n

n
y n−1
a ( x) d + ( x) d
y
+ ⋯ . +a (x) dy + a (x)y = R(x)
n−1 (1)
n a n dX n 1 dX 0
dX

R(x) = 0
n,
dy
dny n−1 ( ) ()
() d y
an x ( )
+ an−1 x + ⋯ . +a1 x + a0 x y = 0 (2)
dxn dxn−1 dx

ai(x)

d ny dn−1y dy
an n + an−1 n−1 + ⋯ . +a1 + a0y = 0 (3)
dx dx dx

2
d2y
+ P(x) dy + Q(x)y = R(x) (4)
dX2 dX
 𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥) ( 5) .

2
𝑑 𝑦
(4) + 𝑃(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥).
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑅(𝑥) = 0, (4)

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃( 𝑥 ) + (𝑥 )𝑦 = 0 ( 6) ,
𝑑𝑥2
𝑄
𝑑𝑥

(6)
𝑅(𝑥) ≠ 0, (5),

(5)
(6)

𝑃(𝑥), 𝑄(𝑥)
( 6)

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ()
+ 𝑎1 + 𝑎0𝑦 = 0 7 .
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥

(7)
2

𝑑2𝑦
(5) 𝑦, 𝑑𝑥2
𝑇(𝑥)

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑇( 𝑥 ) ) + (𝑥)𝑦 = 0.
2
+ 𝑃 (𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑄
𝑑𝑥

𝑇(𝑥)
(5).
 𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥),
𝑃(𝑥), 𝑄(𝑥)𝑅(𝑥)
[𝑎, 𝑏],
𝑦0, 𝑦´
0 (5)
𝑦(𝑥)[𝑎, 𝑏]

𝑦(𝑥0) = 𝑦0, 𝑦´(𝑥0) = 𝑦´ .

0

𝑦
𝑔
𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0,

𝑦𝑝
𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥),

𝑦𝑔 +
𝑦𝑝

𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦2(𝑥)
𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0,
𝑐1y1(𝑥) + 𝑐2𝑦2(𝑥)
𝑐1 𝑐2
 𝑦1(𝑥)𝑦2(𝑥)
𝑐1𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑐2𝑦2(𝑥)

𝑦1(𝑥) = 1 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑥𝑦´´ + 𝑦´ = 0,

𝑦(𝑥) = 1 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = 0, 𝑦´´(𝑥) = 0. 𝑥𝑦´´ + 𝑦´ = 0 ⟹ 𝑥(0) + 0 = 0,

𝑦1(𝑥) = 1

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = 1 , 𝑦´´(𝑥) = − 1

. 𝑥𝑦´´ + 𝑦´ = 0 ⟹
𝑥 𝑥2

𝑥 (− 1 ) + (1) = − 1 + 1 = 0, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑐1𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑐2𝑦2(𝑥)

𝑦 = 𝑐1(1) + 𝑐2𝑙𝑛x

𝑦 (𝑥) = 1 𝑦 (𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛𝑥, 1

,
1 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥
 𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒2𝑥
𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 2𝑦 = 0.

𝑎𝑏 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 2𝑦 = 4𝑥.

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = −𝑒−𝑥, 𝑦´´(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥. 𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑒−𝑥 −

(−𝑒−𝑥) − 2(𝑒−𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥 + 𝑒−𝑥 − 2𝑒−𝑥 = 0, 𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = 2𝑒2𝑥, 𝑦´´(𝑥) = 4𝑒2𝑥. 𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 4𝑒2𝑥 −
2𝑒2𝑥 − 2(𝑒2𝑥) = 4𝑒2𝑥 − 2𝑒2𝑥 − 2𝑒2𝑥 = 0, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒2𝑥

𝑐1𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑐2𝑦2(𝑥) 𝑦𝑐 =
𝑐1𝑒−𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒2𝑥

𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 2𝑦 = 4𝑥.
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑎𝑏

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 𝑎, 𝑦´´ = 0. 𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 ⟹
� �
0 − 𝑎 − 2(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 4𝑥 ⟹ 𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏 = 4𝑥 ⟹ (−2𝑏 + 𝑎) − (2𝑎)𝑥 = 4𝑥,
𝑥

−2𝑏 + 𝑎 = 0, −(2𝑎) = 4 ⟹ 𝑎 = −2.

−2𝑏 + 𝑎 = 0 ⟹ 𝑏 = − 𝑎 ⟹ 𝑏 = − −2 ⟹ 𝑏 = 1,
2 2
𝑦𝑝 = −2𝑥 + 1,
𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝,

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒−𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒2𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1).

 𝑦´´ − 2𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑦´𝑝𝑝, 𝑦´´

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = −𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑦´´ = −𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑦´´ − 2𝑦 =

� �
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹ (−𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − 2(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹
−𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 2𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹ −3𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 3𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥,
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
−3𝐴 = 0 ⟹ 𝐴 = 0, −3𝐵 = 1 ⟹ 𝐵 = − 1 ,
3

𝑦𝑝 = 0𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥,
1
3
1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
3

El wronskiano

𝑓1(𝑥), 𝑓2(𝑥), ⋯ , 𝑓𝑛(𝑥)

𝑛−1
𝑤(𝑓1(𝑥), 𝑓2(𝑥), ⋯ , 𝑓𝑛(𝑥)) = [𝑓1 𝑓2 ⋯ 𝑓𝑛 𝑓´ 𝑓´ ⋯ 𝑓´ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ 𝑓𝑛−1 𝑓𝑛−1 ⋯ 𝑓𝑛−1 ]
1 2 𝑛 1 2 𝑛

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = |𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦´ 𝑦´ | = 𝑦1 ∙ 𝑦´ − 𝑦2 ∙ 𝑦´ .

1 2 2 1
 𝑓1(𝑥) (𝑥) [𝑎, 𝑏],
𝑓2

𝑓1(𝑥)
𝑓2(𝑥)
𝑓1(𝑥) 𝑓2(𝑥)
𝑓1(𝑥)𝑓2(𝑥)

𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥) 𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0

[𝑎, 𝑏],
[𝑎, 𝑏]

𝑦1 ∙ 𝑦´ − 𝑦2 ∙ 𝑦´ = 0.
2 1

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 0

𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦´(0) = 3.

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑦´´(𝑥) = −𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ −𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 0, 𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = −𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑦´´(𝑥) = −𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ −𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑦1(𝑥)
= 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
= 𝑐1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑐1 = 𝑐2 ⟹ 𝑦1(𝑥)
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑦1(𝑥) =
𝑦2(𝑥) 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐2 𝑦2(𝑥)
𝑐1𝑠𝑖n𝑥 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 0
[𝑎, 𝑏].

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥))

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 | = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∙ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = −(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) = −1.
 𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥))
𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 0.

𝑃(𝑥) = 0 𝑄(𝑥) = 1 [𝑎, 𝑏]

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 [𝑎, 𝑏]. 𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 0
[𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑃(𝑥)𝑄(𝑥), 𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +
𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦´(0) = 3.
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ⟹ 2 = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠0 ⟹ 2 = 𝑐2.
𝑦´ = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ⟹ 3 = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠0 − 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛0 ⟹ 3 = 𝑐1.
𝑦 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥

𝑦´´ − 𝑦 = 0

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥

𝑦´´ − 𝑦 = 0.

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦´´(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑦´´ − 𝑦 = 0 ⟹

𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 = 0, 𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = −𝑒−𝑥, 𝑦´´(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥. 𝑦´´ − 𝑦 = 0 ⟹

𝑒−𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 = 0, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥

𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥
=
= 𝑒𝑥−(−𝑥) = 𝑒2𝑥
𝑦2(𝑥) 𝑒−𝑥

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = 𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦´ y´ = 𝑒𝑥 𝑒−𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒−𝑥 = (𝑒𝑥) ∙ (−𝑒−𝑥) − (𝑒𝑥) ∙ (𝑒−𝑥)

1 2
= −𝑒0 − 𝑒0 = −2.

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥
 𝑎𝑥2𝑦´´ + 𝑏𝑥𝑦´ + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥2
𝑥2𝑦´´ − 2𝑥𝑦´ + 2𝑦 = 0,
𝑦(1) = 3, 𝑦´(1) = 5.

𝑥2𝑦´´ − 2𝑥𝑦´ + 2𝑦 = 0
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = 2, 𝑔(𝑥) = 0.

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑚.

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑚 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 𝑚𝑥𝑚−1, 𝑦´´ = 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑥𝑚−2.

𝑥2𝑦´´ − 2𝑥𝑦´ + 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥2[𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑥𝑚−2]´ − 2𝑥[𝑚𝑥𝑚−1] + 2𝑥𝑚

= 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑥2+𝑚−2 − 2𝑚𝑥1+𝑚−1 + 2𝑥𝑚 = 𝑥𝑚[𝑚(𝑚 − 1) − 2𝑚 + 2]
= 𝑥𝑚(𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 2𝑚 + 2) = 𝑥𝑚(𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2) = 0 ⟹ (𝑚2 − 3𝑚 + 2) = 0.

𝑚1 = 1, 𝑚2 = 2.
 𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑚1 , 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑚2 ,

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑥1, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥2,

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥2.

= 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥2
𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥2 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2𝑥, 𝑦´´ = 2𝑐2.

𝑥2𝑦´´ − 2𝑥𝑦´ + 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥2(2𝑐2) − 2𝑥(𝑐1 + 2𝑐2𝑥) + 2(𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥2) =

2𝑐2𝑥2 − 2𝑐1𝑥 − 4𝑐2𝑥2 + 2𝑐1𝑥 + 2𝑐2𝑥2 = 0.

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥2
𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑥 1
𝑦2(𝑥)
= 𝑥2 =𝑥
𝑥

𝑦(1) = 3, 𝑦´(1) = 5.
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥2 ⟹ 3 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2.

𝑦´ = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2𝑥 ⟹ 5 = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2.

{3 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 5 = 𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 } 𝑐1 = 1, 𝑐2 = 2,

𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥2.

𝑥2𝑦´´ − 2𝑦 = 0 [1,2]

𝑦(1) = 1, 𝑦´(1) = 8.
𝑥2𝑦´´ − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = −2,𝑔(𝑥) = 0.
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑚.

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑚 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 𝑚𝑥𝑚−1, 𝑦´´ = 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑥𝑚−2.

 𝑥2𝑦´´ − 2𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥2[𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑥𝑚−2] − 2𝑥𝑚 = 𝑚(𝑚 − 1)𝑥2+𝑚−2 − 2𝑥𝑚
= 𝑥𝑚[𝑚(𝑚 − 1) − 2] = 0 ⟹ 𝑚(𝑚 − 1) − 2 = 𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 2 = 0 ⟹

(𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 1) = 0.

𝑚1 = −1, 𝑚2 = 2.

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑚1 , 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑚2 ,

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑥−1, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥2,

1
𝑦=𝑐 +𝑐
𝑥2.
1 2
𝑥
1
𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑥 1
𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥2
= 𝑥3

𝑤(𝑦 (𝑥),
𝑦 𝑥 ) = |1 𝑥 2 − 1 2𝑥 | = 1 ∙ 2𝑥 − (− 1 ) ∙ 𝑥 2= 2 + 1 = 3.
( ) ( )
1 2
𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2

𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑥−1 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥2

𝑦(1) = 1, 𝑦´(1) = 8.

𝑦 = 𝑐1 1 + 𝑐2𝑥2 ⟹ 1 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2.
�

𝑦´ = −𝑐1 1
+ 2𝑐2𝑥 ⟹ 8 = −𝑐1 + 2𝑐2.
�

{3 = 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 8 = −𝑐1 + 2𝑐2 } 𝑐1 = −2, 𝑐2 = 3,

1
𝑦 = −2 + 3𝑥2.
𝑥
 𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦2(𝑥)

𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0

𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦2(𝑥),
𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0
𝑦2(𝑥) 𝑦1(𝑥).

𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑢𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0,

𝑢

1
𝑢=∫ 𝑒−∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝑦21

𝑥𝑦´´ + 3𝑦´ = 0 𝑦1 = 1. 𝑥
𝑦´´ + 3 𝑦´ = 0, P(𝑥) = 3
𝑥 𝑥

1 1 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑢=∫ 𝑒−∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −∫
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −3∫
𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒−3𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝑦2 12
1
−2
∫ 𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑥−3𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑥−3𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥
−2 ⟹𝑢=− 1
. 2 (𝑥) = 𝑢𝑦1(𝑥) ⟹
2𝑥 2
𝑦
𝑦2(𝑥) = − 1
(1) ⟹ 𝑦2(𝑥) = − 1
,
2 2 𝑐2 𝑐3
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑦 ( 𝑥) + 𝑦 ( 𝑥) ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑐 ( 1) + 1 )⟹𝑦=𝑐 − ⟹𝑦=𝑐 − .
𝑐 𝑐 (
1 1 2 2 1 2
2𝑥2
1
2𝑥2 1
𝑥2

𝑥
𝑓(𝑥).
 𝑦´´ − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑦´ + [𝑓(𝑥) − 1]𝑦 = 0

𝑦1 = 𝑒𝑥.

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦´´(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑦´´ − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑦´ + [𝑓(𝑥) − 1]𝑦 = 0

⟹ 𝑒𝑥 − (𝑒𝑥)(𝑒𝑥) + [𝑒𝑥 − 1]𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒2𝑥 + 𝑒2𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 = 0, 𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥

𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑢𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0,

𝑢 1
𝑢=∫ 1
𝑒−∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥,
�
𝑃(𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥).

1 1
𝑢=∫ 𝑒−∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒−∫ −𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1
𝑒∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒−2𝑥𝑒∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ⟹
𝑦2 (𝑒𝑥)2 𝑒2𝑥
1
𝑢 = ∫ 𝑒−2𝑥+∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥. 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑦1(𝑥) ∙ 𝑢,

𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒−2𝑥+∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥. 𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑐2𝑦2(𝑥) ⟹

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒𝑥∫ 𝑒−2𝑥+∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥.

𝑥𝑦´´ − (𝑥 + 𝑛)𝑦´ + 𝑛𝑦 = 0.

𝑥 𝑦´´ − (𝑥+𝑛) 𝑦´ + 𝑛 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑦´´ −

(1 + 𝑛) 𝑦´ + 𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥
0
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑥 .

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦´´(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑦´´ − (1 + 𝑛) 𝑦´ + 𝑛 𝑦 = 0

𝑥 𝑥
⟹ 𝑒𝑥 − (1 + 𝑛) (𝑒𝑥) + 𝑛 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑛 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑛 𝑒𝑥 = 0, 𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑢, 𝑃(𝑥) = − (1 + 𝑛).
𝑥
1
𝑢=∫ 1 𝑛 𝑛
−∫ −(1+ )𝑑𝑥
𝑒−∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒
∫ (1+ )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ⟹
1
𝑥 𝑥

𝑦21 (𝑒𝑥)2 𝑒2𝑥

1
𝑢=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ (1𝑑𝑥+n ) ∫ (1𝑑𝑥+𝑛 )
𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒−2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒−2𝑥𝑒𝑥+𝑛𝑙𝑛𝑥 ⟹
𝑒2𝑥
𝑢 = ∫ 𝑒−2𝑥+𝑥𝑒𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑛 ⟹ 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑒−𝑥𝑥𝑛 ⟹ 𝑢 = ∫ 𝑥𝑛𝑒−𝑥.

𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑦1(𝑥) ∙ 𝑢, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑥𝑛𝑒−𝑥𝑑𝑥.

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑐2𝑦2(𝑥) ⟹

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒𝑥∫ 𝑥𝑛𝑒−𝑥𝑑𝑥.

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ ( 𝑥 ) + (𝑥 )𝑦 = 0,
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑃 𝑄
𝑑𝑥

𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0.

𝑦´𝑦 𝑝 𝑞,
𝑥.
𝑦´´ + 𝑝𝑦´ + 𝑞𝑦 = 0 (1).

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑚𝑥,
𝑚.
 𝑦´𝑦´´ 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑚𝑥.

𝑦 = 𝑒𝑚𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´´ = 𝑚2𝑒𝑚𝑥.

𝑚2𝑒𝑚𝑥 + 𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑥 + 𝑞𝑒𝑚𝑥 = 𝑒𝑚𝑥(𝑚2 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞) = 0, 𝑒𝑚𝑥 ≠ 0,

𝑚2 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞 = 0 (2).

−𝑝 ± √𝑝2 − 4𝑞 (3).
𝑚= 2

𝑚1 −𝑝−√p2−4𝑞
=
−𝑝+√𝑝2−4𝑞 𝑚2 = 2
2

𝑝2 − 4𝑞

𝑝2 − 4𝑞 > 0, 𝑚1 𝑚2

𝑦1 = 𝑒𝑚1𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑒𝑚2𝑥.
𝑦1 𝑒𝑚1𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑒𝑚2𝑥 = 𝑒(𝑚1−𝑚2)𝑥,

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒𝑚2𝑥.

𝑝2 − 4𝑞 = 0, 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑦=𝑒 , 𝑚𝑥
𝑚 = − 2𝑝

𝑢 =𝑦2(𝑥)
∫ 1 𝑒=−∫𝑢𝑦1(𝑥)
𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥, 𝑝 = −2𝑚.
1
�
𝑢
𝑦1(𝑥) = 𝑒𝑚𝑥, 𝑢=∫ 1
1
𝑒−∫ −2𝑚𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2 𝑒∫ 2𝑚𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⟹
(𝑒 𝑚
1
𝑢=∫
𝑒2𝑚𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑥.
2𝑚𝑥
 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑢𝑦1(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑥,

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑥.

𝑦1
𝑒𝑚𝑥 1
= = .
𝑦2 𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑥 𝑥
𝑝2 − 4𝑞 < 0, 𝑚 1 𝑚2
𝑚1𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑦2 = 𝑒𝑚2𝑥.

𝑚1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑖𝑚2 = 𝛼 − 𝛽𝑖,

𝑦1 = 𝑒(𝛼+𝛽𝑖 )𝑥
𝑦2 = 𝑒(𝛼+𝛽𝑖 )𝑥.

𝑦1 = 𝑒(𝛼+𝛽𝑖 )𝑥
= 𝑒𝛼𝑥𝑒𝑖(𝛽𝑥) = 𝑒𝛼𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥).

𝑦2 = 𝑒(𝛼−𝛽𝑖 )𝑥
= 𝑒𝛼𝑥𝑒−𝑖(𝛽𝑥) = 𝑒𝛼𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥).
𝛼𝑥
𝑦1+𝑦2 2
= 𝑒
[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥] = 𝑒𝛼𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥),
2

𝑦1−𝑦2 = 𝑒𝛼𝑥 [𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 − 𝑖𝑠𝑖n𝛽𝑥] = 𝑒𝛼𝑥(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥),

2𝑖 2𝑖

𝑦 = 𝑒𝛼𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥).

𝑦´´ − 5𝑦´ + 6𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 𝑒2 , 𝑦´(1) = 3𝑒2.

𝑝2 − 4𝑞 > 0, (−5)2 − 4 ∙ 6 = 25 − 24 = 1 > 0, 𝑚1

𝑚2

𝑦´´ − 5𝑦´ + 6𝑦 = 0 𝑚2 − 5𝑚 + 6 = 0
(𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 − 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚1 = 3 𝑚2 = 2.

θ θ θ
 𝑦1 = 𝑒3𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑒2𝑥.

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒3𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒2𝑥.

, 𝑦(1) = 𝑒2 , 𝑦´(1) = 3𝑒2.

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒3𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 3𝑐1𝑒3𝑥 + 2𝑐2𝑒2𝑥 ⟹

𝑒2 = 𝑐1𝑒3 + 𝑐2𝑒2 = 𝑒2(𝑐2 + 𝑐1𝑒) ⟹ 1 = 𝑐2 + 𝑐1𝑒

3𝑒2 = 3𝑐1𝑒3 + 2𝑐2𝑒2 = 𝑒2(2𝑐2 + 3𝑐1𝑒) ⟹ 3 = 2𝑐2 + 3𝑐1𝑒.

{1 = 𝑐2 + 𝑐1𝑒 3 = 2𝑐2 + 3𝑐1𝑒 } ⟹ {−3 = −3𝑐2 − 3𝑐1𝑒 3 = 2𝑐2 + 3𝑐1𝑒 } ⟹ 0 = −𝑐2 ⟹ 𝑐2 = 0

𝑐 = 1.
1 𝑒

1
3𝑥
𝑦= 𝑒 + 0𝑒 2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 − 1.
𝑒

𝑦´´ − 6𝑦´ + 9𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 0 , 𝑦´(0) = 5.

𝑝2 − 4𝑞 = 0, (−6)2 − 4 ∙ 9 = 36 − 36 = 0, 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑦 = 𝑒𝑚𝑥,
𝑚 = − 𝑝, 𝑚 = − −6 ⟹ 𝑚 = 3, 𝑦 = 𝑒3𝑥.
2 2
𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑥, 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒3𝑥,

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒3𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥𝑒3𝑥.

, 𝑦(0) = 0 , 𝑦´(0) = 5.

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒3𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥𝑒3𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 3𝑐1𝑒3𝑥 + 𝑐2[𝑥(3𝑒3𝑥) + 𝑒3𝑥] ⟹

𝑦´ = 𝑒3𝑥(3𝑐1 + 3𝑐2𝑥 + 𝑐2).

 𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒3𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥𝑒3𝑥 0 = 𝑐1𝑒0 + 𝑐20𝑒0 ⟹ 𝑐1 = 0.

𝑦´ = 𝑒3𝑥(3𝑐1 + 3𝑐2𝑥 + 𝑐2) 5 = 𝑒3(0)(3𝑐1 + 3𝑐20 + 𝑐2) ⟹ 5 = 3𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ⟹

5 = 3(0) + 𝑐2 ⟹ 𝑐2 = 5.

𝑦(0) = 0 , 𝑦´(0) = 5 𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑒3𝑥.

𝑦´´ + 4𝑦´ + 5𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(0) = 1 , 𝑦´(0) = 0.

𝑝2 − 4𝑞 < 0, (4)2 − 4 ∙ 5 = 16 − 20 = −4,

𝑚1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑖 𝑚2 = 𝛼 − 𝛽𝑖.

𝑦´´ + 4𝑦´ + 5𝑦 = 0 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 5 = 0.

𝑚1𝑚2.
𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 5 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 + 4𝑚 + 4 + 1 = 0 ⟹ (𝑚 + 2)2 + 1 = 0 ⟹

(𝑚 + 2)2 = −1 ⟹ (𝑚 + 2) = ±√−1 ⟹ 𝑚 = −2 ± √−1 ⟹ 𝑚 = −2 ± 𝑖 ⟹

⟹ {𝑚1 = −2 + 𝑖 𝑚2 = −2 − 𝑖 } ⟹ {𝛼 + 𝛽𝑖 = −2 + 𝑖 𝛼 − 𝛽𝑖 = −2 − 𝑖 } ⟹ 2𝛼 = −4 ⟹ 𝛼
= −2, 𝛽 = 1.

𝑦 = 𝑒−2𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥).

𝑦(0) = 1 , 𝑦´(0) = 0

𝑦 = 𝑒−2𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 1 = 𝑒−2(0)(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛0) ⟹ 1 =

1(𝑐1(1) + 𝑐2(0)) ⟹ 𝑐1 = 1.

𝑦´ = −2𝑒−2𝑥[𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥] + [𝑒−2𝑥(−𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)], 0

= −2𝑒−2(0)[𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛0] + [𝑒−2(0)(−𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛0 + 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠0)] ⟹

0 = −2[𝑐1(1) + 𝑐2(0)] + [1(−𝑐1(0) + 𝑐2(1))] ⟹ 0 = −2𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ⟹ 𝑐2 = 2𝑐1 ⟹ 𝑐2 = 2.

𝑦 = 𝑒−2𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥).
 𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥) (4),
𝑃(𝑥)𝑄(𝑥)
𝑦=0

𝑅(𝑥) = 0.

𝑅(𝑥) ≠ 0, 𝑃(𝑥)𝑄(𝑥)
𝑝𝑞,
𝑦´´ + 𝑝𝑦´ + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥) (5).
𝑅(𝑥)
𝑛, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢,
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢, 𝑥𝑛, 𝑥𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑥 , 𝑥𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥,
𝑥𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥, 𝑛 𝛼 𝛽
𝑅(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛𝑥,
1 , 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥, 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1𝑥, 𝑐𝑜𝑠−1𝑥,
𝑥

𝑦´´ + 𝑝𝑦´ + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 (6).

 𝑒𝑎𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥

𝐴
𝑦𝑝= 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑦´, 𝑦´´

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 𝐴𝑎𝑒𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´´ = 𝐴𝑎2𝑒𝑎𝑥

𝑦, 𝑦´, 𝑦´´ 𝑦´´ + 𝑝𝑦´ + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥

𝐴𝑎2𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑝𝐴𝑎𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝐴(𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞)𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 ⟹

1
𝐴=
𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞 ( 7) .

𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞 ≠ 0, 𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞 = 0, 𝑎
𝑚2 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞 = 0.

𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑥;
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥.

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑦´, 𝑦´´

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 𝐴[(1)𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥(𝑎𝑒𝑎𝑥)] = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥(1 + 𝑎𝑥) ⟹

𝑦´´ = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥(𝑎) + (1 + 𝑎𝑥)𝑎𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥(𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎2𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥(2𝑎 + 𝑎2x).

𝑦, 𝑦´, 𝑦´´ 𝑦´´ + 𝑝𝑦´ + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥

𝐴(2𝑎 + 𝑎2𝑥)𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑝[𝐴(1 + 𝑎𝑥)]𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞(𝐴𝑥)𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 ⟹

2𝑎𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2𝐴𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑝𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑝𝑎𝐴𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞(𝐴𝑥)𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 ⟹

𝐴(𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞)𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴(2𝑎 + 𝑝)𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥.

𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞 = 0, 𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥
𝑎 𝑚2 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞 = 0 𝐴(2a + 𝑝) =
1 𝑒𝑎𝑥.
 𝑎=− ,
𝑝
𝐴= 1
2𝑎+𝑝
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥,
( 2
𝑎 𝑚 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞 = 0.
2

𝑚1𝑚2

𝑥; 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥2𝑒𝑎𝑥.

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥2𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑦´, 𝑦´´

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥2𝑒𝑎𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 𝐴[(2𝑥)𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥2(𝑒𝑎𝑥)] ⟹

𝑦´´ = 𝐴[2𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2𝑥2𝑒𝑎𝑥].

𝑦´´ + 𝑝𝑦´ + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥

𝐴(𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞)𝑥2𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 2𝐴(2𝑎 + 𝑝)𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 2𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥.

𝑎 𝑚2 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞 = 0,
𝑎2 + 𝑝𝑎 + 𝑞, 2𝑎 + 𝑝, 2𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥, 𝐴=1
2

𝑎 𝑚2 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞 = 0, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒𝑎𝑥.

𝑎 𝑚2 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞 = 0, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒𝑎𝑥.

𝑎 𝑚2 + 𝑝𝑚 + 𝑞 = 0, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥2𝑒𝑎𝑥.

𝑦𝑐

𝑦´´ + 𝑝𝑦´ + 𝑞𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥) [𝑎, 𝑏]

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
 𝑅(𝑥)

𝑦´´ + 10𝑦´ + 25𝑦 = 14𝑒−5𝑥 (8)

𝑦´´ + 10𝑦´ + 25𝑦 = 0.

𝑚 + 10𝑚 + 25 = 0 ⟹ (𝑚 + 5)2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚 = −5,
2

−5𝑥
𝑦1 = 𝑒 .

𝑦2(𝑥) =
𝑢𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦1(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑦2(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒−5𝑥.
𝑦´´ + 10𝑦´ + 25𝑦 =
14𝑒−5𝑥 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑒−5𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥𝑒−5𝑥.

𝑦𝑝
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑒−5𝑥, 𝑒−5𝑥
𝑦𝑐.

𝐴𝑒−5𝑥 𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥
𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 𝑦𝑐 .

𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 𝑥 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥2e−5𝑥
𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥 𝑦𝑐 .

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥, 𝑦´ =� 2𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 − 5𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥,

𝑦´´ = 2𝐴𝑒−5𝑥 − 10𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 − 10𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 + 25𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥 .

(2𝐴𝑒−5𝑥 − 20𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 + 25𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥) + 10(2𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 − 5𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥) + 25(𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥) = 14𝑒−5𝑥
⟹ 2𝐴𝑒−5𝑥 − 20𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 + 25𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥 + 20 𝐴𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 − 50𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥 + 25𝐴𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥 =
14𝑒−5𝑥 ⟹ 2𝐴𝑒−5𝑥 = 14𝑒−5𝑥 ⟹ 𝐴 = 7.

𝑦𝑝 = 7𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥,
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐+𝑦𝑝,

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒−5𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑥𝑒−5𝑥 + 7𝑥2𝑒−5𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = 𝑒−5𝑥[𝑐1 + 𝑐2𝑥 + 7𝑥2]

 𝑅(𝑥)

𝑦´´ − 2𝑦´ + 5𝑦 = 25𝑥2 + 12 (9)

𝑦´´ − 2𝑦´ + 5𝑦 = 0. 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 5 = 0,
𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 5 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 − 2𝑚 + 1 + 4 = 0 ⟹

(𝑚 − 1)2 + 4 = 0 ⟹ (𝑚 − 1)2 = −4 ⟹ 𝑚 − 1 = √−4 ⟹ 𝑚 = 1 ± 2𝑖 ⟹

{𝑚1 = 1 + 2𝑖 𝑚2 = 1 − 2𝑖 } ⟹ {𝛼 = 1 𝛽 = 2 }.

𝑦 = 𝑒𝛼𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥).

𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 2, 𝑦𝑐,

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥).

𝑦𝑝,
𝑅(𝑥) = 25𝑥2 + 12,
𝑦𝑝 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑥2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶. 𝑦´𝑝 = 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵,
𝑦´´
𝑝 = 2𝐴.

2𝐴 − 2(2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) + 5(𝐴x2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) = 25𝑥2 + 12 ⟹

2𝐴 − 4𝐴𝑥 − 2𝐵 + 5𝐴𝑥2 + 5𝐵𝑥 + 5𝐶 = 25𝑥2 + 12 ⟹

5𝐴𝑥2 + (5𝐵 − 4𝐴)𝑥 + (2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 5𝐶) = 25𝑥2 + 12

 4𝐴
{5𝐴 = 25 𝐴 = 5. }, {5𝐵 − 4𝐴 = 0 5𝐵 = 4𝐴 𝐵 = 𝐵 = 4. } , {2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 5𝐶
5 10
= 12 2(5) − 2(4) + 5𝐶 = 12 5𝐶 = 𝐶 = 2. }
5

𝑦𝑝 , 𝑦𝑝 = 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 2,
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝, 𝑦 = 𝑒𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥) + 5𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 2.

𝑅(𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢.

𝑘 𝑏

𝑦´´ + 𝑘2𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 (10).

𝑦´´ + 𝑘2𝑦 = 0,
𝑚 + 𝑘 = 0 ⟹ (𝑚 − 𝑘𝑖)(𝑚 + 𝑘𝑖) = 0 ⟹
2 2

{𝑚1 = 𝑘𝑖 𝑚2 = −𝑘𝑖 } ⟹ {𝑚1 = 0 + 𝑘𝑖 𝑚2 = 0 − 𝑘𝑖 } ⟹ {𝛼 = 0 𝛽 = 𝑘 }.

𝑦 = 𝑒𝛼𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥),
𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 𝑘, 𝑦𝑐,

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒0𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥) ⟹ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥.

 𝑦𝑝. 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = −𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 + 𝐵𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 ,
´
�

𝑦´´�= −𝐴𝑏2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 − 𝐵𝑏2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥.

= (−𝐴𝑏2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 − 𝐵𝑏2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥) + 𝑘2(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 ⟹

= −𝐴𝑏2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 − 𝐵𝑏2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 + 𝑘2𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑘2𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 ⟹

= 𝐴(𝑘2 − 𝑏2)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝐵(𝑘2 − 𝑏2)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥.

{𝐴(𝑘2 − 𝑏2) = 0 𝐴 = 0 }, {𝐵(𝑘2 − 𝑏2) = 1 𝐵 = 1

𝑘 −𝑏 }, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
2
𝑦𝑝 = 0𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 1 𝑘
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
𝑘2− , ≠𝑏
𝑘2−

𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 ,

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥

, 𝑘 ≠ 𝑏.
𝑘2−

𝑘 = 𝑏, 𝑦´´ + 𝑘2𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥.

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥,

𝑦𝑝 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥,
𝑦𝑐 ,

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥) ⟹

𝑦 ´ = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘x + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 𝑥(−𝑘𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥) ⟹

�

𝑦 ´ = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + −𝑘𝐴𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝐵𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥,

�

𝑦´´ = −𝑘𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘2𝐴𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘2𝐵𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥

�

𝑦´´ = −2𝑘𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘2𝐴𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘2𝐵𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥.

�

= (−2𝑘𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘2𝐴𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘2𝐵𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥) + 𝑘2[𝑥(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥)]

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥
⟹ −2𝑘𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 2𝑘𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘2𝐴𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 𝑘2𝐵𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘2𝐴𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥
+ 𝑘2𝐵𝑥s𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 ⟹

2𝑘𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑘𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥.

{2𝑘𝐵 = 0 𝐵 = 0 }, {−2𝑘𝐴 = 1 𝐴 = 1
−2𝑘
}, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥(𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥)

𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥.
2𝑘
 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 , 𝑘 = 𝑏,
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑥 − .
1 2
2𝑘

𝑎𝑛 𝑘
𝑑 𝑦
𝐷 𝑦 + 𝑎 𝑛−1 𝐷
𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝐷 𝑦 + 𝑎0 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥),
1 𝐷𝑘𝑦 = , 𝑘 = 0,1, ⋯ , 𝑛.
𝑑𝑥 �

𝐿 (𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) 𝐿 (𝑥)

𝑛:

𝐿(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛𝐷𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝐷 + 𝑎0.

𝑦´´ + 4𝑦´ + 4𝑦 = 0,

(𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0 ⟹ (𝐷 + 2)2𝑦 = 0.

𝐿 𝑓
𝐿[𝑓(𝑥)] = 0,𝐿

5𝑒−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 9𝑒−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥

𝑒−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑒−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝛼 = −1, 𝛽 = 2,

(𝐷2 −
(𝛼2 + 𝛽2))𝑛, 2𝛼𝐷 +

(𝐷2 − 2(−1)𝐷 + ((−1)2 + (2)2))1 ⟹ 𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 5.

5𝑒−𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 − 9𝑒−𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
 𝑃( 𝑥 ) 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑥,

𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥).

𝑃(𝑥)𝑄(𝑥),
𝑥,
𝑦𝑐, 𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 0.

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑐2𝑦2(𝑥).
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑢1(𝑥)𝑢2(𝑥)

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1(𝑥)𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑢2(𝑥)𝑦2(𝑥) 𝑦´´ + 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦´ + 𝑄(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑅(𝑥).

−𝑦2𝑅(𝑥)
𝑢 1 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥,
𝑤(𝑦1, 𝑦2)
𝑦1𝑅(𝑥)
𝑢 2 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑤(𝑦1, 𝑦2)

𝑤(𝑦1, 𝑦2) 𝑦1𝑦2.

−𝑦2𝑅(𝑥) 𝑦1𝑅(𝑥)
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑦1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2∫ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑤(𝑦1,𝑦2) 𝑤(𝑦1,𝑦2)

𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥.

𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 0.
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑦1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥,
𝑦´ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑦´ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.
1 2

𝑦1𝑦2

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 | = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∙ (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 = −(𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) = −1.
𝑢1(𝑥) = ∫ −𝑦2𝑅(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢1(𝑥) = ∫ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑤(𝑦1,𝑦2) −1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑦1𝑅(𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑢 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥.
2
𝑤(𝑦1, 𝑦2) 2

−1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

𝑢1(𝑥) 𝑢2(𝑥) 𝑢1(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑢2(𝑥) = −𝑥.

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥[𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)] + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(−𝑥) ⟹

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.

𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 6𝑦 = 𝑒−𝑥.

𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 6𝑦 = 0,
𝑚 − 𝑚 − 6 = 0 ⟹ (𝑚 − 3)(𝑚 + 2) = 0 ⟹ 𝑚1 = 3 𝑚2 = −2 ,
2

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑒𝑚1𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒𝑚2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑒3𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑒−2𝑥, 𝑦1 = 𝑒3𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑒−2𝑥.

𝑦´´ − 𝑦´ − 6𝑦 = 𝑒−𝑥0,

𝑦1 = 𝑒3𝑥, 𝑦´
1 = 3𝑒3𝑥 𝑦2 = 𝑒−2𝑥,2𝑦´ = −2𝑒−2𝑥 .

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = |𝑒3𝑥 𝑒−2𝑥 3𝑒3𝑥 −2𝑒−2𝑥 | = 𝑒3𝑥 ∙ (−2𝑒−2𝑥) − 3𝑒3𝑥 ∙ 𝑒−2𝑥 = −2𝑒𝑥 − 3𝑒𝑥
= −5𝑒𝑥.

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = −5𝑒𝑥, 𝑦1 = 𝑒3𝑥, 𝑦2 = 𝑒−2𝑥, 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑒−𝑥.

−𝑦2𝑅(𝑥) 1 1
( ) −𝑒−2𝑥𝑒−𝑥 −𝑒−3𝑥 −4𝑥 −4𝑥
𝑢1 𝑥 ( )
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢1 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑒 =− 𝑒 .
𝑤(𝑦1, 𝑦2) −5𝑒𝑥 −5𝑒𝑥 5 20
𝑦1𝑅(𝑥)
( ) 𝑒2𝑥 1 1
𝑒3𝑥𝑒−𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑢2 𝑥 ( )
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⟹ 𝑢2 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 .
𝑥 𝑤(𝑦1, 𝑦2) 𝑒 −5𝑒𝑥 −5𝑒𝑥 5 5
𝑢1(𝑥) = − 1
𝑒−4𝑥, 𝑢2(𝑥) = − 1 𝑒X,
20 5

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1(𝑥)𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑢2(𝑥)𝑦2(𝑥) ⟹
1 1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = (− −4𝑥 )𝑒 3𝑥 𝑥
)𝑒 −2𝑥 ⟹ =− −𝑥 −𝑥 −𝑥
20 𝑒 + (−
5 20 𝑒 +− ⟹ 𝑦𝑝 = − .
𝑒 𝑦𝑝 𝑒 5 𝑒 4
 (𝑥2 − 1)𝑦´´ − 2𝑥𝑦´ + 2𝑦 = (𝑥2 − 1)2.

( 𝑥2 − 1)

𝑦´´ − 2𝑥
𝑥 −1
𝑦´ + 2
𝑦 = ( 𝑥2 − 1) , 𝑦´´ −
2 𝑥 −1
( ( 2
2𝑥
𝑦´ + 2
𝑦 = 0. 𝑦1 = 𝑥,
(𝑥2−1) 𝑥( −1
2

𝑦1 = 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦´ = 1, 𝑦´´ = 0 ⟹ 0 − 2𝑥
( 1) + 2
𝑥=0⟹− 2𝑥
2𝑥 = 0.
1 1 (𝑥2−1)
+
(𝑥2−1) (𝑥2−1) (𝑥2−1)

𝑦2 𝑦1,

𝑦2 = 𝑢𝑦1 𝑦´´ − 2𝑥
𝑦´ + 2
𝑦 = 0,
(𝑥2− 𝑥( −1
2
𝑢
2𝑥
𝑢=∫ 1
𝑒−∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑥. 𝑦1 = 𝑥, 𝑃(𝑥) = − (𝑥2−1)
1
�
2𝑥
1 −∫ − 𝑑𝑥 1 ∫
2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 2−1) 1
𝑢=∫ 𝑒 2
(𝑥 −1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2
(𝑥 −1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒𝑙𝑛(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 ⟹
𝑥 2 𝑥 2 𝑥2 𝑥2
2
𝑢=∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥−1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1 ⟹ 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1,
= 𝑢𝑦 ⟹
𝑦
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 X
2 1

𝑦 = (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 1.
𝑥
2
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2(𝑥2 + 1)

𝑦𝑝, 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1(𝑥)𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑢2(𝑥)𝑦2(𝑥),

−𝑦2𝑅(𝑥) 𝑦1𝑅(𝑥)
𝑢 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥, 𝑢 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥, 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 1.
1
𝑤(𝑦1, 𝑦2) 2 𝑤(𝑦1, 𝑦2)
𝑦1 = 𝑥, 𝑦´ = 1, 𝑦2 = 𝑥2 + 1, 𝑦´ = 2𝑥,
1 2

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = |𝑥 𝑥2 + 1 1 2𝑥 | = 𝑥 ∙ (2𝑥) − 1 ∙ (𝑥2 + 1) = 2𝑥2 − 𝑥2 − 1 = 𝑥2 − 1.

𝑢1
−(𝑥2 + 1)(𝑥2 − 1)
(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥 = −∫ (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = − (
2
+ 𝑥).
(𝑥2 − 1) 3
𝑢2
2𝑥(𝑥2 − 1)
(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = .
(𝑥2 − 1) 2

⟹ ⟹
 3 2 4
𝑦 = − (𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥2 + 1) = 𝑥
𝑥2
𝑝 − , 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝 :
3 2 6 2

(2 𝑥4 𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑥 + 1) + − .
6 2

𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥
𝑦𝑝(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡.
0

𝑦´´ + 𝑦 = 0.
𝑚2 + 1 = 0 ⟹ 𝑚2 = −1 ⟹ 𝑚 = ±√−1
⟹

𝑚1 = 𝑖 𝑚2 = −𝑖 ⟹𝛼 =0𝛽 =1 𝑦𝑐,

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒𝛼𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑥) ⟹ 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒0𝑥(𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠1(𝑥) + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛1(𝑥)) ⟹

𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.

𝑦𝑝. 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1(𝑥)𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑢2(𝑥)𝑦2(𝑥), 𝑦1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑦2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.

𝑦1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑦´ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑦2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑦´ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥,
1 2

𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 | = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∙ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) − (−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 =
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 1 ⟹ 𝑤(𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)) = 1.

𝑢1 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥.
1
𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑓(𝑥)
(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥.
2
1
 𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1(𝑥)𝑦1(𝑥) + 𝑢2(𝑥)𝑦2(𝑥)

𝑦𝑝 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥

= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⟹

𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑓(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑐 ∫ 𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑓(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡 ⟹
0 0
𝑥 𝑥
∫ [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑓(𝑡) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑓(𝑡)]𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ⟹
∫
0 0

𝑦𝑝(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑓(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥 − 𝑡)𝑑𝑡,
∫ 0