Calculus of Several Variables

§14. Partial Derivatives

Tangent Planes and Differentials

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh

Department of Mathematics
BITS Pilani, Goa

December 26, 2022

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 1 / 23

Tangent Plane

Let f (x, y , z) be a differentiable function.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 2 / 23

Tangent Plane

Let f (x, y , z) be a differentiable function.

Suppose that r(t) = x(t)î + y (t)ĵ + z(t)k̂ be a smooth
curve on the level surface f (x, y , z) = c of f passing
through P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = r(t0 ).

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 2 / 23

Tangent Plane

Let f (x, y , z) be a differentiable function.

Suppose that r(t) = x(t)î + y (t)ĵ + z(t)k̂ be a smooth
curve on the level surface f (x, y , z) = c of f passing
through P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = r(t0 ).

Then we have

f (x(t), y (t), z(t)) = c.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 2 / 23

Tangent Plane

Let f (x, y , z) be a differentiable function.

Suppose that r(t) = x(t)î + y (t)ĵ + z(t)k̂ be a smooth
curve on the level surface f (x, y , z) = c of f passing
through P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = r(t0 ).

Then we have

f (x(t), y (t), z(t)) = c.

Differentiating both sides of the above equation with

respect to t at t = t0 leads to

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 2 / 23

Tangent Plane

Let f (x, y , z) be a differentiable function.

Suppose that r(t) = x(t)î + y (t)ĵ + z(t)k̂ be a smooth
curve on the level surface f (x, y , z) = c of f passing
through P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = r(t0 ).

Then we have

f (x(t), y (t), z(t)) = c.

Differentiating both sides of the above equation with

respect to t at t = t0 leads to

∇f |P0 · r′ (t0 ) = 0.
Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 2 / 23
Tangent Plane

∇f |P0 ⊥ r′ (t0 ) for all smooth curves r(t) on the level

surface f (x, y , z) = c passing through P0 .

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 3 / 23

Tangent Plane

∇f |P0 ⊥ r′ (t0 ) for all smooth curves r(t) on the level

surface f (x, y , z) = c passing through P0 .

This shows that the tangents to all the smooth curves on

the level surface f (x, y , z) = c through a fixed point P0
lie in the plane through P0 normal to ∇f |P0 .

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 3 / 23

Tangent Plane

∇f |P0 ⊥ r′ (t0 ) for all smooth curves r(t) on the level

surface f (x, y , z) = c passing through P0 .

This shows that the tangents to all the smooth curves on

the level surface f (x, y , z) = c through a fixed point P0
lie in the plane through P0 normal to ∇f |P0 .

This plane is called tangent plane to the level surface

f (x, y , z) = c at P0 .

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 3 / 23

Tangent Plane and Normal Line

Definition
Tangent plane at a point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) on the level
surface f (x, y , z) = c of a differentiable function f is the
plane through P0 and normal to ∇f |P0 (the gradient of
the function at the point).

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 4 / 23

Tangent Plane and Normal Line

Definition
Tangent plane at a point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) on the level
surface f (x, y , z) = c of a differentiable function f is the
plane through P0 and normal to ∇f |P0 (the gradient of
the function at the point).

Normal line of the surface at P0 is the line passing

though P0 parallel to ∇f |P0 .

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 4 / 23

Tangent Plane and Normal Line

Definition
Tangent plane at a point P0 (x0 , y0 , z0 ) on the level
surface f (x, y , z) = c of a differentiable function f is the
plane through P0 and normal to ∇f |P0 (the gradient of
the function at the point).

Normal line of the surface at P0 is the line passing

though P0 parallel to ∇f |P0 .

Examples.
1 Find the tangent plane and the normal line to the
surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 at (1, 1, 1).
Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 4 / 23
Equation of The Tangent Plane and Normal Line

Equation of the Tangent Plane and Normal Line

Tangent plane to the level surface of a differentiable function
w = f (x, y , z) at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is given by:

fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y − y0 ) + fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z − z0 ) = 0

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 5 / 23

Equation of The Tangent Plane and Normal Line

Equation of the Tangent Plane and Normal Line

Tangent plane to the level surface of a differentiable function
w = f (x, y , z) at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is given by:

fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y − y0 ) + fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z − z0 ) = 0

The equation for the normal line at the point is

x = x0 + fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )t, y = y0 + fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )t, z = z0 + fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )t.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 5 / 23

Examples

1 Find the tangent plane and the normal line to the

level surface of the function x 2 y + 2xz 2 = 8 at the
point (1, 0, 2).
2 Find the same for z = ln(x 2 + y 2 ) at (1, 0, 0).

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 6 / 23

Plane Tangent to a Surface z = f (x, y )

Tangent Plane
Plane tangent to a surface z = f (x, y ) at a point
(x0 , y0 , f (x0 , y0 )) of a differentiable function f is given by

fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 ) − (z − z0 ) = 0.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 7 / 23

Examples
1 Find the tangent line to the curve of intersection of
xyz = 1 and x 2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 = 6 at (1, 1, 1).
2 Find the normal line at the point (1, 0, 2) of the
surface x 2 y + 2xz 2 = 8.
√
3 Find the tangent plane to the surface z = y − x at
(1, 2, 1).

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 8 / 23

Estimation of a Function in a given Direction

⃗ is given then we can estimate the change

If a direction u
of the value of a differentiable function f at a point P0 .

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 9 / 23

Estimation of a Function in a given Direction

⃗ is given then we can estimate the change

If a direction u
of the value of a differentiable function f at a point P0 .

The change df , at a small distance ds from the point P0

⃗ , is given by
in the direction u

df = (∇f ·u
⃗ )ds
P0

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 9 / 23

Estimation of a Function in a given Direction
Example By how p much will
f (x, y , z) = ln (x + y + z 2 ) change if the point
2 2

P(x, y , z) moves from (3, 4, 12) by a distance of 0.1 unit

in the direction of 3iˆ + 6jˆ − 2kˆ ?

Exercise. By about how much will

g (x, y , z) = x + x cos z − y sin z + y
change if the point P(x, y , z) moves from P0 (2, −1, 0) a
distance of ds = 0.2 unit toward the point P1 (0, 1, 2)?

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 10 / 23

Linearization for the functions of two variables

A differentiable function can be approximated by a linear

function.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 11 / 23

Linearization for the functions of two variables

A differentiable function can be approximated by a linear

function.
Standard Linear Approximation
The linearization of a differentiable function f at a point
(x0 , y0 ) is the function

L(x, y ) = f (x0 , y0 ) + fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 ).

The approximation f (x, y ) ≈ L(x, y ) is called the

standard linear approximation of the function f at (x0 , y0 ).

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 11 / 23

Linearization for the functions of two variables

A differentiable function can be approximated by a linear

function.
Standard Linear Approximation
The linearization of a differentiable function f at a point
(x0 , y0 ) is the function

L(x, y ) = f (x0 , y0 ) + fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 ).

The approximation f (x, y ) ≈ L(x, y ) is called the

standard linear approximation of the function f at (x0 , y0 ).

Example Find the standard linear approximation of the

function f (x, y ) = x 3 y 4 at the point (1, 1).
Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 11 / 23
Error in the Standard Linear Approximation

The error E (x, y ) = f (x, y ) − L(x, y ) in the standard

linear approximation of a function f which has continuous
second partial derivatives throughout an open set
containing a rectangle R centered at (x0 , y0 ) can be
estimated in the following way.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 12 / 23

Error in the Standard Linear Approximation

The error E (x, y ) = f (x, y ) − L(x, y ) in the standard

linear approximation of a function f which has continuous
second partial derivatives throughout an open set
containing a rectangle R centered at (x0 , y0 ) can be
estimated in the following way.

Error in the standard linear approximation

If M is an upper bound of |fxx |, |fxy |, |fyy | in the rectangle
R then for any (x, y ) ∈ R
1
|E (x, y )| ≤ M(|x − x0 | + |y − y0 |)2
2
Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 12 / 23
Total differential for the functions of two variables

For small changes dx, dy the change of the function

f (x, y ) is given by df as in the following formula:

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 13 / 23

Total differential for the functions of two variables

For small changes dx, dy the change of the function

f (x, y ) is given by df as in the following formula:
Definition
If we move from the point (x0 , y0 ) to a point
(x0 + dx, y0 + dy ) nearby then the resulting change in the
linearization of the function is

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 13 / 23

Total differential for the functions of two variables

For small changes dx, dy the change of the function

f (x, y ) is given by df as in the following formula:
Definition
If we move from the point (x0 , y0 ) to a point
(x0 + dx, y0 + dy ) nearby then the resulting change in the
linearization of the function is

df = fx (x0 , y0 )dx + fy (x0 ,0 )dy

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 13 / 23

Total differential for the functions of two variables

For small changes dx, dy the change of the function

f (x, y ) is given by df as in the following formula:
Definition
If we move from the point (x0 , y0 ) to a point
(x0 + dx, y0 + dy ) nearby then the resulting change in the
linearization of the function is

df = fx (x0 , y0 )dx + fy (x0 ,0 )dy

It is called the total differential of f .

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 13 / 23

Example

Example. Find the linearization of f (x, y ) = ln x + ln y

at (1, 1) and estimate the error of linearisation in the
rectangle R : |x − 1| ≤ 0.2, |y − 1| ≤ 0.2.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 14 / 23

Example

Example. Find the linearization of f (x, y ) = ln x + ln y

at (1, 1) and estimate the error of linearisation in the
rectangle R : |x − 1| ≤ 0.2, |y − 1| ≤ 0.2.
Solution. ∇f |(1,1) = (1/x, 1/y )|(1,1) = (1, 1) and

L(x, y ) = x + y − 2

Note that fxx = −1/x 2 , fyy = −1/y 2 and fxy = 0.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 14 / 23

Example

Example. Find the linearization of f (x, y ) = ln x + ln y

at (1, 1) and estimate the error of linearisation in the
rectangle R : |x − 1| ≤ 0.2, |y − 1| ≤ 0.2.
Solution. ∇f |(1,1) = (1/x, 1/y )|(1,1) = (1, 1) and

L(x, y ) = x + y − 2

Note that fxx = −1/x 2 , fyy = −1/y 2 and fxy = 0.

1
And |fxx | = | − 1/x 2 | ≤ (.8) 2 = 100/64, since in the

rectangle R, we have 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1.2 and 0.8 ≤ y ≤ 1.2.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 14 / 23

Example

Example. Find the linearization of f (x, y ) = ln x + ln y

at (1, 1) and estimate the error of linearisation in the
rectangle R : |x − 1| ≤ 0.2, |y − 1| ≤ 0.2.
Solution. ∇f |(1,1) = (1/x, 1/y )|(1,1) = (1, 1) and

L(x, y ) = x + y − 2

Note that fxx = −1/x 2 , fyy = −1/y 2 and fxy = 0.

1
And |fxx | = | − 1/x 2 | ≤ (.8) 2 = 100/64, since in the

rectangle R, we have 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1.2 and 0.8 ≤ y ≤ 1.2.

Similarly for fyy , we have that |fyy | ≤ 100/64. Hence
M = 100/64.
Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 14 / 23
Example

We know that the error estimation in linearization is given

by
1
|E (x, y )| ≤ M(|x − x0 | + |y − y0 |)2 .
2
Hence the error is bounded by
1/2 × 100/64 × (.2 + .2)2 = 1/2 × 100/64 × .16 = 1/8.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 15 / 23

Examples
Example. How accurately the volume of a right circular
cylinder be measured if the error in the measurement of
the base radius and the height is about 1 percent?

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 16 / 23

Linearization in Three Variables

Linearization in Three Variables

The linearization L(x, y , z) of f (x, y , z) at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is

f (x0 , y0 , z0 )+fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x−x0 )+fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y −y0 )+fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z−z0 )

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 17 / 23

Linearization in Three Variables

Linearization in Three Variables

The linearization L(x, y , z) of f (x, y , z) at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is

f (x0 , y0 , z0 )+fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x−x0 )+fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y −y0 )+fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z−z0 )

In a rectanglegular solid centered at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) if the absolute values of all

second partial derivative of the function f are bounded by M then the
error in the standard linear approximation is bounded by
1
|E (x, y , z)| ≤ M(|x − x0 | + |y − y0 | + |z − z0 |)2
2

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 17 / 23

Linearization in Three Variables

Linearization in Three Variables

The linearization L(x, y , z) of f (x, y , z) at a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is

f (x0 , y0 , z0 )+fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x−x0 )+fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y −y0 )+fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z−z0 )

In a rectanglegular solid centered at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) if the absolute values of all

second partial derivative of the function f are bounded by M then the
error in the standard linear approximation is bounded by
1
|E (x, y , z)| ≤ M(|x − x0 | + |y − y0 | + |z − z0 |)2
2
The total differential is given by

df = fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )dx + fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )dy + fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )dz

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 17 / 23

Example in three variable

Example. Find the linearization of the function

f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 at the point (1,1,1)

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 18 / 23

Example in three variable

Example. Find the linearization of the function

f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 at the point (1,1,1)
Solution. Let us find the partial derivatives first

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 18 / 23

Example in three variable

Example. Find the linearization of the function

f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 at the point (1,1,1)
Solution. Let us find the partial derivatives first

fx (1, 1, 1) = 2 = fy (1, 1, 1) = fz (1, 1, 1)

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 18 / 23

Example in three variable

Example. Find the linearization of the function

f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 at the point (1,1,1)
Solution. Let us find the partial derivatives first

fx (1, 1, 1) = 2 = fy (1, 1, 1) = fz (1, 1, 1)

so according to the expression of the linearization of the

previous slide the linearization is given by:

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 18 / 23

Example in three variable

Example. Find the linearization of the function

f (x, y , z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 at the point (1,1,1)
Solution. Let us find the partial derivatives first

fx (1, 1, 1) = 2 = fy (1, 1, 1) = fz (1, 1, 1)

so according to the expression of the linearization of the

previous slide the linearization is given by:
L(x, y , z) = f (1, 1, 1) + 2(x − 1) + 2(y − 1) + 2(z − 1) =
3 + 2x + 2y + 2z − 6 = 2x + 2y + 2z − 3.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 18 / 23

Exmaple

Example. Find an upper bound for the magnitude of the error of the
linear approximation of the function f (x, y ) = 1 + y + x cos y at the
point (0,0) for the rectangle |x|, |y | ≤ .2

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 19 / 23

Exmaple

Example. Find an upper bound for the magnitude of the error of the
linear approximation of the function f (x, y ) = 1 + y + x cos y at the
point (0,0) for the rectangle |x|, |y | ≤ .2

Solution. First observe that all the partial derivatives of the functioin
f are continuous in the given rectangle.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 19 / 23

Exmaple

Example. Find an upper bound for the magnitude of the error of the
linear approximation of the function f (x, y ) = 1 + y + x cos y at the
point (0,0) for the rectangle |x|, |y | ≤ .2

Solution. First observe that all the partial derivatives of the functioin
f are continuous in the given rectangle. Just as in the previous
example we find bounds for the second order partial derivatives.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 19 / 23

Exmaple

Example. Find an upper bound for the magnitude of the error of the
linear approximation of the function f (x, y ) = 1 + y + x cos y at the
point (0,0) for the rectangle |x|, |y | ≤ .2

Solution. First observe that all the partial derivatives of the functioin
f are continuous in the given rectangle. Just as in the previous
example we find bounds for the second order partial derivatives.
|fxx | = 0, |fyy | = | − x cos y | ≤ |x| = .2 and

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 19 / 23

Exmaple

Example. Find an upper bound for the magnitude of the error of the
linear approximation of the function f (x, y ) = 1 + y + x cos y at the
point (0,0) for the rectangle |x|, |y | ≤ .2

Solution. First observe that all the partial derivatives of the functioin
f are continuous in the given rectangle. Just as in the previous
example we find bounds for the second order partial derivatives.
|fxx | = 0, |fyy | = | − x cos y | ≤ |x| = .2 and
|fxy | = | − sin y | ≤ 1

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 19 / 23

Exmaple

Example. Find an upper bound for the magnitude of the error of the
linear approximation of the function f (x, y ) = 1 + y + x cos y at the
point (0,0) for the rectangle |x|, |y | ≤ .2

Solution. First observe that all the partial derivatives of the functioin
f are continuous in the given rectangle. Just as in the previous
example we find bounds for the second order partial derivatives.
|fxx | = 0, |fyy | = | − x cos y | ≤ |x| = .2 and
|fxy | = | − sin y | ≤ 1
so we can choose our bound M to be 1.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 19 / 23

Exmaple

Example. Find an upper bound for the magnitude of the error of the
linear approximation of the function f (x, y ) = 1 + y + x cos y at the
point (0,0) for the rectangle |x|, |y | ≤ .2

Solution. First observe that all the partial derivatives of the functioin
f are continuous in the given rectangle. Just as in the previous
example we find bounds for the second order partial derivatives.
|fxx | = 0, |fyy | = | − x cos y | ≤ |x| = .2 and
|fxy | = | − sin y | ≤ 1
so we can choose our bound M to be 1.
Hence the error is given by 1/2 × 1 × (.2 + .2)2 = 1/2 × 0.16 = .08.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 19 / 23

Example

Example. If r = 5cm and h = 12cm accurate to the nearest

millimeters then what would be the maximum percentage error in
calculating the volume V = πr 2 h be?

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 20 / 23

Example

Example. If r = 5cm and h = 12cm accurate to the nearest

millimeters then what would be the maximum percentage error in
calculating the volume V = πr 2 h be?
Solution. dV = 2πrhdr + πr 2 dh so the relative change is

dV /πr 2 h = 2πrhdr /πr 2 h + πr 2 dh/πr 2 h

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 20 / 23

Example

Example. If r = 5cm and h = 12cm accurate to the nearest

millimeters then what would be the maximum percentage error in
calculating the volume V = πr 2 h be?
Solution. dV = 2πrhdr + πr 2 dh so the relative change is

dV /πr 2 h = 2πrhdr /πr 2 h + πr 2 dh/πr 2 h

dV dr dh
=2 +
V r h

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 20 / 23

Example

Example. If r = 5cm and h = 12cm accurate to the nearest

millimeters then what would be the maximum percentage error in
calculating the volume V = πr 2 h be?
Solution. dV = 2πrhdr + πr 2 dh so the relative change is

dV /πr 2 h = 2πrhdr /πr 2 h + πr 2 dh/πr 2 h

dV dr dh
=2 +
V r h
Hence dV /V × 100 = (2dr /r + dh/h) × 100 =
(2/50 + 1/120) × 100 = 4 + 100/120 = 4.84%.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 20 / 23

Exmaple
Example. Find √ the linearization L(x, y , z) of the function
f (x, y , z) = 2 cos x sin(y + z) at P0 (0, 0, π/4). Then find an upper
bound for the magnitude of the error E in the approximation
f (x, y , z) ≈ L(x, y , z) over the region
R : |x| ≤ 0.01, |y | ≤ 0.01, |z − π/4| ≤ 0.01.

Dr. Tarkeshwar Singh (Dept. of Maths) Mathematics I December 26, 2022 21 / 23