STATE AND NON-STATE maintains the power to resolve disputes

concerning rights that are legally demandable

Institution and enforceable. This branch decides whether
there has been a serious abuse of judgment
- Composed of a set of formal rules, informal amounting to lack or excess of authority on the
norms, or agreed upon understanding that part and instrumentality of the government. It
constraint and prescribe political actors' is made up of a Supreme Court and lower
behavior and interaction with one another. courts.
Main function: is to keep society in order and 4 ELEMENTS OF A STATE
implement specific tasks assigned to them.
1. People or Population
State
▪ Reproduction is indispensable.
- It is a community of persons, more or less
numerous, occupying a definite portion of ▪ It is a human political institution.
earth’s surface, having its own government,
Without a population there can be no State.
through which the inhabitants render habitual
obedience free from outside control. 2. Territory

Political and Leadership Structures: The territory should be a fixed and bounded
portion of the earth’s surface. Within it, are
According to Max Weber as cited by Santarita &
natural resources that are vital for people to
Madrid, 2016, Political structure or institution is
live. The inhabitants have the responsibility to
defined as the organized way in which power is
conserve and protect these resources.
allocated and decisions are made within
Furthermore, the people must be able to
society.
defend their state from invaders and doing so,
Executive branch: the use of force may be justified.

is comprised of the President and the Vice 3. Government

President who are chosen by direct popular
▪ This is where that laws to be implemented in
vote and fulfill a term of six years. The
Constitution grants the President authority to ▪ The people should follow the laws and respect
appoint his Cabinet. These departments form a authority.
large portion of the country’s bureaucracy. ▪ A state cannot exist without a government.
▪ Sovereignty belongs to the State; the
Legislative branch:
government only uses it on behalf of the State.
can make laws, alter, and reverse them through
There are three branches of Government:
the power bestowed in the Philippine Congress.
This institution is divided into the Senate and Legislative - performs lawmaking functions.
the House of Representatives.
Executive - performs the law- application
Judiciary branch: functions.
Judiciary - performs adjudication functions. 1. Reciprocity

4. Sovereignty Transactions between two socially equal parties

having the same status with regards to values of
It refers to the supreme power of the state to goods or services.
rule itself without interference from other
state. This means that the state is an Types of Reciprocity
independent entity where people enjoy
freedom. A territory is not a state if it is not 1.1. Generalized Reciprocity
independent. A form of transaction which utilizes gestures
Sovereignty has two dimensions that expresses personal relationships than
economic transactions.
1. Internal Sovereignty
1.2. Balanced Reciprocity
It means the power of the State to order and
regulate the activities of all the people, groups In this form of transaction, the giver is expected
and institutions which are at work within its to gain something in return although it does not
territory. All these institutions always act in have to be given instantly.
accordance with the laws of the State. The State 1.3. Negative Reciprocity
can punish them for every violation of any of its
laws. This transaction is being practiced using
deceiving ways to gain profit. In this form of
2. External Sovereignty transaction. individuals involved try to gain as
It means complete independence of the State much as conceivable while paying the least
from external control. It also means the full amount possible.
freedom of the State to participate in the 2. Redistribution
activities of the community of nations. Each
state has the sovereign power to formulate and The process by which products produced out
act on the basis of its independent foreign from the community is sent to a place where
policy. they are stored, counted, and later distributed
back to the people.

It is usually the leader of the community who

Economic Institution oversees the process. (Santarita & Madrid,
Gilliard et al., (2000) argued that an economic 2016) The said authority may be a single
institution is being defined as an enduring individual, (e.g., a chief, or a group of people, or
organization, practice, or relationship created temple priests)
by individuals to handle and cope with basic The central authority uses the distribution of
economic dilemmas. goods and services to generate
Forms of Redistribution and Exchange of interdependence between the parties involved.
Products
 is through stockholders who own particular
shares in the company.
3. Market Exchange
Corporations Offer
The price of the transactions of deliverables and
services are supposedly governed by the rules Stock - determine the level of ownership.
of supply and demand.
Bonds - allow one to earn interest.
Non-state Institution
B. Cooperatives and Trade Unions
These are institutions which are not owned and
controlled by the government. Cooperative is firm owned, controlled, and
operated by a group of users for their own
Forms of Non-state Institutions benefits. Each member contributes equity
capital, and shares in the control of the firm in
A. Banks and Corporations the basis of one-member onevote.
A bank is a financial institution which deals with It is an autonomous association of persons
deposits and advances and other related united voluntary to meet their common
services. It receives money from those who economic, social, and cultural needs and
want to save in the form of deposits and it lends aspirations through a jointlyowned and
money to those who need. democratically-controlled enterprise.
According to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas the top
3 banks in the Philippines as of December 31, A trade union is an organization made up of
2019 are: member (a member-based organization) and its
1. BDO UNIBANK INC membership must be made up mainly of
2. METROPOLITAN BANK & TCO workers. The main purpose is to protect and
3. LAND BANK OF THE PHILIPPINES advance the interest of its members in the
workplace.

How can Trade Unions help employees?

There are three main functions of banks:
Issues that should be raised:
1. Banks are depository of savings.
Low salary
2. Banks are largely responsible for the
payments system. Lack of compensation

3. Banks issue loans to both people and Security of tenure

companies.
Other benefits
Corporation is a company or group of people
authorized to act as a single entity and C. Transnational Advocacy Groups
recognized as such in law. Usually, corporations They influence the government to take action
operate as stock corporations where ownership on matters commonly neglected.
1. National and International nongovernmental by volunteers. Examples of NGOs include those
organizations (NGOs) that support human rights, advocate for
improved health or encourage political
2. Local social movements participation.
3. Foundations Civil Organizations
4. The media - this are groups of organizations working on
5. Religious organizations, trade unions and the interest of the citizens but operating
consumer organizations outside of the governmental and business
sectors
6. Intellectual and scholars
Roles of Non-Governmental Organization
7. Agencies within international and regional
intergovernmental organizations 1. Development and Operation of Infrastructure
8. Parts of executive or parliamentary branches 2. Supporting Innovation, Demonstration and
of government Pilots Projects
D. Development Agencies 3. Facilitating Communication
The most influential groups of non-state 4. Technical Assistance and Training
institutions.These are organizations which
provide development assistance between 5. Research Monitoring and Evaluation
national and international institutions. Usually,
these are the links that bind different states 6. Advocacy for and with the Poor
together.
RELIGION & BELIEF SYSTEM
The following are some of the development
agencies under UN: RELIGION

1. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Religion is belief in a god or gods and the
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) activities that are connected with this belief,
such as praying or worshipping in a building
2. United Nations Development Programme such as a church or temple.
(UNDP)
BELIEF SYSTEM
3. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
A belief system is a set of beliefs regarding
E. Non-governmental Organization (NGOS) what is true and false, what is good or bad,
what is beautiful and ugly, what is acceptable
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a not
by society and what is considered as
for-profit organization that is independent from
unacceptable.
states and international governmental
organizations. They are usually funded by ANIMISM
donations but some avoid formal funding
altogether and run funded and are run primarily
The belief that all things found in nature are outside. They also need to assure the next
guided and inhabited by spirits and deities. generations that their message will be
transmitted in its original form. Thus members
EXAMPLES: Anito or Diwata of an organized religion are compelled to come
POLYTHEISM up with a written set of beliefs that would unite
all members. This is their profession of their
Is the belief in many gods faith.

Is the belief that there are different gods and CODE

goddesses that typically have physical bodies,
and have human characteristics. As the organization of the community of
believers progress through time, it cannot be
EXAMPLES: Greek Gods prevented that some organizational issues and
processes need to be systematized. They need
MONOTHEISM
to come up with a set of standard processes,
Is the belief in one god organizational procedures and laws that would
govern the whole membership. Questions
To worship one god while denying the existence pertaining to the organizational structure of the
of other gods. church, what constitutes the church hierarchy,
what constitutes the laity and other things need
EXAMPLES: Judaism, Christianity and Islam
be answered in legal form. This is the code of
INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION the church.

Beliefs and rituals which are formally COMMUNITY OF BELIEVERS

established and systematically arranged. (EX:
All individuals who adhere to the set of beliefs
church)
of a certain religion are members of that
Religions become institutionalized when they religion’s community of believers.
have the following elements, also referred to as
COMMUNITY SERVICES
the five Cs of organized religion:
the things that the church does for its members
CULT
and for the outside world. These include such
The set of rituals and sacred places, items, and activities as having regular services for the
objects, religious practices that believers do and believers, putting up schools and hospitals, and
adhere to. It usually refers to some doing humanitarian services, among other
supernatural, superhuman, or transcendental things.
power or promise that attracts followers. The
beginning of religion usually starts with the cult.
SEPARATION OF CHURCH & STATE
CREED
Is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept
As the cult expands and develops, the members
for defining political distance in the relationship
are questioned and challenged from the
between religious organizations and the state.
 refers to maintaining harmonious relationships
with other living things and having spiritual
Derived from "wall of separation between direction and purpose.
church and state", a term coined by Thomas
Jefferson. The concept was promoted by
Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke.
BUGHAT

One example of a culture- specific illness.

HEALTH - Originated from Cebu, commonly known as “
binat” among Filipinos is the relapse of the
HEALTH body’s system after it has healed from sickness.
- Is described as something that happens to a
is according to the World Health Organization person that has recently healed from sickness
(WHO) (1948) defined as the state of complete but then shortly gets sick again after.
physical, mental and social well being.

HEALTH DOMAIN
USOG
PHYSICAL HEALTH
Usually happens to young children
Refers to the way that your body functions. This
includes eating right, getting regular exercise This topic in Filipino psychology happens when
and being at your recommended body weight. an unsuspecting stranger greets you with an evil
It is also avoiding vices, and being free of eye.
disease and sickness.
Symptoms of usog are usually a development of
PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH fever and sometimes convulsions.

is the ability to recognize reality and cope with Usog has been given theories as to why it
the demands of every life. happens to children.

EMOTIONAL HEALTH According to Fadul (1998), Usog is cause by a

distressed in the child with the visitor in his/ her
is expressing your emotions in a positive and house.
non- destructive way.
The theory states that the stranger inside the
SOCIAL HEALTH child’s house may cause distress and fear within
a child.
is the quality of your relationships with family,
friends, teachers and classmates and others the
child is in contact with. Thus, the child is overpowered or nauusog by
the stranger and may feel afraid or get sick.
SPIRITUAL HEALTH
SYSTEMS OF DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND
HEALING
Medicine in the world is very vast in its scope. 3. ALTERNATIVE HEALING

-There are many illnesses being discovered and Is a healing practice that has the effect of
researched by different scientist and with this, medicine but does not necessarily originate
many forms of healing and treatment have also from medical practice, or a scientific method.
been formed.
It consists of a wide range of healing practices
1. TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND HEALING health, care, therapies and the like.
TREATMENT
These alternative healings are not backed- up
The sum total of the knowledge, skills and by scientific facts but has still proven successful
practices based on the theories, beliefs and in healing illnesses and psychological strains.
experiences indigenous to different cultures,
weather explicable or not used in the Examples:
maintenance of health as well as in the a. Christian faith healing traditional
prevention, diagnosis, improvement or
treatment of physical and mental illness. b. Chinese medicine
c. naturopathy
Most cases of countries who use traditional
healing can be found in some parts of Asia and d. homeopathy
Africa.
e. chiropractors
Example of traditional healings include:
HEALTH AS A HUMAN RIGHT
a. accupuncture
The WHO constitution enshrines the highest
b. herbalism
attainable standard of health as a fundamental
c. use of Chinese medicine
right of every human being.
d. rubs
The health of majority of the world’s population
2. WESTERN MEDICINE is still an impending issue that needs to be
solve.
Is the modern day practices of the medical
world and are typically referred to as medical Social and Political Stratification
science.
- Society's categorization of people into
Western medicine and treatment is usually
socioeconomic strata, based upon their
done by a doctor, nurse and other conventional
occupation and income, wealth and social
healthcare provider.
status, or derived power (social and political).
Their practices and methods are of western
Three Social Classes
medical and scientific Teachings and traditions.
Upper Class
SURGERY- is a well- known forefront on
western Medicine. Middle Class

Lower Class
A. Social Desirables ethnicity, gender, and religion, which is also
The three-component theory of stratification, known as ascribed status, becomes less
more widely known as Weberian stratification important.
or the three class system, was developed by
German sociologist Max Weber. In open stratification systems status is achieved
through merit, and effort. This is sometimes
Sociologists use the term social stratification to known as meritocracy.
describe the system of social standing.
b. Closed (caste)
Karl Marx looked at it in terms wealth produced is a form of social stratification characterized by
in relation to the ownership of means of endogamy, hereditary transmission of a lifestyle
production. which often includes an occupation, ritual
status in a hierarchy, and customary social
Max Weber, on the other hand, differentiates interaction and exclusion based on cultural
them into three: notions of purity and pollution.
Wealth – Castes are most often stratified by race or
includes property such as buildings, lands, ethnicity, economic status, or religious status.
farms, houses, factories and as well as other – Castes have been noted in societies all over
assets - Economic Situation the world throughout history, though they are
mistakenly often assumed to be a tradition
Power specific to India.
The ability of people or groups to achieve their
goals despite opposition from others - Parties C. Inequality Social
Inequality occurs when resources in a given
Prestige society are distributed unevenly, typically
the respect with which a person or status through norms of allocation, that engender
position is regarded by others - Status Situation specific patterns along lines of socially defined
According to Weber, there are two basic categories of persons.
dimensions of power: the possession of power a. Access to social, political, and symbolic
and the exercising of power. capital
Social capital is a form of economic and cultural
B. Social mobility system capital in which social networks are central,
Social mobility is the movement of individuals, transactions are marked by reciprocity, trust,
families, households, or other categories of and cooperation, and market agents produce
people within or between social strata in a goods and services not mainly for themselves,
society. It is a change in social status relative to but for a common good.
others' social location within a given society.
Political capital refers to the trust, goodwill, and
a. Open (class) influence a politician has with the public and
Is the stratification that facilitates social other political figures.
mobility, with individual achievement and
personal merit determining social rank. In sociology and anthropology, symbolic capital
Any status that is based on family background, can be referred to as the resources available to
an individual on the basis of honor, prestige or the global population, compared to only 16% in
recognition, and serves as value that one holds high-income countries.
within a culture. 1.3 billion people, or one in four, currently live
in poverty, a rise since the 1980s, often due to
b. Gender inequality discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or tribal
Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment affiliation.
or perceptions of individuals based on their
gender. UNDERSTANDING THE SOCIAL,
Gender systems are often dichotomous and
CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGE
hierarchical; gender binary systems may reflect
the inequalities that manifest in numerous DEFINING Social, Cultural, and Political Change
dimensions of daily life. Social change is the alteration in patterns of
Sex- and gender-based prejudice and culture, social structure, and social behavior
discrimination, called sexism, are major over time.
contributing factors to social inequality. As observed by Heraclitus, no society can
c. Ethnic minorities successfully prevent change, not even those
Racial or ethnic inequality is the result of that try to do so. (Robertson, 1987). Meanwhile,
hierarchical social distinctions between racial change in the cultural patterns of behavior and
and ethnic categories within a society and often values is called cultural change.
established based on physical characteristics or Changes in tangible or material aspects of
an individual's place of origin or culture. culture and intangible or non-material aspects
Sociologist Louis Wirth defined a minority group of people’s lives are also part of cultural change.
as "a group of people who, because of their Another aspect of change is called political
physical or cultural characteristics are singled change.
out from the others in the society in which they It is the change in political patterns of behavior
live for differential and unequal treatment, and and values of individuals as well as political
who therefore regard themselves as objects of institutions that hold power and control society.
collective discrimination."
d. Other minorities (e.g. persons with INNOVATION
disabilities)
It is defined as an “independent to creatively
The disability rights movement has contributed
find solutions to problem” (Kottak,2000).
to an understanding of people with disabilities
TWO TYPES OF INNOVATION
(including not to be called 'disabled') as a
PRIMARY INNOVATION
minority or a coalition of minorities who are
disadvantaged by society, not just as people Occurs when an individual or a group comes up
who are disadvantaged by their impairments. with a completely new idea, method, or device
(Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and McBride, 2008).
c. Global Inequality (relationships between
SECONDARY INNOVATION
states and non-state actors in the global
community) Occurs when an individual or a group further
The global population is primarily concentrated develops or improves on an already existing
in low-income countries, accounting for 40% of
idea, method, or device (Haviland, Prins, Example: Various racial groups have also
Walrath, and McBride, 2008). assimilated to the pluralistic culture of the US.

DIFFUSION Cultural Assimilation

It is the act of spreading culture, tradition, Occurs when an ethnic minority sacrifices its
objects, and ideas to other societies. own culture to integrate into society.
TWO TYPES OF DIFFUSION SOCIAL CONTRADICTIONS AND TENSIONS
DIRECT DIFFUSION Social, cultural, and political change are often
Occurs through trade, marriage, and war positively seen as mark of human progress.
(Kottak, 2000). However, societal changes do not always start
Example: The use of silk cloth was introduced and ascend smoothly and peacefully.
by the Chinese to the Filipinos through trade. Revolutions are sometime waged to create a
INDIRECT DIFFUSION just society.
Occurs when a group comes in contact with
another group indirectly through third party. INTER - ETHNIC CONFLICTS
Example: When merchants bring new products, The cultural feature of a specific group of
languages, customs, and beliefs that originated people is called ethnicity. From a sociological
from a certain area and carry those things to viewpoint, an ethnic group is a category of
another place. In this case, the two places have people who, as a result of their shared cultural
no direct contact, but influences are shared to heritage, are regarded as socially distinct.
the arrival of the merchants. CLASS STRUGGLE
ACCULTURATION Tensions are contradictions significantly
Is the third source of social, cultural, and operate in a class system, which is an open form
political change. of stratification based primarily on economic
Acculturation is a product of a massive cultural statuses, which may be subject to change.
change. Class membership, then, is an achieved status,
It entails a show force by one party over one that depends to some extent on
another (Haviland, Prins, Walrath, and McBride, characteristics over which the individual has
2008). some control.
Example: In the Philippine setting, Filipinos ARMED CONFLICTS
became accustomed to Spanish penchant for Armed conflicts happens in many parts of the
fiestas and merriment rhat such celebrations world because of attempts to settle through
assumed a local flavor. violence disputes over political power,
territorial and ethnic issues, and societal
ASSIMILATION stresses, such as injustice and poverty
(Holdstock & Jarquin).
Occurs when the minority group loses its
distinctive cultural traits and adopts or absorbs TERRORISM
those of the dominant culture. (Robertson, Terrorism is a violent and potent means of
1987). pushing social change and gaining worldwide
attention. In recent years, international
terrorism is strongly connected with radical and  Those whose parents, mother or father
extremist groups that commit violent acts, such are citizens of Philippines.
as bombing, hijackings, assassinations, and
kidnappings.  Those born before 17 January 1973, of
Filipino Mothers, and who elect
PROTESTS Philippine citizenship upon reaching the
Protest is the simplest form of expressing age of majority; and
disgust, contradiction, and tensions through a
collective manner.  Those who undergo the naturalization
A protest can be expressed in written, verbal or process.
non-verbal forms.
Inclusive Citizenship
GENDER INEQUALITY
Those who believes that marginalized groups
Gender inequalities are often the primary and individuals should be empowered and
causes of tensions and conflicts. included in political process.
Gender is defined as the culturally learned
DELIBERATIVE VIEWS ON CITIZENSHIP
differences between men and women as
Considered as citizens as being involved in
opposed to sex which is the biological
dialogue, information exchange, and decision
distinction. Each society expects an individual to
making.
play his or her specific gender roles; or the
behavior patterns, obligations, and privilages DIFFERENT DEMOCRATIC VIEW
that are appropriate for each sex. Citizenship sees that the practice of one’s
citizenship is not limited to direct involvement
to the government, or in public events or
RESPONDING TO SOCIAL, POLITICAL, engagement such as Government Force.

AND CULTURAL CHANGE COSMOPOLITAN VIEW

Extend citizenship beyond the state to the
Citizenship
regional and international levels.
- refers to the legal status of an individual in a
particular state that allows him or her to enjoy PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE
certain rights and protection. Citizens are One of the many public institutional strategies
beneficiaries of social welfare programs and that contribute to shared vision in planning,
other public services, and guaranteed budgeting, monitoring and accountability of
protection from internal and external threats. development of policies and program.
- also bestows certain obligation the payment of
taxes and observance of the laws. Information Society or Network Society
The revolution has transformed media and
1987 Philippine Constitutions society and help to create.

 Those who are citizens of the

Philippines at the time of adoption of
1987 constitution.
New Media eastern Europe. The rise of new media has led
Generic term of the various form of electronic to many instances of social and political
communication made possible by digital or transformation in many parts of the world.
computer technology.

Social Movements
Social Media Another way to bring or respond to social and
Includes forms of electronic communication political change in pool together individual
that facilitate social interaction and formation efforts in a joint collective action.
of online communities through the exchange of
user generated context. Reform Movements
American Civil Rights Movements successfully
Social Networking introduced changes in political structures and
Different and new dimension with advent of process of their perspective societies.
new media. (e.g. Facebook, google, and twitter)
REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT
E-DEMOCRACY
Covers a diverse range of activities which may  Cause massive and deep changes in
be initiated by government other public bodies society and politics.
or by citizen activist. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
NEW MEDIA AND E-POLITICS  A Falun Gon in China or the Muslim
Electronic Voting resistance movement in Mindanao and
- form of computer-mediated voting in which Southern Thailand are a good example
voters make their selections with the aid of for these types of movements.
computer. FREE RIDERS
- the voter usually chooses with the aid of a Individuals who reap the benefits of social
touch-screen display, although audio interfaces change without directly participating in the
can be made available for voters with visual collective action that brought about change.
disabilities. Scholars believe that the free rider
NEW POLITICS phenomenon is bought about an individual’s
- has given to rise to a new style of activist tendency for self-preservation. A person may
politics and contributed to a considerable shift chooses not to participate in a social movement
of power from governments to citizens. because he or she sees that the possible costs
outweigh the benefits of engaging in social
New Media, Cultures and Globalization action.
Access to inform has been critical in inspiring
political and social change in many countries in PERSPECTIVE ON THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT
contemporary times. In the late 1980s and early
1990s, access to radio and television partly led
to the fall of many communist regimens in
RESOURCE MOBILIZATION APPROACH Green House effect is the process wherein
Argues that the social movement need to have radiation from the earth’s atmosphere warms
some kind of organizational structure in order its surface to a temperature above what it
to be successful. would be on the absence of its atmosphere.

POLITICAL PROCESS APPROACH

Emphasizes the external political environment
in analyzing social movements.

PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIAL MOVEMENTS FACTORS WHICH CONTRIBUTE THE INCREASE

OF GREEN HOUSE GASES
POLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES
Provided by the political system and the 1. Burning Fossil Fuels
opening of political space for social movement  When oil gas or coal burns, carbon
activity. Often, the cause of social movements contained within it combines with
revolves around rights and freedoms. This oxygen in the air to deforestation.
approach argues that social movements often
frame their issues in the language of rights and 2. Farming
grievances in order to increase their popular
 Animals produce large amounts of
support and legitimacy, giving then increased
methane. Some fertilizers also released
influence within dealing with powerful
nitrous oxide, which is another
institutions such as government.
greenhouse gas.
NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
3. Improper Waste Disposal
Responsible to the existence of conflicts,
injustice, and unequal power relation between  Carbon dioxide and methane are
social and movement. Advocate issues and released during the decay of food,
concerns which in their view have been ignored vegetation and paper dumped in
by mainstream movements in the desire to landfills.
establish a broad coalition among various social
organization also employ innovative strategies EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
of collective action. They combine these with
1. Rise of Sea Levels
conventional modes of political action.
 Since the earth is heating up, ice caps
NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN and glaziers starts to melt.
ADAPTATION AND SOCIAL CHANGE
2. Loss of Habitats
Global Warming is the term used to describe a
gradual increase in the average temperature of  Since ice caps and glaziers starts to
the earth’s atmosphere and its ocean, a change melt, species that live in that habitats
that is believed to be permanently changing the start to migrates and might lead to
earth’s climate. extinction because of the loss of
habitats that they live in.
 3. Extreme Weather TRANSNATIONAL MIGRATION AND OVERSEAS
FILIPINO WORKER (OFWS)
 Since the level of the sea rises, high
levels of precipitation would occur, the Transnational migration is defined as “a process
earth would experience extreme rainfall of movement and settlement across
or storms because of large amount of international borders in which individual
water being evaporated. maintain or build multiple network or
connection to their country of origin while at
4. Ocean Acidification the same time settling in a new country”.
 Reduce the heat radiation in the TYPES OF MIGRATION
environment. Help lessen the amount
of CO2. A. Internal Migration

STEPS TO PREVENT AND EASE THE PROBLEM - Refers to the movement of

OF GLOBAL WARMING people within one country.
(e.g. rural to urban migration)
1. Recycle – Do the 3R’s
B. International Migration
 Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, help
minimizing waste - Refers to the movement of
people from one country to
2. Less using Air Conditioning another.
 It lessen the releasing of the carbon WHY DO PEOPLE MIGRATE?
dioxide came from the aircon which
cause of global warming. Migration is the movement of people from one
place to live in another. Emigrants LEAVE their
3. Drive Less country, while Immigrants ENTER a country.
Migration impacts on both place left behind,
 To reduce the carbon footprint that
and on the place where migrants settle. People
cause of getting higher temperature of
have many reasons why they might want to
the earth.
move from one place to another. This reason
4. Use the Off Switch may be economic, social, political or
environmental.
 Turning off your lights is a simple way to
help protect the environment and save  Economic Migration
the planet.
- Moving to find work or follow a
5. Plant Tree career path.

 Planting tree reduce the impacts of  Social Migration

climate changes in their local area and
- Moving somewhere for a better
around the world. And also, planting
quality of life or to be closer to
tree gives us oxygen that we need.
family or friends.
  Political Migration

- Moving to escape persecution

or war.

 Environmental Causes of Migration

- Include natural disaster such as

flooding.

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

Migration is a topic with both pros and cons. In

host countries, it can fill job gaps, sustain
economic growth, and enrich cultural diversity.
However, it may also lead to wage depression,
exploitation, and pressure on public services.
For countries of origin, migration brings
remittances and reduces unemployment, but it
can result in economic loss and social issues. A
study in Northern Ireland highlights the positive
role migrant workers play in maintaining labor
supply, supporting economic growth, and
benefiting various sectors. Overall, the impact
of migration is multifaceted, affecting both host
countries and those of origin in various ways.