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MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering: Department of
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

ABE 130 – AB Power Engineering

Laboratory Exercise #4 Engine Operation and Performance Analysis
MT 502E Single Cylinder Engine

Group Names: Kailah Angela V. Bayangos Date Performed: 10-12-2023

Kaye Anne Allado Date Report Submitted: 10-19-2023
James Philip V. Ruiz
Loreine Yaminah Balanay
Patrick John Mamuad

I. Introduction
The MT 502E single cylinder engine's performance analysis and engine operation are the
main topics of the lab exercise. It is commonly used for instructional purposes in engineering
laboratories, designed to provide students with a hands-on understanding of engine operation and
performance analysis.
Common applications for the MT 502E include small generators, water pumps, and
transportation machinery. To maximize this engine's effectiveness and dependability, it is crucial
to understand how it operates.

II. Objectives and Theory

Objectives:
The objectives of this laboratory exercise are:
1. To understand the basic principles of internal combustion engines and their working
mechanisms.
2. To gain knowledge about the MT 502E single cylinder engine and its components.
3. To analyze the performance parameters of the engine such as power output, fuel consumption,
and emissions.
4. To develop skills in engine tuning and optimization for improved performance and efficiency.
 Theory:
The MT 502E and other internal combustion engines work on the premise of
transforming the chemical energy contained in fuel into mechanical energy. The engine is made
up of a cylinder, piston, valves, crankshaft, and connecting rod, among other parts. These engines
frequently employ the four-stroke cycle (intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust).
A mixture of fuel and air is drawn into the cylinder through an intake valve as the piston
descends during the intake stroke. The piston then rises upward during the compression stroke,
compressing the fuel-air mixture. The mixture is then ignited by the spark plug during the
combustion stroke, which causes a rapid expansion of gases and causes the piston to move
downward. The piston swings upward during the exhaust stroke, releasing the exhaust gases
through the exhaust valve. The required power output is produced constantly by this four-stroke
cycle.
Measuring different factors, such as power production, fuel usage, and pollutants, is part
of performance analysis. For assessing and improving engine performance, these measures are
essential. Additionally, the performance and efficiency of the engine can be greatly affected by
tuning it by modifying variables like the air-fuel ratio, ignition timing, and compression ratio.

III. Results and Discussions (Observations, tables figures, interpretation of results and
discuss possible sources of error)

Table 1. Average Data

Torque Dial Engine Torque, N-m Differential Exhaust Fuel
Speed, RPM Pressure, Temp., ºC Consumption,
mmH2O mL/min
0% 5338 0.35 4.95 758.5 32
25% 5095 1.00 4.75 741 34
50% 2271 8.175 4.85 583 23.5
60% 1956.5 8.55 4.4 559 20
70% 1833.42 8.76 4.3 546 19
PARTS OF THE MT 502E SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE

BATTERY CARBURETOR

GAS TANKS MT 502E SINGLE CYLINDER

ENGINE

EXHAUST OVERHEAD VALVE

ENGINE TEST BED

DYNANOMETER NANOMETER

FUEL GAUGE CRANKSHAFT CONNECTION

DYNAMOMETER
 TROTTLE

About the engine:

 The MT 502 e engine is a small, two-cylinder, four-stroke, air-cooled gasoline engine
manufactured by Briggs & Stratton. It has a displacement of 502 cubic centimeters (30.6 cubic
inches) and produces a maximum of 13 horsepower (9.7 kW) at 3600 RPM. The MT 502 e
engine is typically used in lawnmowers, garden tractors, and other small power equipment.
The MT 502 e engine has the following features:

Overhead valve (OHV) design for efficient combustion and reduced emissions
Cast iron cylinder bore and sleeve for durability
Electronic ignition for easy starting and reliable operation
Automatic governor to maintain constant speed under load
Low oil level shutdown to protect the engine from damage
The MT 502 e engine is a reliable and durable engine that is well-suited for a variety of
applications. It is also relatively easy to maintain and repair.
Please note that the MT 502 e engine is no longer in production. However, it is still
widely used in older lawnmowers and garden tractors. If you have an MT 502 e engine, it is
important to use the correct oil and fuel mixture to ensure its longevity.

During the run test that we had performed, we observed the different Torque percentage
relation to its engine speed (RPM), Torque (N-m), Differential Pressure (mmH20), Exhaust
Temp. (ºC) and the fuel consumption (ml/min.).
 Figure 1.1: The Average Torque N. m and Engine Speed

10
9
8
Torque N. m 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

Engine Speed

The average torque newton meter (N. m) decreases as the engine speed arises because the
torque newton meter always follows the arising and decreasing of the torque dial that varies to
the increase and decrease of the engine speed.

Figure 1.2: The Average Pressure and Engine Speed

5.2
5
4.8
Pressure

4.6
4.4
4.2
4
3.8
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

Engine Speed

When the Differential Pressure, mmH2O increases, the Engine speed follows. It is due to
the fact that the Engine speed affects directly the pressure which results to an increasing amount
of the pressure.
 Figure 1.3: The Average Temperature and Engine Speed

800
700
600

Temperature
500
400
300
200
100
0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

Engine Speed

The Exhaust Temperature (ºC) increases when the Engine speed increases because the
temperature affected when the speed became faster that results to higher temperature.

Figure 1.4: The Average Fuel Consumption and Engine Speed

40
35
Fuel Consumption

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

Engine Speed
 The average Fuel Consumption directly affected by the Engine Speed because when the
engine speed became faster it requires a higher amount of fuel to perform the operation of the
engine circulation.

Figure 1.5: The Average Break Power and Engine Speed

2500

2000
Break Power

1500

1000

500

0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000

Engine Speed

The average break power (kWh) decreases as the engine speed arises because the break
power follows the arising and decreasing of the torque dial that varies to the increase and
decrease of the engine speed.

Figure 1.5: The Relationship of the Engine Characteristics

The graph shows the relation of the Torque, Differential Pressure, Exhaust temperature,
Fuel Consumption and the Break Power with the increase of speed of the engine.
To sum up the machine circulation, the Engine Speed proportionally affects the fuel
consumption, exhaust temperature ºC, the pressure and the Power (kW), while the Torque N. m
diverge the changes of the engine system. We also clearly understood that the Torque Dial works
 800

700

600

500 Torque
Differential Pressure
400 Exhaust Temperature
300 Fuel Consumption
Break Power
200

100

0
1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
contrastingly to its percentage number; when the percentage of the torque dial increases it
signifies the decrease of the number of its capacity functions. It was formulated after analyzing
the MT 502E turn off after the 70% of the torque dial where in, the engine speed slowed and
even the pressure, temperature unstable that leads to a slower fuel consumption.

Possible Error
When analyzing the MT 502E there are some possible errors that arise. Sometimes the
machine signal may be fluctuated because it is manually operated; when an assigned individual
in signaling the person, who operates the timer in getting the fuel consumption and even the
person who assigned for the timer delayed for a few seconds or more advance than the exact
start. Same as trough with how the machine operates; we supposedly interpret 0-100% of the
torque dial but unfortunately it was end-up to operate with the 70% maximum. This also gives us
some possible errors specially we didn’t reach the target planned data.

IV. Conclusion
The MT 502E single cylinder engine's operation and performance analysis must be
understood for it to operate effectively and consistently. Learning about internal combustion
engine principles and parts is aided by this laboratory practice. We can optimize engine
performance, increase fuel efficiency, and lower emissions by examining numerous performance
characteristics. Engine tuning can be done to get the required performance characteristics by
looking into the effects of various parameters. Students get practical knowledge of engine
analysis and tuning, which is important for engineering applications.
V. Appendices (Raw data and sample calculation)
Table 2. 1st Run Test
Torque Dial Engine Torque, N-m Differential Exhaust Fuel
Speed, RPM Pressure, Temp., ºC Consumption,
mmH2O mL/min
0% 5341 0.38 5.0 767 35
25% 5095 1.15 5.0 745 35
50% 2146 8.67 5.3 576 22
60% 1945 8.55 4.5 555 20
70% 1887-84 8.88 4.4 547 19

Table 3. 2nd Run Test

Torque Dial Engine Torque, N-m Differential Exhaust Fuel
Speed, RPM Pressure, Temp., ºC Consumption,
mmH2O mL/min
0% 5335 0.32 4.7 750 29
25% 5095 0.85 4.5 737 33
50% 2396 7.68 4.4 590 25
60% 1968 8.55 4.3 563 20
70% 1779 8.63 4.2 545 19

Table 4. Average Data

Torque Dial Engine Torque, N-m Differential Exhaust Fuel
Speed, RPM Pressure, Temp., ºC Consumption,
 mmH2O mL/min
0% 5338 0.35 4.95 758.5 32
25% 5095 1.00 4.75 741 34
50% 2271 8.175 4.85 583 23.5
60% 1956.5 8.55 4.4 559 20
70% 1833.42 8.76 4.3 546 19

Calculations:
Calculate the following engine operating characteristics:

Table 5. Engine Specifications

Type Single Cylinder, 4 Stroke, Forced Air
Cooling, OHV
Bore 68 mm
Stroke 54 mm
Displacement 196 cc
Compression 8.5.1
Min. Fuel Consumption <395/ kWh
Idle Speed 1400+ - 140
Valve Clearance 0.10-0.15 mm
Noise Level 70 DB (A) Max A.C.3.8 output/3600 RPM
Max Torque 10.7 Nm/300
Ignition System Transistorize Magento
Ignition Starting System Recoil Start
Dimension LxWxH 390 mm x 330mm x 350 mm
N/G Weight 15/17 kg

a. Brake Power (Ẇ b ) using the equation:

Ẇ b =2 πNT /60 (where N is engine speed in rpm and T is torque in Nm)
 0%

(
Ẇ b = 2 π
rad
rev )(
5388
rev 1min
x
min 60 sec )
( 0.35 Nm )

Ẇ b =195.6479 W
25%

Ẇ b = 2 π ( rad
rev )(
5095
rev 1min
x
min 60 sec
( 1 Nm ) )
Ẇ b =332.54 W
50%

(
Ẇ b = 2 π
rad
rev )(
2271
rev 1min
x
min 60 sec )
( 8.175 Nm )

Ẇ b =1944.1668 W
60%

(
Ẇ b = 2 π
rad
rev )(
1956.5
rev 1min
x
min 60 sec
( 8.55 Nm ))
Ẇ b =1751.7599 W
70%

(
Ẇ b = 2 π
rad
rev)(
1833.42
rev 1 min
x
min 60 sec )
( 8.76 Nm )

Ẇ b =1 681.8788W

b. Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) using the equation:

BMEP = 4πT / Vd (where Vd is the engine displacement volume)

0%

BMEP= ( 4 π (0.35
196 cc
Nm)
)
BMEP=22.44 kPa
 25%

BMEP= ( 4 π196(1 Nm)

cc )
BMEP=64.11kPa

50%

BMEP= ( 4 π (8.175
196 cc
Nm)
)
BMEP=524.1 kPa

60%
BMEP= ( 4 π (8.55
196 cc
Nm)
)
BMEP=548.2 kPa

70%
BMEP= ( 4 π (8.76
196 cc
Nm)
)
BMEP=561.6 kPa

c. Brake Specific Power ( BSP) using the equation

0%
BSP= ( AWp )= 195.6479
0.003632m
W
=53867.81388
2
W
m
2

25%
BSP= ( AWp )= 0.003632m
332.54 W
=91558.37004
2
W
m
2

50%
BSP= ( AWp )= 1944.1668
0.003632 m
W
=535288.2159
2
W
m
2
 60%
BSP= ( AWp )= 1751.7599
2
0.003632 m
W
=482312.7478
W
2
m

70%
BSP= ( AWp )= 10.003632m
618.8788 W
2
=463072.3568
W
2
m

d. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (bsfc)

0%
g
0.23
ṁ s
BSP= f = =7.18 g /kWh
Ẇ b 195.6479W
25%
g
0.25
ṁ f s
BSP= = =4.54 g/kWh
Ẇ b 332.54 W

50%
g
0.29
ṁ s
BSP= f = =0.54 g/kWh
Ẇ b 1944.1668W

60%
g
0.42
ṁ s
BSP= f = =0.51 g /kWh
Ẇ b 1751.7599W

70%
g
0.39
ṁ f s
BSP= = =0.49 g /kWh
Ẇ b 1681.8788W
VI. Answers to Questions
1. What is the difference between indicated power and brake power, and why is it important to
measure both in engine performance analysis?

The measurement technique and the elements taken into account the discrepancy between
brake power and indicated power. The power generated inside the engine cylinder is known as
indicated power, and it is measured by a device known as an engine indicator. It accounts for the
pressure generated during the power stroke inside the cylinder. On the other hand, brake power is
measured with a dynamometer and is the power available at the engine's output shaft. It takes
into account all engine losses, including mechanical, frictional, and pumping losses.

In engine performance analysis, measuring both brake power and indicated power is
crucial since it enables us to assess the engine's mechanical losses and efficiency. The engine
losses, which can be used to assess the mechanical efficiency of the engine, are represented by
the difference between stated power and brake power. It aids in locating the places where the
engine might be improved upon to raise its general effectiveness and performance.

2. How does engine speed affect torque and power output? Provide a graphical representation of
this relationship.
 Power and torque output are significantly influenced by engine speed. The output of
torque and power typically increases together with an increase in engine speed up to a certain
point. Further increases in engine speed cause a reduction in torque but an increase in power
output after the peak. The torque and power curves can graphically depict this relationship.

The link between engine speed (measured in RPM) and torque output (measured in Newton-
meters or pound-feet) is shown by the torque curve. The torque curve initially climbs sharply,
showing an increase in torque as engine speed rises. After reaching its peak, the torque curve
begins to progressively degrade.

The link between engine speed and power output (measured in kilowatts or horsepower) is
shown by the power curve. By dividing the torque values by the engine speed, the torque curve is
obtained. Similar to the torque curve, the power curve peaks at a particular engine speed and then
steadily decreases as engine speed rises further.

In order to choose the right gear ratios for the engine's operating range and to get the best
performance and efficiency, it is helpful to understand the link between engine speed, torque, and
power output.

3. A 3.1-liter, four-cylinder, two-stroke cycle SI engine is mounted on an electrical generator

dynamometer. When the engine is running at 1200 rpm, output from the 220-volt DC generator
is 54.2 amps. The generator has an efficiency of 87%. Calculate
a) power output of the engine in kW;
Power out of generator:
Given: Ẇ g=?
V =220V
I =54.2 A

Solution:
Ẇ g=VI =( 220 volts ) ( 54.2 amps )=11,924 W =11.924 kW
Required:
 Brake power from the engine
Required:
Given: Ẇ b =?
Ẇ g=11.924 kW
η gen=0.87 Solution:

Ẇ g 11.924 kW
Ẇ b = = =13.7 kW =18.4 hp
ηgen 0.87

b) Engine torque (N-m);

Given: τ =?

Ẇ b =13.7 kW Solution:

( ) )( )
1200 1200
rev rev
N=
60
sec (
Ẇ b =2 πNτ = 2 π
radians
rev
60
sec
τ

τ =0.109 kN −m=109 N−m

Required:

c) Engine bmep (kPa).

Given:
3
V̇ b =0.0031 m /rev
τ =109 N−m

Required:
bmep=?

Solution:
( bmep ) V̇ b
τ=
2π (
=109 N −m=(bmep)(0.0031m3 /rev) 2 π
radians
rev )
N
bmep=221,000 3 =221 kPa
m
4. How can the knowledge of brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) be used in the design and
optimization of internal combustion engines? Give examples of applications where BMEP is a
critical parameter.
An essential factor in the design and optimization of internal combustion engines is the
brake mean effective pressure (BMEP). It represents the average force exerted on the piston
during the engine's power stroke. The braking power output is divided by the engine
displacement volume to determine the BMEP.

By measuring the combustion process, the knowledge of BMEP aids in analyzing the
engine's effectiveness and performance. Lower BMEP numbers show inefficiencies or losses
within the engine, while higher BMEP values indicate improved power production and
efficiency. Performance can be increased by using this information to optimize different engine
design characteristics.

Applications where BMEP is a crucial factor include the following:

Engine development and calibration: The performance and efficacy of various engine
topologies and combustion techniques are evaluated using BMEP. Compression ratio, valve
timing, and fuel injection timing are a few examples of the best design parameters that can be
determined with its help.

Performance comparisons: BMEP makes it simple to assess how well other engines—or
iterations of the same engine—perform. It offers a consistent criterion to compare and rank the
power output and efficiency of different designs or changes.

Control of emissions: BMEP is essential in raising combustion effectiveness to reduce

emissions. Engineers can devise plans to lower emissions while preserving or enhancing
performance by understanding the connection between BMEP, air-fuel ratio, and combustion
properties.

DOCUMENTATION