HARDWARE AND NETWORKING

SERVICE LEVEL – I

Based on March 2022, Curriculum Version 1

Module Title: Connecting Hardware Peripherals

Module code: EIS HNS1 M01 0322
Nominal duration: 50 Hour
 Table of Content

Contents
Acronym...............................................................................................................................................3
Introduction to the Module...................................................................................................................3
Unit one: Confirmation of client Requirements.................................................................................4
1.1 Introduction to Computer............................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Purpose of a computer...........................................................................................................4
1.1.1. Hardware and Software Computer Components...................................................................4
1.1.2. Computer Classifications.......................................................................................................5
1.2. Identifying client peripherals requirements...............................................................................6
1.3. Confirming Client Peripherals................................................................................................23
1.4. Peripherals requirement Considerations..................................................................................24
1.5. Documenting and reporting client requirements and peripherals...........................................26
1.6. Verifying Client Requirements...............................................................................................28
1.7. Ensuring vendor warranty and support services.....................................................................28
Self-Check 1.1...................................................................................................................................29
Operation sheet 1.1. Connect Hardware Peripherals........................................................................30
Unit Two: Peripherals Requirement...................................................................................................32
2.1. obtaining peripheral devices....................................................................................................32
2.2. Entering Peripherals into Equipment Inventory......................................................................34
2.3. Validating delivered physical components.................................................................................37
2.4. Storing Peripherals..................................................................................................................37
Unit Three: Hardware peripheral Connection....................................................................................41
3.1 Adjusting installation schedule....................................................................................................41
3.2. Removing and Replacing Old Peripherals..................................................................................42
3.3. Connecting and configuring new peripherals..............................................................................43
3.4. Testing hardware peripherals......................................................................................................44
Unit Four: Connect workstation to the internet..................................................................................46
4.1. Connecting workstations to internet.......................................................................................46
4.2. Launching internet browser software and test.........................................................................50
Self-Check 4.1....................................................................................................................................52
Self-Check 4.1....................................................................................................................................52
List of Reference Materials................................................................................................................52

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Acronym

HW – Hard Ware
SW – Soft Ware
LED – Light Emitting Diodes
CRT – Cathode Ray Tube
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
CPU – Central Processing Unit
RAM – Random Access Memory
CD – Compact Disk
DVD – Digital Versatile Disk
USB - Universal Serial Bus
UPS – Uninterruptible power supply
OH&S – Organizational Health and Safety
PC- Personal Computer

Introduction to the Module

In Hard Ware and network Servicing filed; knowing and identifying the hard ware Components is
the primary activity to categorize the input devices, output devices and secondary storage
devices with their perspective ports and connectors.

This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the Hardware and Network
Servicing occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Connect Hard Ware
Peripherals

This module covers the units:

 Client Requirements
 Required peripherals
 Hardware peripherals connection
 Workstation to the internet Connection

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Unit one: Confirmation of client Requirements
1.1 Introduction to Computer
What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type
documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or
create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos, etc.

1.1.1 Purpose of a computer

The computer was invented in order to automate mathematical calculations that were previously
completed by people. Charles Babbage is considered to be the “father” of the computer. Computers
do not have any one particular purpose. Instead, they are a tool that is meant to serve human beings
in any way that we can think of. For example, we can use computers as a means of communication.
We can use them to send email or for different internet services.

1.1.1. Hardware and Software Computer Components

What is Computer Hardware?

Computer is a collection of hardware and software components. Hardware is the physical part of
a computer. Hardware includes any device that is connected to your computer and is controlled by
your computer's microprocessor. It is the equipment you see and the parts you can touch. Several
components in a computer working together are called hardware. It consists of mechanical
devices such as a CPU, keyboard, mouse, speaker, monitor, printer, hard disk, and so on. All these
devices can be touched.

There are a lot of hardware devices available but we need to select the right device with the correct
specification to get the best performance results. All the devices vary in size, cost, and
specification. We need to choose the compatible one. Hard ware devices are categorized in to
Input devices, Output devices, Storage devices and internal components and this part is more
discussed in the next topic which is called peripheral devices.

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What is Computer software?
Software is the set of instructions called a program that tells the computer what to do, when and
how to do it and how to perform a specific task. Computer software helps the computer to perform
the task using programs. It is generally a language that a computer understands. It is the collection
of instructions that enables a user to interact with the computer.
Types of software: Major types of computer software are:
- Application software
- System software
- Programming software
- Driver software
1.1.2. Computer Classifications

Classification of Computers according to Size, Type and Purpose

We see many Computers nearby, but they all are different from each other. In this Module, we are
going to know about the basics and classification of computers which included all the different
types of computers.

There are different classes of computer technology available these days. The functionality and data
processing of each type of computer is different and output results as well. However, the methods
or techniques, size, capacity, characteristics, and data handling of the data of each computer may
be different too. Let’s get to know the “What are the Classifications of Computers System“.
We can classify the computers into the following 3 categories:
 On the basis of size and capacity, [Supercomputer, Mainframe, Mini, and Micro Computer].
 On the basis of purposes, [General and Special Purpose].
 On the basis of hardware design and type [Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Computer].

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 Fig 1.1.3.1 classification of computers

1.2. Identifying client peripherals requirements

Peripheral Devices
Peripheral devices are any computer hardware that is plugged into the computer, i.e. not the
motherboard, CPU, main memory or RAM, power supply or the expansion cards. Any device
connected internally or externally to a computer system unit and used in the transfer of data as well
as processing information is considered as peripheral devices. Any input, output or external
storage device connected externally or internally communicate with the computer's processors is
termed as peripherals. For examples monitor, keyboard, printer, disk, tape, graphics tablet, scanner,
joy stick, paddle or mouse, etc.

Categories of peripherals and device drivers

Peripheral devices can be categorized in to three (3), Input device, Output devices and Secondary
storage devices (Internal and external storage devices).
Input device - input devices are the part of the computer hardware through which the
computer gets data and instructions from the outside world. And also it is device that used to
enter information/data in to the computer. Examples of input devices;
1. Keyboard - Keyboard is the most common input device. The computer key board is used to
input or enter letters, numbers, symbols, punctuations and commands into the computer. It is
used to enter information and instructions into the computer. The standard keyboard layout is
sometimes called QWERTY layout and it is the most common layout. In addition to letter keys,

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 most keyboards have number pads, function keys and other special purpose (curser
movement) keys that make the computer easier to use.

Fig.1.2.1 Keyboard
The basic keyboard layout has four types of keys in well-determined areas. These are:
a. Typing keys,
b. Numeric keypad,
c. Function keys, and
d. Special purpose keys:

 Typing keys: The typing keys are the part of the keyboard used to type letters and other
characters, such as punctuation marks.
 Numeric keypad: The numeric keypad has the ten digits and the arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /)
placed in calculator formation and was added so that people used to a calculator could use a
computer keyboard with no problems.
 Function keys: These are placed in line at the top, above the typing keys, and are designated as
F1 to Fn (where n is the highest number). They may be assigned specific functions or commands.
 Special purpose keys: This category includes keys such as Ctrl, Alt, Esc, Home, End etc that
are designed for special tasks. The escape key (Esc), for example, is located at the upper-left
corner of the keyboard and is often used to cancel commands or to stop tasks.
2. Mouse - The mouse is used to move the mouse pointer around the screen and to perform tasks
such as moving and opening folders or files. Mouse or a pointing device is any human interface
device that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer. A mouse could be attached to a
computer with a cord or it may be cordless (a remote mouse). In the case of mice and touch
screens, this is usually achieved by detecting movement across a physical surface.
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 Fig.1.2.2. Keyboard
The most familiar type of mouse is Optical mouse and this kind of mouse utilizes light-emitting
diodes (LED) or laser as a method of tracking movement. These mice are more proficient than other
computer mice. These mice are easily identified by examining the bottom of the mouse. You can
see the position of the mouse on the screen by seeing a symbol. The mouse symbol moves around
the screen as you move the mouse. Depending on the task you are doing, the mouse symbol look
like any of the following.

A mouse pointer: means you can click on an item, such as a folder icon, to select it or move it.

A timer: means the computer is busy processing a task so you need to wait until the
computer finishes the task and the symbol changes back.

Flashing insertion point: When you click the mouse the insertion point will flash if text
can be entered or deleted.
I I-beam: This shows you where your mouse is when it is hovering over text.
3. Scanner: It is a device that can scan or digitize images on paper and convert them to data that
the computer can use. They can then be stored in a file, displayed on the screen,
added to documents, or manipulated. A scanner is a device that converts visual
information into digital data. Its most common use is to put pictures into a
computer so they can be used for different documents. Fig.1.2.3. Scanner
4. Imaging and Video input Devices: Video input devices are used to digitize images or video
from the outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a multitude of
formats depending on the user's requirement.
5. Digital camera: It is a device that does not use film, but instead stores the
photographs in the memory of the camera. These images can then be downloaded to
a computer. Some digital cameras can also store images in plug-in cards or on disks.

There are different types of digital cameras. The following are some of the types of digital camera:
o Digital Video cameras: used to capture full motion video.

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 o Still cameras: used to capture still (motionless) images.
o Webcams: are digital cameras attached to computers, used for video
conferencing or other purposes. Webcams can capture full-motion video as
well, and some models include microphones or zoom ability. Fig web camera
6. Biometric authentication device
 Finger printers
 Voice (speech) recognition

 Retinal scan
7. Optical recognition system: It is uses light to read characters.
 Optical character recognition: it is used to enter documents found on the paper into the
computer without the need to type it is using keyboard.
 Optical mark recognition: it is used to senses the presence or absence of a mark, such as pencil marks.
 Barcode reader: it is used to identify manufacturer, product number, price, etc.
 Image scanner: it is used to enter the images on the paper into the computer.
8. Joy stick: It is lever that moves in all directions and controls the movement of a pointer .A
similar to mouse except that with a mouse the cursor stops moving as soon as you stop moving
the mouse. Joysticks are use mostly for computer games, but they are also used occasionally for
CAD/CAM system s and other applications.
9. Light pen: It is a light sensitive detector to select object on a display screen. It is similar to the
a mouse ,except that with light pen you can move the pointer and select object on the display
screen by directly pointing to the objects with pen.
10. Touch screen: It has a touch sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. Instead of using a
pointing device such as mouse or light pen, you can use your finger to point directly to objects
on the screen.
11. Touch pad: It is a small touch sensitive pad used as pointing device on some portable computers.
By moving a finger or other object along the pad, you can move the pointer on the display screen.
12. Laser rangefinder
13. MP3 player
14. Microphone
15. Medical Imaging
- Computed tomography
- Magnetic resonance imaging
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 - Positron emission tomography
- Medical ultrasonography
16. Audio input devices: In the fashion of video devices, audio devices are used to either capture
or create sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an input device, in order
to capture produced sound.
17. MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument
Output Device
Output Devices are parts of the computer that are designed to receive output from the computer and
provide it to the user and any device used to display information from the computer, once the CPU
has executed the program instruction; the program may request that information be communicated
to an output device. An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to
communicate the results of data processing carried out by information processing system (such as
a computer) to the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data sent to the system, and outputs are
the signals or data sent by the system to the outside.
Examples of output devices are
1. Printers. 4. Monitors,
2. Speakers, 5. Projector
3. Head phones 6. Fax machine
1. Printer: A printer is a device that produces a paper copy, sometimes called a hard copy, of data
stored in a computer. Broadly speaking, there are two types of printers: impact printers and non-
impact printers. Hard copy refers to information printed on paper while soft copy means
information stored on a secondary storage device.

Fig.1.2.4. Printer
2. Speakers: A speaker is an output device that allows you to hear voice, music, and other sounds
from your computer. There are usually two of them and they come in various sizes.

Fig.1.2.5. Speaker

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3. Headphones: Headphones are a pair of small loudspeakers, or less commonly a single speaker,
held close to a user's ears and connected to a signal source such as an audio amplifier, radio, CD
player or portable media player.

Fig.1.2.6. Headphone
4. Screen (Monitor): A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual display unit) is an electronic
visual display for computers. The monitor comprises the display device, circuitry, and an enclosure.
The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-
LCD) thin panel while older monitors use a cathode ray tube about as deep as the screen size.

The first computer monitors used Cathode ray tubes (CRTs), which was the dominant technology
until they were replaced by LCD monitors in the 21st Century.
 Most full-sized personal computer use a television-like display device called
a screen, monitor or CRT(Cathode Ray Tube)
 Laptop computers, flat screen displays & handheld computer use a flat
panel liquid crystal display (LCD). Fig.1.2.7. Monitor

The video display monitor or screen attached to the computer gives you feedback while you are
typing characters from keyboard. The display screen can be used to display both text (alphanumeric
& graphics).

Monitors differ in several ways. However, the major differences are the resolution and the
number of colors it can produce at those resolutions. Resolution refers to how clear the image on
the monitor is. It is a width time’s height measurement of computer monitor display capabilities in
pixels. Pixels are individual dots that are used to display an image on a computer monitor. The
more pixels a screen can show, the higher the quality. A monitor is commonly called a screen.
You can use either term. A monitor that displays information only in black and white is called a
monochrome monitor while the one capable of displaying color is called a color monitor.

5. LCD Project: LCD Project use as an out device for displaying the computer output in large screen,
this device manly used in conference and class room for displaying for large number of attendant.
6. Fax machine: Fax provides you with complete fax facilities from your computer.
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 Storage devices
Computer data storage, often called storage devices or memory, it refers to computer components
and recording media that retain digital data. Data storage is one of the core functions and
fundamental components of computers. Computer storage devices are very important for all
computer users because they are used to store important data that we need to use more or less often.

There are 3 types of storage devices:

1. Primary Storage: It is also known as the main memory or a temporary storage device.
Random access memory (RAM) is a primary memory. It is a volatile. It is fast in nature but can
accommodate only few data. It store data only when the computer is on. Data that has been
stored in memory flushes off when you restart your computer, thus called temporary storage
device. It is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads
instructions stored and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored
there in uniform manner.

Fig.1.2.8. RAM

2. Secondary Storage: It is also known as external memory or auxiliary storage, differs from
primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses
its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data
using intermediate area in primary storage. There are two main types of computer storage
devices that can be used nowadays: the removable and the non removable data storage devices.
Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down it is non-volatile.
The term storage or secondary storage refers to the parts of a computer that retain data
permanently, even after turning off the computer Examples of a secondary storage device are
Internal Hard drive, external Hard Drive, Flash Disk, Compact Disk (CD), Digital Versatile
Disk (DVD), magnetic tape, Floppy disk, Memory card.

Commonly used secondary storage devices can be grouped as magnetic or optical. Magnetic
devices use magnetic technology to write and read data from the storage surface. This category
includes hard disk, floppy disk, and magnetic tape. On the other hand, optical storage devices
use laser technology. CD and DVD fall under this second category.
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3. Tertiary Storage: Tertiary storage or tertiary memory provides a third level of storage.
Typically it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable
mass storage media into a storage device according to the system's demands; this data is often
copied to secondary storage before use.

Fig.1.2.9. Removable Disks

Magnetic Storage Devices
Floppy Disk: A storage medium that is made from a disk of flexible plastic (the "floppy" part)
covered with a magnetic material. The floppy disk is many decades old. The standard floppy disk
can hold 1.44MB of data and has 3.5 inch diameter. Floppy disks are slow, unreliable and can hold
much less data than the other storage devices.

A floppy disk refers to the disk itself and a floppy drive refers to the slot that is
used to read and write data onto the floppy disk.

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 Hard Disk: A hard disk contains both the disk and the drive
(the slot) that is used to read and write data on the disk. A
hard disk uses rigid turning disks to store data and programs.
They have read/write heads which can read data from the
hard disk and write data to the hard disk. The hard disk drive
is sealed. This protects the hard disk drive internals from
dust, condensation, and other sources of contamination. Hard
disks can store much more data than floppy disks, and access and transmit it faster. Currently an
average hard disk can store 500 GB to 1TB of data.

For both hard disks and floppy disks, data is stored on the surface in
sectors and tracks. As shown in the figure, tracks are concentric circles,
and sectors are pie shaped sections on a track.

Magnetic Tape
A tape drive also known as a streamer, is a device that reads data from and
writes data to a magnetic tape. It is typically used for archiving or backing
up of data stored on hard disks. Magnetic tapes are long lasting and
inexpensive storage media. Figure of tape drive and different types of tapes.

Optical Storage Devices

Optical storage is a newer storage technology using a high-power laser beam to burn small holes in
a disk's surface coating. Data is represented by the presence and absence of holes in the disk’s
surface. Optical media are more durable than tape and less vulnerable to environmental conditions.
On the other hand, they tend to be slower than typical hard disks, and hold less data.

Compact Disk (CD)

A compact disc (CD) is an optical disk used to store digital data. It was
originally developed for storing digital audio.

Types of CDs
The different types of CDs include: CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW:
 CD-ROM (Compact Disc-Read Only Memory): It is a version of the CD that allows
information to be stored, so that the user can only read from the disks. Once data is recorded on
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 a CD-ROM, new data cannot be stored and the disc cannot be erased. Although CD-ROMs look
like music discs, they can only be used with a computer equipped with a CD-ROM drive.
 CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable): It refers to compact disks that can be recorded only once,
but read many times. If the recorded content is no longer wanted, additional material can be
recorded only on the remaining space on the disk. The disks themselves are constructed
differently from ordinary CDs.
 CD-RW (Compact Disc-Rewritable): It is an extension of CD-R whereby you can rewrite data
or audio to the same CD many times. Not all CD drives can read CDRWs.

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)

DVD is an optical disc storage media that can be used for storing data,
including movies with high video and sound quality. DVDs resemble CD:
their physical dimensions are the same 12cm or the mini 8cm - but they are
encoded in a different format. This enables DVDs to store more data than
that of CDs. A DVD can often hold more data than 6 CDs. DVDs can store an entire movie, or
several hours of audio.

Common Types of DVDs

 DVD-ROM: These DVDs are read-only disks. They are accessed using a special DVD drive
attached to a personal computer. They are often used for movies (which are more specifically
referred to as DVD-Video) and computer games.
 DVD-R: It offers a write-once, read-many time’s storage format similar to CDR, but can hold
more information than a CD-R.
 DVD-RW: A recordable DVD format similar to CD-RW.

Connect hardware peripherals devices

The majority of external peripheral devices connect to the back of the computer’s system unit with
cables and connectors. The computer’s system unit has a variety of ports available for use by
different peripheral device cables. A port is a socket that is used to connect the cables from
peripheral devices to the computer or the position to plug peripheral devices. Connecting your
peripheral devices is all pretty much self explanatory when you look at them. When you connecting
(plugging) some peripheral devices are colored so match them up with the connect color on the
back of the computer. There is usually only one way (direction) they can plugged/connected in.
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Remove old peripherals if they are being replaced with minimal disruption to clients, taking into
account environmental considerations and OH&S standards and replace with the new one. The
hardware peripherals devices can be connected into Input output ports on a computer that can
connect peripheral devices in to computer.

Ports: A port is an interface on a computer through which device is communicate (send and receive
data). Personal computers have various types of ports. Personal computers have ports for
connecting Monitor/display, printer, mouse, keyboard, scanner, Removable disks and other
peripheral devices. The types of ports are:-

Fig.1.2.10. System Unit with different Ports

The following ports and cables are commonly used to connect peripheral devices to a computer.

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 1. Serial port 6. Network port
2. USB port 7. PS/2 port
3. FireWire port 8. Audio port
4. Parallel port 9. Video port
5. SCSI port
1. Serial ports: is the oldest technology that is used to connect some types of mouse, keyboard,
modem, barcode reader, plotter and other peripherals. As the name indicates, this port sends
data serially that is one bit at a time. A serial port is also called male port since it consists of
protruding pins. Its transfer rate is close to 10KBS data.

Fig.1.2.11. Serial port

Most motherboards have at least one serial port. Serial port 1 is called com1, if there is more
than one serial port; they are named as com1, com2, etc. A serial port can be a DB-9, DB-15 or
DB-25 male connector. A serial cable has a maximum length of 50 feet (15.2 m)

2. Parallel Ports: are used primarily for connecting printers to your system. Because of this it is
called LPT (line print) port. It is also called female port since it consists of holes. Parallel ports
generate speeds of 100KBS and reflect transfers 10 times faster than serial speeds.

Fig.1.2.12. Parallel port

A parallel port on a computer is a standard Type A DB-25 female connector. The parallel
connector on a printer is a standard Type B 36-pin Centronics connector. Some newer printers
may use a Type C high-density 36-pin connector. Parallel ports can transmit 8 bits of data at a
time and use the IEEE 1284 standard. To connect a parallel device, such as a printer, a parallel
cable must be used. A parallel cable, as has a maximum length of 15 feet (4.5 m). Some of the
devices that could be connected other than printer is included:
 CD – Rom drives
 Zip drives
 Scanner
 Parallel ports are named as LPT1, LPT2 which means line printer Terminal. The DB25 & DB36
parallel connector ports have male & female specification. Male connectors have pins most of the
time. The port of the cable that fits into computer side port is male. The port of computer where
we insert cable is female port. The male is inserted into female and connection is created.

3. USB (Universal Serial Bus): USB is a high performance-networking standard based on serial
bus architecture. Most new computers and associated peripheral devices like printers and
scanners support USB. USB ports are used to connect just about any type of peripheral devices
speed enhancements have greatly improved performance with USB 1.0 generating speeds at 14
MB/S and USB 2.0 attaining speeds of 480MB/S.

Fig.1.2.13. USB
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an external bus standard interface that is designed to bring plug
and play to connect (attach external devices) peripheral devices to a computer. It was originally
designed to replace serial and parallel connections. USB devices are hot-swappable, which means
that users can connect and disconnect the devices while the computer is powered on. USB
connections can be found on computers, cameras, printers, scanners, storage devices, and many
other electronic devices. A USB hub is used to connect multiple USB devices. A single USB port
in a computer can support up to 127 separate devices with the use of multiple USB hubs. Some
devices can also be powered through the USB port, eliminating the need for an external power
source. This port is faster and more flexible than a traditional serial or parallel port.
 USB 1.1 allowed transmission rates of up to 12 Mbps in full-speed mode and 1.5 Mbps in low
speed mode.
 USB 2.0 allows transmission speeds up to 480 Mbps. USB devices can only transfer data up to
the maximum speed allowed by the specific port.

Figure of USB logo

USB transfer data both synchronously and asynchronously.
 1.5 mbps for device such as mouse and keyboard
 12 mbps transfer rate for high bandwidth devices such as modem, speaker, scanner and monitors.
4. VGA/ Video Graphics Array
A Video Graphics Array (VGA) connector is a three-
row 15-pin DE-15 connector. The 15-pin VGA
connector is found on many video cards, computer
monitors, and some television sets. On laptop
computers or other small devices, a mini-VGA port is
sometimes used in place of the full-sized VGA connector. Fig.1.2.16. VGA port and its Data Cable.

5. Fire wire port

FireWire is a high-speed, hot-swappable interface that connects

peripheral devices to a computer. A single FireWire port in a computer
can support up to 63 devices. Some devices can also be powered through
the FireWire port, eliminating the need for an external power source.
FireWire uses the Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1394(IEEE 1394) standard and is also known as i.Link. The IEEE 1394a
standard supports data rates up to 400 Mbps and cable lengths up to 15
feet (4.5 m). This standard uses a six-pin connector or a four-pin
connector. The IEEE 1394b standard supports data rates in excess of 800
Mbps and uses a 9-pin connector. Figure of FireWire cables with connectors.

6. NIC Port / Network Interface Card

Alternatively referred to as an Ethernet port, the LAN port is a port connection that allows a
computer to connect to a network using a wired connection. Network port also known as an RJ-45
port connects a computer to a network. In the picture to the right, is a close up example of what a
LAN port looks like for a network cable using an RJ-45 connector. In the case of this example, the
two led lights will blink when that port is active and receiving activity. The connection speed
depends on the type of network port. Standard Ethernet can transmit up to 10 mbps. Fast Ethernet
can transmit up to 10mbps. And Gigabit Ethernet can transmit up to 1000mbps. The maximum
length of network cable is 328 feet (100m).
 Fig.1.2.14. NIC Port
7. SCSI Ports: SCSI it stands for small computer system Interface. SCSI port can transmit data at
rates in excess of 320 mbps and can support up to 15 devices. If a single SCSI device is
connected to an SCSI port, the cable can be up to 40(12.2m) feet in length. An SCSI port on a
computer can be one of three different types.
 DB-25 female connector
 High density 50 pin female connector
 High density 68 pin female connector
Some SCSI connectors resemble parallel connectors. Be careful not
connect the cable to the wrong port. The voltage used in the SCSI
format may damage the parallel interface. SCSI connectors should
be clearly cabled. Figure of SCSI Connectors

8. PS/2 ports: A PS/2 port connects a keyboard or a mouse to

computer. The PS/2 port is a 6 pin mini DIN female connector. The
connectors for the keyboard and mouse are often colored
differently. If the ports are not color coded, look for a small figure
of a mouse or keyboard next to each port. After you connect this
type of mouse or keyboard to a computer you must restart. Figure of PS/2 Ports
9. Audio Ports: An audio port connects audio devices to the computer. The following audio ports
are commonly used.
 Line In: connects to an external source, such as a stereo system.
 Microphone In: connects to a microphone.
 Line Out: connects to speakers or headphones.
 Auxiliary In: is an additional line in.
 Game port/MIDI: connects to a joystick or MIDI-interfaced device.

Figure of Audio Ports

10. Video Ports and Connectors: A video port connects a monitor cable to a computer. Several
video port and connector types exist:
 Video Graphics Array (VGA) has a three-row 15-pin female connector and provides
analog output to a monitor.
  Digital Visual Interface (DVI) has a 24-pin female connector or a 29-pin female connector
and provides compressed digital output to a monitor. DVI-I provides both analog and
digital signals. DVI-D provides digital signals only.
 High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) has
a 19-pin connector and provides digital video and
digital audio signals.
 S-Video has a four-pin connector and provides
analog video signals.
 Component/RGB has three shielded cables (red,
green, and blue) with RCA jacks and provides
analog video signals. Figure video ports on a video card.
11. Power Supply Port: A power supply is a device that supplies
electrical energy to one or more electric loads. It converts AC/alternate
current to Dc/ Direct Current. Every power supply must obtain the
energy it supplies to its load, as well as any energy it consumes while
performing that task, from an energy source.
Fig.1.2.15. Power Supply

Connect new peripherals

If you know all the above ports, you can get all ports either on the front panel of computer or on
the back panel connector of the computer case. Before connecting any peripheral devices first
Check the system is functional and identifies the appropriate ports for what you want to connect.
On the front panel connector you may get the:

1. USB 2.0-connectors (two in numbers): Use the front USB

connectors for devices that you connect occasionally, such as
joysticks, cameras or for bootable USB devices and flash disk. It is
recommended that you use the back USB connectors for devices that
typically remain connected, such as printer, mouse and keyboards.
2. Headphone connector: Use the head phone connector to attach headphones.
3. Microphone connectors: Use the microphone connector to attach a personal computer
microphone. On computers with a sound cord, microphone connector is on a cord.

Configuring the computer to accept the new peripherals

Before you connect the new peripherals to your computer, make sure the computer has the
necessary ports. Like Parallel ports, serial ports, USB port, etc.
On the back panel connector you may get the:

From manufacturer to manufacturer the number of ports on the computer back panel and front
panel is not the same.

Device Drivers
It is a particular form of software application that allows one hardware device (such as a personal
computer) to interact with another hardware device (such as a printer). A device driver may also be
called a software driver. It is a software program that allows the hardware device to talk to the
operating system and create an interface between users and devices.

Connecting your peripheral devices are all pretty must self explanatory when you look at them
when you connecting (plugging) some peripheral devices are colored so match them the port
connector color on the back of the computer.

To connect hardware peripherals

1. Just plug it all peripherals in your computer ports. Use the back panel of your computer to
connect when each plug goes. Some plugs like keyboard, printer, monitor and speaker may be
colored, so match them up with the correct color on the back of the computer. There is usually
only one they can connect in, so that it is not need to force to connect.
2. Plug the power card in to the power connector in to an outlet. It is better to use
stabilizer/regulator or uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to protect your machine from the
overflow of power.
3. Check the voltage rating before you connect the equipment to an electrical outlet to ensure
that the required voltage and frequency match the available power source.
4. Before making any connections make sure the stabilizer is switched off. Also the mains
voltage does not exceed the input voltage range of the regulator. Connect the regulator to AC mains
supply.
5. Connect the divider in to the regulator (stabilizer) make sure all the appliances are turned
off before connecting to the regulator. Ensure the input voltage of the appliances has the same
output voltage of the regulator.
6. Plug the power cards such as the system power cord, monitor power cord, speaker power
cord (if any) etc. in to the divider. Then plug the divider into the regulator.
7. Connect (plug) the stabilizer (regulator) into the wall power socket.
8. Turn on the regulator and then the appliances one by one. Do not overload the regulator,
otherwise fuse will blow. To replace a fuse, turn off the appliances and regulator first. Only
change a fuse with same current rating.
9. The final step is booting up the computer to check your peripheral devices are properly connected
or not.
10. Testing and confirming Hardware peripherals for client satisfaction. Check the new device
that you connect to your computer whether it works properly or not, for example if it is the
printer, it can print? If it is the scanner, it can scan document? etc.
1.3. Confirming Client Peripherals
To determine appropriate hardware peripheral devices needed within an organization, it is
important to clearly understand what your client needs. Since, the clients don’t have a clear idea of
what they want until they have been presented with a series of options. Working out clients’ needs
requires careful planning and organization.

System Development Life Cycle

The system development life cycle is a methodology that computer consultants follow to help
clients properly investigate the client’s information technology needs within the organization. The
first three stages of the system development life cycle are:-

 Planning
 Analysing
 Designing

Planning stage involves identifying the client’s current technology and taking into account any
limitations. During the planning phase it is necessary to find out information including:
 System specifications
 Connections available
 Budget constraints
 Available timeframe
 Availability of physical space for work activities

A feasibility study can be performed to provide a preliminary investigation report to the client
about benefits, costs and impact to the organisation. Additionally, a project request form allows a
client to document their initial request.

System specification is important to find out the specifications of the computer system you are
planning to connect the peripheral device to. Many newer types of peripheral devices require a
specific amount of memory, CPU speed, hard disk space, and may only be compatible with
certain operating systems. You also need to be aware of the peripheral’s system requirements.
The manual for the peripheral device as well as the manufacturer’s website will help you
determine the minimum system specifications.

1.4. Peripherals requirement Considerations

Desktop hardware, such as a desktop computer itself, is the most common type of IT hardware
purchased by a small business and/or organization. The cost of hardware depends on its
specification, which in turn is determined by some key components. When you buy hardware
component of computer system, you will need to decide what the specification of these key
components should be under taken. Among these the basic ones are as follows:-
 Hard Ware Requirement
The hardware requirements are the requirements of a hardware device. Most hardware only has
operating system requirements or compatibility.

• Processor is the driver/brain of the computer. Processors are usually differentiated by speed,
measured in gigahertz (GHz). The higher the GHz, the faster the computer will run. You
should buy the fastest processor you can afford, but a 3 GHz processor will normally be
enough for most business functions. E.g. word processing and spreadsheets, together with
some multimedia.

• Memory is used by the processor to run programs. Generally, the more random access
memory (RAM) you have, the better your computer will run when using several programs at
once. Your computer should have enough memory to make the most of the processor speed.
For a 3 GHz processor, for example, you should have around 2-3 gigabytes (GB) of RAM.

• Hard disk is used to store data you create in your business, as well as the programs you use.
Its capacity is much greater than the RAM. An office computer with a 3 GHz processor should
have at least 200 GB of hard disk space, but if you intend to use a single desktop PC as the
main storage location for all your business data, you will need at least 500 GB.

• DVD-R/RW or CD-R/RW drives can be used to supplement your computer.

Software requirements
Software requirements deal with defining software resource requirements and pre-requisites that
need to be installed on a computer to provide optimal functioning of an application. These
requirements or pre-requisites are generally not included in the software installation package
and need to be installed separately before the software is installed.

• Platform: In computing, a platform describes some sort of framework, either in hardware or

software, which allows software to run. Typical platforms include a computer's architecture,
operating system or programming languages and their run time libraries. Operating system is one
of the first requirements mentioned when defining system requirements (software). Software
may not be compatible with different versions of same line of operating systems, although some
measure of backward compatibility is often maintained. For example, most software designed
for Microsoft Windows XP does not run on Microsoft Windows 98, although the converse is not
always true. Similarly, software designed using newer features of Linux Kernel v2.6 generally
does not run or compile properly (or at all) on Linux distributions using Kernel v2.2 or v2.4.

• Web browser: Most web applications and software depending heavily on Internet
technologies make use of the default browser installed on system. Microsoft Internet
Explorer is a frequent choice of software running on Microsoft Windows, which makes use of
ActiveX controls, despite their vulnerabilities.
 • Other pre-requisite requirements: Some software also has other requirements for proper
performance. Internet connection (type and speed) and resolution of the display screen are
notable examples. After you have determine your organization needs, you can now start
documenting your hardware needs, to help you decide on the specifications, canvassing would
be a great idea. One by one you can list down the hardware specs for your client. The list
below will help you in documenting your chosen hardware:-
 Processor  LAN Card
 RAM or Memory  DVD drive
 Hard Disk size  Sound Card
 Video Card

Example: Windows 10 system requirements

 Latest OS: Make sure you're running the latest version either Windows 7 SP1 or Windows
8.1 Update, etc
 Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster processor.
 RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) for 32-bit or 2 GB for 64-bit.
 Hard disk space: 16 GB for 32-bit OS or 20 GB for 64-bit OS.
• One deciding factor to consider in buying computer peripherals is the warranty and after sales
support service. A cheaper price would vary greatly on the performance, durability and
warranty.

Budget constraints
While planning the connection of hardware peripheral devices, it is important to be aware of
the client’s available budget. A client needs to determine whether the benefits that will be
gained from the peripheral device justify the financial outlay. Factors including the
organisation’s size, the necessity of the peripheral device to the organisation, number of people
requiring the device, will all contribute to the organisation’s allocation of a budget. Costs will
sometimes prohibit an organisation from proceeding with the purchase of equipment.
Another cost to consider is ongoing maintenance. A laser printer, for example, may initially be
more expensive to purchase than an inkjet printer. However when you consider that some
inkjet cartridges can cost nearly as much as an inkjet printer, it may be more practical to
choose a laser printer, where toner costs are more reasonable.

Available timeframe
The time available to complete a task also needs to be considered when identifying client
requirements. If, for example, a peripheral device is needed urgently, it will be necessary to
quickly find out which suppliers can immediately provide the peripheral equipment.
Physical space restrictions
 Before considering acquiring any peripheral device, planning needs to be done to work out
where and how the peripheral will reside. The following questions need to be considered:
 What physical space is available to accommodate the device?
 Is power in a near proximity if the device needs them? If a peripheral does not have access
to a suitable power source, problems may occur including the overloading of power boards
and power leads causing dangerous obstructions to users of the equipment.
 Will the installation of the device mean other equipment needs to be relocated?
 Could the device cause disruption or impact on the safety of users?
1.5. Documenting and reporting client requirements and peripherals

Feasibility study
A feasibility study can be carried out to show the client benefits, approximate costs of the new
equipment and the impact on the organisation when documenting and reporting client requirements
needs. Several hardware devices can also be recommended to the client.

The aim of the feasibility study is to recognise the best solution under the circumstances by
identifying the effects of this solution on the organisation. After undertaking a feasibility study, it
may be discovered that a simple solution is possible. Take the example of an organisation that
would like to update their monitors, so that they can have better screen resolution. Changing the
monitors’ internal settings could be a very simple solution to obtain an improved resolution.

A feasibility study can also reveal that a client’s peripheral requirements are not achievable. The
requirements may exceed budget, or the requested peripheral devices may not be compatible
with the current computer system. The results of a feasibility study can be determine whether or
not an organisation proceeds with the purchase and installation of the peripheral devices based on
client needs and organizational guidelines and standards.

Client request form

An initial request for hardware peripheral devices can be documented using a project request form.
This form documents information from both the client and the computer consultant in order to
document preliminary requirements. Information requested on a project request form may include:-
 Project title  Description of problem
 Date received  Objectives
 Completion date  Anticipated benefits
 Project number  Person requesting
  Constraints
Analyzing
In the analysis phase, the client’s requirements are investigated in more depth. It is important to try
to gain as much information from the client as possible, in order to obtain an accurate
understanding of the situation. Detailed client requirements, such as:-
 Specific features of the device required,
 The number of people who will need to use device,
 Support expectations
Training requirements can all be obtained during this phase through interviews, questionnaires,
checklists and observations are some methods that consultants use to gather information. If a
device is to be used by a large group of users, a questionnaire or checklist could be constructed to
find out what features are required by the majority of users. Interviewing users can provide a better
way of finding out specific information.

Designing
The design phase enables you to figure out an effective solution. All the information gathered via
questionnaires, interviews, observations and during planning can be assessed to determine the best
way of satisfying client requirements. There will often be several peripheral devices that are
capable of performing the job satisfactorily. An evaluation grid can be created to show the client
each device’s functionality.

Table1.5.1. the example below illustrates an evaluation grid that could be used for appraising
scanners.
Specifications Scanner 1 Scanner 2 Scanner 3
Price
Optical resolution (dpi)
Dimensions
Operating system
Software included
Comments

Once client requirements have been clarified, all requests for hardware peripherals need to be
documented clearly in a concise form. An organisation will often have its own organizational
standards (for example, report templates, guidelines) to which you will need to adhere. The
documentation will also need to be checked and confirmed by the client before a request for
purchase in sent to the preferred supplier.

1.6. Verifying Client Requirements

Demonstrate client requirements in line with organizational standards

All Service support providers must test and verify hardware peripherals, confirm client satisfaction
and make amendments as required for client in line with procedures and guidelines to demonstrate
client requirements.

 Ensure client support expectations

When it comes to client support, your clients have certain expectations which they expect you to
meet consistently. They see you as a single point of contact for assistance in the utilization of the
organization’s computing resources, and to provide that assistance in a timely and professional
manner. They expect you to provide Connectivity, Hardware and software support,
Consultation and training, general information and technology recommendations, Web-
accessible information, etc.

1.7. Ensuring vendor warranty and support services

What is Warranty?
A warranty is a guarantee provided by the manufacturer of a product. It assures you the things you
buy are a good quality and don't contain manufacturing defects. Warranties give consumers the
right to ask the manufacturer to deal with any issues according to their terms and conditions.

What is User Manual?

A user manual is a document provided to a user that helps in using a particular system, product or
service seamlessly. It is also known as an instruction manual or a user guide. Such documents
cover detailed information around operations, standards & guidelines, troubleshooting guides,
functionalities & more.

Why is a user's manual important?

User-Manuals provide information on how to use a particular product. This should reach end users
with intent to provide proper usage advice and reduce the risk of bringing the product inoperable
condition.

What does a user manual include?

The User Manual contains all essential information for the user to make full use of the information system.
This manual includes a description of the system functions and capabilities, contingencies and alternate
modes of operation, and step-by-step procedures for system access and use.

Self-Check 1.1.
Name: _____________________________________ Date: _________________

Instruction I: Answer all the questions listed below, if you have some clarifications
1. What is the small program that tells the computer how to communicate with input/output (peripheral)
devices? (1 point)
2. The processor’s speed has been measured in what? (1 point)
3. Office computer with a 3GHz processor should have at least how many GB of hard disk space? (1 point)
4. Which monitor is better in terms of electric consumption? (1 point)
5. What are the 3 Software requirements needed in before buying a PC? (3 points)
Instruction II. Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives
1. What are the three (3) stages of the system development life cycle? (3 points)
A. Analyzing B. Planning C. Designing D. All
2. What do you call the external or tangible devices which are attached to the external part of the
computer? (1 point)
A. System software B. Computer C. Peripheral Devices D. All
3. What are the Hardware Requirements for Windows 7 operating systems in terms of: (4 Point)
A. Processor Speed B. RAM or Memory C. Hard Disk D. Video Card E. All

Instruction III. Categorize the following Peripherals

1. Given the different computer peripherals, group them by writing each of it where categories they belong
on the table below: (1 point each)
a. Mouse e. Serial cable i. LCD Monitor
b. Monitor f. Printer j. PS2 cable
c. Core i3 chip g. Scanner k. Dual Core chip
d. Printer Cable h. Speaker l. Keyboard
Input Devices Output Devices Internal Storage devices Internal Storage devices
Operation sheet 1.1. Connect Hardware Peripherals

 Operation title: Connect Monitor to the work station

 Purpose: To practice and demonstrate the knowledge and skill required in Connecting
Monitor/Display to the system Unit
 Instruction: Use the given tools and equipment to connect the peripherals. For this operation
you have given 20min and demonstrate to your trainer
 Tools and requirement:
1. Personal Computer
2. Peripheral Devices
 Precautions: take under consideration any required Safety measures during work
 Procedures used to accomplishing the task
Step 1. Find the monitor's connector cable. It should be included with your purchase.
Step 2. Match the cable with one of the video ports on the back of the monitor. The images below
show each of the video ports used today.

Step 3. Connect the cable to the corresponding ports on both your monitor and computer.
Step 4. If not already done, connect the flat end of the monitor power cord (left cable end shown
below) to the back of the monitor. The power cord may also be built into the back of the monitor.

Step 5. Connect the other end of the monitor power cord (shown above) into a power outlet, or
better, a surge protector.
Step 6. Turn on the computer and turn on the monitor. The power button for the monitor is often
found on the front or bottom of the monitor on the right side.
LAP Test 1.1. Practical Demonstration
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________
Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks within 1 hour.
Task 1. Identify and Demonstrate Peripheral devices to your Trainer
Task 2. Connect Monitor/Display to the system Unit

Note:-Your teacher will evaluate your output either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory,
your teacher shall advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory, you can proceed to the next
topic.

List of Reference Materials

- Winn L Rosch. The Winn L. Rosch Hardware Bible (6th Edition).
- Christopher A. Crayton Joel Z. Rosenthal Kevin J. Irwin. The A+ Certification & PC
Repair Handbook (Networking Series).
- Richard Palmer. Maintenance Planning and Scheduling Handbook, 2nd Edition (McGraw-
Hill Handbooks).

- The A+ e-books and IT Essential Presentation and different URLs resources

- http://www.teachers.ash.org.au/ozmused/jicompconnect.htm and http://hsc.csu.edu.au ...

Unit Two: Peripherals Requirement

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Obtaining peripheral devices
 Entering peripherals into equipment inventory
 Validating delivered physical components
 Storing peripherals
2.1. obtaining peripheral devices

The first step in obtaining a peripheral device is to locate suppliers of that device. Then, there are
factors you need to consider about the supplier and the devices on offer, such as support
provided and purchase price. This will help you to compare and choose the most appropriate
supplier and the exact model of the device according to client requirements. Finally, you are ready
to place an order for your organisation or client to purchase the device.

Locating a supplier: There are many ways to find a supplier of peripheral

equipment/devices. Some of the ways includes:-

 Searching the Internet: Using search engines such as Google or Yahoo can help you find
a hardware supplier anywhere in the world. Suppliers will often have their own websites
that can provide you with catalogues of available equipment.
 PC magazines: Computing magazines often contain a large section devoted to advertising
current hardware suppliers.
 Newspapers: Major newspapers have computer/IT sections or classified advertisements
which can be a source for finding suppliers.
 Brochures/advertising material/ Media system/: Many larger hardware suppliers use
television, radio or leaflet deliveries to inform potential customers of their latest hardware.
 Telephone directory: A telephone directory is useful if you need to find a hardware
supplier located within your local area.
  Contacting the manufacturer directly: Manufacturers generally have their own websites.
These may list major suppliers in your area. Emailing or telephoning the manufacturer may
also be a way to find out names of local suppliers.

Choosing a supplier: With so many choices of suppliers available, how do you find the
right one? There are a few factors to consider:-
 How long has the supplier been operating? It is a good idea to find a supplier who will still
be around for the lifetime of the hardware.
 Does the supplier offer suitable support and training? If the client requiring a lot of
additional assistance, training could be a major contributing factor for choosing a particular supplier.
 Does the supplier offer competitive pricing? Considering the support and stability, it is also
important to weigh up these factors in relation to price. For a client with a strict budget, price
may be a big issue when determining where to purchase hardware.
 Is the supplier a preferred supplier for your organization? Some organizations have
arrangements that equipment must be purchased from suppliers who are considered to be the
preferred provider for the organization. Organizations create these agreements because
customer loyalty offers substantial discounts, extended warranties and additional support.
Selecting a peripheral: Once you have selected suitable suppliers you need to contact each
supplier. Information you should find out from the supplier may includes:
 Model and manufacturer names of peripherals that will satisfy the majority of your clients
requirements (including system specifications, physical dimensions, support)
 Price of each model and Availability of each model.
You may find it helpful to keep a record of any details that you collect so you refer to this
information quickly and easily.
Placing an order: Depending on the type of organization you work for, placing an order
for a hardware peripheral device could be done in a variety of ways.
- In small organisation you may be responsible for ordering the device yourself. However, in
larger organisation there is may be employees who are responsible for purchasing new equipment.
You may need to fill out order form that can be given to the purchasing department.
- Before your order is submitted, it could also be necessary to obtain final approval from senior
staff. Often an order form might require signatures from the manager or supervisor before it
can be processed.
- A purchasing department might require written quotes from three suppliers, a recommendation
and justification for the chosen supplier.
Make sure that you find out from your supervisor or manager what procedures you need to follow
when placing an order within your organisation.
Order form Sample but it depends on the organization
From: ____________________________
Date: ____________________________
Code/Model Quantity Description Price Supplier Name

Delivery point: ______________________________________________________

Budget holder’s signature: _____________________________________________
Please return to the purchasing department

2.2. Entering Peripherals into Equipment Inventory

Hardware inventories
The purpose of a hardware inventory (registry) is to keep detailed information about all the
hardware equipment within an organization. Every piece of hardware, including each computer
and peripheral device, should be recorded on the inventory. As well as providing an excellent
quick reference guide to the organization’s hardware, an inventory can be very useful for
insurance, warranty and service purposes.

In order for an inventory to be a valuable source of information, it is vital that the information be
maintained regularly. New devices need to be entered into the inventory as soon as they have been
obtained. You must also adjust the inventory frequently, to delete hardware that is no longer
functional or has been removed. Some organizations do random checks or yearly audits of their
hardware inventories to ensure that all information is current.

There are a number of tools available to create hardware inventories. Databases and spread sheets
are often used to store the information. There are also software programs that you can purchase,
designed specifically for recording hardware and software details. Although these programs are
good for keeping a ‘soft copy’ of the information, it is also essential that you keep a current ‘hard
copy’ (printed version) of the inventory. In this way, if the computer system ever fails you will still
have the information.

Details that should be included within a hardware inventory includes:-

 Description of hardware device  Components
 Manufacturer  Location
 Supplier  Number and identity of authorised
 Model number users
 Serial number  Purchase price
 Warranty or maintenance  Date of purchase.
conditions

Documenting peripherals used with each computer

Individual computer inventories will often contain detailed information about the computer’s
related hardware and software. It may also be more practical to record information about the
peripheral inside the computer’s record, if the device is also permanently connected to a computer
(for example a printer or scanner).

Table2.1. Details of computer specification for Inventories

Manufacturer: Dell
Model: OptiPlex GX280MT Minitower—Power
Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Pro
Serial number: 12345
RAM: 128 Mb
Hard disk space: 160 Gb
Monitor: Dell Ultra-Sharp™ 1905FP flat panel,
Printer: HP LaserJet IID
Keyboard: Dell USB keyboard
Pointing device: Dell USB 2-button optical mouse with scroll
Individually documenting each peripheral device
If the device is shared between several computers, it makes more sense to keep information about
peripheral as an individual entry in an inventory. Devices such as digital camera, data projector
and USB drives would more likely to be used by many computers, thus would make more sense to
record their details separate to the computer details for recording hardware inventory information.

Checking Contents
When unpacking any peripheral device, an organized and methodical approach needs to be taken.
Randomly ripping (tear) open boxes and packaging without carefully identifying each component
can potentially cause many problems later on. Prepare a suitable work area before you begin
unpacking. This should include a large sturdy flat area with no carpet so that small components
will not be lost.

Before commencing to open any packaging:

Find the manual for the device. Then check instructions for any precautions or specific
unpacking procedures. Most manuals will also contain a section that tells you a list of included
components. It is useful to create a checklist based on the component list. You will then be able to
use the checklist to mark off the components when they have been identified. A sample checklist
for a typical inkjet printer is as follows:-
 Printer  USB cable
 Cartridge  Sample paper
 Power cable  CD driver
Be attentive when unpacking a peripheral device
Handle the packaging and contents with care, as you do not want to damage your new device.
Remove any packing material surrounding and also within the device. Some printers, for example,
have soft foam and plastic pieces inside the device to ensure that parts are locked into the correct
position. Make sure that you remove these pieces and foam before installation.
Inspect the equipment for damage that may have occurred during transport. If the equipment has
been damaged, report the damage to the supplier immediately. If possible, try to keep all the
original packing material that came with your computer and its peripherals. Often this packaging
gets thrown out because it is so bulky. It can be very useful; however, if you need to return the
item within the warranty period as some manufacturers will request original packaging. It can be
good protection when transporting sensitive peripheral devices. For example, equipment like digital
camera, video camera and data projectors have delicate lenses which can be broken down very easily.

2.3. Validating delivered physical components

There are a large variety of peripheral devices that can be connected to a computer system unit as
an input, output, storage or communication purposes with different technological standards.
Before acquiring any hardware peripheral device it is fundamental that you have a clear
understanding of what the client requires and devices compatibility with the system as well as with
the current technological era. This requires a considerable amount of planning and analysis of
needs of clients by considering and validating the peripheral devices that used by the clients based
on the organization standards and guidelines. Examining system specifications, checking
availability of the position to plug peripheral devices (ports), physical space and confirming
budgets and time frames are just some considerations that need to be taken into account.

Therefore, methods such as interviewing, questionnaires and observation can all assist gathering
this information for validating the contents that much the packing list of peripheral devices. Once
client requirements have been clarified, suggested solutions need to be documented to the client in
accordance with organisational standards and guideline. A solution can comprise a suggested list
of products. Once the product has been chosen this needs to be verified by the client.
Before proceeding to purchase, it is also important that the warranty and support agreements of
the supplier will be satisfactory for the client’s needs and performing the best task within any
organization.

2.4. Storing Peripherals

Peripheral devices need to be located in a suitable environment; otherwise there may be potential
problems. It is a good idea to refer to the manufacturer’s manual to determine what guidelines
should be followed. When storing peripherals it is important to:-
1. Make sure equipment is kept in ideal working conditions
2. Adhere to current occupational health and safety guidelines
3. Ensure the electrical safety of the device
4. Consider security of the device

 Keeping equipment in ideal working conditions: Each manufacturer will have their own
recommendations on how to store their peripheral equipment. In order to guarantee that a
peripheral will function correctly throughout its life it is important to follow guidelines that have
been recommended by the manufacturer.
 Keep equipment in the correct position: After unpacking, most devices will usually have a
proper resting position. If a device is not kept in its natural position, there could be problems
when trying to operate the device later on. For example, when a printer is stored in a vertical
position, components such as the ink cartridges could leak or be dislodged.
 Keep equipment away from weather, dust and other harmful material: When finding a
storage location, consider what kind of elements the device may be subjected to. For example, if
you store a USB drive in a cabinet next to chalk; dust from the chalk could potentially damage
the storage device’s USB connection.
 Do not expose equipment to extreme temperatures and high humidity: Sudden changes in
temperature can cause condensation in many peripheral devices. For example, if a video camera
is taken from a cold place to a warm place, condensation may on the lens and internal parts.
 Avoid storing the device in direct sunlight: Exposure to direct sunlight could damage many of
the external components of a device as well as subject the device to high temperatures.
 Do not expose equipment to water or moisture: If water gets inside many peripheral devices
there is a risk of electric shock.
 Adhering to OHS guidelines: When positioning peripherals in their permanent locations it is
important to take into account many OH&S considerations as follows:
o Ensuring electrical safety: Some tips to ensure electrical safety are:-
 Do not be tempted to add too many extension cables or double socket adapters to your
existing electrical sockets.
 Never use damaged plugs or leads. If possible, ask an electrician to check the safety of your system.
 Position electrical leads where they will not cause tripping hazards to people.
 Physical security of devices: In many situations it is important to consider the physical security
of the peripheral devices. Some devices, such as digital camera, data projector and USB drives,
may not be permanently connected to a computer so it will be necessary to find a secure location
to store the device. Make sure that these kinds of devices are secured in a lockable storage
cupboard, cabinet or safe when not required. Some organizations install security devices onto
desks to guarantee that computers are secure and will not be able to be taken from their position
unless unlocked.

Storing consumables
Consumables refer to the product that is used once and then replaced. Examples of consumables
include printer cartridges, CDs, paper and simple computer accessories. As well as for computer
equipment, consideration also needs to be given to the way consumables for peripheral devices are
stored.

 Ink cartridges and toner: Make sure to store cartridges/toner in a cool dry place, away from
sparks and open flames, with adequate ventilation and do not expose the device to high
temperatures. Also ensure that the cartridges are not taken out of their packaging until they will
be used within the printer, as the ink will dry out before use.
 CD/DVDs: When possible, make sure that CDs are kept in their protective case, to minimize the
chances of being scratched. Also keep them out of direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.

Summary
There are several steps that you must go through when you obtain a peripheral device. The first
step involves working out where to obtain the device, whether it is from a supplier who regularly
provides equipment to the organization, or a supplier found from searching the Internet, magazines
or telephone directory.
Depending on the organization, placing an order for a device may be done in different ways. Some
smaller organizations may not have strict guidelines, while larger organizations may have strict
procedures that need to be followed.
Once the device has arrived it is always a good idea to keep a record of the device in a hardware
inventory. Recording details such as manufacturer, supplier, model, date of purchase and purchase
price, can be very useful especially if you need to send a device back within the warranty period.
It is also a good idea to unpack the contents in an organized manner. Find a clear space to unpack
contents and create a checklist of equipment that should be supplied. Once the device has been
unpacked, storage is another consideration. Make sure to look at the manufacturer’s guidelines,
consider the security of the device and any occupational health and safety issues.

Self-Check 2.1
Name: - _________________________________ Date: _________________
Instruction I: Answer all the questions listed below, if you have some clarifications- feel free to
ask your teacher.
1. What do you need to have to have detailed information about all the hardware equipment within
an organization? (1 point)
2. What are the two (2) common tools to create a hardware inventories? (2 points)
3. Give at least six (6) details that should be included in hardware inventory. (6 points)
4. What are the four (4) important considerations when storing the hardware? (4 points)
5. Explain the appropriate storage place when storing peripheral devices?
6. Give the five (5) ways of locating a supplier. (5 points)
7. What are the four (4) factors in choosing a right supplier? (4 points)

Instruction II: Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is incorrect
1. Peripheral devices need to be located in a suitable environment.
2. Exposure to direct sunlight could damage many of the external components of a device.

Instruction II: Choosing

1. When storing peripherals
A. Make sure equipment is kept in ideal working conditions D. Consider security of
the device
B. Adhere to current occupational health and safety guidelines
E. All
C. Ensure the electrical safety of the device
2. Details that should be included within a hardware inventory includes:-
A. Description of hardware device B. Manufacturer C. Supplier D. Model number E. All
Instruction III Matching
A B
1. Validate 1. Used to keep detailed information
2. OH&S 2. Safety guidelines
3. Inventory 3. Confirm/verify
List of Reference Materials
- Winn L Rosch. The Winn L. Rosch Hardware Bible (6th Edition).
- Christopher A. Crayton Joel Z. Rosenthal Kevin J. Irwin. The A+ Certification & PC
Repair Handbook (Networking Series).
- Richard Palmer. Maintenance Planning and Scheduling Handbook, 2nd Edition (McGraw-
Hill Handbooks).

- The A+ e-books and IT Essential Presentation

Unit Three: Hardware peripheral Connection

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Installation schedule
 Peripherals Removing and/or Replacement
 Peripherals Connection and configuration
 Peripherals Testing

3.1 Adjusting installation schedule

One of the most important considerations when installing a new hardware peripheral is to try and
install the device with the least amount of timeframe for installation, environmental
consideration and OH&S standards.

 Appropriate Time for installation

A client may not be very happy if you install a piece of hardware equipment while they are
creating an urgent report, it may take time to install the peripheral devices and also the
interconnection of the devices create un-proper/un-safe/ working condition at the work place
within any organization.

It is important to schedule installation time and OHS standards that are:-

 Also suitable to the client’s or computer user’s,
 Sufficient length to install and thoroughly test the hardware device and
 Create attractive working place for the clients

To achieve this, make sure that you are aware of:-

 Common organizational procedures/guideline/ that regularly need to be performed on the
computer (for example, end of month processing or weekly backups) and plan installations
outside these periods and the way to create save work place.
 Current working condition, deadlines and schedules of the client/user. Therefore, the
installations and the OHS standards should be scheduled for the times such as:
 Quiet periods (for example, during holiday periods)
 Before or after normal office hours
 While the client/user is out of the office
 When the client will not need their computer.
 Environmental Consideration and Safety Consideration
It can be difficult to work out how long it will take to install a peripheral device. It is vary
according to the type of device, current environmental consideration, problems requiring
troubleshooting and the experience of the installer/technicians/. If you are regularly performing
installations, keeping a log of installations, nothing that create disruption to the users are required
and problems experienced, could help to estimate the time spent on future installations and create
safely work place at any organization.

Once you have arranged a suitable time, make sure you adhere to it or give advanced notice if you
delayed. Remember that clients may have scheduled their daily workload around the installation.
Also consider the timeframe expected by client when installing new hardware peripherals. If you
work for a busy organization it may be necessary to work out a daily to-do list. Order tasks with
priority given to installations that perform critical functions or have been waiting to be done for the
longest amount of time for installation. Finally, we have to consider all the required safety
guidelines for the given activities.

3.2. Removing and Replacing Old Peripherals

If you want to change or you are about to change one or more peripherals of your PC, you can
simply change by disconnecting the old ones and connecting the new ones through USB ports or
other ports. They will work without problems. However, if you want to have the best performance
and enjoy all its features to the fullest, there are some guidelines on recommended
configurations that you should do.
 Connecting Peripherals
 Connect the hardware
 Install the software drivers
 Test the peripheral
 Peripheral Software Drivers
 Driver software: allows computer to recognize new hardware
 windows has it for common hardware e.g. modem
 if comes with ‘disk’ use it as it is more recent
 if on internet check ‘readme.txt’ file first latest drivers
 peripheral manual guides to installation process OR ‘control panel’
 Installing the Drivers for Peripheral Configurations
Drivers for peripheral devices are on windows drivers otherwise you wouldn’t be able to see.
But if specific, install by:-
 Plug and Play: Plug and play is a hardware technology that enables many operating systems
to automatically recognize new hardware devices and configure them automatically. Most
USB devices support plug and play (PnP devices). Computer will recognize new device
when turned on and connected, under screen wizard chooses between automatic/manual
installations.
 Automatic detection: If monitor not plug and play compatible, under control panel Double
click on ‘install new hardware.
  Manual Detection: If select ‘no’ to automatic detection, you will be asked to choose type of
device, If have a software driver click ‘have disk’ , Installation will proceed, then backup
any system files changed during installation ‘readme.txt/ file contains.

3.3. Connecting and configuring new peripherals

With the large variety of computer systems, operating systems, peripheral device types and
features, and manufacturers, each peripheral device will have its own individual installation
procedures. It is important to refer to manufacturer guidelines and manuals when installing any
hardware device to ensure that all procedures are correctly followed.

Procedures which are generally followed when installing any new peripheral device include:
 Plugging in the cables between the device and computer system
 Installing driver software for configuration
 Troubleshooting device installation when necessary
 Customising the device and updating drivers
 Testing the device for satisfying required conditions of clients

Whenever you install a hardware peripheral device, you may also have to install a driver
depending on types of devices.

Plugging in cables between the device and computer system

To make your computer work, you need to connect all the hardware peripherals to the ports at the
back of the system unit case.
 Before connecting all the peripherals to its corresponding ports, check it that the power cord
was unplug into the power source to prevent electrical related injury.
 You should be able to connect the Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, Printer, Scanner, Speaker and
power up your computer by connecting the power cord to the power supply. After doing so,
you can now start using your computer.

3.4. Testing hardware peripherals

In addition to ensuring a device is able to perform a basic task (such as printing a test page or
scanning an image) it is also necessary that all functionality required by the client is tested.
When new peripheral equipment is not tested for critical functions before being used, it can lead to
malfunction, causing large disruptions to clients and potentially damage other parts of a computer
system. For example, If a new external zip drive has not been tested to check it will be capable of
making backups of specific files, it could mean that vital information of the client’s could be
destroyed if those backups were not successful.

All tests should be completed according to a documented test plan.

Some suggestions of functions that may be tested for a printer, scanner and digital camera devices
are included as follows:-
 Printer: Printer functions that may be tested are:-
 It can handle different paper types (e.g. A4, A5, foolscap, thick, thin, overhead
transparencies)?
 Will the printer work successfully on different computers?
 Will the printer work successfully with different software packages (for example,
word processing, spread sheets and desktop publishing)?
 Is black and white print quality acceptable to clients?
 Is colour print quality acceptable to clients?
 Scanner : Scanner functions that may be tested are:-
 Is the resolution of a scanned image an acceptable quality?
 Does the scanner work correctly with different software packages?
 It can handle items of unusual size and thickness (e.g. large book or cardboard
poster)?
 Does the OCR software scan a document successfully?
 Will the scanner work successfully on other computers?

What is a test plan?

A test plan is used to work out a structured process to ensure that a new device will work under all
expected circumstances. Logically it describes the functions that need to be tested, an example test
case scenario, Expected results for each scenario and what actually happened once the test has
been performed.
Test case scenarios should simulate realistic work patterns, i.e. the scenario should realistically
demonstrate if a function will be satisfactory after implementation. Because testing is so critical to
the successful implementation of the new device, it is important that a test plan is comprehensive
and considers every way a device will need to function after implementation.

It is useful to refer back to the client requirements so that you will remember functions that will
regularly be expected by the client.

Self-Check 3.1
Instruction I Answer all the questions listed below. Use the Answer sheet provided in the next page:
1. When is the best time to schedule hardware installation? Give four (4). (4points)
2. What must be done after the installation of hardware peripherals? (4 point)
3. Advantages of applying OHS at work place when installing peripheral devices? (4 point)
4. Plug and play peripheral devices needs automatic configuration.(2 points)
5. Optical mouse and keyboard is PnP devices. .(2 points)
Instruction I write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is incorrect
1. PS/2 ports are used to plug wireless mouse and keyboards. .(2 points)
2. A device driver supports installing and configuring peripheral devices. .(2 points)
3. Testing is the basic tasks in peripheral device connection. .(2 points)
Instruction III Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives
1. Printer functions that may be tested are:
A. Compatibility of the printer on different computers C. A & B
B. Print quality D. None
2. Scanner functions that may be tested are
A. Resolution of a scanned image C. A & B
B. Compatibility of the scanner on other computers D. None
Instruction III: Matching
A B
1. Driver software A. Allows computer to recognize new hardware
2. Computer will recognize new device B. Printer
C. Plug and Play

Unit Four: Connect workstation to the internet

This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content
coverage and topics:
 Connecting workstations to internet
  Launching internet browser software
4.1. Connecting workstations to internet
To connect computers to the internet for accessing information over a network either by using
 Connection based or
 Connectionless internet infrastructure
The user must be connected to the internet access through internet service providers (ISP).

There are three types of connection such as:-

Dialup connection
 Dial-up internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public
switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a dialed connection to an Internet service
provider (ISP) via telephone lines allows you to connect to the internet via a local server
using a standard 56k modem.
 Your PC literally dials (hence the name) a phone number (provided by your ISP e.g. 900)
and connects to the server and therefore the internet.
 Internet service providers charge by the minute for your dial-up connection.
Advantages of dial up internet connection
 Very economic and widely available
 Hardware cost are minimal since it uses a standard modem
 Easy configuration
 Convenient for one computer or small network

Disadvantages of dial up internet connection

 The slowest connection
 Since it uses a 56k modem, it transfers 56 kilo bits a second(7 kB) of data
 The average webpage size is about 50Kbyte
 So it takes 7 seconds to load a webpage
 Your telephone line will be busy when connected
Leased connection
 It use a dedicated line to connect to the internet
 It is a direct internet connection to the internet
  It is Always on
 It can be found in many forms but the most two popular are ADSL and Cable.
ADSL connection
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line or DSL for short) is a high-speed Internet access
service that utilizes existing copper telephones lines to send and receive data at speeds that far
exceed conventional dial-up modems. The fastest dial-up modems are rated at 57 kilobits per
second (Kbps), and usually operate at about 53 Kbps under good conditions. By comparison,
ADSL allows data stream speeds from 1.5 to 8 megabits per second (Mbps), depending on the
grade of ADSL service purchased.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

An "always-on" technology; there is no need to dial up each time to connect to the Internet. It
uses the existing copper telephone lines to provide high-speed data communication between
end users and telephone companies.
Table 4.1.1 DSL Types
No. Type Description
1 ADSL Asymmetric DSL is most common. Downstream speed from 384 Kbps to 6 Mbps.
Upstream speeds lower than downstream speeds
2 HDSL High Data Rate DSL provides equal bandwidth in both directions.
3 SDSL Symmetric DSL provides the same speed, up to 3 Mbps, for upload and download
4 VDSL Very High Data Rate DSL is capable of bandwidths between 13 and 52 Mbps
downstream, and 16 Mbps upstream
5 IDSL ISDN DSL is DSL over ISDN lines. Uses ordinary phone lines. Requires ISDN
adapters
Advantage of ADSL Disadvantages of ADSL
 Always on  Does not available everywhere
 Transfer data and voice at the same time  Additional hardware cost, since it needs a
 Fast special modem called ADSL modem

 To generalize ADSL (stands for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) it uses a phone line.
  The connections work by splitting your phone line into two separate channels, one for data
(internet) and one for voice (phone calls), which means you can talk on the phone and be
connected to the internet at the same time.
 Have incredible performance compared to dial up and have a flat monthly fee.
 It comes in different speeds specification such as 256Kbps/128Kbps, 512Kbps/128Kbps,
1Mbps/256Kbps, 2Mbps/512Kbps, and 8Mbps/1024 Kbps.
Note: The first number shows the download speed and the second the upload speed.

Cable Connection
In telecommunications, cable Internet access often called simply cable Internet is a form
of broadband Internet access that uses the cable television infrastructure. Like digital subscriber
line, cable Internet access provides network edge connectivity (last mile access) from the Internet
service provider to an end user. It is integrated into the cable television infrastructure analogously
to DSL which uses the existing telephone network. Cable TV networks and telecommunications
networks are the two predominant forms of residential Internet access. Recently, both have seen
increased competition from fiber deployments, wireless, and mobile networks.

Cable connection has the following characteristics

 It uses a separate cable than phone line to transfer data.
 Very fast and reliable.
 Fixed monthly fee

Advantage of cable connection Disadvantages of cable connection

 Very fast  Doesn’t available everywhere
 Always on  It needs a special modem called cable modem.
 Doesn’t affect to make/receive a phone
call, since it uses a separate cable.
Connectionless (Wireless connection)/Wi-Fi network Connection
- Wi-Fi is the wireless technology used to connect computers, tablets, smartphones and other
devices to the internet.
- Wi-Fi is the radio signal sent from a wireless router to a nearby device, which translates the
signal into data you can see and use.
Self-Check 4.1

Name:-__________________________________ Date:-________________________
Instruction I Answer all the questions listed below, if you have some clarifications- feel free to
ask your teacher.
1. What are the three types of internet connections? (3 points)
2. What does ISP stands for? (1 point)

3. Give at least 2 advantages of using a dial-up connection? (2 points)

4. Give the 2 disadvantages of using a dial-up connection? (2 points)

5. Give at least 2 advantages of using a leased/ADSL connection? (2 points)

Instruction II: Write True if the statement is correct and false if the statement is incorrect

1. ADSL stands for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line.

2. One advantage of cable connection is its very fast.

Instruction II: Choose the correct answer from the following alternatives
1. ____ Type of internet uses a dedicated line to connect to the internet.
A. Dial up B. Leased C. Wi-Fi D. All E. None

2. Among the following which one is not characteristic of cable connection?

A. It uses a separate cable than phone line to transfer data D. All

B. Very fast and reliable E. None
C. Fixed monthly fee

Instruction III: Matching

A. B.
1. HDSL A. DSL
2. SDSL B. Symmetric DSL
3. VDSL C. Very High Data Rate
D. High Data Rate DSL
4.2. Launching internet browser software and test
Web Browser/ Internet Browser
A browser is an application program that provides a way to look at and interact with all the
information on the World Wide Web. This includes Web pages, videos and images. The word
"browser" originated prior to the Web as a generic term for user interfaces that let you browse
(navigate through and read) text files online.

Many people use web browsers today for access to the internet and almost as a necessity they
navigate many times in their daily life. A Web browser is a client program that
uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to make requests of Web servers throughout
the internet on behalf of the browser user. Most browsers support e-mail and the File Transfer
Protocol (FTP), but a Web browser is not required for those Internet protocols and more
specialized client programs are more popular.

Web browser history

The first Web browser, called Worldwide Web, was created in 1990. That browser's name was
changed to Nexus to avoid confusion with the developing information space known as the World
Wide Web. The first Web browser with a graphical user interface was Mosaic, which appeared in
1993. Many of the user interface features in Mosaic went into Netscape Navigator. Microsoft
followed with its Internet Explorer (IE).

Common Web browser features

Most Web browsers share standard features such as:
 A home button- which, when selected, will bring a user to a pre-defined homepage.
 A Web address bar, which allows users to input a Web address and visit a website.
 Back and forward buttons- which will take the user to the previous or the next page they were on.
 Refresh- a button which can be used to reload a Web page.
 Stop- a button which makes a Web cease communication with a Web server, stopping a page
from loading.
 Tabs- which allow users to open multiple websites in a single window.
 Bookmarks- which allow a user to select specific, predefined-by-the-user websites.

How a Web browser works

Web browsers work as part of a client/server model. The client is the browser which runs on the
user’s device and makes requests to the Web server, while the server-side is the Web server which
sends information back to the browser. The browser then interprets and displays the information on
the user’s device.

Web browsers are normally made up of a number of interworking parts. This includes the user
interface (UI), which is the level in which the user interacts with the browser. The browser engine
is what queries the rendering engine, and the rendering engine is what renders the requested web
page interpreting the HTML or XML documents.

 Popular web browsers

Google Chrome is currently one of the most commonly used browsers. Other browsers include:
 Firefox- which was developed by Mozilla.
 Microsoft Edge- used a replacement for Internet Explorer, with Windows 10.
 Internet explorer- relegated to the past, Microsoft has mostly replaced Internet Explorer with Edge.
 Safari- a browser for Apple computers and mobile devices.
 Lynx- a text-only browser for UNIX shell and VMS users.
 Opera- a fast and stable browser that's compatible with most relatively operating systems.
 Flock- an open source browser based on Firefox and optimized for Web 2.0 features such
as blogging and social bookmarking.

@ Connecting workstations to internet topic is in depth explained in the Coming

competency called Access and Use Internet.
Self-Check 4.1

Instruction I. Write True if the statement is correct and false if the statement is incorrect
1. Browser software is the type of system soft ware.
2. Web browser is client program.
3. The first Web browser, called Worldwide Web.

Instruction II Matching
A. B.
1. Firefox A. An open source browser
2. Microsoft Edge B. used a replacement for Internet Explorer, with Windows 10.
3. Internet explorer C. relegated to the past, Microsoft has mostly replaced Internet
Explorer with Edge.
4. Safari D. text-only browser for UNIX shell and VMS users.
5. Lynx E. Browser for Apple computers and mobile devices.
6. Opera F. fast and stable browser that's compatible with most
relatively operating systems.
7. Flock G. developed by Mozilla.

Instruction III: Choosing

1. _____is used to interpret and execute JavaScript code in a Website.
A. Opera Mini B. A JavaScript interpreter C. WWW D. All E. None
2. _____browser for Apple computers and mobile devices.
A. Mozilla B. Safari C. Internet D. Web Browser
3. ______used a replacement for Internet Explorer, with Windows 10.
A. Microsoft Edge B. Network C. Google chrome D. Ubuntu
List of Reference Materials
- Winn L Rosch. The Winn L. Rosch Hardware Bible (6th Edition).
- Christopher A. Crayton Joel Z. Rosenthal Kevin J. Irwin. The A+ Certification & PC
Repair Handbook (Networking Series).
- Richard Palmer. Maintenance Planning and Scheduling Handbook, 2nd Edition (McGraw-
Hill Handbooks).
- The A+ e-books and IT Essential Presentation and different URLs resources.