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Ingham et al. (1994b) suggested that the length over which curvatures are experimentally measured
(Lgage) be corrected to account for the penetration of the longitudinal column strains into 105 Page
127. Figure 23: CO concentration 458 m downstream 5.1 m above road surface.40. Scope: The
retrofit measures presented here are applicable to outrigger bents with columns and beams of similar
size sections. The long outrigger and the short outrigger had measured yield flexural strengths that
were 96% and 67%, respectively, of the predicted strengths based on conventional flexural analysis.
Forthcoming. Traweek, Sharon. 1988. Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physi-
cists. In addition, yield strength was not achieved in the pull direction, while barely achieved in the
push direction. The clamshell jackets continuous over the beam were terminated at a ?-in. (19-mm)
distance from the face of the anchor block. The loading pattern shown in Figure 3.30 was repeated
three times for each displacement level. This is to counteract the outward thrust resulting from the
difference in the horizontal components of struts D1 and D2. Because ductility is calculated directly,
no “moment overload” factor is necessary, although a separate margin of safety is sometimes added
on. Temperature was measured at several locations: 0 m, 20 m, 40 m, 70 m, 100 m, 150 m, 250 m,
350. Experimentally-determined yield displacements are favored by researchers over the theoretical
yield displacement method. Hinging in the beams is normally preferred in the seismic design of
moment resisting reinforced concrete building frame structures, whereas in elevated freeway
structures the standard practice is to form plastic hinging in the columns. Instead of focusing on this
problem, therefore, much of the work at the interfaces between work settings is devoted to finding
creative ways to manage ambiguity where there are no clear similarity relationships. A 55-kip (244.7-
kN) vertical load was applied prior to the application of a horizontal loading pattern perpendicular to
the plane of the specimen. Finally, the steel tube section was modeled as a single element with a
moment of inertia equal to 106 in4 and a cross sectiona1 area equal to 21 in2. 150 Page 172. At the
bottom of the box a representation of a truncated DpsA. This work focuses on the non-linear
dynamic analysis procedure known as the Cloud Analysis. The Freundlich isotherm was first
proposed as an empirical model though it has been since. Finally, the gap between the beam and the
joint and the steel jacket was filled by high strength grout. Figure 3.25 shows the construction phases
of the retrofit measure around the beam and the joint and details of the retrofit scheme for Specimen
ASPLI. 84 Page 106. Because face-to-face communication is very flexible and often seems to build
trust between participants, it makes it easier to convey information between settings even if there is
no consensus or even explicit discussion about what makes two situations similar. In addition, yield
strength was not achieved in the pull direction, while barely achieved in the push direction. A group
of six, cast-in-place, Grade-8 high strength anchor bolts were placed in the top of the concrete
column to transfer the forces from the steel section. The purpose of the lip is to provide a reaction
area for the compression strut between the column and the beam reinforcement. In both cases,
decisions had to be made about which bridges were the highest priority for retrofitting. At the end of
the test, the specimen was still able to support the applied axial load. Figure 4.22 shows the damage
to the test specimen at the end of the test. 133 Page 155. As a result, it seems useful to specify that a
risk network is always attached to a particular “risk community,” and that it reflects that community’s
collective views about what aspects of the world are important in the definition of risk. Because of
this, it is important to look at the past and see what can be learned from fires that. Afterwards, they
were required to write up meeting minutes, includ- ing all the problems that were raised and their
proposed solutions. But it is not as if design engineers are completely ignorant of the ways of
academic research.
Because of this, civil engineers devote a good deal of effort to trying to understand social conditions,
at least insofar as they are related to the technical problems at hand. The relationship between the
external applied torque, T, and the shear flow can be obtained by summing the moment contributions
of the shear flow in each wall about the axial center of the wall. New joint shear cracks parallel to
each other developed during the first two cycles at a displacement level of 1.5 in. (38 mm) due to
joint opening. Typically the concentration of the compound initially retained by the adsorbent can be
assumed. When an engineer designs a structure for normal loads, such as the weight of vehicles, he
or she tries to make sure that it is strong enough to respond elastically — that is, without suffering
permanent deformation. The in-plane motion causes in-plane bending of the outrigger beam and
column, which results in a change in the axial and shear forces in the column as the outrigger knee
joint opens or closes. Leon, Robert T., and Deierlein, Gregory G. 1996. Considerations for the Use
ofQuasi-Static Testing. Also, as this chapter shows, their stability makes it difficult for codes to
respond to dramatic changes that are not introduced in an incremental fashion. It therefore both
demands and provides ample opportunity Page 163. See Popov 1986. 30In addition to the test
methods discussed here, a hybrid method known as “pseudo-dynamic” testing has recently been
developed, which uses multiple hydraulic actuatorscontrolled by a computer program which
simulates the motion that a structure wouldundergo during a specific earthquake, but at the slow
speed of a quasi-static test. The State also makes use of civil engineers in their capacity as expert
advisors, in much the same way as it makes use of scientific advisors. Other specifications regarding
development and splices of reinforcement will not be presented here, as most of the AASHTO
(2004) provisions on this issue are based on ACI 318-02 code provisions (2002) and its attendant
commentary. Depending on the algebraic manipulation used to linearize the Langmuir model, several
different. Priestley described why this is important for the generation of knowledge in the field:
Doing standardized testing is rather important if you’re going to be able tocompare one test to
another, and one laboratory to another, so if you puta particular structure through one earthquake
record, and somebody elsedoes another structure through another earthquake record, you really
can’tcompare them. Consequently, a failure mechanism within the joint was expected for Specimen
ALI. 111 Page 133. Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid C8H12O4 172 1) 3.54 (0)3. Source:
SteinbruggeCollection, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley.
Maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque, range of motion, muscle soreness assessed by a
visual analogue scale (VAS) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were measured before, immediately
after and 1-5 days after exercise. The latent rationale is to ensure that the institutions are being well
represented online. In this study, for specimens being tested under in-plane loading, the beam axial
force was the force in the horizontal actuator and the column axial force was the vertical force
provided by the axial load ram. In 1990, peer review was just beginning to catch on in a major way
within the civil engineering profession, as described in detail in Chapter 4. This anchorage length is
usually constrained by the dimensions of the joint core, 193 Page 215. Even during a period when
codes were not being significantly updated to reflect changes in practice, engineers were continually
turning out informal papers, newsletters, and computer programs in order to communicate with each
other and as tools for their design work. Which elements of a system are singled out as risk objects
often depends upon the technological solutions that are available at a given time. Setting ground
rules While these boundary-setting problems raise the most interesting issues, there are a number of
much more mundane parameters that have to be established to get a peer review process up and
running. An office chair or a 747 does not need to fit into a specific landscape in this way, though it
may need to fit into certain generic landscapes, like carpeted floors or runways.24 Structures that
civil engineers design are almost always site-specific in some way. A horizontal 240-kip (1068-kN)
capacity actuator reacting against a loading frame was used to apply the horizontal loading pattern.
The IS has many more aspects to it which would aid in understanding and. The risk community and
the risk network This dramatic expansion of the risk community led to many changes in the risk
network at Caltrans. The second pour was for only the column, resulting in a construction joint at the
column-joint interface, as exists in the original bridge.
One effort that is mentioned in the ASCE manual is the organizational peer review program run by
the Association of Soil and Foundation Engineers (ASFE), which started in 1978. Table 2: Overview
of selected tunnel fire experiments (Lonnermark, 2005).10. With the help of more sophisticated
computer analysis tools, these many specific elements were considered as part of a total structural
system, and the ultimate criteria for a successful retrofit had to do with the performance of this
system as a whole. She argues that the ability to do this successfully depends on two factors: first,
that the panel should not, in prac- tice, be required to respect a rigid boundary between technical
and policy issues; and Page 162. The ideal and yield moment values were calculated based on plastic
hinging in the column section at the ?-in. (19-mm) new gap for both directions. The clamshell
jackets, continuous over the beam, were terminated at a ?-in. (19-mm) distance from the face of the
anchor block. The tactics of this new wave of terrorism differ little in methodology, but due to.
Lahoud, N. Milton, D. Price,B. al-'Ubaydi, M. Calls Itself a State.pp. 29. These efforts proceeded
concurrently, with each new development feeding back into the construction of the risk objects,
subtly changing them and leading to new methods of displacing risk. The only out-of-state
institution to receive substantial funding was the University of Nevada at Reno, close to the
California border and within a 2-hour drive of Sacramento.111 None of this was accidental. Another
characteristic that is frequently mentioned as desirable in a peer re- viewer is good interpersonal
skills. It was suggested that using the same retrofit technique for the split outrigger specimens in this
study would meet these goals. Table 14: Accuracy estimating CO2 concentration at different
points.42. Part of the structure consists of cast-in-place reinforced concrete box girders. Table 2-1.
Other dissolved contaminants that may be present within OSPW but are not tabulated. Table 15:
Accuracy estimating air velocity at different points.43. Displacement ductil- ity programs have,
however, become a standard method for calculating frame capacities. Bruce Hoffman in his revised
edition of Inside Terrorism, discusses why he felt it. Chapter Six provides retrofit guidelines for
outrigger knee joints. But most Caltrans engineers will admit to the possibility that their current
understanding of earthquakes may be challenged someday — perhaps when the “Big One” finally
arrives. A typical section in the bridge, as shown in Figure 3.1, has three spans supported by integral
bents perpendicular to the main frame. A 2-in. (5-cm) gap through the superstructure is incorporated
at the start and end of each section to allow for longitudinal movements within the bridge. Two
upgrade strategies were investigated first: a ductile reinforced concrete upgrade strategy and a strong
steel upgrade strategy. Therefore, these recommendations frequently do not apply to highway
bridges. Daston, Lorraine. 1995. The Moral Economy of Science. Note computer monitor,which is
reporting data from hundreds of gauges, and plotter, which keeps a continuoushysteresis record
during the test. Here, work revolves around planning tests, processing data using computers, writing
papers and otherwise communicating with colleagues. A photograph of the test specimen prior to
forming is shown in Figure 3.9. Figure 3.8 Overall View of the As-Built Long Outrigger Specimen
67 Page 89. Alexander Decker Distribution, composition profiles and source identification of
polycyclic ar. However, these authorsare centrally concerned with issues of technoscientific change,
and in the exercises ofpower, translations of terms, and simplification and “black boxing” that go
into theconstruction of sociotechnical networks. Those alternatives that were brought up, such as
getting rid of double-deck structures, were quickly dismissed by the expert community and dropped
from media accounts.