CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

1.0 ECHO Fuel Conversions

Note: SG = 0.71

LITRES

x 0.71
USG

KG

Mains: 100USG / 379L / 269Kg

Auxiliaries: 80USG / 303L / 215Kg
 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

NOTE: if the CoG lies within

or on the envelope, then as
fuel is burnt from the mains
the CoG shifts aft. As fuel is
burnt from the AUX CoG
shifts forward

Version 1.0 Issued Date: March 2017 Page 2 of 21

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Version 1.0 Issued Date: March 2017 Page 3 of 21

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

ECHO - Must be in balance at ZFW

CFPA Echo Loading & Balance
 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

2190mm

2400mm (10% MAC)

2360kg or Less

2480mm (15% MAC)

2655kg 590kg
DATUM

160mm

2560mm (20% MAC)

MTOW 2950kg
> 25% MAC Value
AFT limit Problem
2680mm (25% MAC) < 20% MAC Forward
Limit Problem
Forward Limit AFT Limit
 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Forward CoG Limit

Forward Limit = (Gross Weight - 2360) x 0.2712 +
2400 Adjustment of Basic Empty Weight (BEW)

Note: Basic Empty weight 9BEW) includes the weight of the drainable
oil.

Q. Given BEW (6 seats) 1985kg / 502.76IU

In preparation for the loading of cargo the rearmost passenger seats

have been removed from the aircraft. A 7kg spreader is installed in the
forward compartment.

Determine the adjusted basic empty weight (BEW) / Moment.

ITEM kg mm IU

Initial BEW 1985 - 502.76

R2 Out -10 3300 -3.30

R3 Out -10 4300 -4.30

FC 7 500 0.35

Adjusted BEW 1972 - 495.51

Forward Limit Problems

Formula: Forward (Fwd) Limit = (Gross weight - 2360) x 0.2712 + 2400

For Gross Weights 2360kg or less the forward lies at a point 2400mm from
the Datum - NO Calculations Required!!

Calculated forward limits will lie between 2400mm and 2560mm.

AFT limit constant at a [point 2680mm from the Datum - for ALL weights!!

Q. Calculate the forward limit for an ECHO that is loaded to its MZFW.

A. (2630 - 2360) = 270 x 0.2712 +2400 = 2473mm

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Sample Load Sheet

Q. Given: BEW (6 Seats) 1977kg / 501.54IU

- 5 Adult PAX at 85kg each
- Cargo 5 x 20kg boxes

- at Brakes Release: mains 367L useable fuel, expected flight fuel burn
off 50.2 USG.
- No P chart restrictions.

Determine 1. ZFW CoG

2. T/O CoG
3. LDG CoG

ITEM kg mm IU

BEW 1977 - 501.54

Row 1 170 2290 38.93

Row 2 170 3300 56.10

Row 3 170 4300 73.10

Fwd Comp 40 500 2.00

Wing Locker x 2 60 3550 21.30

ZFW
2630kg 2587 2678mm 692.97

Mains 261 1780 46.46

AUX 0 2800 0

Take-off
2950kg 2848 2596mm 739.43

Mains -135 1780 -24.03

Fuel Burn

Aux 0 2800 0
Fuel Burn

Landing
2725kg 2713 2637 715.40
 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

ECHO Loading

Q. VFR Charter flight from A B

- Estimated flight fuel 366L
- allow 10% variable reserve and fixed reserves
- No P chart limits at either aerodrome

Basic empty weight (6seats) 1985kg

Pilot 85kg

What maximum number of 80kg passengers can travel and in addition

what is the maximum weight of cargo that can be loaded?

FF 260kg
VR 26kg
FR 41kg
Total 327kg

MLW 2725kg
MTOW 2950kg

2623kg - 2070kg = 553kg

BEW 1985kg 5 Pax at 80kg = 400kg

Pilot 85kg Cargo = 153kg
2070kg

Trip ZFW 2658kg X MZFW 2623kg

= =
Min FOB 327kg Min FOB 327kg
- -
TOW 2985kg X MTOW 2950kg

+260kg Flight Fuel

TAKE-OFF WEIGHT LIMITED

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

ECHO Loading
Q. VFR Charter flight from C D
- Estimated flight fuel 66.9 USG
- From P Charts MATOW (C) - 2905kg
MALW (D) - 2680kg

Basic empty weight (6seats) 1975kg

Pilot 75kg

What maximum number of 25kg boxes that can be transported?

- Unused seats can be removed.
- Boxes can be carried in the cabin, but not in row 1.

FF 180kg
VR 18kg
FR 41kg
Total 239kg
MLW 2725kg
MALW 2680kg

MTOW 2950kg
MATOW 2905kg

Remove 5 Seats = -25kg 2621kg - 2025kg = 596kg

BEW 1975kg
Pilot 75kg BEW = 2050kg
Adj BEW = 2025kg FC =2
2050kg WC1 =2
WC2 = 2
RC = 6
Trip ZFW 2621kg R2 = 6
= R3 = 5
Min FOB 239kg
- Total 23 Boxes
TOW 2860kg

+180kg Flight Fuel

LANDING WEIGHT LIMITED

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

ECHO Loading

Q. VFR Charter flight from E F

- Minimum fuel required from Brakes Release, including reserves -
224kg
- From P Charts MATOW (C) - 2900kg
MALW (D) - 2710kg

Basic empty weight (4 seats) 1965kg

Pilot and 3 adult passengers at 85kg each

What maximum number of 40kg boxes that can be loaded?

- Unused seats can be removed.
- No boxes are to be placed in the cabin

FF 160kg
VR 16kg
FR 41kg
Total 217kg
MLW 2725kg
MALW 2710kg

E F
2630kg - 2305kg = 325kg

BEW 1960kg FC =1
Pilot & Pax 340kg WC =2
2305kg RC = 3

Total 6 Boxes
Trip ZFW MZFW = 2630kg
2653kg X
=
Min FOB 217kg
-
TOW 2870kg

+160kg Flight Fuel

ZFW WEIGHT LIMITED

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Weight Shift Problems

Formula: Weight to shift = Gross weight X Required CoG Shift (mm)

Nett arm (mm) between Load Stations

Note: Shifting weight AFT (further from the Datum) increases the total
moment. Shifting weight forward reduces the total moment.

Q. Give ZFW 2550kg with 700.00 IU.

What minimum number of 7kg parcels will need to be shifted from the
rear compartment to the forward compartment?

ITEM kg mm IU

Initial ZFW 2550 2745mm 700.00

Shift from RC to FC
6 x 7kg parcels +/- 42 -4500 -18.90

Revised ZFW 2550 2671 681.10

Removing from Rear Nett ARM between load

and adding to front - so stations
Formula Method: no nett change Fwd Comp =500
Rear Comp = 5000
5000 - 500 =4500

Weight to shift = Gross weight X Required CoG Shift (mm)

Nett arm (mm) between Load Stations

Weight to shift = 2550 x 65

4500
= 36.83kg

Answer: 6 x 7kg Parcels

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Weight Shift Problems - Late Passengers

Q. Given BRW 2690kg / 689.20 IU

- Which includes 3 adult passengers, seated in rows 1 and 2, and
8 x 15kg parcels in the rear compartment.
- 97USG of useable in the mains.
If two late passengers, at 85kg each, were to board the aircraft, then
what minimum number of parcels would need to be shifted out of the
rear compartment for the aircraft to be in balance at all stages of the
flight?

a) None b) 2 c) 5 d)3 e) 1

METHOD:

1. Remove fuel from the initial BRW to reveal the initial ZFW.
2. Load PAX into Row 3 to determine the revised ZFW - The aircraft will
be tail heavy!
3. Apply the weight shift formula to correct the tail heaviness.
- Shift parcels from the Rear compartment to to the Forward
compartment - Nett ARM 4500mm

ITEM kg mm IU

Initial BRW 2690kg 689.20

Mains -261 1780 -46.46

ZFW 2429kg 2646mm 642.74

Row 3 Late PAX 170kg 4300 73.10

Revised ZFW 2599kg 2754mm 715.84

74mm AFT of the Limit

Weight to shift = Gross weight X Required CoG Shift (mm)

Nett arm (mm) between Load Stations

Weight to shift = 2599 x 74

4500
= 42.72kg

Answer: 3 x 15kg Parcels

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Weight Shift Problems - Index Units

Index Units Formula: WAM = Weight x Arm x Moment

Weight = Moment
ARM

Q. An ECHO is loaded such that the CoG is 13.8 IU AFT of the AFT limit.
How many kg of cargo would need to be shifted from the Rear
Compartment to the Win Compartment in order to re-locate the CoG
onto the AFT limit?

a) 100kg b) 90kg c) 95kg d)97kg

METHOD: Multiply the index unit in the question by 10000 and then divide by
the nett arm between the loading stations mentioned in the
question - i.e Rear Compartment to the wing lockers

Weight = Moment
ARM

Weight = 13.8 x 10000

1450

= 95.17kg
 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Ballast Problems

Formula: Ballast to add(kg) = Gross weight x Required CoG Shift (mm)

Nett ARM between CoG and Load Station

e.g ECHO nose heavy - Required CoG 2400mm

- therefore add ballast to Rear Comp (5000mm)
- therefore nett arm = (5000-2400) =2600mm

Q. At Gross Weight 2320kg, the CoG lies 2375mm AFT of the Datum.
What is the minimum weight of ballast required?

Ballast to add(kg) = Gross weight x Required CoG Shift (mm)

Nett ARM between CoG and Load Station

2320 X 25 Forward Limit 2400mm.

25mm Required to bring the
5000-2400 CoG to the Forward limit

= 2320 X 25
2600

= 22.3kg

ITEM kg mm IU

Initial 2320kg 2375 551.00

Ballast Rear Comp 22kg 5000 11.00

Revised 2342 2400 562.00

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Ballast Problems Continued..

Q. Given: ZFW 2585kg with 678.56 IU (Rear Compartment Empty)

What maximum number of 12kg parcels can be loaded into the rear
compartment?

a) 4 b) 5 c) 3 d)10

Ballast to add(kg) = Gross weight x Required CoG Shift (mm)

Nett ARM between CoG and Load Station

2585 X 55
5000-2680

= 2585 X 55
2320

= 61kg

= 5 x 12kg Parcels

ITEM kg mm IU

Initial ZFW 2585kg 2625 678.56

Ballast Rear Comp 60kg 5000 30

Revised ZFW 2645 708.56

Revised ZFW in excess of

MZFW of 2630kg.
Can only add 45kg

Therefore: 45kg ÷ 12kg = 3.75

Only 3 as MZFW is 2630kg

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Ballast Problems - Metal Bar Questions

METHOD: 1. Calculate the initial ZFW figures - the aircraft will be tail heavy.

2.Load the maximum possible ballast into the Forward

Compartment
Taking care not to:
- Exceed the MZFW of 2630kg, and
- Exceed the capacity of the Forward compartment.

Aircraft will still be tail heavy!

3. Apply “Ballast to the mains Formula”

-The weight of fuel ballast required will vary. Often be in the
order of 30 - 40kg

ITEM kg mm IU

Initial ZFW 2588kg 2726 705.54

Ballast Forward Comp 40kg 5000 2.0

Revised ZFW 2628 2692 707.54

Still Tail Heavy by 12mm

Apply the Ballast Formula:

Ballast to add (kg) = Gross weight x Required CoG Shift (mm)

Nett ARM between CoG and Load Station

2628 X 12
2680 -1780

= 31536
900

= 35kg / 13USG / 49L

 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Maximum Extra Fuel - Forward Limit Problems

METHOD: 1.Trail middle weight on offer

2. Recalculate the Forward Limit
3. Check

Q. Given: TOW 2782kg and IU 706.33. Mains contain 97 USG.

Determine the maximum quantity of fuel that can be added to the

Auxiliaries?

a) 215kg b) 165kg c) 135kg d) 95kg

ITEM kg mm IU

Initial 2782kg 2539 706.33

Trail amount to AUX 135kg 2800 37.80

Revised 2917kg 2551 744.13

Recalculate the Forward limit:

(2917 - 2360) = 557 x 0.2712 + 2400 = 2551mm

As the CoG more forward when fuel is burned from the AUX tank, the
maximum fuel that can be added is 135kg.
 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Maximum Extra Fuel - Forward Limit Problems continued..

Q. Given: ZFW 2545kg an ECHO’s CoG lies 51mm forward of the Forward
Limit.

What minimum weight of ballast would need to be loaded to correct this

situation?

a) 70kg b) 51kg c) 100kg d)35kg

Ballast to add(kg) = Gross weight x Required CoG Shift (mm)

Nett ARM between CoG and Load Station

2545 X 51 Forward Limit 2400mm.

51mm Required to bring the
5000-2450 CoG to the Forward limit

= 545 X 51
2550
Add approximately
50% to this weight.
= 50.9kg Given the answers
available, lets try 70kg
Recalculate the Forward limit:

ITEM kg mm IU

Initial 2545kg 2399 610.55

Ballast to Rear Comp 70kg 5000 35.00

Revised 2615kg 2469 645.05

Forward Limit is 2469mm

and our forward CoG is
(2615 - 2360) = 255 x 0.2712 +2400 = 2469mm 2469mm. So we need 70kg
of ballast

Remember: Apply ballast formula to rear compartment, then test an

amount of ballast approximately 50% greater than the value
obtained from the blast formula
 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Conversion from ARM (mm) to % MAC

Formula: %MAC = ARM (mm) - 2190

19

Q. Expressed as a % MAC, the AFT limit of an ECHO is ?

A. %MAC = 2680 - 2190

19

%MAC = 490 - 2190

19

= 25.79%

Note: For most conventional aircraft, The allowable CoG range lies
between approx 10 and 35% MAC

Conversion from % MAC to ARM (mm)

Formula: ARM (mm) = (%MAC x 19) +2190

Q. Convert 22.38% MAC to an ARM in mm

A. ARM (mm) = (%MAC x 19) +2190

ARM (mm) = (22.38 x 19) +2190

= 2615mm
 CFPA Echo Loading & Balance

Floor Loading Intensity Problems

Maximum Floor Loading Intensity = 450kg/m2

Formula Intensity = Force = kg

(or pressure of loading) Surface Area m2

Area (m2) = Length (L) x Width (W) x Height (H)

Use the two largest side to spread the load across a larger surface area.

Q. An item of cargo measuring 465mm x 505mm x 390mm is presented for

loading, its weight is 83kg
Can this item be loaded without the use of a load sharing device i.e a
spreader? Convert mm to metres
1000mm in a metre

2 largest sides .465 x .505 = 0.235m2

Intensity = 83kg = 355kg

0.235

Formula Floor Load = Area (m2) x 450

Therefore maximum floor load = 0.235 x 450 = 105.75kg