Scribd
Upload
147 views20 pages

Astro218 15

The document discusses the structure of the universe at various distance scales, from our solar system out to galaxy clusters and superclusters. It describes different methods used to measure astronomical distances, such as parallax, Cepheid variables, and Type Ia supernovae. These distance measurements allow us to understand the expansion of the universe as described by Hubble's law.

Uploaded by

Lisa Beth
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
147 views20 pages

Astro218 15

The document discusses the structure of the universe at various distance scales, from our solar system out to galaxy clusters and superclusters. It describes different methods used to measure astronomical distances, such as parallax, Cepheid variables, and Type Ia supernovae. These distance measurements allow us to understand the expansion of the universe as described by Hubble's law.

Uploaded by

Lisa Beth
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

The Structure of the Universe

How big is the Universe ? What is its structure at various distance scales ? Is the Universe static or evolving ?

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/universe/tour_ggsn05.html

The Extragalactic Distance Scale


Trigonometric Parallax - relies on the motion of the Earth around the Sun - useful to 1 kpc Very important to calibrate other methods. Spectroscopic parallax luminosity vs. spectral type - usefull up to 7Mpc Cepheids luminosity vs. pulsation period -usefull up to 29 Mpc (calibrated by Hertzsprung using secular parallax)
Shapley's measurements confused the classical Cepheids and W Viriginis variables

Tully-Fisher Relation luminosity vs galactic rotation (spirals) -usefull for distances >100 Mpc (Faber-Jackson Relation) for ellipticals Standard candle: Type Ia supernovae constant intrinsic luminosity, luminosity vs rate of decline - usefull for distances in Gpc range (13.3 magnitudes brighter than Cepheids)

Type Ia supernovae light curves


MEASURED Brighter supernovae vane slower

CORRECTED FOR TIME SCALE STRETCH FACTOR

The expansion of the Universe

Hubble's law
recessional veloscity = H0 x distance vr=H0d H0=70 km/s/Mpc

redshift

redshift parameter z : vr z= = rest c

E. Hubble(1929) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp. 168-173

Uniform stretching of the spacetime

peculiar velocity - motion of the galaxy through space (Doppler shift) recessional velocity motion due to expansion of the spacetime (cosmological redhift)

Hubble's flow collective motion of the galaxies due to expansion of the Universe

universal recession cosmological redshift

Big-Bang and the age of the universe

d=vrtH vr=H0d d/tH =H0d tH=1/H0=1/70 km/s/Mpc=1.4 x 1010 yr

Clusters of Galaxies
Are the galaxies uniformly distributed in space ?

Galaxies are gravitationally bound together in groups (less than 50 galaxies) or clusters (greater than 50 galaxies).

rich clusters - large number of galaxies poor clusters small number of galaxies regular irregular voids extended volumes of space with no galaxies

Local group
Milky Way M31 - The Andromeda Galaxy M33 -The Triangulum Galaxy ~ 30 dwarf and spheroidal galaxies

Virgo Cluster - rich cluster containing 250 large galaxies and ~2000 dwarf galaxies giant ellipticals of the size of the Milky Way

M87

Local Supercluster

16M pc

The Coma Cluster


rich regular cluster about 90 Mpc away and 6 Mpc in size 10,000 galaxies predominantly elliptical galaxies mergers are strong in rich clusters

Intracluster Gas and masses of galaxy clusters


From the virial theorem and peculiar motion of the galaxies 2K+U=0 we can deduce the mass required to hold the cluster together Intracluster Gas: Very hot gas (T~10 million K) galaxies masses to small (10-100 times) to contain the gas with gravity (visible mass) Another argument in favor of dark matter

images: X-ray emission

The Local Supercluster

B. Tully
Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 257, June 15, 1982, p. 389-422.

Supercluster- agglomeration on the scale of 100 Mpc

Redshift surveys: CfA, 2dF, Sloan Digital Sky Survey - bubble structures The Universe is uniform beyond 100 Mpc scale The large scale structures originate from Early Universe not its time evolution.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy