PAPER

THE BASIC CONCEPT OF EARTH SPACE AND CHEMISTRY

IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

WEATHER, SEASON AND CLIMATE & CLOUD AND WIND

ARRANGED BY GROUP 6 :
RIZLA ERSA ROMADHIA (19129059)
TRININDI ERISWAN FITRI (19129174)
JELIANA (19129239)
NILA OKTAVIA (19129270)

19 INTERNATIONAL CLASS

LECTURER: ATIKA ULYA AKMAL, S.Pd, M.Pd

DEA STIVANI SUHERMAN, S.Pd, M.Pd

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHER EDUCATION

FACULTY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2020
 FOREWORD
Praise be to God Almighty for the blessings of his grace, and that we were
given the opportunity to be able to compile a paper entitled "Weather, Season and
Climate & Cloud and Wind" is properly and correctly, and on time. The preparation
of this paper aims to fulfill one of the tasks of our courses which is Basic Concepts of
Earth and Space and Chemistry
The realization of this paper is inseparable from the help and enthusiasm of
various parties. Therefore, on this occasion the author would like to thanks to
Mss.Atika Ulya Akmal, S.Pd, M.Pd and Mss.Dea Stivani Suherman, S.Pd, M.Pd as
the lecturer supporting The Basic Concepts of Earth and Space and Chemistry course
that has guided the author in the preparation of the paper and to all those who have
helped in the completion of this paper.
The preparation of this paper of course is not separated from various parties,
either directly or indirectly. With all the humility I realize that the paper I made is far
from the word perfect and there are many shortcomings. Therefore, suggestions and
constructive criticism are expected. The end of the word hopefully this paper can
benefit the compilers and readers. Hopefully get a blessing.

Padang, October 2020

Author

I
 CONTENTS
FOREWORD..................................................................................................................i
CONTENTS..................................................................................................................ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION..................................................................................1
A. Background.........................................................................................................1
B. Problem...............................................................................................................1
C. Purpose...............................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II DICUSSION..........................................................................................2
A. Weather, Season and Climate.............................................................................2
B. Type of Cloud and Wind....................................................................................5
CHAPTER III CLOSING...........................................................................................20
A. Conclusion........................................................................................................20
B. Suggestion........................................................................................................20
REFERENCES............................................................................................................21

II
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Our environment can never be separated from the weather, season and
climate. So, it is with clouds and wind. all of them play an important and
interrelated role. Clouds and wind are important elements in our lives. Our life
will never be separated from the wind. Likewise, with clouds, clouds are objects
that we usually see every day. Therefore, this time we will learn more about
weather, season, climate, clouds and wind.
B. Problem
From the background we get the problem are:
1. What it is weather, season, and climate?
2. What is the type of cloud and wind?
C. Purpose
From the problem we get the purpose of the paper are:
1. To know about the weather, season, and climate.
2. To know the type of cloud and wind.

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 CHAPTER II
DICUSSION
A. Weather, Season and Climate
1. Weather

Weather is an air condition at a certain time and a certain area which is

relatively narrow and in a short period of time. Weather is formed from a
combination of weather elements for only a certain number of hours. For
example, the air condition in the morning can change during the day, in the
evening, and at night.
According to Kartasapoetra (2004), weather is the state or behavior of
the atmosphere at times which changes from time to time. Air has a very
dynamic nature. The temperature and humidity of the air will change from
time to time. The intensity of the light transmitted to the earth's surface after
passing through the atmosphere will always change, depending on the spread
conditions and the thickness of the clouds. Likewise with wind speed and
direction. Dynamic atmospheric conditions, changing in a short time (in
hours or days) are called weather (Lakit, 2002).

2. Season

Season is the time interval with the most frequent or conspicuous

weather, for example, the rainy season is the period of time where there is a
lot of rain, the dry season is the time span with the least rain, winter is the
time span where the air temperature is always low and summer is the time
span where the air temperature is always high. Usually a year is divided into
four seasons, namely: spring, summer, fall, and winter. However, in
Indonesia, because it is located in the tropics, it is only divided into two
seasons, namely: the rainy season and the dry season.
a. Spring

Spring is one of four seasons in subtropics, transitioning from

winter to summer. In the northern hemisphere, spring starts around March
21 to June 21, while in the southern hemisphere it starts around September
23 to December 21. spring occurs after winter, when the plants bloom
again, therefore spring is also called "spring". spring makes the days
longer than the nights. the weather in spring usually feels a bit hot
because it's approaching summer. different from autumn where the air
feels a little cold.

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 b. Summer

Summer is one of the seasons in temperate countries. Depending

on the location of the country, summer can occur at different times. In the
northern hemisphere, summer starts around June 21 to September 23,
while in the southern hemisphere summer starts around December 21 to
March 21.
In many countries, summer is the school holiday season. In this
season people in these subtropical countries go to the beach to sunbathe.
In addition, in the summer the fruits and herbs are generally in their full
growth period. Summer is also usually for fun, such as reading in the
garden. There are also people who take summer classes to gain
knowledge.
c. Autumn

Season. Autumn is a period of transition from summer to winter.

In the northern hemisphere, the calendar / astronomical fall lasts from
September 23 (equinox to south) to December 21, while in the southern
hemisphere autumn begins March 21 (equinox to north) and ends on June
21. From a meteorological point of view, autumn starts on September 1
and ends November 30 for the konorthern hemisphere, while for the
southern hemisphere it starts March 1 and ends May 31.
d. Winter

Winter or winter is the coldest time on earth. It is one of the 4

seasons in countries with temperate and temperate climates. In the
northern hemisphere, winter starts around December 21 to March 21,
while in the southern hemisphere winter starts around June 21 to
September 23.

3. Climate

Climate is the average weather condition in a relatively long time and

covers a wide area. According to Kartasapoetra (2004), climate is the average
weather condition for a long time. Climate is a natural phenomenon driven by
a combination of several elements, namely solar radiation, temperature,
humidity, clouds, rain, evaporation, air pressure, and wind. The factor that
influences the climate element so that it can distinguish the climate in one
place from the climate in another is called climate control. The sun is a very

3
 important climate control and source of energy on earth that causes the motion
of air and ocean currents.
4. Elements Affecting Weather and Climate
a. Air temperature
According to Kartasapoetra (2004), temperature is the degree of
heat or cold measured based on a certain scale. The unit of temperature is
used degrees Celsius (ºC), in the UK and some other countries it is ºF
which sets the boiling point of water in 212ºF and the melting point of ice
at 32ºF. In the hundredth scale (Celsius scale) the boiling point of water
is 100º and the melting point of ice is 0º.
b. Air pressure
According to Tjasyono (2004), the weight of an air column per unit
area above a point indicates the atmospheric pressure (air pressure) at that
point. The horizontal pressure distribution is represented by isobars; a
line connecting places that have the same atmospheric pressure at a
certain height. Atmospheric pressure changes according to place and
time. Air pressure is measured based on the force pressure on a surface
with a certain area. The unit is atmosphere (atm) or mm Hg or mbar,
where the air pressure is 1atm = 760mmHg = 1.013mbar. Air pressure
decreases with increasing altitude (elevation or altitude). Air pressure
generally decreases by 11mbar for every increase in altitude of 100m
(Lakit, 2002).
c. Air humidity
According to Kartasapoetra (2004), humidity is the amount of
moisture in the air. In humidity several terms are known. Absolute
humidity is the mass of water vapor in one unit of air, expressed in
grams / m3. Specific humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapor in
the air to the mass units of air, expressed in grams / kg. Relative humidity
is the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air to the maximum
amount of water vapor contained in the air at a certain temperature,
expressed in%. The relative humidity number is from 0–100%, where 0%
means dry air, while 100% means that the air is saturated with water
vapor where water drops will occur. The quantity used to express air
humidity is relative humidity, where it changes according to place and
time. Towards noon the relative humidity gradually decreases, then in the
afternoon until early morning it increases (Tjasjono, 2004).
d. Rainfall

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 According to Kartasapoetra (2004), rain is a form of water vapor
precipitation that comes from clouds in the atmosphere. Other forms of
precipitation are snow and ice. For rain to occur, condensation points,
ammonia, dust, and sulfuric acid are needed. These condensation points
have the property of being able to take water vapor from the air. The
amount of precipitation is recorded in inches or millimeters (1 inch =
25.4mm). The amount of rainfall 1mm shows the height of rainwater that
covers the surface of 1mm, if the water does not seep into the ground or
evaporate into the atmosphere (Tjasjono, 2004).
e. Wind
According to Kartasapoetra (2004), wind is the horizontal
movement or movement of air masses from one place to another. Air
mass is air in a very large size which has physical properties (temperature
and humidity) uniform in the horizontal direction. The movement of the
wind comes from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. Wind
speed is divided into classes or levels based on damage caused by wind
and wind speed, as shown in Table 1 below. Wanting to have a direction,
namely the direction from which the wind blows is usually expressed in
16 compass points (U, UTL, TL, TTL and so on) for surface winds, for
winds above it is a degree or 1/10 degree from the north, clockwise.
Wind speed km / h, miles / hr, m / s, knots, where 1km / h = 0.621mil / h
= 0.278 knots, 1knot = 1.852km / h = 1.151mil / h = 0.514m / s (Linsley
et al. , 1986).

B. Type of Cloud and Wind

1. Types of Clouds

a. Based on Cloud Formation

Cloud systems are controlled by vertical air motion due to convection, orographic
effects, convergence, and fronts. The cloud classification based on the vertical motion
mechanism is:
1. Stratiform This cloud causes continuous rain caused by macro scale air rise by
fronts or convergence or topography. The rain area is quite wide, the intensity of rain
is small and drizzling to moderate rain, the upward air flow in this cloud covers a
large area but is weak.
2. Cumuliform

5
These clouds cause localized rain which is caused by convection located in unstable
air. Heavy rain intensity from normal to heavy rain (shower). Upward air currents in
this cloud cover a small but strong area (Tjasyono, 2007).

b. Based on height
1. Low Cloud
Stratocumulus, Nimbostratus clouds and Stratus clouds are classified as low clouds,
located less than 3000 m from the earth's surface. Stratocumulus clouds look rough,
Nimbostratus clouds are dark in color and have a clear layer, also called rain clouds,
while Stratus clouds are located in the low, thick and gray part of the sky.
-Nimbrostatus cloud is a thick layer of gray, often dark, usually accompanied by rain
or snow.
- Stratus cloud in the form of a gray layer with the same bright base, sometimes
drizzle occurs (drizzle) whose composition is water.

6
Stratocumulus cloud is a layer of gray or slightly white with dark elements, often
arranged in order.

2.Simple cloud high (Mid high)

The mid-high cloud types are Altocumulus clouds and Altostratus clouds. Located at
an altitude between 3000 m to 6000 m, that's why it is called a mid high cloud,
because it is called a high, but it can't be called low, Altocumulus clouds are fluffy,
layered and uneven, usually this cloud indicates a sunny day, if the Altostratus cloud
looks denser and darker in color, it looks like water.
- Altocumulus cloud in the form of a white or gray layer of small, regular, smooth
cloud elements, patches of small elements, fine patches with firm outlines or piles of
cumuliform layers.

7
Altostratus cloud shaped a layer of fibers slightly gray or slightly blue or appear
uniform, covering the sky widely.

3.High clouds (High)

There is no specific information about the height of these high clouds, which is
definitely in the high sky, so the name is high clouds, which include high clouds
including Sirus clouds, sirocumulus clouds, and sirostratus clouds. Sirus clouds are
shaped like thin and soft cotton, indicating the weather is quite sunny, sirocumulus
clouds look similar to Altocumulus clouds, but look denser like fish scales, finally
Sirostratus clouds are bright white, appear to have a thin and soft texture

8
- Cyrus clouds in the form of white ribbons or fine fibers, or patches (small pieces)
with fibers or appear shiny like silk whose composition is ice.

- Syrocumulus clouds in the form of white patches or layers of small, regular

elements in the form of grains, waves, etc. whose composition is ice.

9
- Cystratus cloud in the form of a veil (veil) slightly white with slightly arranged
parts, covering the sky widely and evenly.

4. Clouds high up (Up high) From the name alone we already know that this cloud
group is located in a very high layer of the sky about 6 km to 9 km. So the Kumulus
cloud and the Kumolonimbus cloud belong to this group. Cumulus clouds we often
see in the sky, their most familiar shape resembles a fairly large collection of clouds,
while Kumolonimbus clouds resemble a huge collection of clouds that are bright and
dark in color, usually called storm clouds, because these clouds not only bring rain,
but lightning and thunder too (Nimbostratus & Stratus, nd)

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-Cumulus Clouds Stand alone, dense, with sharp lines, growing vertically like
“cauliflower clouds”, causing sudden rain (shower) composed of water.

-Kumolonimbus clouds are dense and dense clouds. The upper part consists of ice,
which shows fibers and usually spreads horizontally in the form of an anvil or a crest
(plume), often heavy rain, hail, lightning and thunder are composed of water and ice.

2. Types of Wind

According to Manik (2014: 87) the types of winds are generally classified into
two, namely local winds and monsoons.

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a. There are 3 types of local winds, namely:
1) Land wind and sea breeze.

Source: https://sites.google.com/site/ecologyisatstake/home/resources-1/the-wind
According to (Hj & Ruyati, 2007) Land winds occur due to the
movement of air from land to sea, while sea breezes are winds that occur due
to the movement of air from sea to land. Land winds occur at night when the
air pressure on land is higher than at sea, while sea breezes are the opposite.
Sea breeze is a form of thermal circulation. The unequal heating
between land and water is the cause of the meso scale winds that occur in
coastal areas. During regional daylight hours, the land warms up faster than
the oceans and the intense heating causes low pressure over land. The air
above the waters is still cooler than the air above the land, because the high air
pressure occurs above the ocean.

The effect of this pressure distribution in general is that there is a sea

breeze blowing from the sea to the land. At night, land cools faster than the
ocean. The air over land is cooler than the ocean and again creates a pressure
distribution with the high pressure now over land. Now the wind blows in the
opposite direction from land to sea and becomes a land wind. The temperature

12
 difference between land-sea is usually smaller at night than during the day, so
the land wind is weaker than the sea breeze.

2) Valley wind and mountain wind

During the day, the air that seems confined to the valley floor is hotter
faster than the air at the top of the mountain which is more open (free), so the
air flows from the valley to the top of the mountain to become a valley wind.
On the other hand, at night, the flow is reversed. The slopes of the mountains
cool down faster and cool the air that hits the mountain walls. The colder, the
denser the air and heavier so that the air flows down the valley to form a
mountain wind. In most places upward winds begin early in the morning,
reaching their highest speed near midday and in the opposite direction towards
evening. The winds that descend the valley begin to occur and reach their
peak usually just before morning comes. (Manik, 2014: 88)

Source: https://www.weathernationtv.com/news/mountain-valley-
breezes/
3) Wind Fall
Falling winds are dry and hot. Fohn winds or falling winds are dry and
hot winds falling on the slopes of the Alpine mountains. This type of wind is
widely available in Indonesia with the names Bahorok wind (Deli), Kumbang

13
 wind (Cirebon), Gending wind in Pasuruan (East Java), and Brubu wind in
South Sulawesi).
Fohn Winds (Falling Winds) are winds that occur according to
Orographic rain. A wind that blows in an area with different temperature and
humidity. The Fohn winds occur because there is a movement of air masses
up the mountains more than 200 meters high, up on one side and then down
on the other. The Fohn winds that fall from the top of the mountain are hot
and dry, because water vapor has been removed during orographic rains.
Usually these winds are hot damaging and can cause casualties. Plants
exposed to this wind can die and humans who are exposed to this wind can
lose their resistance to disease.

Source: https://geograph88.blogspot.com/2013/04/angin-fohn.html

b. There are 5 kinds of monsoons, namely:

1) Trade wind

Trade winds are winds blowing constantly throughout the year from
the subtropics towards the equator (equator). It consists of the Northeast
Passat Winds blowing in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southeast Passat
Winds blowing in the Southern Hemisphere. Around the equator, these two
trade winds meet. Because the temperature in the tropics is always high, the
air mass is forced to rise vertically (convection). The area where the two trade
winds meet is called the Inter-Tropical Convergence Area (DKAT). DKAT is
characterized by a temperature that is always high. As a result of this increase
in air mass, the DKAT area was free from typhoons. As a result, this area is
called the doldrum area (quiet area).
2) Anti-air wind

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 The anti-trade winds above, the equatorial areas that flow to the arctic
regions and down in the subtropical maximum areas are anti-passat winds. In
the northern hemisphere it is called the Southwest Anti Passat Wind and in the
Southern hemisphere it is called the Anti-Passat Northwest Wind. In the area
around latitude 20o - 30o North Latitude and South Latitude, the anti-trade
winds fall back down vertically as a dry wind. This dry wind absorbs water
vapor in the air and land surface. As a result, deserts were formed on earth, for
example the deserts in Saudi Arabia, the Sahara Desert (Africa), and the
deserts in Australia. In the Subtropic area (30o - 40o North Latitude / LS)
there is a "shady subtropical" area where the air is calm, descends from above,
and there is no wind. Whereas in the equatorial area between 10o N - 10o
South Latitude there is also a quiet area called the "shady equator" or
"doldrum area"
3) West wind
Some of the air that comes from the maximum areas of North and
South subtropics flows to the North and moderate areas of the South as the
West wind. The influence of the Western wind on the Northern hemisphere is
less pronounced because of the resistance of the continents. In the southern
hemisphere, the influence of this western wind is very large, especially in the
60o latitude area. Here the west wind blew very strong which the sailors
called roaring forties. (Sofyan, 2016)
4) East Wind
In the Arctic and South Pole areas of the earth there are areas with
maximum air pressure. From this area the wind flows to the subpolar
minimum area (60oLU / LS). This wind is called the East wind. This east
wind is cold because it comes from the arctic region.
5) Monsoon Winds (Monsoon)
According to (Fadika et al., 2014) Indonesian territory is an area that is
in the tropics and is crossed by the equator. The apparent motion of the sun,
which crosses the equator, causes Indonesia to experience two different
seasons, namely the West Season and the East Season (Hutabarat, 2006). The
West Season occurs in December, January, and February. Meanwhile, the
East Season occurs in June, July and August. The wind that blows in
Indonesia is influenced by seasons so this wind system is called the Monsoon
wind or the Monsoon wind. Southern Java waters are the waters that are
affected by the monsoon wind system. The monsoon wind system affects the
fluctuations in water characteristics such as wind, currents, and temperature
distribution.

15
 According to (P Dida et al., 2016) Indonesia, which is located on the
equator, is a trajectory of air movement as a result of the difference in air
pressure in the two hemispheres known as the monsoons. The monsoon winds
alternately move across Indonesia throughout the year with a period of six
months, namely April to September (east monsoon winds) and October to
March (west monsoons). As a result of this monsoon winds, Indonesia
experiences two seasons in one year, namely the rainy season during the west
monsoon and the dry season during the east monsoon. The phenomenon of the
monsoon wind which is then supported by the location of Indonesia's territory
on the equator and the geographical condition which consists of 70% of the
water area causes Indonesia to have great wind energy potential.
The monsoon winds are winds that blow periodically (at least 3
months) and between periods they will have opposite patterns that change
direction in the opposite direction every half year. Generally in the first half of
the year dry land winds blow and the following half year wet sea winds blow.
In October - April, the sun is in the southern part of the sky, so that the
Australian continent receives more solar warming from the Asian continent.
As a result, in Australia there are centers of low air pressure (depression)
while in Asia there are centers of high air pressure (compression). This
situation causes wind currents from the Asian continent to the Australian
continent. In Indonesia, this wind is the Northeast monsoon in the Northern
Hemisphere and the West monsoons in the Southern Hemisphere. Because
this wind passes through the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean, it carries a lot
of water vapor, so that generally in Indonesia there is a rainy season. The
rainy season covers all parts of Indonesia, it's just that the distribution is not
evenly distributed. the more to the east the rainfall decreases because of the
less water vapor content. (Sofyan, 2016)
In April-October, the sun is in the northern sky, so the Asian continent
is hotter than the continent of Australia. As a result, in Asia there are centers
of low air pressure, while in Australia there are centers of high air pressure
that cause winds from Australia to Asia. In Indonesia there are east monsoons
in the southern hemisphere and southwest monsoons in the northern
hemisphere.

16
 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon
Because it does not pass through a wide ocean, the wind does not
contain much moisture. Therefore, in general, the dry season occurs in
Indonesia, except for the west coast of Sumatra, Southeast Sulawesi, and the
south coast of Irian Jaya. Between the two seasons there is a season called
transitional (transition) season, namely: dry season which is the transition
from the rainy season to the dry season, and the wet season which is the
transition from the dry season to the rainy season. As for the characteristics of
the transition season, namely: The air feels hot, the wind direction is irregular
and there is sudden rain in a short and heavy time.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that monsoons can be
divided into two types, namely:

a. The west monsoon or west monsoon winds, namely the winds that
blow from Asia to Australia and bring rainfall so that in Indonesia
there is a rainy season. This wind blows from October to April.
b. The east monsoon or east monsoon winds, namely the winds that blow
from Australia to Asia and do not bring rainfall so that in Indonesia
there is a dry season. This wind blows from April to October.

According to (Jawa-madura et al., 2012) along the northern waters of

Java-Madura is the main axis of the Monsoon Wind so that its
hydroooseanographic and climatological conditions are closely related to the
monsoon pattern.
The Monsoon Wind system in the Java-Madura Sea, geographically
the position of Java sea waters (as in Indonesian territory in general) is located
between two continents, Asia and Australia, and between the Pacific Ocean
and Indian Ocean, so that the hydrooseanographic characteristics (such as
salinity) of Indonesian waters greatly influenced by the monsoon wind system
and the circulation of water masses between oceans. In December-March the
earth's position to the sun is such that the southern hemisphere receives more
sunshine than the northern hemisphere. As a result mainland Australia
experiences low air pressure, while mainland Asia experiences high air
pressure. Between these two areas of different pressure develop the monsoon

17
winds blowing from mainland Asia to Australia. In northern Indonesia, the
equatorial wind blows from the northeast, so it is called the Northeast
Monsoon wind. In the southern part of the equator the wind blows from the
northwest, so it is called the Northwest Monsoon (Wytrki, 1961; Ilahude,
1994).
On the other hand, in the southeastern Monsoon, which usually occurs
in June-September, mainland Asia experiences intense heating so that it
becomes a center of low air pressure, while in the continent of Australia there
is a center of high air pressure, as a result the wind blows from Australia to
Asia. In the southern part of Indonesia the equatorial wind blows from the
southeast, so it is called the Southeast Monsoon wind, while in the northern
part of the equator the wind blows from the southwest so it is called the
Southwest Monsoon. For areas right on the equator, the north monsoon and
south monsoons apply (Wyrtki, 1961; Ilahude, 1994).
The Southeast Monsoon to the south of the Equator coincides with the
Southwest Monsoon to the north of the equator (July-August) and the
northwest Monsoon along with the Northeast Monsoon in the northern region
of the Equator (December-March). The circulation of surface water masses in
the waters of the Java Sea is influenced by the monsoon wind system (Wyrtki,
1991). Circulation of surface water mass in Indonesian waters (Java Sea) at
the peak of the Northwest Monsoon in February and the peak of the Southeast
Monsoon in August. Meanwhile, the months in between are the transition
season from the west season to the east season (September-November), and
the transition from the east season to the west season.
According to (Bahari et al., 2011) Munsoon, Moonsun, monsoon
winds are winds that blow periodically (at least 3 months) and between one
period the pattern will be opposite and change direction in the opposite
direction every half year. Generally, in the first half of the year dry land winds
blow and the following half year wet sea winds blow. Between the two
seasons there is a season called transitional (transition) season, namely; the
dry season which is the transition from the rainy season to the dry season, and
the mooring season which is the transition from the dry season to the rainy
season. As for the characteristics of the transition season, namely; the air feels
hot, the wind direction is irregular and there are sudden, short and heavy rains.
According to (Data et al., 2013) the wind circulation that is most
influential in Indonesia includes periodic winds. Periodic winds are winds that
blow over the surface of the earth which at certain times reverse direction. We
know that there are several periodic winds (Hernowo, B. and Suwignyo,
2000), which include land winds and sea breezes, with periodic reversal times

18
 of half a day (day and night). Then the monsoons or monsoons, with a period
of time reversing direction of half a year or six months, in which in summer it
flows into the continent and in winter it flows out of the continent to the
ocean. This is because of the apparent longitudinal movement of the sun in the
tropics, causing a difference in pressure between continents and oceans.

Several types of wind according to different references, namely:

1. Wind Cyclones: Its movement towards minimum air pressure. In the northern
part of the earth, this wind moves counterclockwise, on the other hand in the
southern part of the earth it moves clockwise.
2. Anticyclone Winds: Wind leaving the area of maximum pressure. This wind
movement in the north is clockwise, and in the south is counterclockwise.

Source : https://catatangeografi.wordpress.com/angin/

3. Fixed wind

The first type of wind is fixed wind. Fixed wind is a wind that has a constant
blowing direction throughout the year. This fixed wind is divided into two types,
namely trade winds and anti-tactile winds. Trade winds are winds that blow from

19
 subtropical areas towards the equator or the equator. Meanwhile, the anti-ploy
wind is the wind that blows from the equator to the subtropics.

According to (Hj & Ruyati, 2007) examples of falling winds found in

Indonesia are Angin Wambrau (Biak), Bohorok (Deli), Kumbang (Cirebon),
Gending (Pasuruan), and Brubu (Makassar).

According to (el-Banjary, 2016) the next step is to know the nature and
characteristics of the types of wind that can be used to determine the direction of the
Qibla, Sheikh Zubaer Umar al-Jaelani said in his book al-Khulashah al-Wafiyyah:
"Shaba wind (its characteristics) are hot and dry, Dabur wind has cold and humid
characteristics, Janub wind is hot and the temperature is humid, while the Shamal
wind has cold and dry characteristics."

20
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
We can conclude that weather is an air condition at a certain time and a
certain area which is relatively narrow and in a short period of time. Season is the
time interval with the most frequent or conspicuous weather, for example, the
rainy season is the period of time where there is a lot of rain, the dry season is the
time span with the least rain, winter is the time span where the air temperature is
always low and summer is the time span where the air temperature is always
high. Climate is the average weather condition in a relatively long time and
covers a wide area. Cloud can be differentiated by based on cloud formation,
based on the shape, based on the height, based on the morphology. Whereas the
wind can be distinguished by local winds and monsoons.

B. Suggestion
In making this thesis, the author realizes that there are still deficiencies
and errors caused by the limited knowledge that the author has. Therefore, the
authors ask for constructive criticism and suggestions from readers.

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