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AP Art History Chapter 2 Outline

This document provides an outline of key developments in art and architecture in the Ancient Near East from the Neolithic Era through the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Some of the major topics covered include the origins of writing in Mesopotamia, the rise of urban centers like Jericho and Catal Huyuk, innovations like pottery wheels and metallurgy, the development of cylinder seals and cuneiform writing, and the architectural traditions of ziggurats, palaces and temples in cultures like Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia. Sculptural styles evolved from early representations combining organic forms with surface stylization to later works merging elegance and power.

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Hana Buckholz
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332 views3 pages

AP Art History Chapter 2 Outline

This document provides an outline of key developments in art and architecture in the Ancient Near East from the Neolithic Era through the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Some of the major topics covered include the origins of writing in Mesopotamia, the rise of urban centers like Jericho and Catal Huyuk, innovations like pottery wheels and metallurgy, the development of cylinder seals and cuneiform writing, and the architectural traditions of ziggurats, palaces and temples in cultures like Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia. Sculptural styles evolved from early representations combining organic forms with surface stylization to later works merging elegance and power.

Uploaded by

Hana Buckholz
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AP Art History Chapter 2 Outline Hana Buckholz The Ancient Near East o First language, epic poetry, written

records, religious texts, economic records- invention of writing The Neolithic Era o Agriculture brought more complex societies- irrigation, hierarchy o Elaborate concepts, city planning Jericho (8000-7000 BC- built) o Rectangle homes of mud bricks- fortification walls o Bodies under homes, skulls plastered- armature Catal Huyuk (6500-5500 BC) o Largest city found- very advanced (agriculture, trade, stoneware etc.) o No streets, mud brick homes- bodies under floors, shrines with murals Mesopotamia o Tigris and Euphrates- vulnerability- Neolithic ends c. 4500/4000 BC o Urbanization, temples- cone mosaics- aesthetics o Pottery wheel, metallurgy (weapons, art, vessels) The Uruk Period (3500-3100 BC) o Earliest writing- protoliterate era o 3-D figures in flat space, no indication of space in background o Command of 3-D form in sculpture, organically modeled faces, eyebrows meet over nose- classic Uruk Ziggurats o Unique Mesopotamian architecture o Stepped platform, symbolic mountain for gods, load bearing construction, tapering at the top- solid o Oriented with cardinal directions Cylinder Seals o Glyptic art- intaglio printing- carved stone cylinders o Continuous bands designated ownership- development of pictorial style From Pictures to Words o Wedge-shaped- cuneiform- Sumerian and Akkadian similarities o Record keeping created need for writing system Sumer: Early Dynastic Period (2800-2300 BC) o Full literacy, city states, specialized careers- administrations of priests Tell Asmar

o Small cult figures holding cups, branches- females more clothing o Hierarchical proportions- rounded sculptures- big eyes show encounter/relation to divinity o Horizontalization of hair and beards- organic form Ur o Royal tomb- chariots, harps, jewelry- ritual sacrifice for royalty o Bull mythology- very important- combines species in art o Musical influence- animal depictions- gods or humans costumed Akkad (2300-2100 BC) o Metal sculpture- stylized hair with organic structure (curly beard, hair) o Stelae used to mark victories- hierarchical proportions- landscapes o Upward is good, downward is bad (movement) o Right side of leader shown, good side- successful rule Neo-Sumerian Culture (2100/1900-1800 BC) o Guti beat Akkadians, Sumerians beat Guti- revival of Sumerian culture Lagash o Gudea built many temples- divine kingship o Hands folded in prayer, no spaces between arms/legs o Combines organic form and surface stylization- shown in eyebrows The Ziggurat of Ur o Ur-Nammu built huge ziggurat with three stages o Later expanded into temples, workshops, factories, and commercial center Babylon (1900-539 BC) o Amorites took over- Hammurabi- basis of legal traditions- law code containing over 300 statutes o Cultural and historical importance of code Anatolia: The Hittites (1450-1200 BC) o Archived carved tablets give insight to cultural achievements o Palaces, walls, temples- reliefs on walls- citadels o Guardian lions- war god- stylization with organic form- shows protection and authority Assyria (1300-612 BC) o Culture since 3000 BC- got international status, great kings and military o Alabaster reliefs, 3-D movement, opposing diagonals, overlapping figurescreating movement o Palaces guarded by lamassu- body of bull, human head, naturalism with stylization- wings- movement The Neo-Babylonian Empire (612-539 BC) o Ziggurat (Tower of Babel?) and Ishtar Gate (one of eight arches)

o Built under Nebuchadnezzar o Round arches are stronger- all civilizations have used it Iran (5000-331 BC) o Distinct pottery- animal subjects, stylized- movement using 3-D form o Bull sculpture- purpose unknown, shows animal preference The Scythians (8th-4th centuries BC) o Nomadic- high technical skills- naturalistic art using visual metaphors o Gives motion to sculpture Achaemenid Persia (539-331 BC) o Cyrus the Great ruled- Zoroaster religion o Huge palaces- multi-columned buildings- Persepolis o Reliefs show kings grandeur, slow-moving, curvilinear hair o Lion attacking the bull is typical of this time o Architecture is a mix of cultural influences o Metalwork is stylized, yet organic- typical- detailed design o Merges elegance and power- the typical aesthetic

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