VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2MARKS) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (4MARKS)

1. RAY OPTICS 2M 1. RAY OPTICS 4M

2. MOVING CHARGES AND

2M 2. WAVE OPTICS 4M
MAGNETISM

3. MAGNETISM AND MATTER (2+2) M 3. ELECTIRIC FIELDS & CHARGES 4M

4. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL &

4. ALTERNATING CURRENT 2M 4M
CAPITANCE
5. MOVING CHARGES AND
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 2M
MAGNETISM 4M
6. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION & 6. ELECTRO MAGNETIC
(2+2)M 4M
MATTER INDUCTION

7. SEMI CONDUCTORS 2M 7. ATOMS 4M

8. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 2M 8. SEMI CONDUCTORS 4M

GRAND TOTAL 20 M GRAND TOTAL 32 M

LONG ANSWERS QUESTIONS

1. WAVES 8M

2. CURRENT ELECTRICITY 8M

3. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 8M

GRAND TOTAL 24 M
 IPE – June 2023 (TS) IPE – march 2023 (TS)
I SECTION – A (10X2=20) I SECTION – A (10X2=20)
1. Mention the basic methods of modulation. 1. What is principle of moving coil galvanometer.?
2. Define ‘Power’ of a convex lens. What is its units. 2. Define magnetic inclination or angle of dip.
3. Draw the circuits symbols for p-n-p and n-p-n transistors. 3. A small angled prism of 40 deviates a ray through
4. Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter. 2.480. Find the refractive index of the mirror.
5. What is ‘Work function’? 4. Classify the following materials with regard to
6. Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops. Why? magnetism: Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Bismuth,
7. Write down Einstein’s photoelectric equation.. Oxygen, and Copper.
8. Define magnetic declination. 5. What is important fact did Millikan’s experiment
9. Define power factor. On which factors does power factor establish?
depend? 6. A transformer converts 200V ac into 2000V ac.
10. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.6 A. what is the Calculate the number of turns in the secondary if the
displacement current is across its plates. primary has 10 turns.
7. If the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is
II SECTION – B (6X4=24) doubled, what happens to the energy of photon?
11. State and explain Coulomb’s inverse square law in 8. Give an example of photo sensitive substances. Why
electricity. they are called so?
12. What are the limitations of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen 9. What is sky wave propagation?
atom? 10. Write the truth table of NAND gate. How does it differ
13. With a neat labeled diagram explain the formation of from AND gate?
image in a simple microscope.
14. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel II SECTION – B (6X4=24)
plate capacitor. 11. Distinguish between half – wave and full – wave
15. Distinguish between half – wave and full – wave rectifier. rectifier
16. Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of 12. Describe the ways in which Eddy currents are used to
a revolving electron. advantage.
17. Explain Doppler Effect in light. Distinguish between red 13. Write a short note on De Broglie’s explanation of
shift and blue shift.. Bohr’s second postulate of quantization.
18. Obtain an expression for the emf induced across a 14. Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment
conductor which is moved in a uniform magnetic field of a revolving electron.
which is perpendicular to the plane of motion. 15. Define critical angle. Explain total internal reflection
using a neat diagram.
16. Explain Doppler Effect in light. Distinguish between
red shift and blue shift..
17. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel
plate capacitor.
III SECTION – C (2X8=16) 18. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics and explain its
19. Explain the principle and working of a nuclear reactor importance.
with the help of a labelled diagram?
Calculate the energy equivalent of 1 gr of substance. III SECTION – C (2X8=16)
20. Explain the formation of stationary waves in an air 19. How are stationary waves formed in closed pipes?
Column enclosed in open pipe. Derive the equation for Explain the various modes of vibrations and relations
the frequencies of the harmonics produced. for their frequencies
21. State Kirchhoff’s law for an electrical network. Using A closed organ pipe 70cm long is sounded. If the ve-
these laws deduce the condition for balance in a locity of sound is 331m/s , what is the fundamental
Wheatstone bridge. frequency of vibration of the air column ?
20. What is radioactivity? State the law of radioactive
decay. Show that radioactive decay is exponential in
nature.
The half-life radium is 1600 years. How much time
does 1g of radium take to reduce to 0.125g?
21. State Kirchhoff’s law for an electrical network. Using
these laws deduce the condition for balance in a
Wheatstone bridge.

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 1

 2. RAY OPTICS 8. MAGNETISM AND MATTER
0 0
1. A small angled prism of 4 deviates a ray through 2.48 . 14. What happens to compass needles at the Earth’s
Find the refractive index of the mirror. pole?
A. D m  A μ  1  A = 4 , D = 2.48 A. A t p o le   9 0 0 , B H  B c o s 9 0 0  0
Dm 2 .4 8 0 it may point out in any direction. Dip Needle.
μ  1    0 .6 2
15. What are the units of magnetic moment, magnet-
A 4
μ  1   0 .6 2  μ  1  0 .6 2  μ  1 .6 2 ic induction and magnetic field?
2. What is myopia? How can it be corrected? A. 1) Magnetic moment : Am2
A. Myopia (or) Nearsightedness: The defect of the eye 2) Magnetic induction : Tesla (or) Wb m-2
lens to form the image in front of the retina. 3) Magnetic field : Tesla
It is corrected by using concave lens. 16. Define magnetic inclination or angle of dip.
3. What is hypermetropia? How can it be corrected? A. The angle between the direction of earth’s magnetic
A. Hypermetropia (or) Farsightedness: The defect of the field(BE) and direction of Horizontal magnetic field(BH)
eye lens to form the image behind the retina. is called magnetic inclination or angle of dip.
It is corrected by using convex lens. 17. Classify the following materials with regard to
4. What is ‘dispersion’? Which colour gets relatively magnetism: Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Bismuth,
more dispersed? Oxygen, and Copper.
A. Dispersion: Splitting of white light into its seven colours, A. Dia magnetic: Bismuth, Copper
is called dispersion. Para magnetic: Manganese, Oxygen
Violet colour is more dispersed. Ferro magnetic: Nickel, Cobalt
5. Define ‘power’ of a convex lens. What is its units? 18. Magnetic lines form continuous closed loops. Why?
A. Power of a lens: Reciprocal of the focal length is called A. Since, isolated magnetic poles do not exists.
power of lens. 19. Define magnetic declination.
A. The angle between magnetic meridian and geographical
Units : Dioptre(D)
meridian is called angle of declination
6. A concave mirror produces an image of a long vertical
pin, placed 40cm from the mirror, at the position of 20. What is the magnetic moment associated with a
the object. Find the focal length of the mirror. solenoid?
A. M = N i A M = (Total no.of turns)(current)( area)
A. u = - 40cm, v = - 40cm, = + 21. What do you understand by the ‘magnetization’ of a
=− − f = - 20cm. sample?
= − =
7. MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM A. The magnetic moment per unit volume is called
7. ⇒
What is the importance of Oersted’s experiment? magnetization. ( )=
A. Every current carrying conductor produces a magnetic
field around it and which is perpendicular to current S.I Units magnetization is A/m.
carrying conductor. 11. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
8. What is the smallest value of current that can 22. If the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is
be measured with a moving coil galvanometer? doubled, what happens to the energy of photon?
A. It is used to measure very small current upto 10-9A A. E ∝ , = , = , E =
9. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into 23. Give any two uses of infrared rays.
an ammeter? A. 1)Solar water heaters.2)To take Photo in fogconditions.
A. A low resistance is connected in Parallel to it. 24. What are the applications of microwaves?
10. How do you convert a moving coil galvanometer into a A. 1) Micro wave ovens 2) Aircraft navigation.
voltmeter? 25. What is the principle of production of
A. A high resistance is connected in Series to it. electromagnetic waves?
11. Distinguish between ammeter and voltmeter. A. An accelerated charges produces an E.M. wave.
Ammeter Voltmeter 26. Microwaves are used in Radars, why?
It used to measure It is used measure P.D A. Due to short wavelengths, it is easily penetrate the
current Between two points. earth’s atmosphere. for space vehicle communication
Resistance of an ideal Resistance of an ideal 27. What is the average wavelength of X – rays?
Ammeter is zero. Voltmeter is infinity A. Range 10nm to 10-4nm.
It is connected in series It is connected in ( 1 0 + 1 0 -4 )
A v erag e  n m  5 .0 0 0 0 5 n m .
in the circuits. parallel in the circuit 2
12. A circular coil of radius ‘r’ having N turns carries a 28. What is the ratio of speed of infrared rays and
current ‘i’. What is its magnetic moment? ultraviolet rays in vacuum?
A. Magnetic moment (M) = N i A (A = πr ) A. The ratio of speed is 1:1,
(M) = N i (πr ) Speed of EM waves = 3x108m/s
13. What is principle of moving coil galvanometer. 29. Define power factor. On which factors does
A. Deflection produced in current carrying coil placed in power factor depend?
uniform magnetic field is directly proportional to cur- A. Average power lost over cycle is given by
rent. ( Deflection angle)  (Current in the Coil ) = ∅ ,. Cos∅ is called power factor.
It is depends on Voltage (V), current (i), & phase(∅) .

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 2

 12. DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION & MATTER 10. ALTERNATING CURRENT
30. What are “cathode rays”? 47. A transformer converts 200V ac into 2000V ac. Cal-
A. A stream of fast moving electrons are called cathode rays culate the number of turns in the secondary if the
31. What is “work function” primary has 10 turns.(IMP)
A. The minimum energy required to escape from the metal N S V S N S 2 0 0 0
    N S  100
surface is called work function. N P V P 10 2 0 0

32. What is “photoelectric effect”? 48. What type of transformer is used in a 6V bed lamp?
A. Eemission of electrons from a metal surface when suit- A. Step down transformer is used in 6V bed lamp.
able frequency of light falls on it is called photo electric 49. What is the phenomenon involved in the working of a
effect. transformer?
33. hϑ → Energy
Write down Einstein’s photoelectric of Photon
equation. A. Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.
A. hϑ
W∅=→WWork
∅ + KE function, KE → Kinetic energy 50. Write the expression for the reactance of i) an
34. Write down deBroglie’s relation and explain the terms inductor and ii) a capacitor.
therein. A. 1) (X ) = ωL, 2) (X ) =
A. The debroglie wavelength associated with a material 51. When does a LCR series circuit have minimum
particle is given by = = where ‘h’ is plank’s impedance?
A. At resonance XL=XC and Z minimum.
constant. P : momentum, m : mass of electron, v: velocity
15. SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS
35. State Heisenberg’ Uncertainty Principle.
A. It is impossible to measure the both the position and 52. What is a p-type semi conductor? What is
the majority and minority charged carriers
momentum of a particle simultaneously to any desire
in it?
degree of accuracy. 36. Give an example of
A. If a trivalent impurity is added to a tetravalent
photo sensitive substances. Why ∆ ∆ ≈ ℎ
semiconductor is called p-type semiconductor.
they are called so?
majority charge carriers are holes.
A. Example :- Li, Na, K, Zn, Cd, Mg etc
Their work function is low, They emit the photo electrons minority charge carriers are electrons.
37. What is important fact did Millikan’s experiment 53. What is an n-type semi conductor? What is
the majority and minority charged carriers in
establish?
it?
A. Charge Present on a body is equal to integral multiple of
A. If a pentavalent impurity is added to a tetravalent
16. = ±
an electron
semiconductor is called n-type semiconductor.
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS majority charge carriers are electrons.
38. What are the basic blocks of a communication system? minority charge carriers are holes.
A. 1) Transmitter. 2) Receiver. 3) Channel. 54. What are intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors?
39. What is “World Wide Web” (WWW)? A. Pure form of semiconductors is called intrinsic
A. It is an encyclopedia of knowledge accessible to every- semiconductors.
one round the clock through inter net. When impure atoms are added to increase their con-
40. Mention the Frequency range of speech signals. ductivity, they are called extrinsic semiconductors.
A. Speech signals frequency range is 300Hz to 3100Hz. 55. What is a p-n junction diode? Define depletion layer.
41. What is sky wave propagation? A. The junction formed with two electrodes when P-type
A. The propagation in which the waves of range a few 1MHz : The narrow
and N-type semiconductor areregion
joinedon
is either
called side
p-n of
to 30MHz are received due to total internal reflection takes the junction,
junction due to immobile charge carries is called
diode.
place at ionosphere is called sky wave propagation. depletion
Depletionlayer.
layer
42. Mention various parts of the ionosphere? 56. Which gates are called universal gates?
A. D layer (Part of stratosphere),E layer (Part of stratosphere). A. NAND gates and NOR gates are called universal gates.
F1layer (Part of mesosphere),F2layer (Part of thermosphere) 57. What is Zener voltage (VZ) and how will a Zener
43. Define modulation. Why is it necessary? diode be connected in circuits generally?
A. Modulation: The process of combining low frequency A. Reverse bias voltage at which resistance becomes zero
audio signal with high frequency audio signals is called and current increases suddenly is called Zener Voltage.
modulation Zener diode always connected in reverse bias.
Necessary of Modulation: 58. Define amplifier and amplification factor.
1) To reduce size of the antenna. A. Amplifier:- The device used for raising the strength of a
2) To avoid mixing signal from different transmitter’s. weak signal is known as amplifier.
44. Mention Basic methods of modulation. Amplification factor: - The ratio of output power to
A. 1) Amplitude modulation (AM) input power is called amplification factor.
2) Frequency modulation (FM), 3) Phase modulation (PM). 59. Draw the circuit symbols for p-n-p and n-p-n
45. Which type of communication is employed in mobile transistors.
phones?
A. Wireless communication ( Space wave )
46. What is meant by wattles component of current?
A. The component of current which does not useful work in an
A.C circuit is called wattles current

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 3

1. Define focal length of a concave mirror. Prove that the 4. With a neat labeled diagram explain the formation of
radius of curvature of a concave mirror is double its image in a simple microscope.
focal length. A. Simple Microscope: A simple microscope consists of
A. focal length: The distance between the focus (F) and the only one convex lens of small focal length.
pole(P) of the mirror is called the focal length.
Consider a ray parallel to the It is also called as magnifying glass.
principal axis striking the In this, the object
mirror at M get reflected is
passing through the focus (F). placed between the
The line CM is perpendicular principal focus F
to the mirror and the optic cen-
Let ‘ θ ’ be the angle of incidence,∠AMC = ∠MCP ter
Draw MD⊥ CP of the convex lens
MD
The right angled  le MCD Tanθ     (1) The light ray coming
CD from the object parallel to principal axis refracts at
MD
The right angled  le MFD Tan2θ     (2) lens and passes through second principal focus F|.
FD
Another light ray from the object passes through the
Dividing eq(2) by eq(1)
 M D  optic of the lens undeviated. These two rays meet on
 
T an 2 θ
 
F D   C D      (3 )
the back side of the object to form the image. Hence,
T an θ  M D  F D the image formed is virtual. Erect and magnified.
 
 C D 
5. Define critical angle. Explain total internal reflection
If is ‘ θ ’very small, Tanθ  θ and Tan2θ  2θ using a neat diagram.
M lies very close to ‘P’ CD = CP and FD = FP A. Critical angle: when light ray travels from denser
2θ CP R R Total
medium internal
to rarerreflection:
medium, thewhen a light
angle ray travelsforfrom
of incidence,
From eq n   2  R  2f denser 0
θ FP f f which angle of refraction is 90 is called criticalisangle.
to rarer medium, the angle of incidence greater
than the critical angle, then it reflects into the same
Radius of curvature is equal to double of its focal length.
2. Why does the setting sun appear red? medium is called total internal reflection.
Explanation: Consider an object in the denser medium.
A. Sunlight passes through the atmosphere before it reaches A ray incident on II1 surface bends away from the
us. Sun light is composed of seven colors (VIBGYOR) in perpendicular. As the angle of incidence is increased, the
the evenings, where the sun is near the horizon. The rays angle of refraction goes on increasing. For certain angle
have to travel longer path in the atmosphere to reach us. of incidence, the refracted ray parallel to II1 surface (900)
The dust, smoke and water When the angle of
vapor present in the atmosphere incidence is further
increased, the ray is
deviate away these colors
not refracted but is
differently depending in their totally reflected back
wavelengths. As red has longer into the same medium.
wavelength, it is less deviated. Thus the red comes to This phenomenon is
straight while other colors get deviated into space. That’s called total internal reflection.
why setting sun appears red. 6. Explain the formation of rainbow.
3. Explain the formation of a mirage A. Rainbow: The multicolored arc that appears in the sky,
opposite to sun on a rainy day is called rainbow.
A. Mirage: Mirage is an optical phenomenon in which light
Rainbow is the combined effect of Dispersion,
rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant object Refraction and total internal reflection of sunlight by
is called mirage. spherical water droplets of rain in atmosphere. The water
1. Mirage are formed due to drops in atmosphere act as small prisms and cause of
total internal reflection of light. dispersion and total internal reflection of sunlight to
2. On hot summer days the form rainbow.
density of air is less near the The primary rainbow is a 3 step process.
1) The sunlight is first refracted as it enters a rain drop,
ground due to heat. which causes different colors.
3. Hotter air is less dense and smaller refractive index than 2) These refracted rays strike the inner surface of the drop
cooler air. and get internally reflected
4. In the air is still, the optical density at different layers of 3) These internally reflected rays again get refracted at the
air increases with height. opposite surface and come out. As red is less deviated, it
5. Hence the light rays coming from a tall body such as comes straight to observer and appears at top. As violet
is more deviated, it comes from lower level drops and
tree, bends away from normal and under goes total
appears at bottom.
internal reflection. The secondary rainbow is also formed due to double
internal reflection of sunlight in the rain drops.
~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 4
7. Explain Doppler Effect in light. Distinguish between red 11. State and explain Coulomb’s inverse square law in
shift and blue shift. electricity.
A. Doppler Effect in light: the change in the apparent fre- A. Coulomb’s law : The force of attraction between two
quency of light, due to relative motion between source of electric charges is directly proportional to product of
light and observer. This phenomenon is called Doppler their charges and is inversely proportional to the square
shift in light. of distance between them and acts along the line joining
Red shift: When source and observer away from each the charges.
other apparent frequency decreases or apparent wave Explanation: The force between two chargesq and
length increases this is called red shift. q are separated by a distance ‘r’ is given by
Blue shift:, When source and observer approach each F ∝ q q ……. (1)
other apparent frequency increases or apparent wave F ∝ …………. (2)
length decreases this is called blue shift.
8. How do you determine the resolving power of your eye? From (1) and (2) we get F ∝
A. Resolving Power of Eye: The power of instrument to F=
produce separate images of two objects lying closer to
each other is called resolving power. Whereε is the permittivity of free space and
= 9X10 N C
F = (9X10 )
1) Let us take a pattern of black strips of equal width sep-
arated by white stripes of increasing width from the left to 12. Define intensity of electric field at a point. Derive an
right on a wall at a height of eye. expression for the intensity due to a point charge.
2) By moving away or closer to the wall, find the position A. Intensity of Electric field (E): The force acting per
where we can just see some two black strips as separate unit positive charge is called intensity of electric
strips with one eye. : Let ‘P’ be a point at a distance ‘r’ from
field. Derivation
3) All the black strips would merge into one another and Point charge ‘q’ at a point ‘O’.
would not be distinguishable. 1 qq 0
The force F 
4) If ‘d’ is the width of the white stripe which is separates 4πε 0 r 2
to the two regions and ‘D’ is the distance between the eye
The force acting on a unit positive at ‘P’ due to ‘q’ is
and the wall, the resolving power of the eye is given by d/
D.
From the definition F 1  1 qq 0 
9. Does the principle of conservation of energy hold for in-
E   
terference and diffraction phenomena? Explain briefly q0 q 0  4πε 0 r 2 
A. 1) Yes, law of conservation of energy is obeyed.
2) Pattern of bright and dark fringes are formed in  1 q 
E  2 
interference and diffraction.  4 πε 0 r 
3) These patterns obey the principle of conservation of 13. Derive the equation for the couple acting on a
energy electric dipole in a uniform electric field.
4) In interference and diffraction, light energy is
A. Dipole: A pair of equal and opposite charges
redistributed.
5) If it decreases in one region producing a dark fringe. It separated by a distance (2a) is called dipole.
increases in another region producing bright fringe. It is placed in a uniform electric field E. making an
6) Thus there is no gain or loss of energy. angle with field direction as shown in the figure.
10. Discuss the intensity of transmitted light when a Polaroid
sheet is rotated between two crossed Polaroid’s.
A. Let I0 be the intensity of polarized light after passing
through the first polarizer P1. Then the intensity of light
after passing through second polarizer P2 will be
I = I cos
Where θ is the Due to electric field forces on positive charge (+q) is
Where is the F = +qE and force on negative charge F = -qE.
angle between These two equal and opposite charges constitute
passing axes P1 and P2since P1 and P2 are crossed the angle torque (or) moment of couple.
between the pass axes of P2 and P3 will be Torque = Force X Perpendicular distance
Hence the intensity of light emerging from P3 will be = (qE)(2a sin θ)
− = 2aq. E sin θ
Dipole moment P = q X 2a = 2aq
I = I cos θ . cos − = PE sin θ
2
I = I cos θ . sin θ In vector form = P X E
I
I=
The transmitted intensity willsin
be maximum when =
4

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 5

14. Derive an expression for the intensity of the electric field 16. State Gauss’s law in electrostatics and explain its
at a point on the axial line of an electric dipole. importance.
A. Electric field at an axial point of an electric dipole. As Gauss’ law: The total electric flux through any closed
shown in figure. Consider an electric dipole consisting of surface is equal to times the net charge enclosed by
charge –q and +q separated by distance 2a and placed in
q
vacuum. Let P be a point on the axial line at distance r T h e s u rfac e T o ta l e le c tric flux  E .d s  ε0
from the center O s

Importance of Gauss’ Law:

1) Valid for closed surface any shape and size.
2) Gives the relation for between the electric field and
the charge.
Electric field due to charge –q at a point P is 3) Applicable to any distribution of charge with in the
1 −q closed surface.
E =
4πε (r + a)
17. Derive an expression for the electric potential due to
Electric field due to charge +q at a point P is a point charge.
E = A. Consider a point charge +Q at point on ‘O’ in free
( )
space. Let us find electric potential at point ‘P’ due to
Hence the resultant electric field at a point P is
charge +q. let ‘r’ be the position vector of ‘P’ from
E = E +E ‘O’ OP = r,.
=
( )
− ( )
( ) ( )
= = Consider point A having distance ‘x’ with respect to
( ) ( )
the point ‘O’. the electric field intensity at that point
= Here (P = q x2a)
( )
1 Q
If r >> a, a2 can be neglected compared to r2 E 
4πε0 x 2
 1   2p  Total amount of work done (W) in bringing unit
E a x ia l    3 
 4πε0   r  positive charge from infinite ∞ to r.
r r r
1 Q
15. Derive an expression for the intensity of the electric field W   dw   E .d x   .d x
  
4πε0 x 2
at a point on the equatorial line of an electric dipole. r r
Q 1 Q  1
A. Electric field at an equatorial point of an electric dipole. As    2
.d x     x 
4πε 0  x 4πε 0 
shown in figure. Consider an electric dipole consisting of r
Q  1  Q 1 1 
charge –q and +q separated by distance 2a and placed in W     
4 π ε 0  x   4 π ε 0  r  
vacuum. Let P be a point on the equatorial line at distance
Q 1 1   1  Q 
r from the center O 
4 π ε 0  r

 
 V    
 4πε0   r 
Electric field due to
18. Derive an expression for the capacitance of a parallel
charge –q at a point P is plate capacitor.
E = A. P and Q are two parallel plates of a capacitor separated
Electric field due to by a distance of d.
charge +q at a point P is The area of each plate
is A. The plate P is
E =
charged and Q is
Clearly the magnitude ofE and E perpendicular to the earth connected.
dipole axis will cancel out. The components parallel to the The charge on P is +q and surface charge density
dipole axis will add up. The total electric field is opposite = ……….(1)
to E = − E cos θ + E cos θ The electric field due to charge +q is =
= −2E cos θ The electric field due to charge - q is =-
= −2. . Here (P = q x 2a) Resultant field.
√
E= + = 2. = ………. (2)
= − ( ) / Relation between ‘V’ and ‘E’
If r >> a, a2 can be neglected compared to r2 V = Ed……….(3)
V = .d = .d But captaincy C =
 1  p 
E equa     3 Captaincy of the parallel plate capacitor is given by
 4 πε 0   r  C=

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 6

19. Explain series combination of capacitors. Derive the 22. State and explain Biot-Savart law.
formula for equivalent capacitance in each combination. A. Consider a very small element of length dl of a con-
A. Series combination: In series combination first capacitor ductor carrying current (i). Magnetic induction due to
second plate is connected to second capacitor first plate small element at a point P distance r form the element.
and second capacitor second plate is connected to third Magnetic induction dB is
capacitor first plate and so on first capacitor first plate and directly proportional to
last capacitor second plate is connected to opposite ter- current (i).
minals of a battery ∝()
1) In series combination the charge on each capacitor will ………… (1)
be same but potential is different. Magnetic induction dB
is directly proportional
V = V1 + V2 + V3 to Length of the
element (dl).
∝ ………… (2)
But V = Magnetic induction dB is directly proportional to sine
, V = , V = , and V = , angle between r and dl and.
q q q 1 1 1 ∝ …….. (3)
V= + + = q + + Magnetic induction dB is inversely proportional to the
C C C C C C
square of the distance from small element to point P
q  1 1 1 
 q     ∝ ………… (4)
C C
 1 C 2 C 3 
( )( )( )
1 1 1 1 From (1), (2), (3) and (4) dB ∝
   ( )( )( )
C C1 C2 C3 dB = : Permeability in free space.
20. Explain parallel combination of capacitors. Derive the = 10 Wb m A -1 -1
formula for equivalent capacitance in each combination.  
Parallel combination: If the first plates of all the capa- In V e c to r fo rm d B 

μ 0 i.d l d l  r 
citors connected to common terminal and second plates of 4π r3
all the capacitors connected to common terminal and 23. Derive an expression for the magnetic field at the
these terminals are connected to opposite terminals of the center of a current carrying circular coil using Biot-
battery. Savart law.
1) In parallel combination the potential on each capacit- A. Consider a circular coil of radius ‘r’ and carry a
or will be same but charge is different. current ‘i’. Consider a small element ‘dl’. Let ‘O’ is
the center of the coil. By using Biot-Savart Law.
q= q + q + q μ 0 i.dl.sinθ
From Biot-savart law dB 
4π r2
As dl is perpendicular to 'r' θ  90  sin 90 0  1
0

But = V μ 0 i.d l
, q = C V, q = C V, and q = C V dB 
4π r2
= C V+ C V+ C V μ 0 i.dl
= V(C + C + C ) Now  dB   4π r2
C V  V C1  C 2  C 3  μ0 i
B   dl
C  C1  C 2  C 3 4π r2
μ0 i
21. State and explain Ampere’s law. (7. CHAPTER) B 
4π r 2
 2π r    d l  2 πr 
A. Ampere’s law: The line integral of the intensity of magnet
μ 0 i If the circular coil has ‘N’ turn μ Ni
field around closed path is equal to times the net current B B 0
2 r 2 r
enclosed by the path. ∮ B⃗ d⃗ = μ i 24. Find the magnetic induction due to a long current
Proof: Consider a long straight conductor carrying current carrying a conductor.
‘i’. Magnetic field at a distance ‘r’ from the conductor is Let ‘P’ be a point at a distance ‘r’ from the long straight
() conductor carrying a current ‘i’ magnetic induction is
given by. =
same at all points on the circle of radius ‘r’ passing
The value 'B' is parallel to 'dl' θ  00  cos00  1 through a point ‘P’
  
∮B.dl ∮B.dl cos00 ∮B.dl  B.dl  μ i 0

  0
B dl  B  2πr    dl  2πr   B.dl cos 0

 μ 0i
B dl  μ i
μ0  i  0

 B.dl  x  2πr    B.dl  μ0i

2π r μ0 i
B  2πr   μ 0i B
2π r

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 7

 25. What is impact parameter and angle of scattering? How 29. What is rectification? Explain the working of a half
are they related to each other? wave rectifier.
A. Impact parameter (b): The perpendicular distance of A. Rectification: The process of converting on
the initial velocity of the alpha-particle from the centre of alternating current into a direct current is called
the nucleus is called “impact parameter” rectification.
Angle of Scattering (θ): The angle between the direction
of approach and the direction of the scattering of alpha
particle is called angle of scattering.
The relation between impact parameter and scattering
angle
1 Ze 2 θ
b x cot
4 πε 0  1 2  2
 mv  1) A half wave rectifier can be constructed with a single
2 
diode. The AC input signal is connected to the primary
26. What are the limitations of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen coil of a transformer. The output signal is taken across
atom? the load resistance RL.
A. 1.It could not explain the fine structure of spectral lines 2) During positive half cycle, the diode is forward
in hydrogen atom. biased and current flows through the diode.
2. It could not explain the wave properties of electron. 3) During negative half cycle, the diode is reverse
3. It could not explain the elliptical orbits because Bohr biased and no current flows through the diode.
assumed the circular orbits. 4) This means current flows through the diode only
4. It fails in the case of atoms of the elements for during positive half cycles and negative half cycles are
Which Z > 1. blocked. Hence in the output we get only half cycles.
27. Write a short note on Debroglie’s explanation of Bohr’s 5) Rectifier efficiency is defined as the ratio of output dc
second postulate of quantization. power to the input ac power.
A. Bohr proposed his second postulate as the angular mo- o u tp u t D .C p o w e r 0 .4 0 6 R L
η  
mentum of electron in a stationary orbit is quantized. in p u t A .C p o w e r rf  R L
nh R : Load Resistance. r : Forward resistance of diode.
mv r 
r n
2π Maximum efficiency of half wave rectifier is 40.6%
De Broglie argued that the electron in the stationary orbit 30. What is rectification? Explain the working of a full
acts like a particle wave. As a result it forms stationary wave rectifier
waves in the orbit. A. Rectification: The process of converting on
The distance travelled by the alternating current into a direct current is called
particle wave along rectification.
circumference should be equal to
integral multiples of wavelength
to form stationary waves.
Therefore 2πr = nλ for n = 1, 2, 3…….
Applying De Broglie hypothesis, we have
h h h
λ  (P  mv), nλ  n (Here nλ  2πrn ) 1) A full wave rectifier can be constructed with the help
p mv n mv n
of two diodes D1and D2.
h nh 2) The secondary transformer is centre tapped at C and
2πrn  n  m v r rn =
mv n 2π its ends are connected to the P regions of two diodes
28. Describe Rutherford atom model. What are the draw backs D1 and D2.
of this model ? 3) The output voltage measured across the load
A. Rutherford model of Atom: Resistance R
1) Atoms is hollow sphere of radius 10-10m. 4) During positive half cycles of AC, the diode D1 is
2) Total +Ve charge and mass of the atom is concentrated forward biased and current flows through the load
in a nucleus of radius in the order of 1013to 10-15m. resistance R . At this time D2 will be reverse biased
3) Electrons revolves around the nucleus like planets around and will be in switch off position.
the sun. 5) During Negative half cycles of AC, the diode D2 is
4) Total +Ve charge inside the nucleus is equal to total –Ve forward biased and current flows through the load
charge of revolving electrons around it. resistance R . At this time D1 will be reverse biased
Drawbacks of Rutherford’s Model of Atom: and will be in switch off position.
1) As the revolving electron loses energy continuously, it 6) Rectifier efficiency is defined as the ratio of output dc
must spiral inwards and finally merge into the nucleus. power to the input ac power.
So atom has to collapse. According to electromagnetic output D.C power 0.812R L
η 
theory it is impossible. input A.C power rf  R L
2) It could not explain the line spectra of atoms. R : Load Resistance. r : Forward resistance of diode.
Maximum efficiency of full wave rectifier is 81.2%

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 8

31. Distinguish between half – wave and full – wave 35. Obtain an expression for the emf induced across a
rectifier.( SEMI CONDUCTORS) conductor which is moved in a uniform magnetic field
Half –Wave rectifier Full – Wave rectifier which is perpendicular to the plane of motion.
1. Only one diode is 1. Two diodes are A. Let conductor PQ is moving with velocity ‘v’ towards
used used left through a distance ‘x’ on a rectangular conductor
2. The output is 2. The output is PQRS placed in uniform magnetic field ‘B” perpen-
discontinuous continuous dicularly
3. Efficiency is 40.6% 3. Efficiency is 81.2% The magnetic flux enclosed by the loop PQRS is
4. Efficiency is Low. 4. Efficiency is High.  B  Blx
5. Only one half of 5. Both half of the From Faraday’s law
the AC input wave AC input wave is d
is converted as DC converted as DC emf  ε     Blx 
dt
output output
d
32. Desscribe the ways in which Eddy currents are used.EMI emf  ε     Blv 
A. Eddy current:- The currents produced in large pieces dt
when they are oscillated in magnetic fields are called eddy  dx 
Induced emf  ε    B l v
  v
currents.  dt 
ADVANTAGES:- 36.OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR gates.
1.Magnetic Brakes in trains: When strong OR GATE Truth Table for OR gate:
electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced
in the rails oppose the motion of train. As a result,
smooth breaking effect comes into play.
2. Electromagnetic damping: In galvanometer
electromagnetic damping brings the coil to rest quickly.
This happens due to eddy currents produced in the core.
3. Induction Furnace: A high frequency alternating AND GATE Truth Table for AND gate:
current is passed through a coil which surrounds the
metals to be melted. Then the eddy currents generated in Truth Table for NOT gate:
the metals produce high temperatures.
4. Electric power meter: The shiny metal disc in the A YA
electric power meter rotates due to eddy currents. 0 1
33. Derive an expression for the magnetic dipole moment of 1 0
a revolving electron.7. MOVING CHARGES
A. Consider an electron revolving in a circular orbit of radius OR GATE Truth Table for NOT gate:
‘r’ with speed ‘v’.
The time taken by the electron to complete one revolution
2 r
T 
V
e eV 37.Define NAND and NOR gates. Give their truth tables.
E lectric cu rren t i   
t 2 r NAND gate: When the output of an AND gate is
Magnetic dipole moment  M   NiA connected to the in put of a NOT gate, the resultanting
gate is called NAND gate.
 eV 
  r 
2
M  1  
 2 r 
evr
M 
2
34. What are the basic components of a cyclotron? Mention
its uses? 7. MOVING CHARGES
A. Cyclotron: Cyclotron is device used to accelerate pos-
itively charged particles like protons, deuterons etc. NOR gate: When the output of an OR gate is connected to
the input of a NOT gate, the resultanting gate is called
Two hollow D- shaped metallic chambers D1 and D2
NAND gate.
High frequency oscillator.
Strong electromagnet.
Vacuum chamber.

Uses:
For treatment of chronic diseases.
In detection and construction of nuclei.

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 9

1. Explain the formation of stationary waves in stretched Laws of transverse vibrations:
strings and hence deduce the laws of transverse waves in First law: ( when T and μ are constants )
stretched string? The fundamental frequency of stretched string is inversely
A. Consider a string of length l’ and linear density ’ be fixed proportional to length of the string.
between two supports under a tension T. a stationary 1
wave is formed in the string due to the superposition of the  α  1 l1   2 l 2
l
waves. At the points where the string was fixed rigidly Second law: ( when l and are constants )
nodes are formed. The velocity of transverse vibration in a The fundamental frequency of stretched string is directly
stretched string is given by V  T proportional to square root of the tension.
μ
1 T1
1St loop: It will have two nodes and one antinodes then the  α T
2

T2
vibrating length l  λ
2 Third law: ( when l and T are constants )
λ = 2 l  1  The fundamental frequency of stretched string is inversely
proportional to square root of the linear density
T
V   2  1 1 μ2
μ  α 
μ 2 μ1
Relation between V, , and
V 1. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0A to 0.0A in 0.1sec.
V λ    3 
λ if an average emf of 200V is induced, give an estim-
Substitute eqn (1) and (2) values in eqn (3) we get ate of the self-inductance of the circuit.
1 T A. di = 5.0 – 0.0 = 5A, dt = 0.1sec, emf e = 200V L = ?
 
λ μ di dt  0 .1 
e  L  L  e  L  200    4H
dt di  5 
1 T
0  2. What is the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an
2l μ
This is known as fundamental frequency electron, accelerated through a potential difference of
2nd loop: It will have three nodes and two antinodes then 100volt?
the vibrating length l  2 λ A. Applied potential (V) = 100V,
2 h 1 2 .2 7 1 2 .2 7
W a ve le n g th  λ      1 .2 2 7 n m
2l p 100 10
λ   1 
2 4. What is the de-Broglie’s wavelength of a ball of mass
V 
T
 2  0.12Kg moving with a speed of 20m/s?
μ
A. Mass (m) = 0.12Kg. Speed (v) = 20m/s, h = 6.63x 10-34J.
Relation between V, , and h h
V d e  B rog lie W a ve le n gth  λ   
V λ    3  p mv
λ 6 .6 3  1 0  3 4 6 .6 3  1 0  3 4
Substitute eqn (1) and (2) values in eqn (3) we get λ     2 .7 6 2  1 0  3 4 m e t
0 .1 2  2 0 2 .4
1 T
 
 2l  μ
5. A current of 10A passes through two very long wires
 
 2  held parallel to each other and separated by a distance
2 T of 1m. What is the force per unit length between them?
1  o r   1  2 0 I1  I 2  1 0 A , d  1 m ,  0  4  1 0 7 H / m
2l μ
 0 I1I 2 4  1 0 7  1 0  1 0
This is known as 1st over tone (or) 2nd harmonic F   F   2  1 5 5
2 d 2
3rdloop :It will have four nodes and three antinodes then
6. A long straight wire carries current of 35A. What is
the vibrating length l  3 λ
2 the magnitude of the field B at a point 20cm from
2l (1) the
λ   1 
3
wire?
T
V   2  A. I = 35A
 0 and
2 i r = 420cm
  1= 7
2 3 5 
0 0.2m,
μ B  .  .  3 .5  1 0  5 T .
4 r 4 0 .2
Relation between V, , and 7. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic
V
V λ    3  field at a certain place is 2.6x10-5T and the angle of
λ dip 600. What is the magnetic field of the earth at
Substitute eqn (1) and (2) values in eqn (3) we get
this location?
1 T
  A. HE = 2.6x10-5T, = 60 BE = ?
 2l  μ
  HE
 3  H E  B E co s  , B E 
cos 
3 T
2  o r   2  3 0 2 .6  1 0  5
2l μ BE   2  2 .6  1 0  5   5 .2  1 0  5 T
1 
 
This is known as 2st over tone (or) 3rd harmonic 2

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 10

2. How arestationary waves formed in closed pipes? Explain 3. Explain the formation of stationary waves in an air
the various modes of vibrations and relations for their Column enclosed in open pipe. Derive the equation for
frequencies the frequencies of the harmonics produced.
A. Closed Pipe:-If one end of the organ pipe is closed and A. Open pipe:- If both ends of the organ pipe is open is
the other end is open is Known as closed organ pipe known as open organ Pipe
Formation of stationary wave:-When a sound wave is Formation of stationary wave:-When a sound wave is
sent to a closed pipe. The wave reflects back at the closed sent to a closed pipe. The wave reflects back at the
end of the pipe. The incident wave and reflected wave closed end of the pipe. The incident wave and reflected
travelling in opposite direction super impose each other. wave travelling in opposite direction super impose each
First harmonic (or) fundamental: other is called stationary wave.
It will have one node and one antinodes First harmonic (or) fundamental:
λ1 It will have one node and two antinodes
The vibrating length l 
4 The vibrating length l  λ 1
2
λ1  4l
λ1  2l
Relation between V, ϑ, and λ
Relation between V, ϑ, and
V
V λ  0   1  V
λ1 V  λ  0 
λ1
V
0  V
4l 0 
2l
This is known as first harmonic (or) fundamental
Third harmonic (or) first overtone: This is known as first harmonic (or) fundamental
It will have two node and two antinodes frequency.
Second harmonic (or) first overtone:
3λ3
The vibrating length l  It will have two node and three antinodes
4 The vibrating length l  2 λ 2
4l 2
λ3  2l
3 λ2 
2
Relation between V, ϑ, and λ
V V
Relation between V, ϑ, and λ
V  λ  1   1  V   λ  1 
V
 1 
V
λ3  4l  λ2  2l 
   
 3   2 
3V  1  3 0 2V
1 
4l 1  1  20
2l
This is known as 1st over tone (or) 3rd harmonic
This is known as 1st over tone (or) 2nd harmonic
Fifth harmonic (or) Second overtone:
It will have three node and three antinodes Third harmonic (or) second overtone:
It will have three node and four antinodes
The vibrating length l  5λ 5 3λ3
4 The vibrating length l 
λ5 
4l 2
5 2l
λ3 
Relation between V, ϑ, and λ 3
V  λ  2 
V
 2 
V Relation between V, ϑ, and λ
λ5  4l  V V
  V  λ  2   2 
 5  λ3  2l 
 
2 
5V 2  50  3 
4l
3V 2  30
This is known as 2rd over tone (or) 5th harmonic 2 
2l
The frequency ratio of the closed pipe is given by
This is known as 2nd over tone (or) 3rd harmonic
 V   V   V  The frequency ratio of the open pipe is given by
 0 : 1 :  2  1   :3   :5    1:3 :5
 4 l   4 l   4l 
 V   V   V 
0 :1 :2  1   :2   :3    1:2 :3
A steel wire 0.72m long has a mass of 5.0 X 10-3 kg. If  2l   2l   2l 
the wire is under a tension of 60 N, what is the speed of A closed organ pipe 70cm long is sounded. If the
transverse waves on the wire? velocity of sound is 331m/s , what is the fundamental
M = 5.0X10-3 kg L = 0.72m T = 60 N frequency of vibration of the air column ?
M 5 .0 X 1 0  3
μ    6 .9 X 1 0  3 kg/m A. l = 70cm = 70 x 10-2 m v = 331m/s
l 0 .7 2
V 331
The speed of the wave on the wire is given by     118.2 H z
4l 4  70 X 10  2 
T 60
V    9 3 m /s
μ 6 .9 X 1 0 3

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 11

4. What is Doppler Effect? Derive an expression for the 5. What is Doppler Effect? Derive an expression for the
apparent frequency heard when the source is in motion apparent frequency heard when the observer is in
and the observer is at rest motion and the source is at rest
A. The phenomenon of apparent change in frequency due to A. The phenomenon of apparent change in frequency due
relative motion between the source and observer is called to relative motion between the source and observer is
Doppler effect called Doppler effect
Expression for the apparent frequency heard when Expression for the apparent frequency heard when
Source is in motion and the Observer is at rest
the the Observer is in motion and the Source is at rest
Let us consider a source S producing a sound note the Let us consider a source S producing a sound note the
frequency let the velocity of sound in air be’ V’ frequency let the velocity of sound in air be’ V’
V=ϑ V = ϑλ
Let the source S is moving with a velocity towards Let the observer O is moving with velocity towards
observer at rest .Then the distance travelled by the source the source at rest .He will receive more number of
in time T is equal to the wave is compressed and waves each second. The distance travelled by him in
hence wavelength of the wave is decrease The apparent one second is the extra waves received by him due
wavelength is λ l  λ -V S T to his motion are equal to in second.
V The apparent frequency is given by
T h e a p p a re n t fre q u en c y =
λl ϑ| = ϑ +
V  V 1
l   λ  , T
 λ  VST     
ϑ| = ϑ +
l V
 
 V VS  =ϑ+ ϑ
 
   
l  V 
   
 V  V S  ϑ| = 1 + ϑ
|
Then the apparent frequency is greater than the actual
frequency ϑ| = ϑ
Similarly when the source is moving away from the
Then the apparent frequency | is greater than the
observer The wavelength of the wave increases.
actual frequency
The apparent wavelength is λ l1  λ  VS T
Similarly when the observer is moving away from the
V
T h e a p p a re n t fre q u en c y = source at rest with velocity he receive number of
λl
V  V 1 
waves less in every second
l1
   λ  , T  The apparent frequency is given by
λ+ VS T     
ϑ|| = ϑ −
V
ϑ|| = ϑ −
l1
 
 V
  
V S 

=ϑ− ϑ
  

 l1 
 
V 

ϑ|| = 1 − ϑ
 V +V S 
||
Then the apparent frequency is less then the actual
ϑ|| = ϑ
frequency
A rocket is moving at speed of 200m/s towards a Then the apparent frequency || is less then the actual
stationary target. While moving, it emits a wave of frequency
frequency 1000Hz. Some of the sound reaching the A string has a length of 0.4m and a mass of 0.16g. if
target gets reflected back to the rocket as an echo. the tension in the string is 70N, what are the three
Calculate the frequency of the sound as detected by the lowest frequencies it produces when plucked ?
target (330m/s) A) L= 0.4m; M= 0.16g = 0.16X10-3 kg
VS  2 00 m / s ,   10 00 H z, 1  ? .
= = .
= 0.4 10 /
 V   330   330 
l    1000  1000  2540Hz T = 70N; = μ
 VVS   330 200   130 
Two organ pipes of length 65 cm and 70cm respectively = = = 523 Hz
are sounded simultaneously. How many beats per second μ . .

will be produced between fundamental frequencies of the = 2 = 2 523 = 1046

two pipes? (velocity of sound = 330 m/s ) = 3 = 3 523 = 1569
V V A stretched wire of length 0.6m is observed to vibrate
n  n1  n 2   with a frequency of 30Hz in the fundamentals mode.
2l1 2l 2
If the string has a linear mass of 0.05kg/m Find (1)
 1 1  the velocity of propagation of transverse waves in the
n  330  2
 2 
 2  65  10 2  70  10  string (2) the tension in the string.


 330140  130   3300 100  18Hz (1) V = 2lV =(2)(0.6)(30) =36Hz.
(2) = = (36)(36)(0.05) = 64.8
130 140 18200

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 12

6. What is radioactivity? State the law of radioactive decay. 7. Explain the principle and working of a nuclear
Show that radioactive decay is exponential in nature. reactor with the help of a labelled diagram?
A. Radio activity: The nuclei of certain elements disintegrate A. Principle: A nuclear reactor works on the principle of
spontaneously by emitting alpha, beta and gamma rays. achieving controlled chain reaction in natural Uranium
This phenomenon is called Radioactivity or Natural U238 enriched U235, consequently generating large
radioactivity. amounts of heat.
Law of Radioactivity: The rate of radioactive decay The nuclear reactor consists of 1) Fuel 2) Moderator.
3) Control rods. 4) Radiation shielding. 5) Coolant.
the number of nuclei decaying per unit time at any instant,
is directly proportional to the number of nuclei N present
at that instant is called law of radioactivity decay.

Radioactive decay is exponential in nature: Let ‘N’ be

the number of radioactive atoms present at a time ‘t’. Let
dN atoms disintegrate in time ‘dt’. According to law of
radioactive decay
dN
∝N 1) Fuel: The fissionable material used in the reactor is
dt called fuel.
= − λ N ……… (1) Ex: Natural uranium, enriched uranium, plutonium and
λ is called decay constant. The negative sign indicates the uranium are used as nuclear fuels.
decrease in the number of nuclei. 2) Moderators: The function of the moderator is to slow
down the fast moving neutrons produced as a result of
From equation (1) = − λ dt ………… (2)
nuclear fission.
Integrating on both sides Ex: Heavy water, Ordinary water, pure graphite, etc.
dN 3) Control Rods: The function of a control rod is to
= − λ dt
N absorb the neutrons and control the nuclear chain
log N = − t + C…….. (3) reaction.
Where C is called integration constant. Ex: Cadmium and Boron rods.
At t = 0, N = N0 Substituting in equation (3) 4) Radiation Shielding: The construction with cement
We get log N = C and lead around the reactor to protect from harmful
log N = − t + log N radiations is called radiationshielding.
log N − log N = − t 5) Coolant: heat generated in fuel elements is removed
N by using a suitable coolant to flow around them.
log = − t
N Ex: water at high pressure (or) liquid sodium.
N= N e Working:
The equation is known as law of radioactive decay. 1. Uranium fuel rods are placed in the aluminum
The half-life radium is 1600 years. How much time does cylinders.
1g of radium take to reduce to 0.125g? 2. The graphite moderator is placed in between the fuel
Half-life of radium = 1600 years, Initial mass = 1g. cylinder.
Final mass = 0.125 g. 3. When a few U235nuclei undergo fission, fast
The quantity remaining after ‘n’ half lifes is of the neutrons are released.
4. These neutrons pass through the surrounding.
initial quantity
n n
5. The heat generated here is used to produce steam.
N 1 0.125  1  Uses of nuclear reactors:
     To generate electric power.
N0  2  1 2 To prepare the radio isotopes.
n
125  1  1 1 Pr: If one microgram of is completely destroyed in
    n an atom bomb, how much energy will be released?
1000  2  8 2
A. m = 1μg = 1X 10-6 X 10-3 = 10-9 Kg. c = 3X 108m/s
1 1 E = mc 2
 n3
23 2 n E = (1X 10-9) X (3X 108) X (3X 108)
Time taken = (n)( half-lifes ) E = 9X107J.
= (3) (1600) = 4800 years. Calculate the energy equivalent of 1g of substance.
E = mc2 = (1x10-3) (3x108) (3x108) = 9 x103J

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 13

8. State the working principle of potentiometer explains 10. State Kirchhoff’s law for an electrical network. Using
with the help of circuit diagram how the emf of two these laws deduce the condition for balance in a
primary cells are compared by using the potentiometer. Wheatstone bridge.
A. Working principle of potentiometer: The potential A. Kirchhoff's first law (Junction rule or KCL): The
difference across a length of the potentiometer wire is sum of the currents flowing towards a junction is equal
directly proportional to its length (or) when a steady to the sum of current away from the junction.
current is passed through a uniform wire, potential drop i + i + i = i + i
per unit length per potential gradient is constant. (or)
ε ∝ ⇒ ε= ∅ The algebraic sum of the currents at any junction is zero
Comparing the emf of two cells and : Kirchhoff’s second law (Loop rule or KVL): The
1) The points marked 1, 2, algebraic sum of potential around any closed is zero.
3 form a two way key. ∑V = 0
2) 1St position of the key Wheatstone bridge: Wheat stone’s bridge circuit
where 1 and 3 are consists of four resistances R1, R2, R3 and R4 are
connected so that the connected to form a closed path. A cell of emfε is
galvanometer is connected between the point A and C a galvanometer is
connected toε connected between the points B and D as shown in fig.
3) The jockey is moved along the wire till at a point N1 at the current through the various branches are indicated
a distance l1 from A, there is no deflection in the in the figure. The current through the galvanometer is Ig
galvanometer. Then ε ∝ ⇒ ε = ∅ and the resistance of the galvanometer is G.
4) Similarly, if another emf ε is balanced against l2 (AN2) Applying Kirchhoff’s first law
then ε ∝ (1) ⇒ ε = ∅ (2) At the junction D,
( ) i − i − i =0
( )
= =
i = i + i ……….. (1)
9. State the working principle of potentiometer explains
At the junction B,
with the help of circuit diagram how the potentiometer is
i +i − i =0
used to determine the internal resistance of the given
primary cell. i + i = i ……….. (2)
A. Working principle of potentiometer: The potential Applying Kirchhoff’s second law
difference across a length of the potentiometer wire is to the closed path ADBA,
directly proportional to its length (or) when a steady i R +i G− i R = 0
current is passed through a uniform wire, potential drop i R + i G = i R ...... (3)
per unit length per potential gradient is constant. Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to the closed path
ε ∝ ⇒ ε= ∅ DCBD,
Measurement of internal resistance (r) with i R − i R − i G=0
potentiometer: i R = i R + i G …. (4)
1) Potentiometer to measure When the galvanometer shows zero deflection the
internal resistance (r) of a points D and B are at the same potential. So i = 0
cell (ε) is shown in diagram.
Substituting this value (1), (2), (3) and (4).
2) The cell emf whose internal
i = i ……………. (5)
resistance (r) is to be
i = i ……………. (6)
determined is connected
i R = i R ………... (7)
across a resistance box (R.B)
through a key K2 i R = i R ………… (8)
3) With key K2 open, the jockey Dividing (7) by (8)
i R i R
is moved along the wire till at =
a point N1 at a distance l1 from A, i R i R
there is no deflection in the galvanometer. (i = i , and i = i )
Then ε ∝ ⇒ ε= ∅ (1) R R
=
4) When key K2 is closed, the cell sends a current (i) R R
through the resistance box (R.B). Wheat stone’s bridge principle: R = R X
5) If V is the terminal potential difference of the cell
A wire of resistance 4R is bent in the form of a circle.
and balance is obtained at length l2 (AN2).
What is the effective resistance between the ends of
Then V = ∅ …..(2)
the diameter?
(1)
= = If a wire of resistance 4R is bent in the form a circle
(2) V ‘AB’ is diameter. The resistance of upper and lower
6) But ε = I (r + R)and V = iR, this gives part’s becomes2R,2R respectively they are in parallel
( )
7) = ⇒ = +1 R = 2R, R = 2R
= + , = +
8) = −1 r= R −1
= = ,
R =RΏ

~~~~~~ IPE SR PHYSICS STUDY MATERIAL ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Page No: 14