nobel prize in 1972 for their microscopic
explanation of superconductivity in 1957. However, the analysis of superfluity 4He is complicated
by the fact that the 4He atoms in liquid strongly interact with each other. Leggett for their pioneering
contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids. However at even lower temperatures
fermions can also form specific kinds of a condensates. In quantum mechanics, the wavefunction is a
mathematical problem whose solution yields the chances that a particle is present at a chosen point in
space and time. Experimental BEC Procedure Normal method Laser MOT Expand 3. In the 1930’s
Fritz London realized that superfluity 4He can be understood on terms of BEC. He found that
should a gas of bosons be cooled to a particularly low temperature, they would all collectively
occupy the lowest quantum energy state. One of them is the wave like nature of massive atoms, a
behaviour becoming more and more explicit at very low temperatures. Two beams from the same
BEC can interfere with each other if they are spatially overlapping. Adapted from Marago, Ph.D.
thesis, University of Oxford (2001). Since the density of liquid is much higher than that of gas, the
gas density decreases with T. It’s pretty cool. Where it all began. Bose. Einstein. (1924) Indian S.N.
Bose derives the Planck law for black-body by treating photons as a gas of identical particles
Einstein later generalizes Bose’s theory, for an ideal gas of identical molecules. Bose-Einstein
condensation. Phenomenon. Particles. Half integral spin. Integral multiple spin. Fermions. Bosons.
Enrico Fermi. Satyendra Nath Bose. Obey. Pauli exclusion principle. Pierre Sikivie ASK2011
Conference Seoul, Korea April 11, 2011. Outline. Dark matter Axions Bose-Einstein Condensation
Caustics. BEC of photons (lasers). Townes. Basov. Prokhorov. Nobel 1964. BEC in a weakly-
interacting system (atomic gases). The picture shows the velocity distribution of atoms in the cloud at
the time of its release, instead of the spatial distribution. Over the 1980s, Phillips and others would
also devise a method to first slow down the atoms, trap them atoms in a cage of lasers and then cool
them. The phenomena are BECs, superconductivity, superfluidity, and lasers (the discovery of each
of which has received a Nobel Prize). The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001. USA(Eric A.Cornell,1961)
Germany(Wolfgang Kettlerle,1957) USA(Carl E.Wieman,1951). Spin Classification. It’s pretty cool.
Where it all began. Bose. Einstein. (1924) Indian S.N. Bose derives the Planck law for black-body by
treating photons as a gas of identical particles Einstein later generalizes Bose’s theory, for an ideal
gas of identical molecules. It’s been 20 years since physicists realised the first Bose-Einstein
condensate, which has proved to be an exceptional as well as quirky testbed for scientists probing
the strange implications of a quantum mechanical reality. Photons, the quanta of electromagnetic
radiation are specific kind of bosons of spin 1, while their rest mass is zero. Bose-Einstein
condensation. Phenomenon. Particles. Half integral spin. Integral multiple spin. Fermions. Bosons.
Enrico Fermi. Satyendra Nath Bose. Obey. Pauli exclusion principle. The radial density profile of the
atoms becomes very narrow because all atoms condense into the lowest potential energy state of the
magnetic trap. What is it?. BEC consists of particles cooled down to a temperature within a few
billionths of a degree centigrade above absolute zero These particles exist in a state of matter that is
neither solid, liquid, nor gas. Where do the particles go?: ( After Before keeps it constant There is no
Total number decreased.
Cornell and C. Wieman in Boulder, Colorado and independently by W. BEC of photons (lasers).
Townes. Basov. Prokhorov. Nobel 1964. BEC in a weakly- interacting system (atomic gases). Les
Houches, February 2005. Outlook. Why a random potential. A necessary condition for this is the
formation of pairs: a pair of fermions is a boson, as the spin of the pair is then an integer. A common
misconception about BE condensation is that it requires “brute force” cooling, when kBT becomes
much smaller than the differences of energies of the quantum states of the system - that would be a
trivial effect, though the temperatures would have been inaccessibly low for any macroscopic system.
Forms “superatom” in which no individual atom can be identified. BEC in a strongly- interacting
system (superfluid 4 He). These effects are seen to be different for the two different geometries.
Possible to put a large group of atoms in a single quantum state. The graphic shows three-
dimensional successive snap shots in time in which the atoms condensed from less dense red, yellow
and green areas into very dense blue to white areas. It quickly disperses the atoms unless they are
counterbalanced by means of a very strong magnetic field. By: Raymon, Sukhversh, Amerpreet,
Serena, Panuga. Of course there is no physical reason why we cannot continue lowering the
temperature at fixed density (or increasing the density at fixed temperature). Einstein extended S N
Bose’s ideas to his other work with matter. It is in principle the same technique one uses for cooling
a hot cup of coffee by blowing over the liquid surface. In the three-dimensional images (bottom), the
sudden increase in the optical depth (corresponding to an increase of atomic density) as the
temperature is reduced can be observed. The magnetic field has a minimum value in the center of the
“magnetic bowl”. Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) What will happen below Tc. Tuning down
gradually the frequency of this field, the level until the states are filled in is going down so finally
only the lowest energy particles remain in the trap, achieving thereby the temperature where the
condensation takes place. The BE condensation is the condensation in the momentum space. Two
beams from the same BEC can interfere with each other if they are spatially overlapping. This laid
the foundation of the field called Bose-Einstein statistics. Cooper and Robert Schrieffer for their
microscopic explanation of superconductivity. Two years earlier, Arthur Compton had found
definitive experimental proof that electromagnetic radiation could behave like waves, as was
previously known, as well as particles. ALL the evidence webinar: Appraising and using evidence
about community conte. Therefore, an additional cooling technique has to be applied. Pierre Sikivie
IDM 2010 Montpellier. I'll argue. The Dark Matter is Axions. BEC of photons (lasers). Townes.
Basov. Prokhorov. Nobel 1964. BEC in a weakly- interacting system (atomic gases). One of them is
the wave like nature of massive atoms, a behaviour becoming more and more explicit at very low
temperatures. At this value of the temperature we expect that the individuality of the particles is lost,
and collective quantum mechanical phenomena appear.
Part I: Effect of the transverse confinement on the dynamics of BECs in 1D optical lattices. Future
Directions Optical Lattices BEC on a Chip Vortices in the BE Condensate These experiments are not
just a repetition of the superfluid liquid helium experiments, because the system is very different.
Realization of BEC in Dilute Vapor (cont.) The atoms are not very close to each other in the classic
sense - in fact, the average density of this condensate is very low—one billionth the density of
normal solids or liquids. All-optical formation of a chromium Bose-Einstein Condensate. Therefore,
an additional cooling technique has to be applied. In quantum mechanics, the wavefunction is a
mathematical problem whose solution yields the chances that a particle is present at a chosen point in
space and time. Two beams from the same BEC can interfere with each other if they are spatially
overlapping. Thanks to: M. Kobayashi, S. Kida and many friends. Such violations resulted in what
he called “spooky action at a distance”, where particles behaved as if they could communicate with
each other faster than the speed of light would have it. Jan Peise B. Lucke, M.Scherer, O. Topic, W.
Ertmer, C. Klempt Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz Universitat Hannover G. Check out the
BEC Homepage for introductory level lessons on BEC with animations, explaining the physics
behind. The result was conclusive proof that a BEC demonstrated quantum mechanical behaviour at
a larger scale, without letting gravity get in the way. What is it?. BEC consists of particles cooled
down to a temperature within a few billionths of a degree centigrade above absolute zero These
particles exist in a state of matter that is neither solid, liquid, nor gas. Therefore the net result is a
loss of momentum and a loss of kinetic energy of the atoms, which means that the temperature of the
gas as a whole will be lower. Tuning down gradually the frequency of this field, the level until the
states are filled in is going down so finally only the lowest energy particles remain in the trap,
achieving thereby the temperature where the condensation takes place. Leggett for their pioneering
contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids. Here again these atoms may form
pairs at these very low temperatures which is necessary for the stability of the very weak coupling of
the pair. D. Lee, D. Osheroff and R. C. Richardson won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics for their
discovery this effect, and A. The most important characteristic is that at appropriately low
temperatures atoms lose their individuality and show collective behaviour. So the effect will certainly
be masked by the strong interaction between the constituent particles. The BE condensation is driven
by exchange interactions. Chris Westbrook l’Institut d’Optique, Orsay, France EPS-12 August 2002.
Introduction to the physics of atoms, molecules and photons. Resolving the paradox: The problem is
caused by the behavior of the 3D density of states and our use of the continuum approximation. The
Hamiltonian:. Interactions between atoms. Confining potential. Would you expect superfluidity in
liquid hydrogen as well. Yoshio Torii Erik Streed Micah Boyd Gretchen Campbell. Table of Contents.
What is a BEC? How do you make one in lab. Ketterle and his group at the MIT in Cambridge near
Boston. Pierre Sikivie IDM 2010 Montpellier. I'll argue. The Dark Matter is Axions. With a CCD-
array, the transmitted intensity is detected, which is a measure of the spatial dependence of the
absorption and thus of the density of atoms.
The effect was discovered in 1937 by Pyotr Kapitsa in Moscow, and by John Allen and his co-
worker Don Misener in Cambridge (England). The occupancy cannot be negative for any ?, thus, for
bosons, ? ? 0 (. This is one of the most successfully conducted experiments in the quantum research
world. Collaboration. P. Ohberg, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland. The phenomena are
BECs, superconductivity, superfluidity, and lasers (the discovery of each of which has received a
Nobel Prize). The trap is analogous to the optical cavity formed by the mirrors in a conventional
laser. Using the framework of grand-canonical statistics, we consider the number of particles, the
condensate fraction and the specific heat. Bose-Einstein condensation. Phenomenon. Particles. Half
integral spin. Integral multiple spin. Fermions. Bosons. Enrico Fermi. Satyendra Nath Bose. Obey.
Pauli exclusion principle. His journey to achieving the BEC also contains a gem of an episode where
his mentor’s sacrifice contributed to his success. Cornell and C. Wieman in Boulder, Colorado and
independently by W. The energy spectrum of the gas is practically continuous, so the excitations are
of very low energy, which means that an ultralow temperature is necessary to achieve even the
vicinity of the required ground state. What is it?. BEC consists of particles cooled down to a
temperature within a few billionths of a degree centigrade above absolute zero These particles exist
in a state of matter that is neither solid, liquid, nor gas. The other property is that particles with
integer intrinsic angular momentum ( spin ) can in principle all be in the same quantum state. PHYS
4315 R. S. Rubins, Fall 2009. About BEC. In 1924, Einstein applied Satyendra Bose’s explanation of
blackbody radiation to matter, predicting the phenomenon known as Bose-Einstein condensation
(BEC). Laser cooling Magnetic trapping Evaporative cooling What are the properties of a BEC. This
laid the foundation of the field called Bose-Einstein statistics. In particular, in the critical region of
the BEC transition, we express the chemical potential and the specific heat as simple explicit
functions of the temperature, highlighting the effects of finite size. It’s pretty cool. Where it all
began. Bose. Einstein. (1924) Indian S.N. Bose derives the Planck law for black-body by treating
photons as a gas of identical particles Einstein later generalizes Bose’s theory, for an ideal gas of
identical molecules. In the case of superconductivity the weak attractive force between the electrons
is created indirectly through their interaction with the motion of the ions of the crystal lattice. J.
Bardeen, L. Cooper and R. Schrieffer won the Nobel prize in 1972 for their microscopic explanation
of superconductivity in 1957. The first step is optical or Doppler cooling of the atoms with light. In
order to achieve a sufficiently deep temperature additional tricks must be applied. The populations
according to the classical Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics can also be shown. Although this force is
much smaller than the recoil force, the atoms, which are now already very cold, can be trapped since
their kinetic energy is small. Images should be at least 640?320px (1280?640px for best display). It
was weirdness the likes of which his conception of gravitation and space-time didn’t have room for.
The graphic shows three-dimensional successive snap shots in time in which the atoms condensed
from less dense red, yellow and green areas into very dense blue to white areas. At low energies, we
have to take into account the discreteness of the quantum states. Based on this theory, scientists at
the International Space Station could successfully create the BEC. Because of its resemblance to a
coherent beam of photons, which is a laser beam, it is called an atom laser. To save Ketterle from
having to compete in the shadow of his mentor, Pritchard bowed out of the BEC project and turned
his laboratory over to Ketterle so that the former postdoc could continue the quest.