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Apparently, because of the long oxidation and reduction zones, they concluded that “a successful
UCG system cannot be operated in the channel regime”. Installation of monitoring wells in
permeable strata above the gasification chamber or in fault areas and a groundwater sampling
program will provide an early warning of gas escape (Sury et al., 2004a). The potential Page 47.
Emissions from a UCG plant are, however, considerably lower than from conventional coal mines,
because no coal is brought to the surface, and methane emissions (often associated with coal mining)
are minimized. This moisture can be present in the coal’s structure as unbound, weakly bound, and
chemically bound. Furthermore, most of these models are in 1D or 2D, while the field trials reveal a
3D non-regular cavity shape. Therefore, the gasification area expanded around an injection pipe
because most of the oxidant is consumed near the injection pipe. Although their generalized model is
2D, only one case (steady heat transfer phenomena) was solved using the 2D model. Controlling
UCG is less flexible as compared to surface gasifiers because some important variables such as the
thickness, quality of the seam, moisture contents, and other physical and chemical parameters are
unique properties of the natural location and cannot be changed. Lateral strain initially was
compressional which later changed to extensional. After sufficient amount of coal has been burnt, the
injection point is retracted in the upstream direction. Khan MM, Mmbaga JP, Shirazi AS, Trivedi J,
Liu Q, Gupta R. As a result, at thin seams, the top wall is exposed to rock materials and failure of
the overburden is apparently expected. Part 1: Unconfined compressive test and Brazilian test. This
project is now the longest running UCG trial in the western world. Lateral strain at peak was
determined equal to 0.32% (extension). Figure ?4.7 Stress-strain curves of specimen S7 at room
temperature from different methods If one trusts the deformation calculation of this specimen,
following the same approach as for. The 2035 projection highlighted that under the new federal
regulations (Minister of Justice, 2012) requiring coal plants to reduce GHG emissions to below 420
metric tons of CO2 per GW.h, any coal facilities built after July 11, 2015 should be equipped with
carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology in order to be permitted to operate. These models
exhibit good agreement for the gas composition. Thus, the model following this approach must be a
moving boundary value problem with phase change which is known as the “Stefan” problem. Farther
from the gasifier, liquid water and mixture of other gases occupies coal pore space (Figure ?6.8).
6.8.2. Geomechanical changes Every six hours, temperature, pore pressure and cavity shape was
passed to FLAC3D and the model was run to equilibrium. Syngas pressure in the range of 10 to 13
MPa was considered as a constant fluid pressure at the cavity boundaries. The second level of
coupling is updating permeability and porosity of coal as a result of geomechanical changes. Such
models can be used to predict product gas composition without considering complex phenomena
occurring underground. Experimental measurements along with the corresponding viscosity (as a
function of temperature and average pressure in the specimen, taken from NIST (2016)) were input
into Equation 4.2 to determine permeability. Table ?4.3 summarizes information regarding
permeability tests for each specimen. However, obtaining a reaction rate for a specific reaction needs
to consider the operating pressure and temperature similar to UCG operational conditions. Srikantiah,
S.; Samdani1, G.; Mahajani1, S.; Ganesh, A.; Aghalayam, A. 2-D Modeling of Underground Coal
Gasification (UCG). Although it is not possible to directly monitor weight loss during UCG,
monitoring temperature profile is an indirect confirmation of weight loss in-situ. This distinctive
behavior of coal differentiates it from other rock types. For the other two specimens tested at about
200 oC, i.e., S2 and S4, the circumferential LVDT was out of its limit during final shear. Volumetric
strain has a reverse effect on pore pressure. International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health (IJERPH).
In that experiment, a constant heat was applied to the coal surface and career gas was supplied along
the length of the cylinder. They considered neither subsidence nor rubblization. There are greater
resources deep underground that can be a supplement to the proved reserves but, based on the
current technology, are not economically mineable. Those dimensions were used as initial dimensions
for shearing at 199.3 oC. Lateral deformation of S3 during shear was recorded using the
circumferential LVDT. The agglomerating character of coal is used as a basis to differentiate between
certain groups of coals (ASTM D388-12; Speight, 2005). However, field test data was considered at
a time span when a steady-state condition was observed in order to conform closely to the
assumption of their model. Some experiments might be required in order to formulate these
dependencies for the specific seams. In order to enhance the features of the 3D model and to apply
the model in UCG field trials, it is imperative to incorporate the coal properties, the change of
properties with temperature, and the coal seam geology of the specific site into the model. Thermal
expansion started to decline as a result of increased gas production at about 200 ?C and transformed
to compressional deformation (shrinkage) at 250 ?C. In order to be human-readable, please install an
RSS reader. In The 17th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS). For the three assumptions
for syngas pressure, pore pressure dropped in vicinity of the cavity in early ages and then increased
over time. It is function of both the void porosity and solid concentration in the void space as
defined by Equation 7.14 (Computer Modelling Group Ltd., 2012). Fluid porosity changes during
heating, pyrolysis, gasification, and or combustion. Morris et al. (2009) used LDEC (Livermore
Distinct Element Code) for three-dimensional simulation of a simplified UCG cavity. Kirk Sorensen
July 20, 2009 Mountain View, California. Methane was considered to be produced solely through
pyrolysis. Underground coal gasification converts coal to gas while still in the coal seam (in-situ).
Gas is. References Stan?czyk, K.; Kapusta, K.; Wiatowski, M.; Swiadrowski, J.; Smolin?ski, A.;
Rogut, J.; Kotyrba, A. Experimental simulation of hard coal underground gasification for hydrogen
production. Such models can be used to predict product gas composition without considering
complex phenomena occurring underground. Although their generalized model is 2D, only one case
(steady heat transfer phenomena) was solved using the 2D model. Comparison between results of
temperature and AE monitoring. ( a ) Temperature distribution; ( b ) AE source location.
Experimental parameter in permeability-porosity equation. Calculations were performed using all
seven gas species. Collaboration by the Sherritt Coal in supplying the coal blocks is also
acknowledged. 4.7. References Ahmed, T. (2006). Reservoir engineering handbook. Coal
consumption in various end-use sectors in 2031 (in Mtoe). However, the effect of the heating rate on
the location of the drying front shows that a higher surface heating rate causes a shallower
penetration of the drying front into the coal block ( Figure 39 ). They also observed the influence of
coal cleat orientation and persistence on cavity evolution. As seen in sub-sections a and b of Figure
?5.5, Figure ?5.6, and Figure ?5.9, the base of the caprock and middle of the coal seam exhibited
similar pore pressure responses despite the fact that permeability of the rock layers was one order of
magnitude smaller than the coal seam. Steady-state temperature and major constituents of outlet gas
composition. The strength and stiffness degradation at elevated temperatures influence thermal
deformation and stress of the strata. Their predicted gas compositions and temperature profile
showed clear evidence of the presence of a separate oxidation and reduction zone; however, a very
high temperature (2400 K) was noted near the inlet ( Figure 23 ).
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). Since gas flow rate (q) varies with pressure
and temperature, therefore the value of q at ISCO pump was converted (using the ideal-gas law) to a
flow rate at the average pressure and temperature in the specimen. This allows UCG operators to
demonstrate that they are not impacting aquifers. FLAC3D? User’s? Guide.? Itasca Consulting
Group Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Jung, K. S. (1987). Mathematical modeling of cavity growth
during underground coal gasification. The coaxial UCG system is expected to be used as a local
energy source in small communities, as the cost of constructing drill holes and purchasing ground
equipment is lower than those for the traditional UCG system that has a linking hole. International
Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 9, 281-293. However, for the simplicity of the calculation, they
assumed a fixed velocity of mobile water. Both moduli exhibit dependence on loading direction with
regard to the bedding plane, loading rate, and specimen size. The displacement values were positive
which indicates upward movement (heave) at this level. The maximum mean effective stress in the
base of the caprock occurred close to the top corner of the cavity. Similar behavior was observed in
the base of the caprock (Figure ?5.5.b). Mean effective stress and volumetric Page 140. All articles
published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No
special. As a result, the volumes of works on UCG carried out by the former USSR were exposed to
the rest of the world. Temperature and pore pressure profiles of the reservoir after 10 days of
simulation are shown in Figure ?6.8.a and b, respectively. This article reviews the approaches, key
concepts, assumptions, and limitations of various forward gasification UCG models for cavity
growth and product gas recovery. The flow rate of the produced gas was monitored using an
ultrasonic flowmeter (DigitalFlowTM GM868). Additionally, it can be said that a wide range of
simulated coal seams are gasified in the lower part of the seam. The base of the caprock experienced
larger mean effective stress than the middle of the coal seam. Initial permeability of the seam also
had a strong influence on the growth rate and shape of the cavity. This study assumed one single
layer of coal with a net thickness of 6 m. Page 186. This reaction mechanism was also considered for
the water-gas shift reaction due to the influence of a catalyst that might be present in the coal bed.
Ratios of permeability of the Wyodak coal at elevated temperatures to their corresponding values at
ambient temperature (which was 20 ?C) are plotted against temperature in Figure ?5.3. Although
Page 138. Although, for convenience, most of the researchers represent char as a molecule
containing one carbon, they considered the chemical formula of char and dry coal as CH a1 O b1
and CH a2 O b2, respectively, where the composition parameters a1, b1, a2, b2 depend on the type
of coal (usually obtained from the ultimate analysis). The walls were considered as coal that can
proceed with gasification reactions. Phenol leachate is the most significant environmental. Rui Xu
Department of Chemical Engineering Auburn University Jan 29 th, 2013. The coal reserve is
sufficient to continue the operation for another 50 years (Linc Energy, 2014). This model is very
limited, as the temperature of the gases and composition are constant in each region. Considering this
fact, in their model, the top and bottom walls were assumed as impermeable and adiabatic rock
materials. The governing factors in the degree of cracking are temperature of the heating source and
temperature gradient as well as the inherent fracture network and direction of heating with regard to
the stratification in the coal.