0% found this document useful (0 votes)
228 views15 pagesAdvanced 71-76
Uploaded by
CeciliaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
228 views15 pagesAdvanced 71-76
Uploaded by
CeciliaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 15
Some adverbs of manner (saying how something is done) are formed from an
adjective + -ly: sudden —> suddenly, happy —> happily, etc. When an adjective
already ends in -ly (eg. cowardly, elderly, friendly, kindly, lively, lonely, lovely) we don’t add -ly
to it to make an adverb. Instead we can use a prepositional phrase with fashion, manner, or way:
He smiled at me in a friendly way.
She waved her hands around in a lively fashion.
Most participle adjectives ending in -ed (see Unit 69) don’t have an adverb form and so we use a
prepositional phrase instead:
They rose to greet me in a subdued manner. (not ... subduedly.)
or we use a preposition and a related noun if there is one:
She looked at me in amazement. (not ... amazedly.)
However, some do have an adverb form with -ly. Compare:
The storm was unexpected. and
The weather turned unexpectedly
stormy,
Also: agitatedly, allegedly, deservedly,
determinedly, disappointedly, excitedly,
hurriedly, pointedly, repeatedly, reportedly,
reputedly, supposedly, worriedly
Some adverbs have two forms, one ending in -ly and the other not. We can sometimes use either form
without changing the meaning, although the form ending in -ly is grammatically correct and more formal:
She ran quick / quickly towards the door.
and must be used if the adverb comes immediately
before the verb:
She quickly ran towards the door. (not She quick ran ...)
Also: cheap(ty), clean(ly), clear(ly),
fine(ly), loud(ly), thin(ly), slow(ly)
Some adverbs have different meanings with and without -ly. Compare:
5) She gave her time free. (= for no money) and She gave her time freely. (= willingly)
| arrived late for the concert. (= not on time) and | haven't seen Amy lately. (= recently)
‘Compare also:
He felt deeply hurt by her criticisms. (= very)
They loved each other deeply. (= very much)
He wandered deep into the forest and got |
lost. (=a long way)
You don't have to change trains. You can go. | ©)
direct. (= without stopping) O
Vl be with you directly. (= very soon)
He saw Hassan directly ahead. (= straight)
|
It sounded awful - one of the choir |O |
members was singing flat.
This time | flatly refused to lend him any
money. (= definitely; completely)
He kicked the ball high over the goal. Everyone thinks highly of her teaching.
(they think her teaching is very good)
‘Is Emil here yet2" ‘He's just arrived.’
She looks just like her mother. |
You can be justly proud of your musical
achievements. (= rightly; justifiably)
Which of these cheeses do you like most?
Her novels are now mostly out of print.
most of them)
We mostly go on holiday to France.
(= usually)
They cut short their holiday when
Lina felt ill. (= went home early)
© The speaker will be arriving shortly
(soon). Please take your seats.
The door was wide open so I just went
straight in, (= completely) |
You won't have any problems getting the
book. It's widely available. (= in many places) Exercises
Rewrite the italicised words using a -ly form of the participles in the box. If a -ly form isn’t
possible, use a prepositional phrase or a preposition + related noun.
agitated anticipated despaired determined _disappointed
organised relaxed repeated reputed _ satisfied
1 L warned him again and again of the dangers on the mountain, but he insisted on going on.
2. The class was out of control and he put his head in his hands feeling that he could do nothing.
3. Ashis mother took the roast chicken out of the oven, Rod licked his lips because he was looking
forward o eating it.
4 Itis said to be, although no one knows for certain, the smallest post office in the country.
5 ‘Still no news from Paul,’ she said ina sadway.
6 He ran the company ina calmway and rarely let anything annoy him.
7. She shook her head as ifshe had made_a firm decision.
8 When he had finished the painting, he looked at it in a way that showed he was happy.
9. Vicky runs the office carefully and tiily, so | don’t think we should change things now.
10 Sofia paced about in an anxious way as she waited to go into the interview.
GB complete the sentences with suitable pairs of adverbs from C. Use the form with -ly in one
sentence and the form without -ly in the other. @
1a What she hated was having to get up at 5:30 every morning,
We don't go out much in the evening. We watch television.
The firm paid compensation, but stopped of admitting they were to blame.
The book is due to be published
I'm not in my office at the moment, but if you leave your name and number I'll get back to
you [Message on a telephone answering machine]
| used to have to change in Amsterdam to get to Moscow, but now | can fly
| got very little steep on the flight, but | felt awake when | arrived in Tokyo.
French is spoken in North Africa.
She is one of the most regarded researchers in the university.
We could just see the plane flying overhead,
aooo
b
a
b
a
b
(© correct any mistakes in these sentences. If there are no mistakes, write 7. (29
1. The rise in car crime in the area is deeply worrying.
She waved friendlily to me.
Cut the onions up finely and fry them with garlic.
| asked the boys to move their bicycles off the football pitch but they flat refused.
| couldn't understand what he was saying. He didn’t speak very clearly.
He was accused of behaving cowardlily in the battle.
Pierre Evene manufactured the glass for which the town became just renowned.
I called Elena and she slow turned to face me.
‘Spread some butter on the bread as thin as possible.
The prime minister was loud applauded by her audience.
Soeorvanaun
143 Comparatives: -er vs more / ess ... than
We usually add -er to one-syllable adjectives and adverbs to make their comparative form.
However, we use more + adjective ~
© with one-syllable past participle adjectives (see Unit 69) such as bored, creased, pleased, worn
>) After I'd ironed my shirt it looked more creased than before. (not ... creaseder ..)
© with fun, real, right and wrong:
expected the film to be rather dull, but | couldn't have been more wrong. (not ... wronger.)
when we are comparing two qualities:
“Wasn't he brave to swim across?’ ‘I think he was more mad than brave’
Although the paint was called 'Sky Blue’, | thought it was more green than blue.
We can also use... he wasn't so much brave as mad’ and’... it was blue rather than green’.
We can sometimes use more as an alternative to the -er form to emphasise the comparison:
©) You might think it's dark here but it's more dark in the cellar. (or ... darker ...)
Also: clear, cold, deep, fair, rough, soft, true. |
Some adjectives with two syllables are most commonly used with more / less, particularly:
©) participle adjectives (e.g. worried, boring)
©. adjectives ending in -ful and -less (e.g. careful, careless)
afraid, alert, alike, alone, ashamed, aware
some other adjectives, including active, cautious, certain, complex, direct, eager, exact,
formal, frequent, modern, special, recent
Most two-syllable adjectives ending -y, -ow, -er and -ure can take either an -er or the more +
adjective form, although the -er form is more frequently used.
Some adjectives (e.g. complete, equal, favourite, ideal, perfect, unique) have a comparative or
superlative meaning so are not often used with -er / more / less or ~est / most / least, However, we
can use comparative or superlative forms for special emphasis:
The weather today was good, but less perfect than yesterday.
Superlatives
We usually use the, a possessive form (with ~'s), or a possessive pronoun before a superlative adjective
or adverb. In informal contexts we sometimes leave out the before an -est or most + adjective
superlative after a linking verb, particularly at the end of a sentence:
“Why did you go by bus?’ ‘It was (the) cheapest.’
Which was (the) most expensive?
However, we can’t leave out the when we go on to say what group of things is being compared:
“Why did you buy these oranges?” ‘They were the cheapest ones / could find: (not They were
cheapest ones ...)
When most + adjective / adverb is used without the, most means something like ‘very’
I checked the form most carefully (= very carefully) but didn’t notice the mistake.
After a superlative we use of + a plural noun phrase to name the objects being compared
>) Adam's the oldest of my three brothers.
Note that we can put the of-phrase at the beginning to emphasise it
‘Of my three brothers, Adam's the oldest
‘When we give the location or context within which the comparison is made we usually use in +a
singular noun phrase:
( Itwas the tallest tree in the forest. (not ... the tallest tree of the forest.) Unit
Exercises
Complete the sentences with a comparative adjective from the box, using an -er or more +
adjective form. Use both if possible. €)
deep hard long naughty pretty scared strong true
1 It was almost as if the wolf was of us than we were of it.
2 Theriver was than | expected so I decided to turn back.
3 I think I'd describe her as than beautiful.
4 | bought this tennis racket because it’s
5. Sam isn’t a bad boy really. He's than dishonest.
6 The exam was than | thought it would be.
7 We need to take responsibility for elderly neighbours, and in a cold winter like this it is
than ever.
8 We took the path up the hill as the other one was very steep.
GZ ‘necessary, correct or improve the comparative adjectives. ©)
1. I may not be much of a cook, but Nina is even -uselesser-in the kitchen than | am.
more useless
When | took the washing out of the machine it looked dirtier than when it went in.
4: The painting is from the 17th century.
8: Really? It looks recenter than that.
The film starts slowly, but gets excitinger after the first half hour.
Louis is already rich, but his aim in life seems to be to become even more wealthy.
AlLof us are unique, but some of us are more unique than others.
Most research in this area uses simple interviews, but we used a complexer methodology.
| didn’t do well at school, and my fellow students all seemed cleverer than me
9 Foran extra $500 you could buy a much powerfuler motorbike.
10 Curiously, many people say they feel mentally alerter if they eat very little for a day.
© hur brackets around the if it can be omitted in these sentence:
1 twas the sweetest orange I'd eaten for ages.
2 Anna, Beth and Clara were all excellent musicians, but Clara was the most creative
3 He's the fastest runner in his class,
4 We get lots of birds in our garden, but blackbirds are the most common.
5a: Shall we go by train, bus or car?
8: Well, going by bus is actually the easiest.
GB complete the sentences with in or of.
wn
eNous
1 The building is said to be the highest Europe.
2 The Democrats are the smallest the four main political parties.
3 Parmesan is perhaps the most famous all italian cheeses,
4 For many people, itis the most important day the whole year.
5 She's without doubt the best swimmer my school.
145 We use as + adjective / adverb + as to say that something or someone is like something or someone
else, or that one situation is like another:
2 Was the film as funny as his last one? > I came round as quickly as | could
Negative forms of sentences like this can use either not as or not so. In formal speech and writing it is
‘more common to use less + adjective + than:
(©) The gap between the sides is not as / so wide as it was. (or... is less wide than it was.)
If we put a singular countable noun between an adjective and the second as, we use a / an in front of
the noun:
Despite his disability, he tried to lead as normal a life as possible. (not ... as normal life as...)
The negative form of sentences like this can use either not as or sometimes not such:
) It's not as quiet a place (or ... not such a quiet place ...) as it used to be.
Note that we use not as + adjective + a / an + noun but not such a / an + adjective + noun.
We can use so, too and how followed by an adjective in a similar way:
It’s not quite so straightforward a problem as it might at first seem.
© ‘Conspiracy’ is perhaps too strong a word. How big a piece do you want?
We also use as much / many as or as little / few as to say that a quantity or amount is larger or
smaller than expected. Many and few are preferred before numbers; much and little are preferred
with amounts (eg. $5, 20%) and distances (e.g, 3 metres):
There are a small number of people involved, possibly as few as twenty.
Prices have increased by as much as 300%,
We can use not + adjective / adverb + enough + to-infinitive to mean that there isn't as much as is
necessary to do something:
) I'm not tall enough to reach © He didn’t speak loudly enough to be heard.
We can use sufficiently before adjectives to express a similar meaning to enough. Sufficiently is
often preferred in more formal contexts:
She didn’t play sufficiently well to qualify. (or ... well enough to qualify.)
We can use too + adjective / adverb + to-i
do something:
They arrived too late to get seats. It moved too fast to see it clearly.
The suitcase was too small (for him) to get all his clothes in.
finitive to mean ‘more than necessary, possible, etc.’ to
In rather formal English we can use too + adjective +a / an + noun:
hope you haven't had too tiring a day. (not ... a too tiring day.)
((n a less formal style we might say '! hope your day hasn't been too tiring’)
We can use so + adjective / adverb + that-clause to say that something existed or happened to such
a degree that a specified result occurred (see also Unit 81):
It’s so simple that even | can doit. He came in so quietly that | didn't hear him,
Less often we use so-+ adjective / adverb + as +t.
The difference was so small that it wasn't worth arguing about. and
The difference was so small as to not be worth arguing about. ( Because the difference was
so small, it wasn’t worth arguing about)
finitive with a similar meaning. Compare:
We can use go so / as far as + to-infinitive to talk about actions that are surprising or extreme:
(One furious woman went so / as far as to throw tomatoes at the minister. Exercises 73
|B complete these sentences with as ... as or not as / such ... as (or both if possible). Use the
words in brackets and add any other necessary words. ©)
1 It's not such a polluted city now as / not as polluted a city now as it was
ten years ago. (not / polluted / city now)
2 The Downtown Hotel is Strand Hotel.
(not / pleasant / place to stay)
3 The President's address to the nation is
he is ever likely to make in his career. (important / speech)
4 Itwas
| first thought. (not / big / problem)
5 Theresa's dog is
I've ever seen. (ferocious / animal)
6 She's
she claims to be. (not / fluent / Greek speaker)
© complete these sentences with as much as, as many as, as little as, or as few as.
1. When it was really hot | was having four showers a day.
2 The elephant population may soon fall to 1,000 from 5,000 ten years ago
3 Atthe end of the 200-metre race there was 50 metres between the first
and second runners.
4 - 5,000 people phoned in to complain about last night's TV programme.
5 Lit continuously, the life of a light bulb varies from ‘two weeks to three
months.
6 Some days there were three or four students at his lectures.
7 We don't use much electricity. Sometimes our bill is £40 a month.
8 The country spends 25% of its income on defence.
© doin the sentences using so + adjective + as + to-infinitive. @
1. The noise from the factory was loud a. Itwas nearly illegible.
2. Her handwriting was untidy. b_ Itwas insignificant.
3. The bookcase was heavy. ¢ Itwas unplayable.
4 The CD was badly scratched. d_ itprevented me steeping.
5 The plot of the novel was complicated. e Itwas almost impossible to move it.
6 The difference between the results was small. f Itwas completely incomprehensible.
14d The noise. from the, factory was. $0 loud. as. to. prevent me. sleeping
© correct any mistakes in the italicised parts of this interview with a football manage!
Interviewer: (1) How serious injury is it? Is it (2) so serious as has been claimed in the newspapers?
‘Some people are saying Franz Kahn will never play international football again.
Manacer: Well it's certainly (3) enough bad to keep him out of football for at least six months.
He's obviously (4) not so fit as he used to be and even he would admit that he's (5)
not such good player as he was in his twenties. But | wouldn't (6) go so farto say that
he'll never play for the national team again. | know him (7) sufficiently well enough
to say that he will consider his future carefully before making any major decisions.
Interviewer: Well, we all wish him (8) as speedy recovery as possible
147 There are three main positions for adverbs which modify a verb: end, front and mid position -
© They played quietly all day.
> He tried to leave quietly.
| % In end position, the adverb comes after the
verb - either immediately after it or later in
the cause Hessatin the comer quietly, |
|__the clause aa Hstintn cores etl
In front position the adverb comes before Finally he could stand the noise no longer. |
the subject Sometimes / feel like leaving, |
In mid position the adverb comes between +) He usually plays better than this.
the subject and verb, immediately after be as She is usually here by ten.
amain verb, or after the first auxiliary verb, |) They would usually come by car.
Many adverbs can go in any of these positions, depending on context or style. For example:
He turned round slowly. (end) Slowly he turned round. (front)
He slowly turned round. (mid)
End position
In end position, we usually put an adverb after an object rather than immediately after the verb:
© We considered the problem briefly. (not We considered briefly the problem.)
However, if an object is very long other positions are possible:
© We considered briefly the long-term solution to the problem. (or We briefly considered ...)
We avoid putting an adverb between a main verb and a following -ing form or to-
© He began running quickly. or He quickly began running. (not He began quickly running.)
-) She tried to leave quietly. or She quietly tried to leave. (not She tried quietly to leave.)
The position of the adverb can change the meaning of the sentence (see Unit 75A). Compare:
Irecall telling him clearly that he had won. (= | told him clearly; ‘clearly’ modifies ‘telling
him’) and
I clearly recall telling him that he had won. (= | clearly recall it; ‘clearly’ modifies ‘recall’)
‘Irecall clearly telling him that he had won' is also possible, but is ambiguous; it can have either of
the two meanings given above. In speech, the meaning intended is usually signalled by intonation.
When there is more than one adverbial in end position, the usual order in written English is adverbial
of manner (= saying how something is done), place, and then time:
© Inthe accident she was thrown violently forwards. (= manner + place)
We arrived here on Saturday. (= place + time)
For special emphasis we can move an adverbial to the end:
© Inthe accident she was thrown forwards, violently.
Fone adverbial is much longer than another then it is usually placed last:
They left at three with a great deal of noise. (time + manner)
‘An adverb usually comes before a prepositional phrase when these have the same function (i.e. when
they both describe manner, or place, or time):
She went downstairs to the cellar. (= place + place)
End position is usual for many adverbials of place, definite frequency, and definite time:
They live upstairs. (not They upstairs live.)
She goes weekly. (not She weekly goes.)
Have you heard the good news? Eva had a baby in May. (not Eva in May had a baby.)
However, adverbs of indefinite time usually go in mid position (see Unit 75)
Note that in journalism, other adverbs of time are often used in mid position, where we would
normally place them in end (or front) position:
The government yesterday announced an increase in education spending. Exercises
GBD Put the advert in bracke
positions are possible. (9
an appropriate position in each sentence. In some cases both
1 expect Catalina to win the race - (easily)
2 He regretted missing the concert - (greatly)
31 hated playing the piano , although my parents thought | loved it.
(secretly)
4 He started to walk across the bridge over the gorge. (calmly)
5 She offered to do the work (kindly)
6 Bruno finished speaking and sat down. (hurriedly)
71 don’t remember putting it down - (simply)
8 We look forward to hearing from you (soon)
9 They tried to ignore me (deliberately)
10 I don't pretend to understand the instructions (completely)
(© complete this email using the words and phrases from the box below in the correct order.
We had a great time driving (1) around. Switzerland. in. July... We flew into Zurich and hired
@ = We drove (3) 7
and stayed (4) - Every morning
we got up (5) and went down
to the nearby lake for a swim ~ freezing, but wonderfull The next week we drove east and stayed
6) IU in a spectacular part
of the country, but we had to drive (7)
Finally, we drove back to Zurich and caught (8) a
We enjoyed (9) = ‘and we're looking forward to
‘going back (10)
1 injuly-/ around Switzerland- 2 acar/ atthe airport
3 towards the lakes / south
4 ina beautiful cottage belonging to some friends of Kim's mother / for a week
5 early / at about six o'clock
6 in the village where Kim had spent some time when she was a student / briefly
7 carefully / on the narrow winding roads 8 home / the train
9 in Switzerland / enormously / ourselves 10 before too long / there
I necessary, rewrite these sentences putting the italicised word or phrase in a more appropriate
position. If the sentence is already correct, write /.
1 I try to visit every week my parents. | try to visit my parents every week. /
Every week | try to visit my parents,
Next, beat the eggs vigorously in a small bowl
| thought Id locked securely the luggage.
| stopped regularly playing tennis after | broke my wrist.
Lee was easily beaten in the final.
Matias never eats in the canteen at work. He always brings from home sandwiches.
‘: Do the Patel family still live next door? 8: No, they moved last year away.
The local residents welcomed the decision to introduce a new bus service from their village into
the nearby town warmly.
9 We have to hand the homework in on Tuesday.
@NOUAWN
Additional exercise 13 (page 248) 149 Front position
Most types of adverb commonly go in front position in a clause (see Unit 74A). In particular ~
| 2 connecting adverbs, which make immediately The value of the yen has fallen, As a result,
| clear the logical relation to the previous Japan faces a crisis
| sentence. |
| 2 tie and place adverbs, which give mre The last few days have been hot. Tomorrow |
information about a previous reference toa the weather will be much cooler.
time or place |
‘© comment and viewpoint adverbs, which She has just heard that her sister is ill. k
highlight the speaker's attitude to what they | Presumably, she will want to go home.
are about to say (see Unit 78)
Note, however, that other positions are possible for these adverbs.
Some words can be used both as comment adverbs or adverbs of manner. As comment adverbs they
usually go in front position (but can go in other positions) and relate to the whole of the clause; as
adverbs of manner they usually go in end position and modify the verb. Compare:
Naturally, Ill do all | can to help. and
The radioactive gas occurs naturally in many areas.
Also: clearly, curiously, frankly,
honestly, oddly, plainly, seriously
Note that for special emphasis or focus, adverbs that usually go in mid position (see B) and end
position (see also Units 74 and 76) can sometimes be put in front position:
>) In May, Maxine had a baby. Regularly, Helena works on several paintings at once.
position
The following types of adverb usually go in mid position (see Unit 744) —
We degree adverbs (e.g, almost, hardly, nearly, quite, rather, scarcely):
The street lighting was so bad that we almost missed the turning.
although some (e.g. completely, enormously, entirely, greatly, slightly) can go in end position
>) admire your work greatly. (or | greatly admire your work.)
Note that some degree adverbs are not usually used in mid position with some verbs. For
example, enormously is not usually used in mid position with develop, differ, go up or vary;
greatly is not normally used in mid position with care or suffer.
adverbs which indicate the order of events, such as first, tast and next. These can also go in end
position, but if there is a phrase giving the time of an event they usually go before this:
©) first met her in 1997, (or | met her first in 1997)
We don't usually put these in front position, except to list actions (see also Unit 768)
Next, add three teaspoons of sugar.
%
adverbs of frequency which say in an indefinite way how often something happens, including hardly ever,
often, rarely, regularly, seldom (see also Unit 768); and also the frequency adverbs always and never:
©. We hardly ever see Kaspar nowadays, he’s so busy at the office.
Note, however, that adverbial phrases of indefinite frequency (e.g. as a rule, on many occasions,
from time to time, every so often) usually go in front or end position:
Asarule, | go every six months. (or... every six months, as a rule; not |as a rule go ...)
We rarely put long adverbials (including clauses; see Units 58 and 59), and prepositional and noun
phrases in mid position. Usually they go in end position or front position for emphasis:
© She phoned home, anxious for news. (or Anxious for news, she phoned home.)
© He picked up the vase with great care. (or With great care he picked up the vase.)
V'd seen Tarik the day before. (or The day before, I'd seen Tarik.) Exercises
Complete each pair of sentences using one adverb from the box. Put the adverb in front
position (as a comment adverb) in one sentence, and in end position (as an adverb of manner)
a A
clearly curiously frankly honestly plainly _ seriously
1 a Curiously _, the house has two chimneys although there's only one
fireplace.
b , Esther looked at him curiously .., trying to work out whether he was being
serious or not.
2a , Iwas brought up to earn money | Not to steal it from others.
b _ I'm perfectly capable of putting up the shelf myself
Ba , she admitted that she felt she wasn't doing a good job.
b , Lwent to sleep during his lecture , it was so boring,
4 a. a: Thanks for looking after the children for me.
8: That's okay.
& , I don’t know what I'd have done if you hadn't been around
to help.
b , Itried to speak to him about his bad behaviour, but he kept
making me laugh.
5 a The chief executive of Eclom has phoned me every day this week to ask whether I've made my
mind up. , he wants me to take the job
,1'd had very little sleep and was having difficulty thinking
6 a Lucas fidgeted in his seat and kept looking nervously at the door. he was
feeling ill at ease
b she always dressed at work in a white blouse and grey skirt
(© 1055 out any adverbs or adverbials that are incorrect / unlikely in these sentences.
Asthma rates in cities do not enormously / significantly differ from those in rural areas.
Now that Lorna has moved to Kuala Lumpur, | from time to time / rarely see her.
| could see them easily / scarcely in the bright sunshine.
It was snowing and | was almost / by an hour late for the interview.
Carmen had often / on many occasions spoken at meetings before, so it was no surprise when she
stood up.
| play chess with Lorenzo hardly ever / every week.
Although he had to lift heavy boxes in the factory, he greatly /rarely suffered from backache.
8 | forgot about the meeting nearly /entirely and my boss was really angry with me.
©) which of the positions [1], [2] or [3] can the adverb or adverbial in brackets go in?
1 (He @ moved to New Zealand !. (the following year)
2 "IThe children ! watked along the road !). (in single file)
3 "We I see Alex! any more. (seldom)
wawna
no
4 "He ll complained to his physics teacher "I. (unhappy with the result)
[| 2 agree with you ©, (entirely)
6 11 2 meet I Emma at school. (often)
> Additional exercise 13 (page 248) 151 ‘Adverbs of place and direction (or adverbials, particularly prepositional phrases) usually go in end
position, but we can put them in front position to emphasise the location. The effect may also be to
highlight what comes at the end (e.g. 'a body’ in the example below). This order is found mainly in
formal descriptive writing and reports. Compare:
The money was eventually found under the floorboards. (= end) and
The police searched the house. Under the floorboards they found a body. (= front)
If we put an adverb of place in front position we put the subject after the verb be (see also Unit 99A)
Next to the bookshelf was a fireplace. (or less formally Next to the bookshelf there was a
fireplace; not Next to the bookshelf a fireplace was.)
\We can also put the subject after the verb with intransitive verbs (except with a pronoun subject) used
to indicate being in a position or movement to a position:
Beyond the houses lay open fields. but
Beyond the houses they lay. (not. lay they)
Note that '.. open fields lay’ might be used in
a literary style.
However, we don’t usually put the subject after the verb when we talk about actions: if one of these
intransitive verbs is followed by an adverb of manner; with other intransitive verbs; or with transitive
verbs:
) Through the waves the boy swam powerfully. (rather than ... swam the boy powerfully.)
Outside the church the choir sang. (rather than ... sang the choir.)
In the garden Nik built a play house for the children. (not In the garden built Nik ...)
Also: hang, live, sit, stand; come, fly,
go, march, roll, run, swim, walk
When we put certain adverbs of time in front position the subject must come after an auxiliary verb or
a main verb be (see also Unit 100)
‘At no time would he admit that his team played badly. (not At no time he would admit...)
Not once was she at home when | phoned. (not Not once she was ...)
If the main verb is not be and there is no auxiliary, we use do, although inversion is not necessary in
this case:
Only later did she realise how much damage had been caused. (or Only later she realised ...)
‘Adverbs like this include negative time adverbials such as at no time, hardly ever, not once, only
later, rarely, and seldom. Note also that we can put first, next, now and then in front position with
the verb come to introduce a new event, when the subject follows the verb. But if a comma (or an
intonation break in speech) is used after first (etc.) the verb follows the subject. Compare:
At first there was silence. Then came a voice that | knew. (not Then a voice came ...) and
At first there was silence. Then, a voice came that | knew.
‘Adverbs of time which indicate a definite point or period in time or a definite frequency usually go in
tend position, or front position for emphasis, but not in mid position. Note that when these adverbs are
in front position there is no inversion of subject and verb:
©. Iwent to Paris yesterday. (or Yesterday | went to Paris.)
>) We meet for lunch once a week. (or Once a week we meet for lunch.)
The adverbs daily, hourly, monthly, weekly, annually, quarterly (= four times a year), etc. only go
in end position:
| pay my subscription annually. (not Annually | pay ...; not | annually pay ...) Exercises
Rewrite the sentences putting the italicised adverbs of place or direction at the front of the
clause. If possible, invert the order of subject and verb.
1 A dark wood was at the bottom of the garden.
At. the bottom of the garden was.a. dark wood.
2. The car stopped suddenly and Daniel jumped out.
3 Two small children stood outside the door.
4 The boys were playing cricket in the park, despite the muddy conditions.
5. Ajade necklace hung around her neck.
6 The man released the monkey and it climbed up the tree.
7
8
9
0
The door burst open and a delegation from the striking workers marched in.
While Marko was looking around for his net the fish swam away.
Most of the furniture was modern, but a very old grandfather clock was in the corner.
Lea found it difficult to concentrate in the office, but she worked more efficiently at home.
If possible, rewrite the italicised parts of these sentences putting the time adverbial in front
Position. Where you can, invert subject and verb, and make any other necessary changes.
a
1 I trusted Dan completely, and J realised only later that he had tricked me.
\ trusted. Dan. completely, and only later did. | realise that he had. tricked. me.
2 After working so hard all summer, ! had a holiday last week.
3 Professor Coulson was to give the initial paper at the conference, but a welcoming address came
first by the head of the organising team.
4 The area was cleared before the explosion, and members of the public were in danger at no time.
5 I've got high blood pressure and / have to take tablets daily for it.
6 When it became clear that he was in danger of losing the election, a politician can seldom have
‘changed his views so quickly as Beckett.
7 After a few days of relative calm, a blizzard came next, preventing us from leaving the hut.
8 It’s hard to imagine that we'll be in japan by next Friday.
9. You won't have long to wait as trains for Rome leave hourly.
10. My grandfather was a gentle man, and / hardly ever heard him raise his voice in anger.
GZ i recessary, correct the word order in these sentences. QJ
1 I walk to work for the exercise, and | twice a week play squash.
2 If you take the job, monthly your salary will be paid into your bank account.
3 Down the hill the horse ran quickly.
4 Through the window Megan watched sadly.
5 Around the town drove she for hours looking for the gallery, until she spotted in a side street the
place.
6 | tripped over the cat, dropped the tray, and across the room flew it.
153 69.3
2 wellresourced
3. nerve-wracking
4 farteaching
69.4
2 were wide-ranging
3 isdlean-shaven
4 eye-catching
UNIT70
704
1 toreduce
to cheat / cheating
knowing
troleave
‘to.underestimate / underestimating
‘t0.0pen / opening
talking
‘to resign / resigning
10 panic
turning
70.2
stupid going / stupid to go
confident that he wouldn't get lost
v
ulty shopping
‘was concerned to learn
“
v
busy drinking
was sory to (have) upset me / was
sory that he'd upset me (was sory
for upsetting me" is aso possible)
10 wasn't prepared to admit
ne
703
2. Itwas wonderful to hear such a
magnificent performance,
3. Itwas mean of you to eat all the cake
and not leave any for me
4 Itwas unreasonable of them to
complain about the exam results
5 Itwas awkward to get the top off the
jar. (or. to get the top ofthe ja oft;
Informally. getting the top off the
ior)
66 Itwas simple to put up the shelves.
7. teas unprofessional of him to criticise
the headteacher infront ofthe staff,
8. Itwas kind of you to give birthday
presents tothe children.
70.4
Possible answers re given
2. Itmade me furious listening to his ies.
3 Itmade me sad that we wouldn't be
working together again.
4 ttmade me ashamed to learn how
badly we treated immigrants inthe
1950s.
5. Itmade me nervous hearing the
dentist's il as Isat inthe waiting
UNIT71
mi
1 repeatedly
2 Iin/ with despair (éespairingly
possibie)
in/ with anticipation
reputedly
cisappointedly
Ina relaxed way / manner /fashion
determinedly
in/ with satisfaction (in satisfied way
[/rmanner / fashion’ are also possible)
9. nan organised way / manner / fashion
10 agitatedy
nz
1 a most
b mostly
2 a short
shortly
3 2 directly
» direct
4a wide
b widely
5 a highly
b high
na
Tet
2... tomeinatiendly way / manner /
fashion
3 (or...fine .)
4 flatly refused,
5 ¥('.. very clear is also possiblein
informal contexts)
6... ma cowardly way / manner /
fashion
7 justly renowned.
slowly tured
9. ‘thinly’ is grarnmatically correct,
but some people would use ‘thin’ in
informal contexts
10 loudly applauded
UNIT72
rea
1 more scared
deeper or more deep (for emphasis)
more pretty
stronger
‘more naughty
harder
truer or more true (for emphasis)
longer
ree
(more dirty would also be
possible)
-recenter-more recent
-eacitinger- more exciting
‘7 (wealthier would also be possible)
‘7 Core unique is used to suggest
‘that some people have particularly
Individual characteristics)
Key to Exercises
7.