Commercial

Ground
 Qualifications and Airworthiness Requirements

Qualifications:
Age limit: 18 years old
English
Medical Certificate 250 hrs total time
Aeronautical Experience (61.129) Max 50 sim
XC 300 NM

Privileges: fly for compensation and hire.

Operation there are two types:

Private carriage: any type of carriage that doesn’t involve

holding out and is a contract agreement between a group of people.

Common carriage: any type of carriage that involve holding out.

As a commercial pilot I can not act as a commercial operator however I can offer my
pilot services to a commercial operator (has the license and take care of the airplane)
Some types of carriage doesn’t requiere a the commercial operator license.

Currency basically a fly review every 24 month.

Consist of 1h training and 1h ground.

Ensure that you have yours endorsement and the DP can not fail you but
he can refuse to sign.

Photo ID
Act as a PIC requirements: Medical Certificate
Pilot certificate
Logbook (if need an endorsement)
Equipments required

VFR day A TOMATO FLAMES

VFR night FLAPS
IFR flight GRABCARD

Preflight inspection NWKRAFT

Aircraft document ARROW

Inspections AVIATES

Inoperative equipment
1) TCVS Type of certificate valid sheet (FAA page)
2) STC Supplemental Type Certificate
3) MEL Minimum equipment list (things that you can not have)
4) KOEL Kind of equipment list (things that we need)
5) 91.205

If it’s not required add the placard and squawk

MMEL VS MEL
Master minimum equipment list Minimum equipment list is a
is a general list for a group of list but more specific to an
aircraft. Example 737 aircraft. Example 737-800
Medical Certificate:
To apply minimum a Class 3 but to exercise privileges Class 2.

Type Age Operation Expires

- 40 ATPL 12 month
First Class +40 ATPL 6 month
Any Commercial 12 month
-40 Student/PPL/CFI 60 month
+40 Student/PPL/CFI 24 month

Any ATPL/Commercial/ATC 12 month

Second Class
+40 Student/PPL/CFI 60 month
-40 Student/PPL/CFI 24 month

-40 Student/PPL/CFI 60 month

Third Class +40 Student/PPL/CFI 24 month

Type Rating? Is a rating that said you are capable to fly a specific aircraft.
When is required?
12.500lbs
Turbojet or turboprop
Manufacture specifies that is required.

Complex Airplane VS High Performance

Is an airplanes that has a An airplane with an engine capable
retractable landing gear, flaps and of developing more than 200
a controllable pitch propeller. horsepower. Endorsement required.
 Aerodynamics
Critical engine

Is the engine that in the event of the failure it would most adversely affect the
performance and the ability to handle the aircraft.

Only conventional engine have critical engine.

Both engines moves clockwise.

Non-conventional aircraft doesn’t have critical engine.

Engine moves counterrotating toward the fuselage.

There are 4 factors that determine which is the critical engine.

1) P-Factor is cause because of the down wash bite more than the up
wash. Occur during AoA. YAWING FORCE BECAUSE OF THRUST.

Since we have a shorter arm the In this case the arm is longer so the
asymmetrical thrust is not asymmetrical thrust greater making
affecting us that much causing stronger the yawing force and we have
less yawing force and we have less control
more control.
2) Accelerated Slip Stream is caused because now the engine that is
working produce more lift because greater airflow that go to the wing.
Importante ROLLING FORCE BECAUSE OF LIFT.

Less airflow on the outer More airflow under the outer

wing so generated less lift. wing generate more lift.

3) Spiraling Slipstream
YAWING FORCE BECAUSE OF THE RUDDER.

More airflow that goes to Less airflow on the

the rudder meaning that rudder meaning rudder is
rudder is more effective. less effective.
 4) Torque is based on Newton 3rd law for every action there and opposite reaction.
ROLLING FORCE BECAUSE OF GRAVITY.

Vmc (Minimum Control Airspeed)

Minimum controllable speed at which you can control the aircraft with an
critical engine.

How to determine Vmc? The manufacture and its base on CALIBRATED but on the
checklist is indicated.

Airspeed Indicator in the multiengine

Test to determine the Vmc?
S - Standard day at sea level
M - Max power
A - Aft CG
C - Critical engine windmilling
F - Flaps up/gear up
U - Up to 5 degree bank (good engine)
M - Most unfavorable weight (light)

1) Standard day at sea level

Vmc increase due to Vmc reduce due to a

increase performance less performance

2) Max Power

Decrease the Vmc but bad for Increase the Vmc but
performance. Equalize the A.T. good for performance.
 3) Aft CG

4) Critical Engine Windmilling

Feathering means that you are aligning the planes angles to the relative
wing to reduce the drag.

Moves the angle of the blade to making them feather, it will reduce
the Vmc and increase the performance.

5) Flaps up/ Gear up

Gear down lower the Vmc but is bad for performance. This happen
due to the Keel Effect.

Is an stabilizing effect that aligns the airplane

with relative wing reducing drag.
 6) Up to 5 bank

If I bank to much up 60 is good In this case the Vmc is reduce and

because the Vmc is decrease but is also the performance is reduce.
bad for performance since the
horizontal component of lift increase
and the vertical is reduce.

7) Most unfavorable weight

The light weight is the most unfavorable meaning that increase the
Vmc speed, on the other hand a heavy weight reduce the Vmc.

Other 3 conditions on the test:

Trim set for take-off
Propeller control set for take-off
Living the ground effect
Leaving the ground effect decrease the
performance and reduce the Vmc
 Decrease Vmc Performance Increase

CG Forward longer arm more rudder Aft CG

Bank 3-5 Horizontal Component Lift 3-5 zero side slip

Weight Heavier stable Lighter less stable

Power Decrease less A.T. Increase more A.T.

Density ALT Higher less A.T. Lower less A.T.

Gear Down keel effect Up

Flaps Down asymmetrical drag Up

Critical Engine Operative PAST Operative

Dead Prop Feathering less drag Unfeather

Side-slip cause more drag, more yaw and less powerful rudder.

Zero side-slip cause less drag, less yaw and more powerful rudder.

Bank
Ball
Blue line
 Systems

Landing Gear System

Description: Tricycle, fully retractable, hydraulic operated by hydraulic fluid
and electrically operated powered by a reversible pump.
 Trouble Shoot Emergency Landing Gear Extension:
Check the NAV light When activated the free fall valve will connect
Up and down again together so the pressure will equalize and the
Circuit breaker landing gear will fall by gravity.

Down position the Spring and G-hocks

What make it hold in the
Up position 1800 psi high pressure

Landing Gear Switches

3 - Up limit switches that :turn off the transition light

3 - Down limit switches that: turn on the three green lights, turn of the
pump and turn off the transition light.

Micro or throttle switch: work when below 14 inches of manifold

pressure turn on the transition light, the
airplane think that you are landing.

Flap switch: work above the 25 or 40 flaps the airplane think you are
landing.

High pressure switch: it will engage the switch above 1800 psi.

Squawk switch: located on the LEFT MAIN WHEEL don’t allow to.
retract the landing gear on the ground.

Landing gear selector switch: activate the reversible pump.

On the Seminole you will see the transition light when: Transition
Squawk switch
Throttle switch
Landing gear horn sound when:
Flaps switch
 Propeller System

Description: 2 blades, controllable pitch, constant-speed propeller, fully featuring

and hydraulic activated (means that use a fluid to work some oil as the engine)

What make the propeller system constant-speed? Governor that consist of

a fly weight, a fly wheel, the pilot valve and the speed spring.

Carburetor ice: indicated in the manifold but when they activate the carburetor
heat you will notice a reduce in the RPM.

Anti-feathering lock: help to not feather on the ground is a

pin that with centrifugal force turn apart so its allow to
move.

No feather Seminole below 950 RPM / Seneca 800 RPM

Fly wheel rotate at the same speed of the propeller.

Nitrogen and spring help to push back the oil sump.

Movements of the propeller control:

Forward: speeder spring push the pilot valve down so

more oil goes and increase the RPM. Low pitch.

Aft-ward: the speeder spring pull the pilot valve up so

oil return to the oil sump and reduce the RPM. High pitch

Two conditions:
Over Speed Condition
Add throttle/add power - oil
Pitch down - RPM
Manifold pressure increase + C.F. + pitch

Under Speed Condition + oil

Reduce power + RPM
Pitch up -pitch
Manifold pressure decrease - C.F.
 Fuel System
Description: 4 cylinder, left/right main tank, carburetor. Total capacity 110
gallons and usable 108 gallons.

5 pumps engine driven each engine

accelerated
heater

Burn from the left engine and burn 0.5 gallon per hour.

On the seminole all fuel lines are connect to all cylinder except to number 3 so
no over-floating engine and also because is connected to outside pressure.

Fuel Selector: The tank that needs fuel I put it on X-Feed so fuel
flow directly yo the engine cylinder form the tank.

Conditions to use X-feed:

No T/O and landing
Emergency and cruise
No both X-feed at the same time
Accelerate-go distance is the horizontal Accelerate-Stop Distance is the runway
distance required to continue the takeoff required to accelerate to Vr and bring the
and climb to 50 feet, assuming an engine aircraft to a complete stop, assuming that
failure at VR or VLOF, as specified by the you experience an engine failure right at Vr.
manufacturer.
High Altitude Operation and Performance

Accelerate and stop

Is the distance that in case of an
engine failure the amount of runway
you need to stop. Begins to roll until
full stop.

Accelerate and Go
If you experience an engine
failure and continue you will clear a
50ft obstacle. Distance in which
start take off until 50ft.

Absolute ceiling: is the maximum density altitude where you no longer climb.

Service ceiling: max altitude at which the aircraft can maintain 100ft rate of climb
(with one engine/single engine is 50 fpm)

Speeds
Mach number is the speed of sound (Mach 1.0) Average is 660 kts.

Critical Mach Number: speed that if the airplane exceed it will

suffer structural damage.

Formula = TAS Temperature change the

LSS (Local speed of sound) Mach speed in a relation
+ temp = +mach

Jets fly high because as higher we fly, less temp, less temp means less Mach, so
we get to the Mach faster and easier.
 Subsonic = Mach below .75
Airspeeds: Transonic = Mach from .75 to 1.20
Supersonic = Mach from 1.20 to 5.0
Hypersonic = Mach above 5.0

High Altitude Operations

Above FL250: Provide O2 tot all occupants for at least 10 mins in order to
do and emergency decent. (No mandatory)

Above FL350: at least one pilot on the cabin should use mask in case of
pressurization. (Mandatory)

FL400 = Diluter-Demand (for pilots)

Types of Mask FL250 = Re-breather (regular at airlines)
FL180 = Canula
Fighter jets = pressure demand

V - Speed of the seminole