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In order to keep the UC below one, the structural element is over-designed compared to an analysis
which allows plasticity and this leads to increased weight and costs. When this strain rate is
compared between the different cases it was found that the geometry does not influence the strain
rate when the structure collapses due to the load. Page 61. The structure is shown in figure 4.9. The
analysis is done the same except the vertical and diagonal columns are tubular and the support fixity
is different. The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible. The obtained correlation is used for
calculating the pressure frequency curves from the frequency distribution for ignited clouds. Figure
2.4 shows an example of a probabilistic representation of pressure on target areas (located at e.g.
main process area), volume of the ignited distributed gas clouds and the corresponding probability
for the given cloud sizes. Close to the surface the waves reflect back to form a half hemisphere. It
may be required to carry out sensitivity studies on the effect of changing the congestion level for the
analysis in the early design phase. 2.2.2 Leak picture The next step to determine the blast load is by
studying the hydrocarbon leaks. The plastic strain is retained for each sub-area of each sub-element
through out the loading sequence to facilitate the unloading of a sub-area if required. Page 75.
However, when these results are compared with hand calculations one sees approximately 10%
difference between the analytical and SACS collapse load. The results showed that line I over
predicted the slab response while lines II and III, both having the same impulse, gave similar
responses lower than that of Line I. The absolute values of the strain rates are plotted, since the
interest lies in finding the magnitude of the strain rate. Country Place People Society. New.
Netherlands. Difficulties. ?. What We’ve Done. Brainstormed Issues from each member Other form
of product Concept Website presented as a Story. ?. Why We Did It. Many ideas came up Easily
accessible from anywhere,anytime. The green lines represents the elastic analysis and the blue lines
the plastic analysis. Thus, the yield stress replaced by the dynamic flow stress results in a structures
with a higher load bearing capacity, even when the toughness Page 58. This means each member is
discretized by using sub-segments along the member length. The stresses for the plastic analysis does
exceed the yield stress. The software will divide the members in segments (finite elements) along the
member length. By doing so the increase was compared to static yield stress and incorporated in
linear calculations. Page 18. Initially, a progressive collapse analysis seemed to look a good approach
to compare the results before and after the explosion damage. The previous analysis of gas dispersion
and ignition mod- els are used to obtain pressure-frequency curves. The model calculating the leak
frequency is based on utilising historical data. Last but definitely not least, I would like to express
my sincere gratitude to my family and classmates for their morale support. After signing up, you
would need to import your existing references from Word or Bib file to SciSpace. The change of the
column and beam sizes was stopped until collapse occurred. Table 3.4: Stiffness ratios between
column and beams Plate girder Column Case Width Flange thickn. A Project by Leeuwarden 1 Team
Jorge, Qian, Melissa, Natasa, Fulin, Alejandro, Hayagreev, Nanda. The structure is also considered to
be collapsed when a very large displacement, defined by the user, occurs for a small increase in load.
The impor- tant input parameter for Dynpac is the number of modes. Few of these factors include
review board, rejection rates, frequency of inclusion in indexes, and Eigenfactor. For this structure it
is 1, 11k where k is in this case based on the cross section of the plate girder. The system is in a state
of equilibrium when the first variation of the potential energy is zero.
For case 6 (bottom graph) the plastic analysis shows approximately 7% increase in stress for the left
side of the beam compared to elastic analysis. At least an increase of 20% in yield stress for a blast
load is seen. For example case 5 shows UC of 1,14 for the column, but the UC for the middle of the
beam is 3,2 which is one of the cause leading to collapse in the non linear analysis. The effect causes
almost two times larger pressure than a free air explosion. Figure 2.1 shows the pressure wave
expanding outward from the explosive core. 6 Page 20. This can also be seen for the lower graph
where the size of the beam is changing, except the stress for (EIbEIc taken place. You need to assess
all these factors before you make your final call. After signing up, you would need to import your
existing references from Word or Bib file to SciSpace. However, why use a template when you can
write your entire manuscript on SciSpace, auto format it as per TU Delft Thesis's guidelines and
download the same in Word, PDF and LaTeX formats. In practice, partial or no restraint in warping
may exist and may differ for various structural connection types. The third term in the expression
results from the restraint in warping. The difference between the analytical calculation and SACS is
due to the fact that SACS take the stresses at the end of the middle member. This material model is
also used in the EPC phase of projects. The project aims at delivering valuable insights into the
interior (state) of objects like bronze statues: how where the objects created by the artist, what is the
current physical and chemical condition and composition of the objects interior and what can be
learned from the interior for best conservation and preservation strategy of the object. However it
should not make too much of a difference since there is no strain hardening. Thus, the results of the
software will be more conservative. A structure becomes less strong when a fire accident is taken
place and if this accident is followed up by an explosion then the structure will lose significant
amount of strength. If now the comparison is made for static analysis with and without plastic
capacity, then the gain of incorporating plasticity will be evident. The studies showed that it is
acceptable to define the loading as linear triangular lines. Detonation involves a supersonic energy
release generating high pressures and temper- atures. This simple two-coefficient relationship has
long been known to be an excellent descriptor of overpressure time-histories produced by a variety
of explosives over a wide range of peak over-pressures. In order to get realistic results these
parameters need to reflect the real situation. The number of modes is in general for all files close to
the maximum or where mass participation more than 98% is achieved. The UC is the ratio between
the (sum of the) relevant actual stress(es), such as axial stress due to compression and flexural stress
due to bending and the (sum of the) allowable stress(es). Furthermore, parameters in the Collapse
file is the same as in table 3.2 of the previous paragraph. The plastic strain is retained for each sub-
area of each sub-element through out the loading sequence to facilitate the unloading of a sub-area if
required. Page 75. The dynamic flow stress is much higher than the static flow stress. This is for the
elastic and plastic analysis the same, see Appendix A for the required modules for each type of
analysis. The results shows reasonable consistency, for the collapsed cases, in terms of maximum
strain rate. First the lower bound of collapse load is determined for the original stress strain curve
and then the upper bound of collapse load is determined for the adapted stress strain curve. SACS is
a widely used software in the offshore industry to model and analyse offshore structures.
Dynpac uses the master degree of freedom, selected by user, to extract the eigen values and eigen
vectors. The first order calculation does not take the influence of the deformed shape into account.
Probabilistic explosion analysis of aasta hansteen. The absolute values of the strain rates are plotted,
since the interest lies in finding the magnitude of the strain rate. The following subsections provides
an introduction to the method used to determine the blast load on the structure. The construction of
the hull and topside will be carried out by Hundai Heavy Industries in South Korea. A simple
supported structure as seen in fig- ure 4.4 is modelled in SACS for four different stiffness-weight
combinations (theoretical dimensions) to check whether strain rate a geometry dependent
phenomenon is or not, see table 4.2. The length of the beam, l is chosen to be 18 meters. The total
duration of the load inclusive negative phase is 500 ms. Also a static distributed load is applied to
represent the equipment weight and to simulate a more realistic scenario. The structure in case 6 (see
figure C.6) collapse due to the high stresses at the left and right side of the beam. In this study the
constitutive equation of Cowper and Symonds will be used, because it place relatively small
demands on experiments, but give reasonable agreement with the available experimental data in the
literature, see figure 4.3. Page 48. SACS does not need additional input for the material model for
the elastic analysis, since the calculations are linear. Figure 3.6 shows a schematic view of the model
used in SACS. Each member that is sub-divided essentially becomes a super-element to the structure.
Some of the values in the collapse input file are as follows: Table 3.2: Values Collapse input file
Max. Last but definitely not least, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family and
classmates for their morale support. What is the influence of strain rate effect? 1.4 Approach The
approach of the fist objective consist of a linear and non linear analysis of multiple frame structures.
THE PROBLEM. Language barriers Variety of products Cultural differences. After signing up, you
would need to import your existing references from Word or Bib file to SciSpace. In order to get
realistic results these parameters need to reflect the real situation. A blast analysis is nowadays more
demanded in the early design phase as part of the accidental limit state. As seen at the previous
paragraph it is normal for the elastic calculations to have higher stresses than the yield stress, because
the software calculates the acting stresses separate with the allowable stress. The terms on the last
line of the equation represent strains produced by stretching of an element due to displacements u, v
and w. Also, based on probabilistic explosion analysis and studies from Friedlander, Bakri and
Watson the blast loading can be simplified. The model calculating the leak frequency is based on
utilising historical data. Close to the surface the waves reflect back to form a half hemisphere. By
doing so the increase was compared to static yield stress and incorporated in linear calculations. Page
18. As an introduction to blast load analysis, the next section describes the different type of
explosions. Furthermore, the tolerances in the input files needs attention. Since the middle member
takes the stress half meter next of the centre, the moment there is lower causing a lower bending
stress. However there are theories that explain and model deflagration and detonation. What is
MIPT?. The Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology is one of the world’s most prestigious
educational and research institutions and a leading Russian technical university.