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Chapter 2 (Condensed Matter)

This chapter discusses binding energy in crystals. It will cover bonding in solids such as ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. It will also discuss the properties of metallic crystals and calculations of cohesive energy. Binding energy refers to the amount of energy required to separate particles in a system, such as atoms in crystals. Cohesive energy is the energy gained when atoms arrange in a crystalline structure compared to a gas state. It can be calculated by summing electrostatic energies between ions of opposite charge in ionic crystals.

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86 views33 pages

Chapter 2 (Condensed Matter)

This chapter discusses binding energy in crystals. It will cover bonding in solids such as ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. It will also discuss the properties of metallic crystals and calculations of cohesive energy. Binding energy refers to the amount of energy required to separate particles in a system, such as atoms in crystals. Cohesive energy is the energy gained when atoms arrange in a crystalline structure compared to a gas state. It can be calculated by summing electrostatic energies between ions of opposite charge in ionic crystals.

Uploaded by

davididosa40
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 2

Binding energy in crystals

Under this chapter, we will learn:-


• Bonding in solids
• Ionic bonding
• Covalent bonding
• Metallic bond
• Properties of metallic crystals
• Calculation of cohesive energy

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What is binding energy?

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Cont…

Binding energy, amount of energy required


to separate a particle from a system of
particles or to disperse all the particles of the
system.

Binding energy is especially applicable to


subatomic particles in atomic nuclei, to
electrons bound to nuclei in atoms, and to
atoms and ions bound together in crystals.

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Cont..

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2.6 Calculation of cohesive energy

What is cohesive energy? It is the energy What is the lattice energy of a


that must be supplied to the solid to solid? It is the energy that must be
separate its constituents into neutral supplied to an ionic crystal to
free atoms at rest and at infinite separate its constituents into free
separation with the same electronic ions at rest and at infinite
configuration. separation.

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Cont

Cohesive energy is defined as the energy


gained by the arrangement of atoms in the
crystalline state as compared with the gas
state. In insulators and semiconductors have
large cohesive energy. In ionic crystal, its
cohesive energy can be calculated by summing
up the electrostatic energy for an assembly
consisting of ione with unlike charge.

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Cont..
• In other word, cohesive energy is the
“energy given out in the process of
formation of a crystal by gainibringning
neutral atoms from infinte to the
position of equilibrium.”
• Consider, NaCl, the force of attraction
between Na+ and Cl- ions. The energy:-

• (1)
• Where:- is Modeling constant
• is smallest distance b/n two ions
 For a simple crystal, modelung
constant is b/n 1.6 to 1.8.
 Thus, from equation(1) is attractive
force b/n the ions. But, ions are
exhibits repulsive forces, w/c increase
with the as distance decreases.

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Cont…
• The total energy by all ions is
• (1)

• (3)

• For N number of ions, ) (4)

• The force that applied by all ions is given as:-


. At , the energy will be minimum. Thus,
,

(5)
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Cont…
• Substitute eqn (5) in into eqn(4), we will get:-

)} (6)

• This equation indicate the calculation for


cohesive energy

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Cont…
• The potential energy of a system of two atoms is given
by
• (7)
• A) Determine the bond length
• B) calculate the total amount of energy released when
the atoms form a stable bond.
• Solution :- the interatomic force is
•

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Cont…
• However at the equilibrium distance(bond length ro), the net inters
interatomic force is o. so,

 /


/
 since,
/
 Then, is the energy released density binding.

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Example

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What are the forces responsible for the cohesion of
solids?

There are
• Coulomb force: This is the major
three contribution to the cohesion of a
forces solid; it is the attractive force
between electrons and the nuclei.
responsible • Magnetic force: This has a weak
for the contribution to cohesion.
• Gravitational force: It has a
cohesion of negligible contribution to cohesion.
a solid:
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Thank You !

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