KAVIYATRI BAHINABAI CHAUDHARI

NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY,

JALGAON
D.N.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING SHAHADA,
425409, MAHARASHTRA.

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES USING

STONE DUST”
SUBMITTED BY
Miss. Chaudhari Neha Bansilal Miss. Patil Ankita Umakant
Miss. Desale Mrinmayi Bharat Miss. Patil Ashtika Sharad
Miss. Girase Monali Rajendrasing Miss . Patil Pooja Bharat
Mr. Patel Sandip Ranjit

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. Y.O.PATIL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
 P.S.G.V.P.MANDAL’S
D.N.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHAHADA, DIS.NANDURBAR
[M.S]-425409

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Miss. Patil Puja Bharat

Have been satisfactorily completed Project report entitled on

“IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES USING

STONE DUST”
As a part of syllabus of

NORTH MAHARASHTRA UNIVERSITY, JALGAON

For the partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
In the academic year

2019-2020

GUIDE H.O.D

Prof. Y.O.PATIL Prof. Dr. S.U.CHAUDHARY

PRINCIPAL

Prof. Dr.N.J.PATIL
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks

and deep sense of gratitude towards the Department of Civil
Engineering, D.N.Patel COE, Shahada that gave me an
opportunity for preparation of my Project Report in their
esteemed organization.

“IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES USING

STONE DUST”
It is privilege for me to have been associated with
Prof.Y.O.PATIL my guidance teacher during Project Report
work. I have been greatly bereted by his valuable suggestion
and ideas. It is great pleasure that I express my deep sense of
gratitude to him for his valuable guidance, constant
encouragement and throughout this work. I express my
gratitude to Prof.DR.S.U.CHAUDHARI [HOD of Civil
Department] for his constant encouragement, co-operation and
support and also thankful to all people who have contributed
in their way in making this Project report success.
 CONTENTS

Sr. No Topic Page

No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INDEX
LIST OF FIGURES/PHOTOGRAPHA
LIST OF GRAPH
LIST OF TABLES
ABSTRACT
ACRONYMS
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Objective 3
CHAPTER – 2LITRATURE REVIEW 4 -13
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Case Studies 5
2.2.1 Advantages of reinforced Earth Structure 5
2.2.2 Main Components of Reinforced Earth 6
2.2.3 Our View 8
2.2.4 Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Walls 10
2.2.5 Widening Of an Existing Roadway 11
CHAPTER – 3 METHODOLOGY 14
3.1 List of Experiments to be performs to obtain required 14
properties of soil sample
3.2 Brief overview of the project work 14
3.3 Test on locally available soil and black cotton soil. 14
CHAPTER – 4 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS 15 -25
4.1 Method of preparation of soil sample for test 15
4.2 Proctor density test (As per IS 2720 Parts VII & VIII ) 16
4.3 Water content Determination by Oven Dry Method 20
4.4 Direct Shear Test 23
CHAPTER – 5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 26-43
5.1 Properties of materials 26
5.2 Testes on Local Available soil 28
5.2.1 Standard Proctor Test 28
5.2.2 Shear strength test on Local available soil 31
5.3 Tests on Black cotton soil 35
5.3.1 Standard Proctor Test 35
5.3.2 Shear strength test on black cotton soil 38
5.4 All Results 39
5.4.1 Comparison between MDD with variation of % of stone dust 39
for locally available Soil
5.4.2 Comparison between c and Φ with variation of % of stone 40
dust for locally available soil
5.4.3 Comparison between MDD with variation of % of stone dust 41
for black cotton soil
5.4.4 Comparison between c and Φ with variation of % of stone 42
dust for black cotton soil
CHAPTER – 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 43-44
6.1 Conclusion 43
6.2 Future Scope 44
APPNDICES 45-47
Photo 1 Shear Box Tools 45
Photo 2 Stone Dust 45
Photo 3 Soil sample 46
Photo 4 Direct Shear Loding 46
Photo 5 Shear Box 47
REFERENCES 48
 LIST OF FIGURE/PHOTOGRAPHS

Fig. Description Page

No. No.
2.4(a) Main components of reinforced earth 6
2.4(b) The facing element 7
2.4(c) Stone dust 8
2.6.1(a) Typical Cross Section of Retaining wall on the GRPS System 10
2.5 Typical Cross Section of Widening Roadway 12
Photo I Apparatus For Standard Proctor Test 18
PhotoII Setup Of Direct Shear Test 24
Photo graphs showing detail practical performed 46
 LIST OF GRAPH

Graph. Description Page

No No.
5.1 Variation of dry density with %water content for stone dust 27
5.2 Variation of dry density with %water content for 0% stone dust 28
5.3 Variation of dry density with %water content for 10% stone dust 29
5.4 Variation of dry density with %water content for 15% stone dust 30
5.5 Variation of dry density with %water content for 20% stone dust 30
5.6 Variation of dry density with %water content for 30% stone dust 31
5.7 Variation of Shear stress with Vs Normal load, 0% stone dust 32
5.8 Variation of Shear stress with Vs Normal load, 10% stone dust 32
5.9 Variation of Shear stress with Vs Normal load, 15% stone dust 33
5.10 Variation of Shear stress with Vs Normal load,20% stone dust 34
5.11 Variation of Shear stress with normal load for 30% stone dust 34
5.12 Variation of dry density with % water content for 0% stone dust 35
5.13 Variation of dry density with %water content for 10% stone dust 36
5.15 Variation of dry density with %water content for 30% stone dust 37
5.16 variation of shear strength with normal load for plain black cotton soil 38
5.17 Variation of Shear stress with %water content for 10% stone dust 39
5.18 Variation of Shear stress with %water content for 20% stone dust 39
5.19 Variation of Shear stress with %water content for 30% stone dust 40
5.20 Variation of MDD with % stone dust 41
5.21 Variation of C and Φ with % stone dust 42
5.22 Variation of MDD with % stone dust 42
5.23 Variation of C and Φ with % stone dust 43
 LIST OF TABLE
Table. Page
Description
No. No.
4.1 Amount of sample collection 15
4.2 Amount of sample taken for sampling 16
5.1.1 Fineness modulus of stone dust 26
5.1.2 Properties of sample soil 28
5.4.1 Variation of MDD & OMC with % stone dust 41
5.4.2 Variation of MDD & OMC with % stone dust 42
5.4.4 Variation of c and Φ with % stone dust 43
 ABSTRACT
Infrastructure project such as highways, railways, water r reservoirs etc. required
earth material in very large quantity. In an urban areas, borrow earth is not easily
available which has to be hauled from long distance. Quite often, large areas are covered
with highly plastic & expensive soil after stabilization with additives such as sand, silt,
lime & stone dust etc. we can improve the properties of soil. As stone dust is freely
available, for the project work. It can be used for stabilization of expensive soil for
various uses. The property of expensive soil with stone dust in varying percentage can be
used. The laboratory will be carried out and one of the major difficulties in field
application will be solved by through mixing of the two materials (expansive soil and
stone dust) in required proportion to form a homogeneous mass.
 ACRONYMS

BC Black Cotton Soil

CA Coarse Aggregate

FA Fine Aggregate

CBR California Bearing Ratio

MDD Maximum Dry Density

OMC Optimum Moisture Content

IS Indian Standard

C Cohesion

Ø Angle Of Internal Friction

WC Water Content

UK United Kingdom
 P.S.G.V.P.S.MANDAL’S D.N.PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, SHAHADA DIST.
NANDURBAR (M.S.)-425409

Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The term „Soil‟ has various meanings, depending upon the general professional field
in which it being considered. For civil engineer, soil is the unstone or uncemented
deposits of the minerals, covering large portion of the earth‟s crust.
Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by the
weathering of the solid rock. The formation of soil is the result of the geological cycle
continually taking place on the face of the earth.
Reinforced earth can be defined as a construction material composed primarily
of soil whose performance has been improved by the introduction of small quantities
of other materials in the form of solid plates or fibers or fibrous membranes to resist
tensile force and interact with soil through friction and/or adhesion.
Historically, major development in structural engineering has been possible
because of parallel developments in the technology of construction materials. Larger
and more elaborated structures became possible as we went from using wood to
building stone to concrete to reinforced concrete and most recently prestressed , fiber
reinforced concrete. The development of steel enabled the construction of longer span
bridges and taller building than were possible using wrought iron or other traditional
construction materials. Because the materials of geotechnical engineering are soil and
rock, it is difficult to think of smaller parallel development in geotechnical
construction and earthen materials in our field. Compaction and other soil
improvement techniques occurred largely because of developments in construction
equipments by manufactures and contractors. Probably the best example of a parallel
development between materials and the construction application is soil reinforcement.
In a direct analogy with reinforced concrete, steel and polymeric material provides
tensile resistance and stability to soils that have low to no tensile strength.
The past three decades have shown great achievements in the advancement of
reinforcement soil system using stiff metal to flexible/extensible geosynthetic
materials as reinforcing elements. Many reinforcing elements performed well and are
considered safe and convenient in construction.

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However, all the above mentioned materials employed as reinforced in soils

are presently expensive and require a cheaper and abundant material with smaller
strength and durability to that of steel reinforcement. Reinforced earth is widely in use
as the construction material in formation of sub grade for roads, railway tracks and in
air strips, to reduce the settlement and to increase the bearing capacity. Binquet and
Lee (1975) were the pioneers in carrying out an analytical study on the bearing
capacity of reinforced soil beds. In their analysis Boussinesq's stress distribution,
assuming semi-infinite medium was adopted to calculate the stress distribution on the
plane of reinforcement and hence the maximum tensile stress in the reinforcement.
They have considered three different failure mechanisms and given expressions for
the tension in the reinforcement as a function of non-dimensional force and length
parameters, and the BCR, (q/qo). BCR is the ratio of the average contact pressures for
the reinforced and unreinforced soils both measured at the same vertical displacement.
However it is necessary to consider reinforced soil system as a two layered medium
with a top layer consisting of granular soil strengthened by horizontal layers of
reinforcement. For the analysis of two layer soil system very few analytical
techniques exist.
Numerous experimental studies on reinforced and unreinforced two layer soil
systems in recent years showed that, with the inclusion of reinforcement there is a
marked increase in load carrying capacity of the soil system, which improves with
increase in either the clay substratum strength or the depth.
Now a day‟s therefore in many structures reinforced soil is used as a part of
foundation also, such that the soil composed of solid plates, or fibers or fibrous
membranes like chopped glass fiber, bamboo fibers also stone dusts, iron slag to resist
tensile forces and interact with soil through friction and/or adhesion.
In this project report two aspects of the behavior of reinforced soil structure
are studied i.e. Max. Dry density with Optimum water content, Direct shear strength
of soil.

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1.2 Objective of Dissertation

The main purposes of this dissertation are as follows:-
 To utilize the industrial wastes such as stone dust in the field of Geotechnical
Engineering.
 Attempt is made to stabilize locally available soil and black cotton soil using
stone dust.
 To study the behavior of locally available soil and black cotton soil when
treated with additives to understand their possible mechanism.

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Chapter No. 2
LITRATURE REVIEW

Various researches have been done on stabilization of black cotton soil with or
without additives such as stone dust.

[1] Bshara et al. (2014) Observed the effect of stone dust on geotechnical
properties of soil and state that CBR and MDD on this poor soil can be improved by
mixing of stone dust. They indicated that liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index
and OMC decrease by adding stone dust this increases usefulness of soil as highway
subgrade material.
[2] Praveen Kumar et al. (2006) Performed CBR and static and cyclic triaxial
test on four most commonly used local material – fly ash, coarse sand, stone dust and
river bed material for using them in sub base layer of flexible pavement. It is found
that CBR of the stone dust has the maximum value among all but its behavior under
dynamic load in triaxial test was inferior as compared to other materials. Fly ash has
good stress- strain behavior than stone dust but has low CBR value.
[3] Sabat (2012) has studied the effect of lime on Atterberg‟s limit, modified
proctor, shear strength parameters and durability of expansive soil with 40% quarry
dust. Lime was added 2 to 7% at an increment of 1%. He also studied effect of 7 days
and 28 days curing on shear strength parameters. From this he conclude that due to
the increase in percentage of lime , Wp, Ws, C, OMC are increased and W L, IP, MDD
of the soil- quarry dust mixes become durable. Curing has better effect on shear
parameters and has maximum value at 5% lime addition and at 28 days curing.
[4] Satyanarayana et al. (2013)Presented the results of plasticity, compaction
and strength tests on gravel soil with various percentage of stone dust and concluded
that due to addition of stone dust plasticity characteristics was reduced and CBR of
the mixes improved. Addition of 20 to 30% of stone dust makes gravel soil to
complete the specification to use as sub base material.

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CASE STUDY

2.1 Introduction to Case study

When designing structures that will impose a significant load over a large
area, such as buildings, tanks, walls, slopes or embankments, the geotechnical
engineers must address the following situations, especially when dealing with weak
foundation soils: bearing capacity failures, intolerable total and differential
settlements, large lateral pressures and movement, and slope instability. These
concerns become more critical when foundation soils are weak. A variety of soil
improvement or construction techniques are available to solve such problems.
Reinforcing of soil ingredient is the best suggestion in this particular situation.
Geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported platforms have been successfully used for
supporting earth structures as one of the major solution to this situation. This chapter
briefly discusses the mechanisms of this system and then focuses on two case studies
in which geogrid-reinforced and pile-supported platforms were used for supporting
segmental walls. In this chapter, each case study provides a description of the site, the
design solution, construction, and performance. The performance of each project was
investigated by survey, experience & judgment, and/or observation.

2.2.Advantage of Reinforced Earth Structure:-

1. Reinforced earth structures are quite flexible. Hence these can withstand foundation
deformation/settlement.
2. Reinforced earth structure, being flexible can withstand earthquake forces more
efficiently than conventionally rigid structures.
3. Reinforced earth structure is much more economical in comparison to the
comparison to the conventional structure of masonry or concrete.
4. Reinforced structural elements can be transported easily. Hence these can be
constructed speedily.
5. Reinforced earth structures can also be constructed in stages.
6. The reinforced elements used for such structures are easily available in various
sizes and shapes. They can be easily stored, handled and placed during
construction.

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2.3 Other application of soil reinforcement:

Jones (1985) identifies several soil reinforcement field applications, some of which
are;
1) Reinforced earth walls
2) Bridge works
3) Dams
4) Embankments
5) Foundation
6) Water way structure
7) Underground structure
8) Root pile system etc
2.4 Main components of reinforced earth
i) Fill
ii) Reinforcement
iii) Facings

Fig. 2.4(a) Main Components of Reinforced Earth

(i) Fill: - The soil used for backfill should be predominantly coarse grained and it has
been proposed that not more than 10% of the particles should pass the 63 µm
(ii) Reinforcing Elements: - The reinforcing element consists of any or following;
• Galvanized steel rods
• Strips or rods of other metal such as stainless steel , aluminium
• Various types of fibers like GFRP

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• Natural fibers such as bamboo, cotton, residue of sugarcane etc

• Residue from various fields like crushed stones, breakage of glass, iron slag etc

(iii) Facing:-The facing elements are provided at the free boundary of a reinforced
earth structures, to provide some form of barrier so that the soil mass is contained.
These elements usually known as skin may be either flexible or stiff,.
it should be strong enough to hold back the soil and should allow fastening to attach
reinforcing elements.

Fig. 2.4(b) Facing Element

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Fig. 2.4(c ) 7 mm Stone Dusts (e)

2.5 Over View: -

The geotextile materials, geosynthetic materials are obviously costly very
skillful supervision is required for its handling and also not suitable in abundant
quantity where cost of substructure is exceeded the cost of superstructure, which lead
to increase the cost of construction project.

In our project we are try to show the improvement in engineering properties of

soil with addition of locally available material. For our project we are use the locally
available material as stone dust, which is abundantly available in our city.
One of market survey about Stone crusher in Shahada city shows following results;
Total no. stone crusher plant around the Shahada city;
Dongergaon road – 2 Nos.
SarangKheda road – 3Nos.
Prakasha region – 1no
Rate of stone dust sold – 1200/brass
Transportation by means of Trucks, Tractors etc
Owner reference – Deva dada Rawal (SarangKheda region)
Munish Agrawal (Varul-Kanadi region)
The above approximate information shows that really lot of quantity of stone dust is
available in our city which is a byproduct for those “stone crusher”, and which is a
one of the economical reinforcing soil material in our field.

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We are use the reinforced soil constituent in only below the footing soil strata, for
maximum utilization of reinforced soil.
For „Soil Reinforcement‟ we took the locally available soil sample and black cotton
soil samples and reinforcing material as stone dust. Test to be performed are Proctor
Density, Direct Shear test, CBR test, to determine the properties of both the soil
samples individually and also after addition of materials like stone dust.
Such that we checked the behavior of soils alone and after adding material.
Here under; this project report, engineering properties of soils alone and with
reinforced material are studied to observe whether there is increased in the quality of
soil after reinforcement in accordance with shear strength, density etc.

2.6 Geogrid-Reinforced Retaining Walls

2.6.1 Project description: -

An expansion of a highway in the northern area of Brazil included a

construction of five geogrid-reinforced retaining walls with heights ranging from 2.0
to 8.2m. Fine-grained soil with 60 to 70% (LL<40, PI<20) was used as reinforced fill
in these walls. To prevent potential buildup of pore water pressures in the reinforced
fill, a drainage system with non-woven geotextile strips in the reinforced fill was
installed. A geogrid-reinforced fill platform was introduced to enlarge the spacing of
columns to 3.0m. These walls were instrumented and their settlements and lateral
movements were monitored during the construction up to 90 days after the start of the
construction. The typical cross-section of retaining wall on geogrid-reinforced fill
platform supported by jet grout columns is illustrated in figure

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Traffic loading = 20 kPa

Uniaxial geogrids
H=2 - 8.2 m
4.50

L> 0.7H
GRPS fill platform

Jet grout columns

Organic silt
9m 1.2 m (dia.)
and clay
(SPT N=0 to 1)

Clayey silt
3.0 m Not to scale
(SPT N>10)

Fig 2.6.1 (a) Typical Cross Section of Retaining wall on the GRPS System

2.6.2 Design and construction: -

The Hewlett and Randolph (1988) method was adopted for computing the
pressure applied on the top of the geogrid-reinforced fill platform. The applied
pressure was considered as a surcharge in the calculation of the required strengths of
geogrids using the membrane theory. In this calculation, the allowable bearing
capacity of soft soil was considered as soil resistance, which canceled out part of the
surcharge. The estimated allowable bearing capacity of the soft soil was 40kPa. Two
layers of punched and drawn high-density polyethylene uniaxial geogrids were
selected in each direction to meet the strength requirement. The design strength of
this geogrid was 46.8kN/m. In addition, the total settlement of the tallest wall (8.2m)
was estimated to be 1140mm if the wall was built on the native soil with a
compression index of 0.3. However, the settlement can be reduced to 100mm if the
wall was built on the geogrid-reinforced fill platform supported by grout columns.
The reduced pressure on the soil (equivalent to the allowable bearing capacity) was
used for computing the settlement for the reinforced case.

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After excavation to the desired elevation (Level), a non-woven geotextile

sheet was first placed on the top of the natural soil as a separator. Four layers of
uniaxial geogrids were laid and spaced vertically at 25cm within the 1m-thick fill
platform. Within this platform, well-graded granular fill was placed and compacted.
3) Field observations and performance: -To evaluate the performance of geogrid-
reinforced earth retaining walls on the GRPS fill platform, four settlement plates.

2.6.3 Widening of an Existing Roadway

I. Project description: -

Widening and raising an existing roadway was required for supporting two
additional lanes of vehicular traffic in South Africa. The existing pavement section
was 7.0m wide and the expanded roadway (3.0m-high, 25.9m-wide, and 549m-long)
would lead to a bridge crossing a nearby creek. The footprint of the new embankment
was located over very soft under consolidated clayey sand fill and organic silt, silty
deposits at depths up to 10.7m as shown in Figure 2.3. Very loose and saturated fine
clayey sand, which is susceptible to liquefaction, was encountered from
approximately 3.0m to 5.8m below the existing embankment elevation. The clayey
sand fill was formed by adding the soil on the silty deposits and leading it settle
during the construction of the existing roadway. Therefore, the existing fill is not
well-compacted. The “marl” (rock or soil consisting of clay & lime) is an older
deposit of dense sands and very stiff to hard clays. It is the local bearing material of
deep foundations.
The original design utilized reinforced concrete sheet piling and tie-back
anchor rods to confine the new embankment fill. However, the sheet pile solution
was very expensive, time-consuming to construct, and not environmentally friendly.
It provided no means of controlling longitudinal differential settlements, either. The
GRPS system was selected due to its technical, economic, and environmental
advantages. Vibration to concrete columns was used for minimizing settlement at the
outer edges of the embankment. Continuous coverage of geogrid reinforcement was
used to avoid large amounts of differential settlements. To further reduce settlements
and overall stresses, a relatively low-cost lightweight pumice (lava residue) material
was used to backfill significant portions of the embankment structure.

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Permanent pavement section

Existing roadway
Lightweight fill Temporary wall Welded wire form slope

3.0m

Organic silt Organic silt

Clayey sand fill
5.5m

Dense clayey fine sand 1.7m

Loose clayey fine sand 1.8m

Vibro-concrete Marl Vibro-concrete columns

columns Wick drains

Not to scale

Figure 2.5 Typical Cross Section of Widening Roadway

II.Design and construction: -

The following specific concerns were identified and considered during the design:
(1) Slope instability of the embankment because of the very weak existing fill and
marsh soils present beneath the alignment, and the variability of these soils
because of the method of original embankment construction;
(2) Lateral spreading of the embankment because of low lateral support provided by
the marsh deposits
(3) Differential settlements along the roadway alignment;
(4) Differential settlements that are more pronounced toward the edges of the
embankment.
Primary uniaxial geogrids with design strength of 11.8kN/m were used to ensure
the stability of the slope while wrapped-around secondary biaxial geogrids with
design strength of 6.1kN/m in the cross-machine direction were used to eliminate the
surficial slope instability. Beneficial effects of vibro-concrete columns were
considered to increase the shear resistance in the analysis. A lightweight fill was
selected to minimize the additional overburden stress and reduce driving forces
potentially causing instability. The benefits of using uniaxial geogrids across the full
width of the embankment, lightweight fill, and vibro-concrete columns were
considered in controlling lateral spreading due to the weak organic silt. The geogrid

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arrangement above the vibro-concrete columns was designed to provide a load

transfer platform to shift load to the less compressible columns. The columns were
placed in a single row on 2.4m centers on one side of the embankment and in a double
row on 2.4m triangular centers on the opposite side.

III. Field observations and performance: -

Since the completion of this widening roadway in 1997, no problems have
been reported.

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CHAPTER- 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 List of Experiments to be performs to obtain required properties
of soil sample
1. Determination of water content by oven drying method
2. Determination of maximum dry density
3. Determination of shear parameter by direct shear test
3.2 Brief Overview of the Project Work

START

Collection of Materials

Stone Dust Black Cotton Soil Locally Available soil

Experiment Perform
eriment

Moisture Content Density Compaction Shear Strength

Determination Determination Test Parameters
MDD & OMC

Results & Discussion

Conclusion

END

Table-3.2
3.3 Test on Locally available soil and Black cotton soil.
The stages of stone dust added is; 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% .etc.

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CHAPTER- 4
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

In this chapter we covered the actual test on both type of soil i.e local available
soil and Black cotton soil. Use of such huge amount of dust produced from stone
crusher is used as a strength improving agent.

4.1 Method of preparation of soil sample for test (As per IS-2720)
part I Clause no. 3
Soil sample received from field shall be dried in the air or in sun. In wet
weather a drying apparatus may be used in which case the temperature of the sample
should not be more than 60oC. The clods may be broken with a wooden mallet to
hasten drying. The organic matter, like tree roots and stone pieces should be removed
from the sample. Similarly, matter other than soil, like shells should also be separated
from the main soil mass.
Drying of sample: - The amount of drying depends upon the proposed test to be
conducted on the particular samples. The type, temperature and duration of drying of
soil sample for different tests are given in table 4.1

Sr. no. Test Type, temp. and duration Amount of sample taking
of drying
1.0 Water Content Oven, 24 hr As per table 3.2
2.0 Sp. Gravity Oven, 105-110oC 24 hr 50gmfor fine grain soil,
400gm for coarse grain soil
3.0 Direct shear test Air dying/ oven 110oC 1.0 kg
4.0 CBR Air drying 5.0 kg
5.0 Density index Oven, 105-110oC 24hr 3 Kg

Table 4.1 Amount of sample collection

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Size of particles more than 90% passing Min. quantity of soil specimen to be taken
for the test in (gm)

425- micron IS Sieve 25

2-mm IS Sieve 50

4.75 mm IS Sieve 200

9.50 mm IS Sieve 300

19 mm IS Sieve 500

37.5 mm IS Sieve 1000

Table 4.2 Amount of sample taken for sampling

4.2 Density test(As per IS 2720 Parts VII &VIII )

4.2.1 Object: -

To determine the Maximum Dry Density (ρdMax) and Optimum Moisture

Content (O.M.C.) of a given soil sample using the proctor‟s standard method.

The Dynamic compaction tests, which are commonly, adopted tests in the
Laboratory to determine the relationships between the Moisture & Density. The
compaction test is divided into two parts I) Light compaction ii) Heavy compaction.
These two tests have been standardized by the ISI (IS 2720 parts VII and VIII).

4.2.2 Theory:-
Compaction is a process of expulsion of air under dynamic load. As water acts
a lubricant is added when soil is to be compacted. Due to this soil come closer
reducing the voids and removing air and voids. Increase in the water added during
compaction will results densification of the soil continues. A stage reaches where
addition of water causes replacement of soil particles by water and density of soil
decreases, even after compaction. Compaction achieved for given effect is maximum
at water content known as Optimum moisture content (OMC). The corresponding
density is called maximum dry density (MDD). The process of compaction increases

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the density of soil which ultimately makes it strong, durable and impervious. Hence
soil used for filling needs to be adequately compacted.
This test determines the optimum amount of water to be mixed with a soil in
order to obtain maximum compaction for a given compactive efforts. This value will
enable the field engineer to plan field compaction of soil to a degree comparable to
that obtained in the laboratory by suitable altering the effective lift of number of
passes with the passes with the available roller. Maximum compaction leads to
maximum dry density and hence the deformation and strength characteristics of the
soil turn out to be the best possible values.
This test is based on the method given by R.R.PROCTOR (1933) and referred
to as proctor‟s standard compaction test. This test is satisfactory for Cohesive Soils
but does not leads itself well to the study compaction characteristics of clean sands
and gravels which are easily displaced when compacted with rammer. Where higher
densities are warranted as in the case of formation for airport runways, higher
compactive effort becomes necessary. For this case Modified Compaction Proctor‟s
Compaction test is adopted.

4.2.3 Purpose:-
The purpose of laboratory compaction test is to determine the proper amount
of mixing water to be used, when compacting the soil in the resulting degree of
denseness, which can be expected from compaction. With a knowledge of the
moisture density relation as determined by this test, control of the field compaction of
soil is possible because the optimum moisture content and the max. dry density which
should be obtained are known by using this test procedure can be checked by field
control tests.
The results of light compaction test are used for quality of compaction for
earthwork in roads, railways and dams. Whereas heavy compaction are used for
runway pavements of airports. These test are satisfactory for cohesive soils.

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4.2.4 Apparatus:-
a) Cylindrical mould of capacity 1000cc. With an internal diameter of 10 cm and
height 12.73 cm or mould of capacity 2250 cc, with an internal diameter of 15
cm and height of 12.73 cm. The mould is fitted with a detachable base plate
and removable collar or extension of about 6 cm height.
b) For light compaction a metal rammer having 5 cm diameter circular face, and
weight 2.6 kg is used which has a free drop of 31 cm.
For heavy compaction, the rammer has 5 cm diameter circular face, but having
weight 4.89 kg and free drop of 45 cm.

c) Steel straight edge having beveled edge for trimming top of the specimen
d) Other accessories include moisture containers, balances of capacity 10 kg
sensitivity of 1.0 gm, oven, 4.75 mm IS sieves and mixing tools, pan spatula
etc.

Fig 4.2.4 (a)Apparatus For Standard Proctor Test

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4.2.5 Procedure:-
1. Clean the empty mould, dry and weight it to nearest 1.0 gm.
2. Apply grease to the inside of the mould, top of base plate and inside of collar.
3. Fit the base plate and collar to the mould and place the assembly on the floor.
4. Take 3Kg of air dried soil sample with relative water content and fill the
mould with three equal layers and give 25 blows to each layer from the
rammer having mass 2.6Kg dropping from a height of 310mm.
5. Scratch with a spatula every compacted layer before putting the soil for the
succeeding layer.
6. Remove the collar and trim the compacted soil level with top of the mould by
means of straight edge.
7. Weight the mould with the soil again to the nearest one gram.
8. Eject the soil from mould by extruder.
9. Cut the soil sample in the middle and take representative soil sample in an air
tight container from the middle of cut surface.
10. Determine the moisture content of this representative sample.
11. Repeat steps 1 to10 taking fresh sample with addition of different water
content.
12. Calculate the bulk density of the compacted soil for each test.
13. Calculate corresponding dry densities knowing bulk density and water content
for each test.
14. Draw a curve showing the relationship between moisture content and dry
density.
15. Find out dry density corresponding to the maximum point of the curve and
corresponding to moisture content. This dry density is known as maximum dry
density (MDD) and the moisture content „Optimum Moisture Content‟
(OMC).

4.2.6 Precautions:-
The blows should be uniformly distributed over the surface of each layer.
Each layer of the compacted soil is scored with a spatula before placing the soil for
the succeeding layer. The amount of soil used should be just sufficient to fill the
mould leaving about 5 mm to be struck off on the top after compacting the final layer.

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The collar is removed and the compacted soil is leveled off to the top of the
mould by means of the straight edge. The mould and the soil is then weighed. The soil
is then ejected out of the mould and cut in the middle and a representative sample is
taken in airtight container from the cut surface. The moisture content of this
representative specimen is determined by finding the wet weight, keeping in the oven
at 105oC – 110oC and finding the dry weight the next day.
1. Clean the mould, base plate and collar at the end of each reading and apply
grease to inside of mould, top of base plate and inside the collar before you go
for next reading.
2. See that blows of rammer are uniformly distributed on the soil specimen.
3. The rammer should not strike the collar while giving blows.
4. Wastage of soil should be avoided.
5. For every blow ensure that the height of fall of rammer is 310mm for light
compaction and 450mm for heavy compaction.
6. The last layer after compaction should not provide more than 5mm above top.

4.3 WateDetermination by Oven Dry Method

(As per IS2720 (Part-Ir content

I) 1993)
This IS codes covers the determination of water content of soils expressed as a
percentage of the oven dry weight

Aim: - Determination of water content by oven drying method

Equipments:-

A) Apparatus
1) Non-sticky air tight container
2) Electronic balance of sensitivity 0.01 gm
3) Thermostatically controlled oven

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B) Materials

Wet soil sample, tap water

Theory:-
Water content or moisture content is defined as the ratio expressed as
percentage of weight of waters in a given soil mass to the weight of solid particles.
It is denoted by „W‟ and expressed as
Water content (w) % = (Weight of water /Weight of soil solid) X 100

Water content depends on Void ratio, porosity & Degree of saturation &
weight of solids depends on mineralogical composition of soil. Water content of fine
grain soil such as silts and clays is generally more than that of coarse grain soils. The
water content of some fine grained soils may be even more than 100% which
indicates that more than 50% of total mass is that of water. Water content is the
quantitative measure of the wetness of a soil mass.

The soil specimen taken shall be representative of the soil mass. The size of
specimen selected depends upon the quantity required for good representation, which
is influenced by the gradation and the maximum size of particles and on the accuracy
of weighing. (Clause no 4.1) IS 2720 part 2-1993
Size of particles Min. Quantity of sample taken
>90% passing Mass in gm
425µm IS sieve 25
2.0 mm 50
4.75mm 200
10.0mm 300
20.0mm 500
40.0mm 1000

Water content of a soil sample can be determined by one of the following

method;

i) Oven drying method

ii) Torsion balance method

iii) Pycnometer method

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iv) Sand bath method

v) Alcohol method

vi) Calcium carbide method

vii) Radiation method

Generally for the determination of water content the Oven drying method is
considered as standard method and hence most frequently used.

Purpose:-

Water content of soil is an important property, which affects the soil property
like degree of saturation, density, shear strength, consistency, compaction and
consolidation. The characteristics of soil especially a fine grained soil change to a
marked degree with a variation of its water content, therefore water content of soil is
most useful property and hence most frequently determined.

New Concept:-
1. For complete vaporization it is essential to heat the water in the soil just above the
boiling point of water (i.e. 110-150c)
2. Time required for complete vaporization is 24 hours
3. Cooling after, heating should be representation of the soil mass. The size of the
specimen selected depends on the quantity required for good representation, which is
influenced by the gradation and the maximum size of the particles and on the
accuracy of weighing.

Procedure:-
Step Wise Procedure to Carry out the Experiment:-
1. Clean the container with lid, dry and weight (m1)
2. Take the required quantity of soil specimen in the contains crumbled and placed
loosely and weigh with lid (m2).
3. Keep the container in an oven with the lid removed and placed below the

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4. Remove the container from oven, replace its lid and cool the container in
container and maintain the temperature of oven at 110 c. Dry the specimen in
oven for 24 hours desiccators.
5. Weigh the container with dry soil (Ms).
6. Repeat the above steps for more than 2 containers for the same sample and
report the water content as the average of the three test results.

Precaution:-
1. Always weigh the container with lid.
2. Every time see that number of the lid and the container while keeping in oven
3. The soil specimen should be discarded after the test and should not be used in
any other test
4. Immediately after removing the container from the oven close the lid.
5. Weigh the container after cooling.
6. Keep the container inside the desiccators while cooli

4.4 Direct Shear Test(As per IS-2720 (Part XIII) 1986)

This IS code covers the method of testing of all soil sample having soil grain
less than 4.75mm in undrained, consolidateds undrain, consolidated drain conditions.

Aim: - To determine the shear parameter of a given soil sample

(Undisturbed/remolded) using a direct shear test apparatus.

Apparatus: - Shear box with its accessories, loading frame, weights, proving ring,
dial gauge, trimmer, balance, spatula, vernier etc

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Photo II: - Setup of Direct Shear Test

Theory:-
The shear strength of a soil across a plane may be expressed as;
S = C + σ tanФ
Where; S = Shear strength (Kg/m2)
σ = Normal stress on failure plane (Kg/m2)
C = Cohesion (Kg/m2)
Ф = Angle of internal friction (Degree)

In the direct shear test, failure is induced in a soil sample by moving one part
of the soil container while the other is kept stationary. When a shear force of
sufficient magnitude is applied, the bottom portion of the box moves horizontally
relative to the one, causing the soil in the box to shear along a plane of separation
between two halves of the shear box.

In the strength test of a soil, there are two basic stages. First a normal load is
applied to the specimen and then failure is induced by escape from or enters into the
specimen either during consolidation or during shearing it is called an undrained test

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or unconsolidated undrained test. If the specimen is consolidated under the normal

load but no drainage of water is allowed during shear, then it is called as consolidated
undrained test. If the specimen is consolidated under the normal load and sheared
under fully drained conditions it is called consolidated drained test. Undrained tests
can be performed in a shear box only on highly impermeable clay.

Procedure:-

1. Prepare a remoulded soil sample, at the desired dry density and water
content.

2. Find length and C/S area of the sample.

3. Put the specimen on the bottom plate of the loading device. Adjust the
upper plate to make contact with the specimen. Set the zero of proving
ring & dial gauge.

4. Load the specimen at constant strain rate. Take the load dial reading
approximately at every 0.5 mm.

5. Compress the specimen until cracks have induced or the stress strain
curve is well apart until deformation of 20% is reached.

6. Sketch the failure pattern and angle between cracks with horizontal if
possible.

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CHAPTER No. 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter we covered the actual test results on both type of soil i.e local
available soil and Black cotton soil. Use of such huge amount of dust produced from
stone crusher is used as a strength improving agent.

5.1 Properties of materials

A. Stone Dust

1. Specific gravity of stone dust = 2.8

2. Sieve analysis of stone dust.

I.S. Sieve no. Mass of soil % Mass of Cumulative % passing

retained (gm) soil retained % retained

4.75mm 9 0.9 0.9 99.1

2.36mm 62 6.2 7.1 92.9

1.18mm 406 40.6 47.7 52.3

0.6mm 161 16.1 63.8 36.2

0.425mm 25 2.5 66.3 33.7

0.300mm 122 12.2 78.5 21.5

0.150mm 127 12.7 91.2 8.8

0.075mm 65 6.5 97.7 2.3

pan 23 2.3 100 0.0

Table No. 5.1.1.Fineness modulus of stone dust

Fineness modulus of stone dust=452.7/800
= 0.56
From the table:
D10 =0.16

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D30 =0.42
D60 =1.3

a) Coefficient of uniformity= D60 / D10 = 8.125

b) Coefficient of curvature= ( D30 )2 / (D10 xD60 ) = 0.84

c) As the value of Coefficient of uniformity( 8.125) is more than six, so it is well

graded.

3. Variation of dry density with moisture content (standarad proctor test)

Graph no.5.1 Variation of dry density with %water content for stone dust
OMC=10.60%
MDD=2340 kg/ m

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B. Black Cotton Soil and locally available soil

PROPERTY Quantity
Black cotton soil Locally available soil
Natural moisture content % 15 5
Liquid limit % 93 45
Plastic limit % 21 26
Plasticity index % 72 19
Specific Gravity % 2.5 2.6
California bearing ratio % 2 5
Color Dark grey Dusty white
Table No. 5.1.2 Properties of sample soil
5.2 Testes on Local Available soil
5.2.1 Standard Proctor Test
The BIS requirement of the test is given in above experiment details. It
involves the determination of dry density with respect to moisture content for
different percentage of stone dust. The stages of stone dust added is; 0%. 10%, 20%,
30% etc. There variation with respect to percentage of stone dust is given below;

5.2.1.1) O% Stone dust

Graph no: 5.2 Variation of dry density with %water content for 0% stone dust
This graph showing the result on soil sample with O% stone dust. The test is carried
out on local available soil. The test results show the Maximum dry density as 2000
Kg/m3 to the corresponding Optimum moisture content as 17.20%.
5.2.1.2) 10% Stone dust

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Graph no: 5.3 Variation of dry density with %water content for 10% stone dust
This graph showing the result on soil sample with 10% stone dust. The material for
this test involves a plain local available soil with 10% of stone dust mixed
homogeneously. The variation of dry density with water content %.
The graph shows the slightly improvement of MDD 1955Kg/m3 corresponding to
water content as 23.2%.

5.2.1.3) 15%stone dust

.
Graph no: 5.4 Variation of dry density with %water content for 15% stone dust
This graph showing the result on soil sample with 15%stone dust. The material for
this test involves a plain local available soil with 15% of stone dust mixed
homogeneously. The variation of dry density with water content %.

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The graph shows the slightly improvement of MDD 2200Kg/m3 corresponding to

water content as 14.36%

5.2.1.4) 20% Stone dust

Graph no: 5.5 Variation of dry density with %water content for 20% stone dust
This graph showing the result on soil sample with 20%stone dust. The material for
this test involves a plain local available soil with 20% of stone dust mixed
homogeneously. The variation of dry density with water content %.
The graph shows the slightly improvement of MDD 2250Kg/m3 corresponding to
water content as 16.06%

5.2.1.5) 30% Stone dust

Graph no: 5.6 Variation of dry density with %water content for 30% stone dust
This graph showing the result on soil sample with 30% Stone dust. The material for
this test involves a plain local available soil with 30% of stone dust mixed
homogeneously. The variation of dry density with water content %.

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The graph shows the slightly improvement of MDD 2280Kg/m 3 corresponding to

water content as 15.80%.

5.2.2 Shear strength test on Local available soil

The objective of this test is to determine the cohesive and friction property of
soil for various percentage of stone dust. All the requirement, explanation, procedure,
sample calculations are explained in the above experiment. Shear test calculations
carried out with taking into consideration of corrected area (Ac). The various tables &
the corresponding graphs for % variation are shown below.

5.2.2.1) 0% Stone dust

Plain Soil
0.25
Shear Stess kg/cm2

0.2

0.15
c =0.18kg/cm2
0.1
Ф= 1.71°
0.05

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Normal Load kg/cm2

Graph no: 5.7 Variation of Shear stress with Vs Normal load, 0% stone dust

1) Plain Local available soil: -

The sample used for this test is only Local available soil with zero percentage
of stone dust. The graph as below,
From the graph the property of soil are given below
C = 0.18 kg/cm2
Ф = 1.71°

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5.2.2.2) 10% Stone dust

Soil +10% Stone Dust

0.6
Shear Stress kg/cm2 0.5
0.4
0.3 c = 0.19 kg/cm2
0.2 Ф= 11.03°
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Normal Load kg/cm2

Graph no: 5.8Variation of Shear stress with Vs Normal load, 10% stone dust
This graph showing the result on soil sample with 10% Stone dust. The material for
this test involves a plain local available soil with 10% of stone dust mixed
homogeneously. From the graph the property of soil are given below
C = 0.19 kg/cm2
Ф = 11.03°

5.2.2.3) 15% Stone dust

Soil + 15% Stone Dust

0.6
Shear Stress kg/cm2

0.5
0.4
c = 0.22kg/cm2
0.3
Ф= 8.81°
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Normal Load kg/cm2

Graph no: 5.9Variation of Shear stress with Vs Normal load, 15% stone dust

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This graph showing the result on soil sample with 15% Stone dust. The material for
this test involves a plain local available soil with 15% of stone dust mixed
homogeneously.
From the graph the property of soil are given below
C = 0.22 kg/cm2
Ф = 8.81°

5.2.2.4) 20% Stone dust

Soil+ 20% Stone Dust

0.6
shear stress kg/cm2

0.5
0.4
0.3
c = 0.295kg/cm2
0.2
Ф=12.13°
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Normal Load kg/ cm2

Graph no: 5.10Variation of Shear stress with Vs Normal load,20% stone dust

This graph showing the result on soil sample with 20% Stone dust. The material for
this test involves a plain local available soil with 20% of stone dust mixed
homogeneously.
From the graph the property of soil are given below
C = 0.295 kg/cm2
Ф = 12.13°

5.2.2.5) 30% Stone dust

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Soil + 30% Stone Dust

0.8

Shear Stress kg/cm2

0.6

0.4 c = 0.36kg/cm2
Ф= 11.85°
0.2

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Normal Load kg/cm2

Graph no: 5.11 Variation of Shear stress with normal load for 30% stone dust
This graph showing the result on soil sample with 30% Stone dust. The material for
this test involves a plain local available soil with 30% of stone dust mixed
homogeneously.
From the graph the property of soil are given below
C = 0.36 kg/cm2
Ф = 11.85°

5.3 Tests on Black cotton soil

5.3.1 Standard Proctor Test
The BIS requirements of the test are given in above experiment details
involves the determination of variation dry density with respect to moisture content
for different percentage of stone dust. The stages of stone dust added are; 0%. 10%,
20%, 30% etc. These variations are explained in below with proper graphs.

5.3.1.1) 0% Stone dust

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Black cotton soil without Stone dust

1900
1880

DRY DENSITY Kg/m3

1860
1840
1820
1800
1780
1760
1740
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
% WATER CONTENT

Graph no: 5.12 Variation of dry density with % water content for 0% stone dust

The above graph shows the variation of dry density with % water content on soil
sample with 0% Stone dust. The test is carried out black cotton soil. The test results
show the Maximum dry density as 1890 Kg/m3 to the corresponding Optimum
moisture content as 22.10%.

5.3.1.2) 10% Stone dust

Black cotton soil + 10% Stone Dust

2000
DRY DENSITY Kg/m3

1950

1900

1850

1800

1750
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
% WATER CONTENT

Graph no: 5.13 Variation of dry density with %water content for 10% stone dust
The above graph shows the variation of dry density with % water content on soil
sample with 10% Stone dust. The test is carried out on plain black cotton soil with
10% of stone dust mixed homogeneously. The test results show the Maximum dry
density as 1955 Kg/m3 to the corresponding Optimum moisture content of 23.30%.

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5.3.1.3) 20% Stone dust

Black cotten soil + 20 % Stone Dust

2100
DRY DENSITY Kg/m3

2050
2000
1950
1900
1850
1800
1750
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
% WATER CONTENT

Graph no: 5.14 Variation of dry density with %water content for 20% stone
dust
The above graph shows the variation of dry density with % water content on
soil sample with 20% Stone dust. The test is carried out on plain black cotton soil
with 20% of stone dust mixed homogeneously. The test results show the Maximum
dry density as 2050 Kg/m3 to the corresponding Optimum moisture content of
23.10%.

5.3.1.4) 30% Stone dust

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Graph no: 5.15 Variation of dry density with %water content for 30% stone
dust

The above graph shows the variation of dry density with % water content on
soil sample with 30% Stone dust. The test is carried out on plain black cotton soil
with 30% of stone dust mixed homogeneously. The test results show the Maximum
dry density as 2250 Kg/m3 to the corresponding Optimum moisture content of 22.35%

5.3.2 Shear strength test on black cotton soil

The objective of this test is to determine the cohesive and friction property of
soil for various percentage of stone dust. All the requirement, explanation, procedure,
sample calculations are explained in the above experiment. Shear test calculations
carried out with taking into consideration of corrected area (Ac). The various tables &
the corresponding graphs for various % variations are shown below. The graphs are
plotted shear strength (kg/cm2) verses normal load (kg/cm2)
5.3.2.1) Plain black cotton soil
The sample used for this test is only black cotton soil with zero percentage of
stone dust. From the graph the property of soil are: C = 0.201 kg/cm2, Ф = 0.257°
which show the black cotton soil is almost frictionless.

PLAIN BLACK COTTEN SOIL

0.25
SHEAR STRESS Kg/cm2

0.2

0.15
c =0.201kg/cm2
0.1 Ф= 0.257°
0.05

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
NORMAL LOAD Kg/cm2

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Graph no: 5.16 variation of shear strength with normal load for plain black cotton
soil
5.3.2.2) Black cotton soil with 10% stone dust
The sample used for this test is only black cotton soil with 10% percentage of stone
dust. From the graph the property of soil are: C = 0.201 kg/cm2, Ф = 2.63° which
show that the black cotton soil achieved the certain degree of frictional property.

BLACK COTTON SOIL + 10% STONE DUST

0.35
SHEAR STRESS Kg/cm2

0.3
0.25
0.2
c
0.15
=0.201kg/cm2
0.1
Ф= 2.63°
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
NORMAL LOAD Kg/cm2

Graph no: 5.17Variation of Shear stress with %water content for 10% stone dust
5.3.2.3) Black cotton soil with 20% stone dust
The sample used for this test is only black cotton soil with 20% percentage of
stone dust. From the graph the property of soil are: C = 0.234 kg/cm2, Ф = 2.89°
which show that the black cotton soil achieved the certain degree of frictional
property.

Black cotton soil+ 20% Stone Dust

0.4
0.35
SHEAR STRESS Kg/cm2

0.3
0.25
0.2 c =0.234kg/cm2
0.15 Ф= 2.89° Series1
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
NORMAL LOAD Kg/cm2

Graph no: 5.18Variation of Shear stress with %water content for 20% stone dust

5.3.2.4) Black cotton soil with 30% stone dust

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The sample used for this test is only black cotton soil with zero percentage of
stone dust. From the graph the property of soil are: C = 0.276 kg/cm2, Ф = 5.19°
which show that the black cotton soil achieved the certain degree of cohesive property
and frictional property.

Black cotton soil + 30% Stone Dust

0.4
SHEAR STRESS Kg/cm2

0.3

0.2
c =0.276kg/cm2
0.1 Series1
Ф= 5.19°
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
NORMAL LOAD Kg/cm2

Graph no 5.19: Variation of Shear stress with %water content for 30% stone dust

5.4 All Results

5.4.1 Comparison between MDD with variation of % of stone dust for locally
available Soil
The following graph shows that the variation of Maximum dry density with respect to
% of stone dust. From these graph it is clear that there is tremendous increment of
maximum dry density i.e. 7.5%, 9.09%, 12.5%, 14% to the corresponding stone dust
of 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% respectively.

Sr. No. % Stone OMC Changes in MDD Changes in

Dust OMC (%) Kg/m3 MDD (%)
1 0 17.2 - 2000 -
2 10 16.20 ( - ) 5.8 2150 7.5
3 15 16.36 ( - ) 4.8 2200 9.09
4 20 16.06 ( - ) 6.6 2250 12.5
5 30 15.80 ( - ) 8.1 2280 14.1
(-ve sign indicates that, the OMC percentage reduced)
Table No.5.4.1 Variation of MDD & OMC with % stone dust

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2350 Variation of MDD with % Stone Dust

2300
2250
2200
MDD Kg/ m3
2150
2100
2050
2000
1950
1900
1850
0 10 15 20 30
% Stone Dust Added

Graph no: 5.20Variation of MDD with % stone dust

5.4.2 Comparison between c and Φ with variation of % of stone dust for locally
available soil
The following graph shows that the variation of c and Φ with variation of % of
stone dust for locally available soil. From this graph it is clear that there is tremendous
increment of frictional property of 6.45, 5.15, 7.09 and 6.92 times to the
corresponding stone dust of 10%, 15%, 20 %, and 30% respectively. Also it is clear
that there is slight improvement in the cohesive property of soil i.e. 5.55%, 22.22%,
63. 88% and 100% to the corresponding stone dust of 10%, 15%, 20 % and 30%
respectively.

Sr. % Stone Dust c Increase in C Φ Increase in Φ

No (%) (%)
1 0 0.18 - 1.71 -
2 10 0.19 (+) 5.55 11.03 (+) 545
3 15 0.22 (+) 22.22 10.81 (+) 530
4 20 0.295 (+) 63.88 12.13 (+) 1042
5 30 0.36 (+) 100 11.81 (+) 1010

Table No. 5.4.2Variation of c and Φ with % stone dust

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Variation of C and Φ with % stone dust

14

12

10

8
c *… 6

0
0% 10% 15% 20% 30%

Percentage stone dust added

Graph no. 5.21 Variation of C and Φ with % stone dust

5.4.3 Comparison between MDD with variation of % of stone dust for black
cotton soil
The following bar chart shows the improvement in the value of maximum dry
density with increase in the percentage of stone dust. The increment of maximum dry
density i.e. 3.5%, 8.46% and 19.04% with the corresponding increase in10%, 20%
and 30% respectively.

2300 Variation of MDD with % stone dust

2200
2100
MDD

2000
MDD(kg/m3)
1900
1800
1700
0% 10% 20% 30%
Stone Dust

Graph no: 5.22 Variation of MDD with % stone dust

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5.4.4Comparison between c and Φ with variation of % of stone dust for black

cotton soil
The following graph shows that the variation of c and Φ with variation of % of
stone dust for black cotton soil. From this graph it is clear that there is tremendous
increment of frictional property i.e. 10.2, 11.2 and20.19 times to the corresponding
stone dust of 10%, 20 % and 30% respectively. Also it is clear that there is slight
improvement in the cohesive property of soil i.e. 0%, 16.42%, and 29.18% to the
corresponding stone dust of 10%, 20 % 30% respectively.

Sr.No % Stone c Changes in Φ Changes in

Dust C (%) Φ (%)

1 0 0.201 - 0.257 -

2 10 0.201 0 2.63 10.2

3 20 0.234 +16.42 2.89 11.24

4 30 0.276 +29.182 5.19 20.19

Table no. 5.4.4 Variation of C and Φ with % stone dust

Variation of C and Φ with % stone dust

6

c *… 3
Φ
2

0
0% 10% 20% 30%

Percentage stone dust added

Graph no. 5.23 Variation of C and Φ with % stone dust

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CHAPTER No. 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

6.1 Conclusion

Problematic soils such as expansive soils are normally encountered in

foundation engineering, designs for highways, embankments, retaining walls, backfill
walls and other civil engineering structures. The over dependence on industrially
manufactured soil improving additives (cement, lime and other Geosynthetic
materials etc.) have kept the cost of construction of stabilized road financially high.
The need to bring down the cost of waste disposal and growing cost of soil stabilizers
has lead to intense global research towards economic utilization of wastes for
engineering purposes. The project is an attempt to give effective solutions to these
problematic soils by using one of the industrially produced waste materials known as
stone dust. The conclusions drawn by conducting actual tests are given below:

1. There is huge increment of maximum dry density i.e. 7.5%, 9.09%, 12.5%,
and 14% to the corresponding increment stone dust of 10%, 15%, 20 %, and
30% respectively(for locally available soil).
2. It is clear that there is tremendous increment of frictional property of 6.45,
5.15, 7.09 and 6.92 times to the corresponding stone dust of 10%, 15%, 20 %,
and 30% respectively. Also it is clear that there is slight improvement in the
cohesive property of soil i.e. 5.55%, 22.22%, 63. 88% and 100% to the
corresponding stone dust of 10%, 15%, and 20 % 30% respectively (for
locally available soil).
3. The huge increment of maximum dry density of 3.5%, 8.46% and 19.04% is
recorded with the corresponding increment in stone dust of 10%, 20% and
30% respectively (for black cotton soil).
4. It is clear that there is tremendous increment of frictional property (Φ) i.e.
10.2, 11.2 and20.19 times to the corresponding stone dust of 10%, 20 % and
30% respectively. Also it is clear that there is slight improvement in the
cohesive property(C) of soil i.e. 0%, 16.42%, and 29.18% to the
corresponding stone dust of 10%, 20 % and 30% respectively (for black
cotton soil).
5. This field is new area of research and further development for geotechnical
engineers.

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6. All above conclusions will overcome the socio-economic constraints with

economy.

6.2 Future Scope

Scope of the project work:-
 In different state of the country, different soil deposits are available
were we can prefer this work.
 Also to study different engineering properties of soil by adding
different stabilizers .For e.g.:- Lime, cement, fly ash, etc. with Black
cotton soil.
 To study suitable construction techniques for different types of
stabilizers.
 Along with this, we can also study “Environmental Impact
Assessments “of these construction work/techniques and can be
comparing this work with different states.

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APPENDICES

Photo graphs showing detail practical performed

Photo 1-Shear Box Tools

Photo 2-Stone Dust

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Photo 3-Soil Sample

Photo 4- Direct Shear Loading Frame

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Photo 5– Shear Box

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REFERENCES
1. ASTM (1992) Annual book of ASTM standards
2. BS 1377, method of testing soil for civil engineering purpose, British standard
Institute London.
3. Dr. B. C. Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain, Arun Kumar Jain ,”Soil Mechanics &
Foundations” (16 Edt.), Laxmi Publication Ltd, 2005
4. I Murugan & C.Natarajan, ”Reinforcing traditional Indian construction with
modern construction technique” Indian Journal of traditional knowledge, Vol. 8(4)
Oct.2009, page no 629-632
5. Indian Standard codes & Publication Series IS-2720 (Part 1-30), SP 20
6. Robert D. Holtz, “Geosynthetics for soil reinforcement” Dept. of civil &
environment Engineering Washington (USA) Nov.2001
7. S.A. Naeini, M. Mirzakhanlari, “The effect of geotextile and grading on the
bearing ratio of granular soils” Engineering Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
(EJGE), Vol.13 page no. 1172-1179, year 2008
8. Sabat, A .K. ,and Das, S. K. (2009) “Design of low volume rural roads using lime
stabilized expansive soil- quarry dust mixes sub grade, ” Indian Highways,
Vol.37(9),pp.21-27.
9. Sabat, A.K., and Nanda, R.P. (2011) “Effect of marble dust on strength and
durability of rice husk ash stabilized expansive soil.” International Journal of Civil
and Structural Engineering Vol.1 (4).939-948.
10. Sabat, A.K. (2012) “A study on some Geotechnical properties of lime stabilized
expansive soil – quarry dust mixes.” International Journal of Emerging Trends in
Engineering and Development. Vol.1 (2), pp.42-49.
11. Shashi K. Gulhati, Manoj Datta ,”Geotechnical Engineering” Tech max
Publication, 2006.
12. IRC: 37-2001, “Guidelines for the design of flexible Pavement.”
13. www.academicdirect.org

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