Theory of Machines II

Shivnanda Bhavikatti

COURSE FOR - T. Y. B. TECH. MECHANICAL

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING PUNE

 Syllabus

 Unit I: Belt & Chain drives: Introduction, Type of belts, Tension ratio in belts, Initial tension, Open & cross
belt drive, Length of belt, Power transmitted by belt, chain drives. Advantages & Disadvantages of chain
drive.

 Unit II: Theory of Gears II: Spiral Gears, Worm and worm Gears, Bevel Gears; their terminologies, center
distance, force analysis and efficiency, Gear Trains.

 Unit III: Clutches, Brakes and Dynamometer: Introduction, Types of clutch, uniform wear and Uniform
pressure for the clutch, Types of brakes, the braking of a vehicle, Dynamometer and its type.

 Unit IV: Gyroscope: Introduction, Angular acceleration, gyroscopic couple, Effect of gyroscopic couple on
Aeroplan, Naval ship, Stability of vehicles.

 Unit V: Balancing Static and dynamic balance, balancing of revolving several masses on several planes,
Balancing of reciprocating masses in single and multi cylinder engines, balancing Machines.

 Unit VI: Mechanical Vibrations: Fundamentals, undamped and damped free vibrations of single degree
freedom system, Forced vibration of single degree of freedom system, Critical speed of shafts
 Books to Refer

Text Books:
 Ballaney, P.L., “Theory if Machines and Mechanisms”, 2005, ISBN 9788174091222
 Hannah and Stephens, “Mechanics of Machines: Advanced Theory and Examples”, 1970, ISBN
0713132329 Edward Arnold London
 Ratan S. S. “Theory of Machines”, Tata McGraw Hills

Reference Books:
 Ulicker Jr. J.J., Penock G.R. & Shigley J.E. “Theory of Machines and Mechanisms” Tata
McGraw Hills
 Ghosh Amitabha & Mallik Ashok Kumar, “Theory of Mechanisms and Machines” east-West
Press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
 Ramamurthy, “Mechanics of Machines” , Narosa Publishing House
 Kimbrell J.T., “Kinematics Analysis and Synthesis” McGraw –Hill International Editons.
 Rao J.S. & Dukkipati R.V. , “Mechanisms and Machine Theory” New Age International Pvt. Ltd.
 Evaluation

 Attendance
 Assignments
 Surprise Tests
 Midsemester Examination
 Oral Examination
 End semester Examination
Unit 1. Belt, Rope and Chain Drives
 Unit 1. Belt, Rope and Chain Drives

 Introduction
 Type of belts,
 Types of belt drives
 Angle of contact and total Length of belt
 Tensions in the belt
 Tension ratio for Flat and V belt
 Power transmitted by belt and Condition for maximum power
transmitted by belt
 Chain drives
 Limitations of belt drive over chain drive.
Conti…

These are the type of frictional drives used for transmitting

power from one shaft to another by means of pulleys which
rotate at the same speed or at the different speed.
 Belt Drives

 Belt Drives are a type flexible frictional drives used for transmitting power from one shaft to
another by means of pulleys which rotate at the same or in different direction

 The power transmission depends on following factors P0wer = (Force) x (Velocity)

• Velocity of the belt
• Tension in the belt (Force)
• The arc of contact between the belt and smaller pulley
• The condition under which the belt is used
Types of belts
 Material of belt

• Leather belt
• Rubber belt
• Cotton or Fabric belt
• Plastic belt
• Balata belt
Types of belt drives
Arc of contact and total Length of the belt
 Velocity Ratio
 It is the ratio between the velocities of the driver and driven shafts
It may be expressed, mathematically,

d1 = Diameter of the driver

d2 = Diameter of the follower
N1 = Speed of the driver in r.p.m.
N2 = Speed of the follower/driven in r.p.m.
t = thickness of belt

∴ Length of the belt that passes over the driver in one minute is equal is equal to the length of belt that passes over the driven,
therefore
π d1 N1 = π d2 N2

 velocity ratio is

 When thickness of the belt (t) is considered, then velocity ratio is

 Slip and Creep in the belt drive
 Slip – Due to insufficient frictional grip. It is expressed as a percentage S%
 Creep – Due to elastic property of belt.
 Tensions in the belt

 Centrifugal tension (Tc)

 Working tensions – Total Tight side tension (T1)

Total lack side tension (T2)

 Initial tension (To)

 Centrifugal tension (Tc)

Resolving the forces horizontally

 Working tensions in the belt

 T1 = Total tension on Tight side tension

 T2 = Total tension on Slack side tension
 Tension ratio for Flat belt

 θ = Angle of lap
 F = Centrifugal force
 Tc = Centrifugal Tension
 T1 = Total tension on Tight side
 T2 = Total tension on Slack side
 R = Normal reaction due to T1 and T2
 μ = Coefficient of friction
 Tension ratio for Flat belt
 Resolving the forces vertically and horizontally we get equation (a) and (b) respectively

Rearranging the equations, we get

Integrating tensions within limits T2 and T1

and angle of lap from 0 to θ, we get

If the mass or velocity of the belt is negligible

 Condition for maximum Power transmission

 The Power transmitted =

 For the given values of T1, μ and θ , the velocity at which the Power transmitted is maximum, is given by

 and the corresponding velocity is given by

 To calculate maximum Power transmitted by belt

 When velocity is known

 When velocity is not given

where

and corresponding velocity

Conti…

 Initial tension (T0) – it is the tension in the belt when the belt drive is
stationary

When the belt starts running over the pulley the stretch on tight side and
contraction on slack side is same as elasticity and cross sectional area of
the belt is same.
𝑇1 − 𝑇0 = 𝑇0 − 𝑇2
 V - belts
 V-belts are widely used in industry, automobiles because of its
power transmitting capacity. The wedge shape of the belt increases the area
of contact with the pulley there by increasing more friction which makes it to carry
more power without slip
 Tension ratio for V - belt
Resolving Forces vertically

And horizontally

Rearranging the equations (a) and (b)

Integrating tensions and angle of lap within limits ( T2 to T1 ) and ( 0 to θ ) respectively, we get
 V-belts are preferred over flat belts

1. Power transmitted is more due to wedging action in the grooved pulley.

2. Higher velocity ratio (up to 10) can be obtained.
3. V-belt drive is more compact, quiet and shock absorbing.
4. The drive is positive because the slip is negligible
5. They are rugged–they will give years of trouble-free performance when given just reasonable
attention even under adverse conditions.
6. They are clean–require no lubrication.
7. They are efficient–performing with an average of 94-98% efficiency.
8. They are smooth starting and running.
9. They cover extremely wide horsepower ranges.
10.They permit a wide range of driven speeds, using standard electric motors.
11. They dampen vibration between driving and driven machines.
12.They act as a “safety fuse” in the power drive because they refuse to transmit a severe overload of
power, except for a very brief time.
13.V-belts and sheaves wear gradually–making preventive corrective maintenance simple and easy.
 Chain drive

 It is one of the most power transmitting device in transportation machines like

motor-cycles, bicycles, automobiles, conveyors, agriculture machinery and machine
tools.
 Chain drives are flexible and made of number of links and its a
intermediate between belts and gears drives.
 Chains can only be used to transmit power between parallel shafts.
 Chain drives uses special toothed wheels called sprockets.
Classification of chains
 Roller Chain Construction
 Roller chains are assembled using link plates, pins and rollers and connecting them
in an endless chain using a connecting link. Chain sections are made up from two
separate assemblies called the Roller Link and the Pin Link
 Smaller pitch chains (1/4 and less) do not have rollers.
 Conti…
 Chain Size (Pitch) Chains are sized according to their pitch. The center-to-center distances of the link
pins determine pitch.
 The center-to-center distance of the pins is 0.250 inches. The pitch of chain drive components is
specified by a 2 digit number.
 The first digit specifies the center –to center distance of the chain link pins in 1/8ths of an inch
 the second number specifies the chain style
(#25 chain means: Chain pitch = 2 x 1/8 or ¼” pitch, Chain style = 5 = rollerless chain. )

Chain style specifications are as follows:

0 = Standard proportion roller chain
1 = Light weight roller chain
5 = Rollerless chain
 Conti…

 Roller Links and Pin Links Chains are made up using two types of link assemblies;
Roller links (Inside links) and pin links (outside links) Roller links and pin links are
assembled in a continuous loop using a connecting link.
 Connecting Link -A connecting link is a special purpose pin link assembly designed
for easy and rapid replacement.
 Standard Chain Dimensions

 The dimensions of roller chain and sprockets are governed by American National Standards Institute
or ANSI.
 ANSI standards are used to ensure the interchangeability.
 ANSI standard chain dimensions (lengths, widths and heights of chain components ) are Pitch
Proportional.
 Calculating Sprocket Pitch Diameter
 The sprocket pitch diameter is an imaginary circle through which the chain pin centers move around
the sprocket.
 The pitch diameter is the fundamental design geometry that determines the size shape and form of
the sprocket teeth dimensions.

Outside Diameter (OD) is to accurately calculate

the clearances for a given chain and sprocket drive

Example - 10T, #25 Pitch Sprocket

 Chain Length Calculation

 Chain length is a function of the number of teeth of the drive and driven sprockets and the center-to-center
distance.
 Drive Sprocket teeth – (n)
 Driven Sprocket teeth - (N)
 The chain length = 2 (Tangent line length BE + arc ME + arc BK)

Arc KB and ME measured in pitch units (teeth)

 Conti…

 Since each pitch unit represents 1 chain link, and it is not possible to have a
fractional link, we must round off the chain length to a whole number.

 It is best practice to use EVEN numbers of chain links.

 Note: Do not round down. This causes the chain to be too tight and the added
tension can damage sprockets, shafts and cause premature chain failure.

 Note: Chain length is customarily expressed in even numbers of pitch units since
chains can only be shortened or lengthened by multiples of their pitch units. If an
odd number of pitches is required then a special link called an offset link is used.
 Conti..
 Polygonal effect - The chain passes around the sprocket as a series of chordal-links. This action is
similar to a non-slipping belt wrapped around a rotating polygon.
• It is preferable to use an odd number of teeth for the driving sprocket in combination with an even
number of chain links for uniform wear and tear on the teeth and rollers. (In this case, a particular
tooth of the sprocket wheel does not come in contact with a particular link of the chain for every
rotation.)
• For smooth operation of chain drives higher number of teeth 19 or 21 gives better life expectancy to
the chain with less noise during operation.
 Drive Chain Selection (General Selection)

 EXAMPLE: Select a transmission chain for the conditions shown in Figure

 Step 1. Confirm the operating conditions.

 Step 2. Determine the service factor Ks . In this example, the service factor is Ks = 1.3.

 Step 3. Calculate the corrected design power kW = 1.3 x 7.5 = 9.75 kW.

 Step 4. Consult the selection table (Figure 4.10). For n = 50 rpm and corrected power = 9.75 kW, initially select
RS140 chain and a 15-tooth drive sprocket. These are not the final selections. See manufacturer’s catalogue
for additional information.
 Conti…
 Step 4a. Calculate the size of the driven sprocket. Number of teeth in driven sprocket = 15 x (50/20) = 37.5. Therefore, select a 38-tooth
driven sprocket.

 Step 4b. Confirm that the chain meets the power requirements. According to the power transmission tables in the catalogue, an RS140
chain with a 15-tooth sprocket is capable of transmitting 11.3 kW. Because 11.3 kW is greater than the design power of 9.75 kW, it is
acceptable.

 Step 5. Confirm that a 15-tooth sprocket and a 38-tooth sprocket within the 1,500-mm center distance and still maintain clearance. The
maximum hub bores of each sprocket are 89 and 110, respectively. Therefore, these may be used.
 Step 6. Calculate L, the number of chain pitches. ( Center distance in terms of pitch (here pitch = 44.45)

 Because we can’t have fractions of links, choose the next highest even number. In this example, you would use 96 pitches. The center
distance of the sprockets will then be 1,536 mm.
 Step 7. Check the catalog and decide the appropriate type of lubrication (manual or drip).
RS140 chain specification
 Chain drive over Belt drive
 Advantages
1. No slip takes place in chain drive as in belt drive there is slip.
2. Occupy less space as compare to belt drive.
3. High transmission efficiency.
4. More power transmission than belts drive.
5. Operated at adverse temperature and atmospheric conditions.
6. Higher velocity ratio.
7. Used for both long as well as short distances.

 Disadvantages
1. Manufacturing cost of chains is relatively high
2. The chain drive needs accurate mounting and careful maintenance
3. High velocity fluctuations especially when unduly stretched
4. Chain operations are noisy as compared to belts
 Surprise Test 1 (Time -30 min)

 Solve
Thank you