METAL WORKS

Presented by:
Kate Princess Dela Torre
Joshua Deldoc
Arabelle Engo
Luis Miguel Masagca
Ma. Daniella Sayas
Metals are solid material that are generally hard, shiny, malleable,
fusible, ductile, and have good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Metals are commonly used in the construction industry due to their
durability and strength to form structural components, pipework,
cladding materials and other components.
TYPES OF METAL
Bronze
Bronze is easily recognizable by its brown/gold color with hints of red. Products made from
bronze are commonly crafted by hand and highly decorative.
Bronze is an alloy made from a mixture of copper and tin. It is one of the best known and
oldest copper alloys.
TYPES OF METAL

Pros: Stunning and unique appearance, customizable, long-lasting when cared for properly

Cons: Expensive, slightly pliable, high maintenance

Care: Bronze sinks, faucets, and hardware should be rinsed and wiped down after use. This
material can easily be damaged by acidic foods, astringent cleaners, and other liquids and
chemicals. Brushed and polished bronze must be treated with a wax cleaner to prevent the
metal from darkening to an aged patina color.
TYPES OF METAL
Brass

An alloy of copper and zinc with a gold/yellow color, brass has been a favorite in lighting and
hardware design for decades. The classic material is seeing a resurgence in popularity, and is
available in modern as well as traditional styles.
TYPES OF METAL

Pros: Traditional, upscale appearance, low-maintenance, readily available, durable

Cons: Expensive, may tarnish if left uncleaned for a long period of time

Care: Clean with mild soap and water. Use polish to buff brass and revive its shine
TYPES OF METAL
Copper

Copper has a red/brown tone that is similar to bronze. The appearance of copper is highly
distinct and difficult to replicate with other metals. Copper is naturally occurring and not an
alloy. The metal is soft, bendable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity.
TYPES OF METAL

Pros: Upscale appearance, good conductor of heat and electricity, naturally

lusterous, distinctive color

Cons: soft, expensive, not highly durable

Care: Treat with a gentle wax (such as carnauba wax or beeswax) and apply a
lacquer to prevent oxidation
TYPES OF METAL
Aluminum
Aluminum is a soft and bendable metal with a light silver color. This metal is oftentimes used as
a lightweight and less expensive alternative to steel. Aluminum’s highly malleable nature also
makes it a popular choice in intricate lighting designs with small spirals or complex curves.
TYPES OF METAL

Pros: Lightweight, durable, rust-resistant, low maintenance, inexpensive

Cons: Soft, not as strong as steel, may oxidize

Care: Wash with mild soap and water to remove dust and debris
TYPES OF METAL
Wrought Iron
Wrought iron refers to a construction method where iron-based metal is heated and then
hammered or molded into shape. This method of craftsmanship existed long before modern
alloy materials and construction techniques were developed (aluminum/steel and cast/poured
products). Wrought iron has a rustic, imperfect appearance and texture, and is composed of
low-carbon iron mixed with fibrous slag.
TYPES OF METAL

Pros: Extremely strong, durable, rustic appearance

Cons: Prone to rusting

Care: Clean wrought iron products with a simple water and mild soap solution.
Apply a rust protector to prevent corrosion and use paint to touch up cracks if
necessary
TYPES OF METAL
Steel
Heavier than aluminum but lighter than iron, steel is a popular middle-of-the-line metal with
dark grey coloring. Steel is among the most common metals used in numerous applications
and is produced on a massive scale. Among other characteristics, steel is strong, difficult to
bend, and difficult to break.
TYPES OF METAL

Pros: Extremely strong, durable, inexpensive to produce

Cons: Will oxidize when exposed to water, will rust if left unprotected

Care: Apply a protective finish to steel products to prevent rusting and

corrosion. Clean with a mild soap and water solution
TYPES OF METAL
Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is a similar material to steel with one crucial difference. Chromium is added to
stainless steel, making the metal corrosion resistant. Stainless steel is very strong, does not
hold germs, will not oxidize, and will not corrode. Due to its non-corrosive properties, stainless
steel is low maintenance. It is silver in appearance, and more closely resembles aluminum than
steel.
TYPES OF METAL

Benefits: Strong aluminum alternative, durable, will not rust, corrode, or oxidize

Cons: Expensive to produce

Care: Stainless steel cleans best with a simple vinegar solution

METAL FINISHES
Matte
Matte finishes are non-reflective, flat and unshiny, and have a soft appearance. Matte
finishes can be any color, from jet black to bronze. A product with a matte finish will
not show dirt, fingerprints, watermarks, and is easy to clean.
METAL FINISHES
Oil-Rubbed
Oil-rubbed finishes are common to naturally shiny metals such as bronze, brass, and copper. An
oil-rubbed finish is intended to mimic the look of an aged, patinaed metal surface. Achieving an
oil-rubbed finish is expensive and time-intensive, and in many cases these finishes are created
by hand by rubbing premium oils onto the surface of a metal product.
METAL FINISHES
Chrome
Chrome is one of the most popular contemporary metal finishes for multiple reasons.
Chrome is scratch-resistant, versatile, low-maintenance, inexpensive, sleek, and stylish. A
chrome finish is achieved by bonding chrome plating over a base material such as brass,
copper, or steel. The long-term durability of a chrome product depends largely on the quality
of the base metal used in crafting the item. Chrome is similar to nickel, with a slightly more
vivid silver and shiny appearance.
METAL FINISHES
Brushed
Brushed finishes appear to have been passed over with a paintbrush, leaving faint, thin
grooves on the surface of the metal. Brushed finishes are more matte than shiny, and their
subtle texture helps to camouflage fingerprints and other marks. Brushed finishes are
contemporary, but more warmed up than smooth finishes.
METAL FINISHES
Hammered
Hammered finishes appear to have been hit many times across their entire
surface with a hammer. These finishes feature many small dents and
imperfections for a highly textured appearance. The effect is oftentimes
achieved by hand.
METAL FINISHES
Polished
Polished finishes are highly lustrous, reflective, and shiny. To maintain their shine, most
polished products need to be routinely buffed. Fingerprints and watermarks show easily on
polished finishes, meaning a polished finish is not ideal for faucets or cabinetry hardware.
Polished finishes are generally associated with a traditional aesthetic.
METAL FINISHES
Satin
A satin finish is similar to a brushed finish, but with no visible grooves or brushstrokes. The
surface of a satin finish is subtly textured, but still very smooth. Satin finishes fall between
shiny and matte, and have a rich, warm quality. These finishes can be expensive, but they
will not show fingerprints or watermarks.
METHODS
OF JOINING
METALS
 SOLDERING
• Soldering is a joining process used to join
different types of metals together by
melting solder.

• Soldering makes quick and neat

connections to electronics equipment and
plumbing.
TYPES OF SOLDERING
• SOFT SOLDERING – Soft Soldering is a process of joining two or
more pieces of similar or dissimilar thinner parts by an alloy
called solder which has a lower melting point than the base
metals.

• HARD SOLDERING – In this process, extra external heat which

comes from blow-lamp or oxy-acetylene flame to melt the solder.
Generally, it is used for underground cable-joint of Telephone,
Electric, etc .
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
•
• It is simple, low cost, flexible, economical and user-friendly. This is not useful when joint works under high
Base metal does not melt, so the low-temperature heat temperature.
source can be used. Strength of the joint is less.
Any metals, non-metals can be joined by this process. Soldering process can not join heavy sections.
This can be operated at a low temperature. It is suitable for only small parts.
Less time required to join.
It is not useful at long length weldings.
The life of the solder will be more.
Heavy metals cannot be welded by this operation.
Soldered joints can be dismantled.
This can be easily operated. There is a chance to toxic components at fluxes.
Low process temperature. Careful removal of flux residuals is required in order to
Low amount of power is required to heat the soldering iron. prevent corrosion.
Thin wall part may be joined. The large section can not be joined.
Easily automated process. Soldering may require more practice, skills and some
Dissimilar material may be joined. perfect knowledge for doing it. Skilled labour is
This operation required low power. required for soldering.
The soldering can be done at low temperature, and control
very easy.
No thermal distortion and residual stresses in the joint parts.
The microstructure can no be affected by heat.
 BRAZING
It is essentially similar to soldering but it
gives a much stronger joint than soldering.
Brazing is joining of 2 metal piece by using
a filler metal, mostly copper base alloy and
silver base alloys are used.
 WELDING

Welding is a fabrication process whereby two

or more parts are fused together by means of
heat, pressure or both forming a join as the
parts cool.
 RIVETING

• Riveting is a semi-permanent and non-thermal joining method that

involves using a mechanical fastener/rivet (a metallic part with a
dome-shaped head) to join sheet metal parts.
• It is essential in the construction of buildings, cookware, jewelry, and so
much more because they are cost-effective and the preferred way to
permanently fasten a variety of materials like wood, metal, and plastic.
 MECHANICAL FASTENER

A mechanical fastener is a device that is used to

mechanically join (or fasten)
aaasfa two or more objects
together. There are many different types of
mechanical fasteners.
 The common types of Mechanical Fasteners are:

NUTS AND BOLTS aaasfa

NAILS

SCREW

WASHERS ANCHORS
The common types of Mechanical Fasteners are:

SCREW- A screw is a metal

object similar to a nail, with
a raised spiral line around it
and topped with a slotted
head
The common types of Mechanical Fasteners are:

NAILS- It is a slender metal

shaft that is pointed at one
end and flattened at the
other end.
The common types of Mechanical Fasteners are:

NUTS- A nut is a small

metallic piece of metal
with a spiral cut groove
that runs around a hole in
its center.
The common types of Mechanical Fasteners are:

BOLTS- The bolts are solid

cylinders with a circular
cross-section.
The common types of Mechanical Fasteners are:

WASHERS- It is a thin plate

with a concentric hole
that's typically used to
evenly distribute the load
of a threaded fastener. A
flat ring of metal put under
the head of a bolt or nut.
The common types of Mechanical Fasteners are:

ANCHORS- It is a
self-drilling or self-tapping
anchor. These anchors can
be made from plastic,
nylon, or zinc-coated. It is
best used for attaching
cement board to wood and
steel.
RIVETS- Usually made of
steel or aluminum. It has
the appearance of a metal
pin that composed of a
head on one end and a
cylindrical stem on another.
 METALS FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Reinforced Concrete
• Most commonly used in
domestic construction for the
footings and foundations.

• It’s compressive and tensile

strength.

• Used for construction on a large

scale, such as bridges, dams,
piers, tall buildings and stadiums.
STRESS – Internal forces of the material.
Three Fundamental Types of Stress:
Metals For Reinforced Concrete
STEEL BARS
• The most common material used as
reinforcement.

• Mostly in the form of steel bars and

rods or round or square cross section.

• Used to reinforce and strengthen

concrete.

• The bars may be plain or deformed.

Types of Steel Bars
MILD STEEL BARS
• These bars have a plain and
smooth surface without any ribs.

• These bars cannot develop a

good bond with concrete hence
hooks are essentially required at
the end.
Types of Steel Bars
DEFORMED STEEL BARS
• Deformed steel bars have lugs, ribs,
and other deformations on their
surface which increase the bond
between steel and concrete.

• It have high tensile strength, yield

strength, and bond strength.
Types of Steel Bars
TMT BARS
• Or Thermo mechanical treatment is an
advanced process in which red hot rebars are
quenched through a series of water jets
making a hardened outer layer surface
surrounding a softer core.

• It has high yield strength and ultimate tensile

strength, better ductility and elongation,
greater bond strength, better weldability, high
thermal resistance, corrosion resistance,
earthquake resistance and economical.
Types of Steel Bars
COLD TWISTED BARS
• Are high strength deformed bars (HSD) whose
quality is improved by various processes of
cold working (stretching and twisting)

• Has great bond strength, high tensile strength,

low carbon strength, welding capability, better
functional aspects and structural safety, less
steel consumption and economical.
Types of Steel Bars
CARBON STEEL BARS

• This is the most common type of

steel bar made up of carbon steel
and is sometimes referred to a
black bar due to its carbon color.
Types of Steel Bars
STAINLESS STEEL BARS

• One of the best types of steel bar

used where high corrosion
resistant is desirable or where
repair is difficult and expensive.
Types of Steel Bars
GALVANIZED BARS

• In this steel bar, a protective zinc

(Zn) metal is added. Galvanized
bars have 40 times more
corrosion resistant than carbon
steel bars.
Types of Steel Bars
EPOXY-COATED
STEEL BARS
• Is nothing but black steel bar
having an epoxy coat over it. This
type of steel bar is ideal for
structures that are exposed to
saltwater or where there is an
increase risk of corrosion.
Metals For Reinforced Concrete
WIRE FABRIC
• Wire fabric made of cold-drawn
steel wire is widely used for the
reinforcement of concrete slabs
and floors, as well as for stuccoed
work.
Types of Wire Fabric
WELDED WIRE
FABRIC
• Welded-wire mesh, also called
welded-wire fabric, use to
reinforced concrete slabs used in
light construction, consist of a
series wires welded together to
form a grid pattern.
Types of Wire Fabric
TRIANGLE-MESH
WIRE FABRIC
• Is built up of either single or
stranded longitudinal wires with
cross wires or bond-wired
running diagonally across the
fabric.
Metals For Reinforced Concrete
EXPANDED MESH

• This is manufactured from solid steel sheets. It

is type of sheet metal which has been cut and
stretched to form a regular pattern (often
diamond-shape) of metal mesh-like material.

• It is commonly used for fences and grates, and

as metallic lath to support plaster or stucco.
Metals For Reinforced Concrete
LATH
• Metal lath is excellent reinforcement for thin
slabs, say ¾ inch to 3 inch thick. It is, of course
especially fitted for use as wrapped
reinforcement enclosing structural steel beams
and columns for fireproofing concrete or
plaster.
• Some variations of metal lath serve as
combined form and reinforcement for thin
floor or roof slabs of concrete over closely
spaced steel joists with spans of two to three
feet.
Metals Used for Steel
and Structural Framing
Steel
• It may be classified from a large family of
manufactured or man-made solid metals.
• Any kind of steel is an alloy in which iron
(pure-metal) is combined with carbon (non-metal).
• Other materials or elements such as manganese,
silicon, phosphorus, sulphur and oxygen can be also
used to make this alloy.
•It can be described as low/mild, medium- or high-carbon
steel according to the percentage of carbon they contain,
although this is never greater than about 1.5%.

Type of Steel Percentage of Carbon

Low/Mild steel Up to 0.25%
Medium carbon steel 0.25% to 0.45%
High carbon steel 0.45% to 1.50%
Steel in Building Construction
Various types of steel are used in construction and can be infinitely
repurposed like angle bars, steel sheets, pipes, channels, corrugated
roofing, sheet piles, etc. Also, there are steel products that are
designed to cut and shape different materials like tool steel. Lastly,
steels are used for structural purposes.
Five Types of Steel Used in Construction
Steel Rebar Alloy Steel

Stainless Steel Tool Steel Mild Steel

Mild Steel
• Most steel construction is done with this type of steel.
• It is a material that is immensely durable, flexible and
has great plasticity / ductility. Those are the key features
that are advantageous most particularly in structural
steel.
 STRUCTURAL FRAMING
Structural System
• For building construction in general, it is the particular
method of assembling and constructing structural element
of a building.
• Basic types of systems include bearing-wall, post-and-linte
membrane, suspension and frame.
Frame Structure
• It is a structure having the combination of beam,
column and slab to resist the lateral and gravity
loads.
• These structures are usually used to overcome
the large moments developing due to the applied
loading.
Two Types of Frame Structure

Rigid Frame System/ Moment Frame

System
• Characterized either by the lack of pinned joints
within the frame or pinned joints as the main source
of rigidity.
• Its steadiness is indeterminate.
• Capable of resisting both vertical and lateral loads by the
bending of beams and columns.
Home
Insurance
Building,
Chicago, USA
Two Subtypes of Rigid
Frame System

1. Fix Ended Rigid Frame

Structure
• The supports are fix ended.

2. Pin Ended Rigid Frame

Structure
• The supports are pin ended, and it
is not considered to be rigid frame if
its support conditions are removed.
Braced Frame System
• Composed of beams and columns that are “pin”
connected with bracing to resist lateral loads.
• The resistance to lateral forces in obtained through
both horizontal and vertical bracing.
• This frame system provides more efficient resistance
against the earthquake and wind forces.
• It is more effective than rigid frame system.
Two Subtypes of Braced Frame
System

1. Gabled Frames
• It is usually located at roof.
• This frame system is used where there
are possibilities of heavy rain and snow.
2. Portal Frames
• Portal frame is a construction technique
where vertical supports are connected to
horizontal beams or trusses via fixed
joints with designed-in moment-resisting
capacity.
Structural Steel Framing
• It is a widely used structural system in
constructing residential or commercial buildings.
• It serves as an alternative to traditional wood
framing, and offers a number of advantages.
• It forms a skeleton to support the remainder of
the building, including roofing, siding, etc.
Three Types of Structural Steel Framing

Skeleton Steel Framing System

• It is composed of steel beams and columns which are
connected properly.
•Steel beams around the perimeter of the structure is
termed as spandrel beams on which masonry walls are
placed.
• It has different types and configurations like bolt
connection and welded connections.
Wall Bearing Steel Framing System
• A building wall whether it is interior or exterior is used to carry the
end of structural members that support floor or roof loads.
• It should be adequately strong to not only be able to carry vertical
reactions but also to resist any imposed horizontal loads.
Long Span Steel Framing System
• It is considered when large clearance is required
and such long spanning cannot be realized using
steel beams and columns.
• Its options can be categorized into different
types, for instance, girders, trusses, rigid frames,
arches and cantilever suspension spans.
Four Subtypes of Long Span Steel Framing
1. Girders
• It is selected for the case where depth of the member is restricted over a large
unobstructed area in lower storeys. The girder should support loads from above
storeys across cleared area.
2. Truss
• It can be used for the case where restriction on the element depth is not imposed.
It is a better compare to other options in controlling deflections due to better
stiffness.
3. Arches
• It is used to carry walls and roof with open or solid web

4. Rigid Frames
• It is used to span long distances. It is aesthetically pleasing that is why applied
in the construction of churches, gymnasiums, auditoriums, bowling alleys and
shopping centers.
Five Advantages of Structural Steel Structures
1. Steel is tensile.
2. Steel can be easily fabricated and produced massively.
3. Structural steel is very flexible.
4. Structural steel is relatively cheap compared to other building materials.
5. It is very durable.

Five Disadvantages of Structural Steel Structures

1. Steel is an alloy of iron.
2. Might be pricey as it has to be painted to make it corrosion-resistant
3. There are extensive fireproofing costs involved as steel is not fireproof.
4. Buckling is an issue with steel structures.
5. Steel has a high expansion rate with changing temperatures.
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of-joining-metals/
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