Running head: SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS

Spiritual Intelligence and its relationship with Grit, Gratitude and Optimism

among Emerging Adults

By

Bhakti Deshpande

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of

the
Degree of Masters of Arts in Psychology
To

Postgraduate Department of Psychology

Carmel College of Arts, Science & Commerce
Affiliated to Goa University, Taleigao – Goa

Postgraduate Department of Psychology

Carmel College of Arts, Science and Commerce
Nuvem- Goa
2019-2020
 iii
Declaration

I do hereby solemnly declare that the present research, titled as “Spiritual Intelligence

and its relationship with Grit, Gratitude and Optimism among Emerging Adults” is

submitted to the Post Graduate Department of Psychology, Carmel College of Arts,

Science & Commerce, Nuvem- Goa, as a fulfillment of the degree of Masters in

Psychology. The dissertation with the mentioned topic has been prepared exclusively

by me under the guidance of my teachers and has not been previously formed in the

interest of an award of any degree at the Goa University or elsewhere.

____________________________

Bhakti Deshpande

Place: Nuvem, Goa.

Date: 24/07/2020
 iv
Acknowledgement

Above all, I am thankful to God for his blessings that made me able to accomplish my

dissertation with full honesty and sincerity.

I am thankful to Dr. (Sr) M Aradhana A.C. and Dr. Sr. Maria Lizanne for providing the

required institutional facilities and for being so generous throughout my Masters

Programme.

I acknowledge my heartfelt gratitude to my guides Mrs. Anthea Mendonsa who made

my accomplishment possible with their knowledge and expertise.

I am thankful to the institutions for granting me the permissions required for the data

collection, and the participants who took out time for being a part of this

accomplishment.

All this would not have been possible without the moral support of Aai- Baba, my

parents and my Guardian, Ms. Ranjana Athley.

In this entire journey of dissertation I would like to thank my classmates, Ms. Shivani

Keny and Ms. Pallavi Bais for their constant help and support every time and for making

my Masters programme a memorable one.

It was very challenging for me to be emotionally stable at times and so, I would like to

acknowledge the presence of my brother Mr. Pradumna Deshpande and my dearest

friend, Ms. Ayesha Khan for being my emotional support throughout the period of my

dissertation.

I’m thankful for all of it!

 v

Abstract

The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between Spiritual

Intelligence and Grit, Gratitude and Optimism among Emerging Adults. A sample of

120 Emerging Adults was selected as sample for the study. The Spiritual Intelligence

Self- Report Inventory (King 2008; King & De Cicco, 2009), Grit Scale (Duckworth,

2007), Gratitude Questionnaire (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang, 2002) and Life

Orientation Scale (Michael Scheier and colleagues, 1994) was utilized to obtain the

quantitative data on the variables. Data was statistically analyzed with Pearson’s

Product Moment Correlation and Z-test. The findings of the study revealed that there

exists a weak positive correlation between Spiritual Intelligence and Grit, Gratitude and

Optimism. No significant sex difference was found with respect to Grit, Gratitude and

Optimism in Emerging Adults. Implications of the study and suggestions for future

research have been discussed.

Keywords: Spiritual Intelligence, Grit, Gratitude, Optimism, Emerging Adults.

 vi

List of Figures
Figure no. Title of Figures Page no.

4.1 Graphical representation of Samples belonging to age 40

group considered.

4.2 Graphical representation showing relationship between 42

Spiritual Intelligence and Grit among emerging adults.

4.3 Graphical representation showing relationship between 44

Spiritual Intelligence and Gratitude among emerging

adults.

4.4 Graphical representation showing relationship between 46

emerging
Spiritual Intelligence and Optimism among

adults.

4.5 Graphical representation showing mean and standard 48

deviation of Grit among emerging adults.

4.6 Graphical representation showing mean and standard 50

deviation of Gratitude among emerging adults.

4.7 Graphical representation showing mean and standard 52

deviation of Optimism among emerging adults.
 vii
Table of Contents
Serial no. Particulars Page no.

1. Title i

2. Certificate ii

3. Declaration iii

4. Acknowledgement iv

5. Abstract v

6. List of Figures vi

7. Chapter 1: Introduction 1-16

8. Chapter 2: Review of Literature 17-30

9. Chapter 3: Research Method 31-38

10. Chapter 4: Results and Discussion 39-53

11. Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusion 54-56

12. References 57-64

13. Appendices 65-80

 1
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS

CHAPTER 1
Introduction
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 2

“Spirituality is not a different way of living. Spirituality is the tool, the compass, which

guides me in my normal day-to-day living--whether personal, professional life, family

life. That is spirituality. My power lies in the present moment.”

-SISTER SHIVANI, India New England News, July 11, 2017

Spirituality has always made me curious to know how and why it has been

practiced by individuals in different ways. Spirituality is misunderstood as the practice

or participation in religious activity. But spirituality is a non- religious activity which

is practiced by individuals through meditation, yoga, time in nature or prayers.

Spirituality for me has been the understanding of inner self, inheriting

knowledge by life experiences and to make use of all those opportunities that I have

been blessed with. This study will clear understanding of spirituality with deeper

meaning and core concept to know my actual self.

The concept of spirituality and intelligence are combined into a modern concept

known as Spiritual Intelligence. Spirituality alludes to the person seek for inner

meaning, higher levels of consciousness and greatness, while Spiritual Intelligence

refers to the capacity to act with kindness and wisdom to create valuable products or

outcomes.

In later times Spiritual Intelligence is picking up significance within the

business scenario. Typically, due to work disappointment together with other reasons

such as increased employee push and burn out, untrustworthy corporate conduct,

working environment savagery and inability to preserve work-life adjust.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 3

1.1 Spiritual Intelligence

Spiritual Intelligence is a type of intelligence which helps an individual to find

their inner self by recognizing their inner capabilities and qualities. Individuals explore

themselves in the form of joy, compassion, empathy, love, peace, creativity and wisdom.

Spiritual Intelligence helps individuals to gain a sense of having purpose and meaning

of life. In a deeper sense, Spiritual insight is obtained by separating our heart (from the

world of objectivity) from the mind and believing in intuitions of one’s inner self. Some

of the definitions on Spiritual Intelligence are given below:

Wolman (2001) defined Spiritual Intelligence as “The human capacity to ask

ultimate questions about the meaning of life and to simultaneously experience the

seamless connection between each of us and the world in which we live.”

Vaughan (2002), “Spiritual Intelligence is concerned with the inner life of mind

and spirit and its relationship to being in the world.”

Covey (2004), “Spiritual Intelligence represents our drive for meaning and

connection with the infinite”.

Lama (2006), “By developing Spiritual Intelligence, a sense of compassion that

helps us to be more sensitive, more aware of our own feelings and the feelings of those

around us emanates from within, we become more intuitive; we relate better and love

better. Cultivating Spiritual Intelligence and learning how to connect will improve our

capacity for intimacy, making us better mates, friends, parents and coworkers; it helps

all of us to become more giving and brings us fulfilment, meaning and love”

There are 12 principles of Spiritual Intelligence based on these, humans are

considered the most sensitive ones. And with this there are two underpins of Spiritual

Intelligence, one is Emotional intelligence and the other is rational intelligence. Humans
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 4

in their lives use these three bits of intelligence for the support if their survival (Zohar,

2018).

1.1.1 Principles of Spiritual Intelligence

 Self- awareness- Spiritual self-awareness is different from emotional self-

awareness. Spiritual self-awareness means to understand the inner feelings

of an individual, how they feel, what they care about, what they live for

and what they die for. Self-awareness is an important part to be spiritually

intelligent (Zohar, 2018).

 Spontaneity- Spiritual spontaneity simply means getting rid of the baggage

that an individual hold. Baggage of childhood problems, prejudice,

assumptions, values and projections. Spontaneity refers to the practice of

behaviours like self- discipline, empathy, self-worth and selfcontrol

(Zohar, 2018).

 Being vision and value-led- Vision is something which motivates you to

achieve what you imagine to have for yourself. Having vision bring value

to life that we are living in, vision is basically purpose of life which is

value based and made to achieve some long-term goals to make our life

successful (Zohar, 2018).

 Holism- Holism is basically a behavior of looking at things as a whole.

Anything that humans see is not in parts but as a whole. Holism in

psychology says that in order to understand people, small parts of their

personality should be known rather than the whole personality (Cherry,

2019).
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 5

 Compassion- Altruism and empathy is usually misunderstood and are

related to compassion many times. Compassion is basically desire to help

another person by understanding their thoughts and feelings. In literal

meaning “to suffer together”(University of California, 2019 )

 Celebration of Diversity- Celebration of Diversity programs helps humans

to accept each other without any biases and prejudice. It helps us to

understand different ethnic groups and their cultural diversities (Zohar,

2018).

 Field Independence- In psychology, field independence is considered to

have an opinion where an individual think differently but also

understanding and considering others point of view as well. It simply

means that the person takes a path of thought process where there is no one

(Zohar, 2018).

 Humility- Humility is a form of pro-social behavior also the other side of

field independence where in, humans feels humiliated or self- denigrated

if they become a voice of the choir. But, in the bigger picture it is different.

Humility gave a sense of being different and increases our selfesteem

(Zohar, 2018).

 Tendency to ask fundamental ‘why?’ questions- Individuals who are

curious to know about things going around and they have the tendency to

ask ‘why?’ questions. The answers to these questions are finite they are

answered in boundaries. Questions are infinite, they are not questioned

with boundaries, can be asked anytime with the expectation of answers

(Zohar, 2018).
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 6

 Ability to Re frame- Here, ability to re frame is about thinking for short

term plans made to achieve short term goals. By re-framing the short term

thinking ability and working to thinking with long term perspective, we as

humans step out of our comfort zones (Zohar, 2018).

 Positive use of Adversity- Positive use of adversity is basically accepting,

acknowledging, and learning from the mistakes that we make. It is

realizing the fact that mistakes are inevitable in life. Understanding,

recognizing and finding the reason for what is wrong is a process of

growing and learning. This makes us wiser, brave and strong as a person

(Zohar, 2018).

 Sense of vocation- Having sense of vocation means knowing your abilities

and working in the profession or occupation for which one is best suited,

trained or qualified (Zohar, 2018).

1.1.2 Emotional Intelligence

Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand one’s own emotions and

others emotions also. Emotional intelligence includes three basic skills that an

individual requires to understand motions. Firstly, the ability to identify and name one’s

own emotion, secondly, the ability to harness one emotion, lastly, the ability to manage

those emotions by regulating one’s own emotions and helping others too (Psychology

Today, 2019).

There are 5 components of emotional intelligence which helps a person to

understand one’s own emotions and others emotions well.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 7

 Self- awareness- It the ability to recognize and understand one’s own

emotions. Moreover, self-awareness means to be aware of the actions,

behavior, thoughts and feelings which is derived from emotions.

Selfawareness makes a person understand others emotions better, helps to

maintain a make relationship much better. (Very well mind, 2019)

 Self- regulation- With being aware and recognizing your emotions, it is

necessary to regulate your emotions and to manage it as well. Regulating

emotions simply means to express emotions appropriately in an

appropriate manner. People who are good in regulating emotions tend to

be flexible and adapt well to change. (Very well mind, 2019)

 Social skills- Socializing helps a person to increase their emotional

intelligence. The ability to interact with people helps to understand others

emotions and feelings of others. Some important social skills include

active listening, non-verbal communication skills, verbal communication

skills, body language and leadership. (Very well mind, 2019)

 Empathy- Empathy refers to understanding one’s situation by being in

their place. It is the most critical part of emotional intelligence; this

involves understanding the emotional state of others as well. Empathy

plays a major role in understanding others and feeling to what their mental

state is. (Very well mind, 2019)

 Motivation- Motivation refers to the act or behavior to work towards a

goal. This is of two types Extrinsic Motivation and Intrinsic Motivation.

Emotional intelligence requires intrinsic motivation in which an individual

act towards achieving inner needs and goals. Instead of having extrinsic
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 8

motivation like rewards, gifts and money, people search for intrinsic to

move forward in life. (Very well mind, 2019)

1.1.3 Rational Intelligence

Rationality and intelligence are not related to each other. People always

misunderstand rationality with intelligence, it is not necessary that the person will be

rational if smart and not necessary that the person in intelligent if thinks rationally.

Psychologists discovered that most with the higher IQ people make irrational

decisions, people with low IQ think rationally by trusting their instincts. Instincts here

play a major role in making rational decision. The ability to think, understand and solve

problems is known as intelligence but, many times the obstacles that are required to

clear are the ones which require instincts and critical thinking (David Z.

Hambrick and Alexander P. Burgoyne, 2016)

1.1.4 A significant contribution by David King

King (2008) defined SI as a set of mental capacities which “contribute to the

awareness, integration and adaptive application of the non-material and transcendental

aspects of one’s existence, leading to such outcomes as deep existential reflection,

enhancement of meaning, recognition of a transcendent self and mastery of spiritual

states”. He named 4 core components of SI and described these as: (King, 2008)

 Critical Existential Thinking- The capacity to critically contemplate

meaning, purpose, and other existential/metaphysical issues (e.g., existence,

reality, death, the universe); and to come to original existential conclusions

or philosophies; also the capacity to contemplate nonexistential issues in

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 9

relation to one’s existence (i.e., from an existential perspective). (King,

2008)

 Personal Meaning Production- The ability to derive personal meaning and

purpose from all physical & mental experiences including the capacity to

create and master (i.e., live according to) a life purpose. (King, 2008)

 Transcendental Awareness- The capacity to identify

transcendent

dimensions/patterns of the self (i.e., a trans personal or transcendent self),

of others and of the physical world (e.g., holism, non 15 materialism) during

normal states of consciousness accompanied by the capacity to identify

their relationship to one’s self and to the physical. (King, 2008)

 Conscious State Expansion - The ability to enter and exit 20 higher spiritual

states of consciousness at one’s n discretion as in deep contemplation,

meditation and prayer. (King, 2008)

1.2 Grit

Grit is a personality trait shown by individuals to demonstrate passion and

perseverance for a long-term goal rather than being confronted by the obstacles and

distractions. Individuals who have Grit in them, does not really require positive

reinforcement to work towards the goal. There are 5 characteristics in Grit which are

discussed below: (Go Strength, 2012-2019)

1.2.1 Courage- Courage simply means to have triumph over

fear. Having a not so popular opinion and putting it upfront also means to

have courage for one’s own believe. It is thought that people who are

courageous enough are fearless. But, in reality they have the ability to stand
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 10

up for what they believe. Courage helps people to forgive others and move

on quickly. This kind of behavior helps them to create a sense of self-worth.

(South African College of Applied Psychology, 2019)

1.2.2 Conscientiousness- Conscientiousness is a state of mind

where an individual try being thorough, careful, or vigilant. It helps

individuals to be efficient and organized, people work until the work is

completed. Higher conscientious people have strong moral principles, they

practice things in the right way and are called as perfectionist. Conscientious

people have strong opinion and stay in to their convictions. (South African

College of Applied Psychology, 2019)

1.2.3 Perseverance- Perseverance is the ability to complete a

task by controlling one self and facing all the challenges. Perseverance is

working through difficulties, whether to face those difficulties through mind,

through body or through emotions. People use perseverance in everyday life.

To solve small issues they face in day to day life. Perseverance helps people

to find purpose in life and helps them to achieve long term goals with

dedication and determination. (South African College of Applied

Psychology, 2019)

1.2.4 Resilience- Resilience in simple word can mean

“toughness”. People who are resilient have a good sense of humor and can

perceive situations in a lighter way by laughing on themselves. People with

high resilience also have high optimistic approach to life. People who are

extremely resilient be their own boundaries to achieve success, they never

compare themselves to anyone. People of such kind are highly adjusting in

their life situations. (South African College of Applied Psychology,

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 11

2019)

1.2.5 Passion- Passion is a positive energy that encourages a

person to work for something they really desire to have for themselves.

Passionate people have a deep sense of purpose in life which is long term.

People like these know that they have a clear concept of their own beliefs

and values. Passion makes people accept themselves gracefully and are more

willing to accept challenges and solve problems on their own. Passionate

people are scared to ask for support and take responsibilities willingly.

(South African College of Applied Psychology, 2019)

1.3 Gratitude

The term “Gratitude” is inferred from the Latin concept Gratia, which involves

a few variation of beauty, gratefulness, and thoughtfulness (Emmons and McCullough,

2003). The thoughts streaming from this Latin root relate to “kindness, generousness,

blessings, the magnificence of giving and receiving” Within the words of require,

appreciation develops upon recognizing that one has obtained a positive result from

another person who carried on in way that was (1) expensive to him or her, (2) profitable

to the beneficiary, and (3) intentionally rendered. As such, Gratitude taps into the

affinity to appreciate and savor ordinary occasions and experiences (Psychology Today,

2019).

Gratitude in simple words means being “thankful” or “grateful” for something

that an individual has. Gratitude is not shown through value or in monetary terms.

Gratitude comes inherently, it is a strong affirmation of goodness.

Gratitude is mainly expressed towards God, through spiritual practice and to

have the ultimate purpose of life. Gratitude is said to be as the spontaneous feeling but,
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 12

many studies have shown that now it has to come from practice. Being grateful towards

our loved once can help us to create a climate of positivity around us and within us.

(Psychology Today, 2019) Gratitude can be expressed in two ways

spiritual Gratitude and superficial Gratitude.

1.3.1 Superficial Gratitude- Gratitude that is expressed only in words is known

as superficial Gratitude. Gratitude expressed in words is paid off to various things in life

and even for life (Spiritual Science Research Foundation, 2019).

1.3.2 Spiritual Gratitude- Gratitude that comes from the heart and is being

expressed effortlessly to God for everything, even for life. Thus, spiritual emotional

Gratitude is continuous and can be expressed throughout the day. (Spiritual Science

Research Foundation, 2019)

Gratitude appears to be an ethical influence, having a place to the same category

of emotions as compassion, sensitivity, blame and disgrace. Compassion and sensitivity

“operate when individuals have the opportunity to reply to the situation of another

individual, blame and disgrace work when individuals have not met ethical guidelines

of obligations,” while “Gratitude works typically when individuals are the beneficiaries

of pro-social behavior”.

In a Research by McCullough it appears that appreciation seems to serve three

ethical functions. To begin with, it acts as a "moral barometer" by which an individual

comes to recognize that they have been benefited by the great deed of another. It also

acts as a "moral motivator" that prompts the beneficiary of pro-social behavior to

respond to the behavior and/or to spread great deeds to others in require from engaging

in socially dangerous behavior. At long last, Gratitude serves the work of a "moral

reinforce" since it rewards those who lock in in pro-social behavior and, by doing so,
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 13

increases the likelihood of their pro-social behavior within the future (McCullough,

2001).

Appreciation reinforces social bonds and companion-ships by building people's

aptitudes for caring, altruism, and acts of appreciation. Over time, Gratitude

comparative to other positive feelings contributes to the development of abilit1ies,

connections, and resilience. Thus, individuals encounter mental development as a

function of Gratitude.

1.4 Optimism

"A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the

opportunity in every difficulty." -Winston Churchill

The advantages of Optimism and the disadvantages of pessimism are not

absolute (Chang, 2001). According to him, productive lives thrive on a balance between

Optimism and pessimism. In other words, it is healthy to anticipate the finest but prepare

for the worst.

In a published meet, Seligman contends that the world needs pessimistic as well

as hopeful individuals, which for any given individual, it can be helpful to have both

strong optimistic and strong pessimistic tendencies, something that could not come

almost if they were polar contrary energies (Hummer, 1990).

Optimism means to have positive perspective towards, being hopeful, seeing the

positive parts with accepting the challenges to be faced. To have belief that something

good will happen. Optimism is admirable quality that affects a person’s mental and

physical health in a positive way. Optimism helps a person reduce stress, and helps to
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 14

increase the longevity. Optimism helps a person to have a purpose in life that is

motivating and positive (Psychology Today, 2019).

Scheier and Carver proposed a modern definition of Optimism, “Optimism is a

stable tendency to believe that good rather than bad things will happen.” It has been

argued that Optimism prepares the person to characterize objectives, make

commitments, adapt with misfortune and pain and recover from injury and stress.

Many studies have been conducted to look at the part a Hopeful bias in young people

and adults and it has been found that there exists a solid relationship between hopeful

viewpoint and self-reported happiness‖ (Scheier and Carver, 1985)

There are two styles of Optimism: Informative Style and Dispositional

Optimism. Informative style is explained as, how individuals normally explain their life

events. It begun from the attribution theory and Seligman‘s work of learned

helplessness. Seligman proposed that our inspiration can be possibly drained due to how

we select to clarify occasions in our lives, diminish our perseverance and increase

vulnerability to discouragement. This style has three measurements, inside vs. outside,

stable vs. unstable and global vs. specific. The explanation for a great occasion in

Informative Optimistic the style would be inner. It relates to one‘s characteristics and

steadiness. In any case, the opposite would be genuine for a hopeful clarification of a

negative event. (Positive Psychology, 2019)

1.5 Significance of the study

This study aims to find the relationship of Spiritual Intelligence with Grit,

Gratitude and Optimism among Emerging Adults. Humans take vital decisions to

determine or change their life style between the ages of 18 to 25 years. This is also the

age where they make major decisions in life, plan for their future and work in the
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 15

direction of achieving goals. The word denoting 18-25 year old ‘Emerging Adults’ it

means individuals who are capable of taking their decisions on their own. Hence

sometimes these adults wander from place to place to find themselves through

experiences. These experiences help them to explore and know what they want in

their lives.

Spiritual Intelligence is seen in an individual when he or she does not appreciate

the materialistic approach of living life but, thinks rationally and emotionally to make

the right decisions in life.

This study will aim to find the significant relation of Spiritual Intelligence with

• Grit, which means to have courage or strength to face life situations.

• Gratitude, which means to be grateful for everything even to have the life.

• Optimism, which means to lead a life with a positive approach or perspective.

Some adults start moving towards non materialistic life. Ability of individuals to

perceive life rationally and emotionally instead of focusing on only materialistic needs

is termed as Spiritual Intelligence. Hence it is crucial to examine the effect of

Spiritual Intelligence and other variables of psychological well being such as Grit,

Gratitude and Optimism on Emerging Adults

The present study will aim to find the significant relation of Spiritual

Intelligence with Grit (courage or strength to face life situations), Gratitude (being

grateful), Optimism (life with a positive approach or perspective) and its effect on

Emerging Adults. It will be helpful for researchers, counsellor, psychologists in better

understanding of the attitude of emerging towards life.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 16

CHAPTER 2

Review of Literature
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 17

Review of Literature consists of recent studies that are studied from various

sources like articles, journals, dissertations, abstracts, etc. This helps the researcher to

know more about the significant studies that have been done earlier in the relevant topic

that the researcher is investigating. The review of literature also provides insights into

methods and measures of the study which helps the researcher understand the gaps in

the study. It provides ideas, theories, and explanations to the researcher about the study

to have maximum benefits from the study done by the investigator. The studies in this

chapter are classified based on the variables that are involved in the study:

Taur Anil Dilipsing (2017) conducted a study on Spiritual Intelligence of

postgraduate students of Aurangabad city in Maharashtra. The sample of the study was

(N=120) divided into two groups of (60 pali, Buddhism and social science students) and

(60 individuals of high and low social strata) of the age group 21-24. The tools used

Roqan Spiritual Intelligence Test (RSIT) developed by Prof. Roquiya Zainuddin and

Ms. Anjum Ahmed. The results of the study show the significant difference between

Spiritual Intelligence of Pali, Buddhism and Social Science students and High and Low

economic Status Students.

Kumawat and Puri (2019) explored the relationship between Spiritual

Intelligence and life satisfaction among youth. From Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar

University of Aurangabad (N=100) males and females, they selected through a random

sampling method. It was found that there was a significant positive

correlation between the Spiritual Intelligence and life satisfaction among youth.

Upadhyay (2017) attempted to study the effect of Emotional intelligence and

Spiritual Intelligence impact on an individual. The study was done on 111 students of

Administration College in Gwalior locale and standardized surveys with a Likert scale

were utilized for the study. In this study Relapse Examination was connected in order
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 18

to see the causal relationship between the factors and at last the study found that there

is a positive effect of Spiritual Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence on learning and

interest had a mediating impact.

Nair and Paul (2017) conducted a study on Spiritual Intelligence and Social

Adjustment as the two mental develops, which scaffold each person in the modern world

to lead a value-oriented and mentally healthy life. This study focuses to find the level

of Spiritual Intelligence among higher secondary students in relation to their social

adjustment. The data was collected from 320 higher secondary students from different

higher secondary schools of Thrissur locale. The tools utilized for the collection of

information was a Spiritual Intelligence Inventory and Social

Adjustment for higher secondary students, created by the examiner and standardized.

The results revealed that higher secondary students are having a low level of Spiritual

Intelligence. There's no significant difference within the Spiritual Intelligence among

higher secondary school boys and girls.

Doostar (2012) undertook a study to explore the relationship between Spiritual

Intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior of employees in hospitals and

wellbeing centers. He too considered the relationship between each of the components

of Spiritual Intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior. It was found that there

was a significant relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and organizational

citizenship behavior

Kaur and Singh (2013) studied Spiritual Intelligence of planned engineers and

teachers. It was found that there was no significant difference of sex, region and family

status on the factors underlying Spiritual Intelligence but within the space of extrasensory

perception (males> females) and mindfulness (high class> middle course) in case of

engineering students and community (middle class> high class), trauma (middle class>
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 19

high class) and mentally (middle class> high class) in case of teacher training students.

It was concluded that the Spiritual Intelligence of the students should be upgraded for

the betterment of society.

Saremi and Farkhani (2013-2014) studied the relationship between Spiritual

Intelligence and organizational commitment in male teachers of elementary schools in

Quchan. The researcher explored the relationship between the two components, this is

correlation research. The total variety of lecturers obtained from Quchan Department of

Education was N=98 the results showed that there was a no significant correlation

between Spiritual Intelligence and total organizational commitment. The findings

indicates that Spiritual Intelligence have been effective in maintaining and improving

organizational commitment and it should be tried to improve spirituality and Spiritual

Intelligence in employees and teachers.

Ali and Rahaman (2013) studies the level of Grit between males and females

national fencers of Manipur considering 40 fencers (male = 20, female = 20) who speak

to Manipur within the national fencing championship were selected as the subjects. The

age of the subjects extended from 17 to 25 years. Grit Scale by Duckworth & Quinn

2009 was administered on the subjects for information. The obtained information was

analysed. The study revealed there was no significant difference found between male

and female fencers of Manipur to their level of consistency of interest, the perseverance

of efforts and desire towards the fulfilment of long-term goals dimensions of Grit.

Khadivi et al (2012) explored the relationship between Spiritual Intelligence

and self- esteem with students` educational advancement. The study indicated that there

was a significant and direct relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and students`

self- esteem. There was no significant relationship between 42 Spiritual Intelligence and

student’s educational enhancement, in any case. The study showed that the Spiritual
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 20

Intelligence of boys and girls are the same. Girls’ self-esteem is more than boys, but

boys’ educational advancement is more than girls. Also, the results of multiple

regression displayed that among the four variables of Spiritual Intelligence. The

Spiritual belief, the capability of dealing with problems, selfconsciousness, interest, and

moral beliefs consisted the 46% of students` self-esteem.

Dutta and Singh (2017) conducted a study to explore the levels of Spirituality,

Grit, and Resilience in college-going youthful adults (N=75) and the existing

relationship of spirituality with Resilience and Grit. Data was collected from

collegegoing Emerging Adults and analysed with the assistance of correlation. It was

found that resilience and spirituality have a significant positive relationship also, that

Grit and spirituality have a significant positive relationship.

Khan and Singh (2017) attempted to explore significant sex difference on

Gratitude, Spirituality, and Forgiveness among 80 school teachers for which the t-test

was computed. Results indicated that significant gender difference were found among

male and female teachers with respect to Gratitude (guys found to be higher than

females), Spirituality and Forgiveness (females were found to be higher than guys on

both the measurements). However, advance investigate is needed to substantiate the

same.

Tahmasbipour, Nasri and Rafieeyazd, (2017) examined the relationship

between Spiritual Intelligence, life expectancy, and self-regulation among students.

Samples included all-female higher school students in Tehran area. Sample of 384

students were administered with scales like Lord Spiritual Intelligence Survey (2008),

Trust Scale Snyder (1991), and Bouffard self-regulation questionnaire (1995). It was

found that there exist a positive relationship between Spiritual Intelligence, life
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 21

expectation, and self-regulation. Results showed that there exists a positive relationship

between life expectancy, Spiritual Intelligence and Self- regulation.

Sharma and Dhankar (2016) Therapeutic method has been connected to a

variety of issues. Experimental prove supports the adequacy of therapeutic strategies in

moving forward identity. The objective of this think about was to demonstrate the same

on mental relates i.e. Grit and locus of control. For the study only ten youths were chosen

keeping in account with no earlier therapeutic history and no current mental treatment

other than the treatment included in this consider. F.I.R.E (Freedom, Internalizing,

Repeating and Emotions) method was presented to think about its significant impact

after Pre and post-test on Grit and locus of control. The consider reports the significance

of the therapeutic method in improving Grit and locus of control among young people.

Ronel and Gan (2008) studied spirituality as part of a broad understanding of

intelligence and the inquiry into human abilities. Based on a theistic approach, spiritual

intelligence is perceived as an ability to understand the world and oneself through God-

centeredness and to adapt one’s life accordingly. It is a basic ability that shapes and

directs all other abilities. Relying on the personal experience of known spiritual authors

and lay people, several attributes of spiritual intelligence, such as faith, humility,

gratitude, integrative ability, the ability to regulate emotions, morality and the ability

for moral conduct, and the ability for forgiveness and love, are portrayed in a non -

inclusive description.

Kapur and Teotia (2018) conducted a study to explore the relationship among

Grit, Hope and subjective vitality in Emerging Adults. It also investigated the gender

difference in the aforementioned variables. For this purpose a sample of 120 Emerging

Adults, 60 males and 60 females, pursuing graduate and post graduate programs residing

in Delhi NCR was taken. Item Grit Scale, Adult Hope Scale and Subjective Vitality
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 22

Scale were used. In order to find the relationship between the study variables, Pearson

correlation was run. To find out the gender difference for the variables under study, t-

test was applied. The results indicated a significant relationship between hope and

subjective vitality. Non-significant differences between male and female Emerging

Adults on Grit, hope and subjective vitality were

obtained.

Singh and Chopra (2016) aimed to investigate the relationship among

workplace spirituality, work engagement and grit. The authors collected data from 275

full-time employees in Delhi-NCR using convenient sampling. The relationship among

workplace spirituality, work engagement and grit was measured using correlation and

the influence of demographic variables (age, tenure and educational qualification) on

workplace spirituality, work engagement and grit was measured using ANOVA. Results

showed significant positive correlation between meaning at work and work engagement.

Lombardi, Rifenbark and Freeman (2019) conducted a study to look at

measurement in-variance of the Grit scale in a test of young people with and without

inabilities (n = 5,039). Findings appear the scale functions essentially for students with

and without disabilities, and the Perseverance calculate of Grit essentially anticipated

review point normal for both bunches. Suggestions for practice propose utilize of the

scale in school-wide information collection efforts that can be driven by college and

career availability approach activities that emphasize measuring noncognitive abilities

in all understudies, and an age-appropriate move appraisal in secondary uncommon

instruction.

Halbur and Kopp (2019) compared year-one and year-two student physical

therapists Grit scores using Angela Duckworth's 12 address Grit study to explore in the

event that there were relationships between the Grit score, GPA, age, or sexual
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 23

orientation. There were 105 student participants add up to 53 first-years and 52 second-

year, who agreed to consider and having statistical information pulled. There were no

significant findings when comparing by and large Grit score, age, and different GPA

scores of year-one and year-two physical treatment students. Seventyfive percent of

students (year 1 and 2) Grit scores were at or over 3.63, with the mean M=3.85 and

middle score being 3.92. There were two Grit scores that were altogether lower than the

rest of the members, which may have affected the results.

Thomas and Kandace (2019) aimed to examine well-being among Principle

society ladies and non-P society ladies at an expansive south-eastern college. They

consider hypothesized that Principle sorority ladies would have higher rates of social

connection, social affect-ability, Gratitude, and positive emotions than non-Hellenistic

sorority women. Principle sorority ladies (n=48) and non-Panhellenic sorority women

(n=55) completed the Perusing the Intellect through the Eyes, a Gratitude letter, and

self-reported overviews that surveyed their levels of social connection, social

affectability, Gratitude, and positive feelings. The discoveries propose Principle sorority

ladies have higher rates of social sensitivity and feel more coordinates to their

environment than non-Panhellenic sorority women.

Lin, Chih-Che (2019) Inspected the relationships among Gratitude, positive

emotion, and satisfaction with life, and whether positive emotion mediated associations

between Gratitude and satisfaction with life. Members were 375 college students in

Taiwan, who completed 3 instruments assessing the over builds. Based on basic

condition modelling, comes about appeared that Gratitude was positively related with

both positive emotion and satisfaction with life. Further, the impact of Gratitude on

satisfaction with life was found to be partially interceded by positive emotion. The

findings in this way recommend that Gratitude not as it were incorporating a coordinate
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 24

effect on satisfaction with life but moreover indirectly influences satisfaction with life

through the experience of positive emotion.

Lin, Chih-Che (2019) examined both the mediation effects of self-esteem and

psychological well-being for the relationship between gratitude and depression in late

adolescence. Two hundred and thirty-five Taiwanese university students completed the

measures of gratitude, self-esteem, psychological well-being, and depression. Path

analyses indicated that self-esteem and psychological well-being acted as full mediators

of the association between gratitude and depression. The identified model also revealed

a significant path from gratitude through self-esteem and psychological well-being to

depression. A multi-group analysis found that the paths did not differ by genders.

Chopik, Newton, Ryan, Kashdan and Jarden (2019) examined the size and

heading of age contrasts in Gratitude in three tests (combined N = 31,206). They

moreover inspected whether Gratitude was related to greater/lesser well-being at

different periods within the life course. It was found that the experience of Gratitude

was greatest in more seasoned grown-ups and least in center matured and younger

grown-ups. It was found that the associations between Gratitude and subjective

wellbeing remained relatively constant over the lifespan.

Gottlieb and Froh (2019) conducted a study to look at adolescent perspectives

on the meaning of being thankful. To get adolescent points of view on the meaning of

being thankful, adolescents (N = 1,098) composed papers describing what being grateful

implied to them. Thematic analysis was utilized to distinguish and analyse topics inside

the papers. Percentiles were calculated for the foremost repetitive subjects over papers

(Appreciation = 54.07%, Family = 31.42%, Positive Feelings = 28.81%,

Assistance/Support from Others = 25.99%, Companionship = 21.18%, and Descending

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 25

Comparison = 16.60%). Understanding Gratitude improvement in youths can help in

making viable mediation, potentially increasing adolescent well-being and happiness.

Meherunissa (2016) aimed to study the relationship between Gratitude and

Hope and its contribution to Happiness. Gratitude may be an ethical influence that

contributes to an individual’s positive emotion and well-being. Hope is a positive

expectation from the future that motivates objective coordinated behavior. Happiness is

a positive characteristic impacted by one’s cognition. The Adult Hope Scale (AHS)

designed by C. R. Snyder, Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6) by Michael E.

McCullough and the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) created by Sonja Lyubomirsky

were administered to 80 ladies students randomly chosen. The results show that there's

a positive relationship between Gratitude and hope, Gratitude and happiness, hope and

happiness.

Tankamani and Shahidi (2016) studied to investigate the relationship between

Spiritual Intelligence, Optimism and Happiness on Iranian university students. Sample

of 150 students (89 men and 61 women) were selected using cluster sampling and were

asked to complete Scheirer and Carver's Life Orientation Test-

Revised (LOTR), King's Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Scale (SISRI) and Argyle,

Martin, and Crossland's Oxford Happiness Inventory (OHI). Data were analysed using

t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients and regression analysis. Results of the study

provide additional evidence that based on spiritual intelligence can predict happiness

and optimism. There was a significant relationship found between total Spiritual

Intelligence scores and optimism (r =0.219 p > 0.05).

Anzaldi and Shifren (2018) conducted a study to look at the relationship

between Optimism, pessimism, coping strategies, and depressive indications in people

with Parkinson disease (PD). Particularly, we evaluated the possible go between part of
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 26

Optimism and pessimism on the connection between coping techniques and depressive

indications in those with PD. Seventy people with PD (35 females and 35 guys) were

surveyed with the Brief Cope Scale, Life Orientation Test-Revised, and Center for

Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Findings appeared that people with PD

utilized comparable sums of problem-focused adapting methodologies and emotion-

focused adapting methodologies, and they detailed more Optimism than pessimism.

There was as it were one sex contrast: Females detailed more problemfocused adapting

than guys. Good faith was positively related to both emotionfocused and problem-

focused coping. Optimism and pessimism fully mediated the relation between coping

strategies and depressive symptoms.

Gorsy and Panwar (2016) conducted a study on working women to get to their

Optimism and quality of its association with happiness for them. The study was carried

out on a test of 130 working females. Results from the statistical analysis revealed that

happiness was strongly related with Optimism. Results also indicated that, working

women those who scored high on happiness were too found high on Optimism as

compared to those who fall on the lower side on both the positive

properties.
Singh and Singh (2016) studied the contrasts in Optimism and Adjustment of

adolescent girls of mothers working in corporate world and homemakers. The test

comprised of 100 pre-adult young ladies, having a place to an age gather of 16-17 a long

time and examining in XI course. Out of 100, 50 girls were those whose mothers were

working in Corporate World and 50 were those whose mothers were homemakers.

Optimism scale created by Scheier and Carver (1985) and named as Life Orientation

test (Part) and Chime Adjustment Inventory (1961) were managed to degree Optimism

and adjustment individually. The test was chosen from Gurgaon. Findings proposed the
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 27

noteworthy contrasts between these two bunches. Girls of homemakers were found tall

in Optimism and social adjustment.

Pacheco and Kamble (2016) aimed to study the relationship between

Optimism, stress and coping with stress. The study comprised of 500 undergrad students

from colleges in Goa. Three measures— ‘Life Orientation Test-Revised’ by Scheier &

Carver (1994), ‘Perceived Stress Scale’ by Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein (1983),

and ‘COPE’ by Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub (1989) were managed to participants. The

findings demonstrate a direct negative relationship between Optimism and stress.

Optimism was found to be emphatically related to positive reinterpretation and

development, utilize of instrumental social support, active coping, acceptance,

suppression of competing exercises, and arranging, and contrarily related to mental

separation, behavioural disengagement, focus on and venting of emotions, denial, and

religious coping.

Sharma and Kumar (2015) conducted a study to look at the emotional

intelligence, Gratitude and Optimism as connects of self-confidence of male and female

early adults. Test was comprised of 200 male and female post graduate students of age

extend 21 to 27 a long time. These subjects were taken from C.C.S.

College Campus and degree colleges of Meerut city by standard random examining. The

estimation of factors beneath consider was done through standardized tools individually.

The arranged information was analysed by Pearson’s relationship and relapse

examination utilizing step wise strategy. Obtained results were appearing a negative

critical relationship between self-confidence and good faith and emotional intelligence

at.01 level of centrality in add up to subject and gender groups. The relapse investigation

has shown that positive thinking and emotional intelligence were predictive factors for

self-confidence of early adult subjects.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 28

Gopalakrishnan, Sundar and Veerapandian. K (2018) examined the degree

of four humour styles (Affiliative, Self-enhancing, Aggressive & Self-defeating) are

related with positive thinking and self-regard and also to discover out the significant

difference within the factors, among male and female students. Surveys were distributed

online to males and females (n= 108). A cross sectional investigate plan which

comprised of college students (guys= 46, females= 62) was embraced. The devices

utilized were HSQ- humour styles survey (Martin, Puhlik-Doris, Larsen, Gray, & Weir,

2003); LOT-R - life orientation test- revised (Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994) and

self-regard scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Pearson item minute relationship was utilized to

discover out the critical relationship between the factors. Free’t’- tests were utilized to

compare male and female tests relating to the factors. The results and discoveries have

been talked about within the article.

Bhowmik and Sahai (2018) conducted a study to examine the relationship

between Optimism and organizational commitment among employees of private sector.

For this reason two scales were utilized, the Life Orientation Test given by

Scheier (1985) and Organizational Commitment Scale by Upinder Dhar, Prashant

Mishra & D. K Srivastava (2002).The results indicate significant relationship between

Optimism and organizational commitment.

Spiritual Intelligence as seen in this chapter is studied with various different

variables before. These studies have contributed with varied results and different

attributes, providing further scope for research. Grit, Gratitude and Optimism are also

studied individually as well as have been investigated on various types of population

sample. Thus, all the significant studies conducted earlier have been included in

Review of Literature to support the present study.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 29

CHAPTER 3

Research Method
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 30

Research Method is a systematic analysis of the statistical methods that are used

in the study. This chapter allows the researcher to critically evaluate the psychometric

properties of the tools used in the study.

In simple words, it is the plan that is carried out by the researcher throughout the

study. It includes statement of the problem, tools of measurement, data collection,

methods of analysis and research design.

3.1 Statement of the problem

To study the relationship of Grit, Gratitude and Optimism on Spiritual

Intelligence among Emerging Adults.

3.2 Variables of the study

Independent Variable- Spiritual Intelligence

Dependent Variable- Grit, Gratitude and Optimism.

3.3 Objectives of the study

To examine the relationship of Grit, Gratitude and Optimism with Spiritual

Intelligence among Emerging Adults.

To examine the level of sex difference in Grit, Gratitude and Optimism among

Emerging Adults.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 31

3.4 Hypotheses

Ha1- There will be a significant relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and

Grit among Emerging Adults.

Ha2- There will be a significant relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and

Gratitude among Emerging Adults.

Ha3- There will be a significant relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and

Optimism among Emerging Adults.

Ha4- There will be a significant sex difference in Grit among Emerging Adults.

Ha5- There will be a significant sex difference in Gratitude among Emerging

Adults.

Ha6- There will be a significant sex difference in Optimism among Emerging

Adults.

3.5 Research Design

This study is been done by using correlational to find out the relationship

between the variables studied which are Spiritual Intelligence , Grit, Gratitude and

Optimism. The study also focuses on finding out the sex differences between Grit,

Gratitude and Optimism by using the Comparative design.

3.6 Population and Sample

The pollution consists of Emerging Adults between the ages of 18-25 years.

The samples were collected from the students of different Colleges in Goa.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 32

3.7 Psychological Measures

3.7.1 Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory- 24

To measure Spiritual Intelligence among Emerging Adults, Spiritual

Intelligence self- report inventory has been used Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report

Inventory by King, 2008; King & DeCicco, 2009. The SISRI is a 24-item self-report

measure of Spiritual Intelligence. It is comprised of four sub-scales: critical existential

thinking (i.e., the ability to critically contemplate existential issues such as life, death,

reality, and existence), measured by 7 items; personal meaning production (i.e., the

ability to construct meaning and purpose in all physical and mental experiences),

measured by 5 items; transcendental awareness (i.e., the capacity to perceive

transcendent dimensions of the self, of others, and of the physical world), measured by

7 items; and conscious state expansion (i.e., the capacity to enter expanded or spiritual

states of consciousness at one’s own discretion), measured by 5 items.

Reliability and Validity- The 24-item inventory displayed an alpha of .92,

which represents a more appropriate level of internal reliability (Clark & Watson, 1995).

Individual sub-scales of CET, PMP, TA, and CSE also displayed adequate alpha

coefficients of .78, .78, .87, and .91, respectively. The average inter-item correlation

was .34, with split-half reliability at the .91 level.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 33

Spiritual Intelligence score (SI) and sub-scale scores on the SISRI-24 were

observed in particular, CET was the most significantly related sub-scale, r = 0.39.

Correlations with the MLQ presence of meaning sub-scale were far more significant

overall. SI correlated at r = 0.44, followed closely by TA and CSE. CET did not correlate

significantly with presence of meaning. In complete contrast, PMP correlated positively

and significantly with presence of meaning, r = 0.65, yet displayed no significant

correlation with search for meaning.

Scoring- Scoring of this scale is kept continues from 0-4, only item no. 6 is

scored reversed. Total score can be calculated by summing all sub-scales, with a total

range of 0 to 96. Higher scores on this scale represents higher levels of Spiritual

Intelligence.

3.7.2 Grit Scale

Grit is the tendency to sustain interest in and effort toward very long-term goals

by Duckworth et al., 2007. Self-control is the voluntary regulation of behavioral,

emotional, and attention impulses in the presence of momentarily gratifying temptations

or diversions. The Grit Scale is a set of measures designed to measure trait-level

perseverance and passion for long-term goals. The Grit Scale comes in a 12-item form

and an 8-item form (the Short Grit Scale, or Grit-S), and the 8-item form has been

modified for use with children as well. All items are measured on a 5point Likert scale.

Reliability and Validity- These two factors were correlated at r = .45. Items in

both the factors are rated on a 5-point scale from 1 = not at all like me, (not at all Gritty)

to 5 = very much like me (extremely Gritty).

The resulting 12-item Grit Scale demonstrated high internal consistency (α

= .85) for the overall scale and for each factor (Consistency of Interests, = .84;
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 34

Perseverance of Effort, =.78). In the present study, the alpha values obtained for

Consistency of Interest, Perseverance of Effort and Grit Scale as a composite trait were

found to be.70, .59 and .68 respectively.

Scoring- For questions 1, 4, 6, 9, 10 and 12 assign the following points: 5 =

Very much like me, 4 = Mostly like me, 3 = somewhat like me, 2 = Not much like me,

1 = Not like me at all

For questions 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 11 assign the following points: 1 = Very much

like me, 2 = Mostly like me, 3 = somewhat like me, 4 = Not much like me, 5 = Not like

me at all. Add up all the points and divide by 12. The maximum score on this scale is 5

(extremely Gritty), and the lowest scale on this scale is 1 (not at all Gritty).

3.7.3 Gratitude Scale- GQ6

Gratefulness is defined as a generalized tendency to recognize and respond with

grateful emotion to the roles of other people and for things that one has received. The

Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form (GQ-6) is a six-item self-report questionnaire

designed to assess individual differences in the proneness to experience Gratitude in

daily life. Respondents endorse each item on a 7-point likert-type scale

(where 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree).

Reliability and Validity- McCullough, Emmons, & Tsang (2002) correlated the

GQ-6 with a self-report measure that the scores were correlated at r (N = 1182) =

0.65. The alpha estimates for the six-item totals have ranged from .76 to .84.

Scoring- Each GQ-6 item is rated on a seven-point scale ranging from 1

(strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Four of the items were positively worded (e.g.,

“I am grateful to a wide variety of people”), while the remaining two items were

negatively worded and were reverse scored (e.g., Item 6). Possible scores range from

6 to 42, with higher scores indicating a higher level of dis-positional Gratitude

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 35

3.7.4 Life Orientation Test- Revised

This scale was developed by psychologist Michael Scheier and colleagues

(1994), the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) is a 10-item scale that measures

how optimistic or pessimistic people feel about the future.

Reliability and Validity- Cronbach's alpha for the entire 6 items of the scale

was .78, suggesting the scale has an acceptable level of internal consistency. The

testretest correlations were .68, .60, .56 and .79, suggesting that the scale is stable

across time.

Scoring- This scale is a 4 pointer scales, marking 0 for Strongly Agree and Items

3, 7, and 9 are reverse scored (or scored separately as a pessimism measure). Items 2, 5,

6, and 8 are fillers and should not be scored. Scoring is kept continuous – there is no

benchmark for being an optimist/pessimist.

3.8 Data Collection

Questionnaires were administered individually on college going students of

North Goa and South Goa. The researcher then instructed the participants and queries

regarding the questionnaires, were clarified. The data then was collected immediately

after the participants had finished filling the questionnaire.

3.9 Data Processing

Questionnaires were checked thoroughly and items unanswered were discarded

by the researcher. The completed questionnaires were used for the further statistical

analysis of the data. The scoring of the data was done based on the scoring norms given

in the respective manuals. The raw data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet for further

analysis.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 36

3.10 Method of Analysis

The Pearson product moment correlation is used to measure the relationship of

Grit, Gratitude and Optimism with Spiritual Intelligence. In order to measure the

significant sex difference between Grit, Gratitude and Optimism two tailed Z- test has

been used in the study.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 37

CHAPTER 4

Results & Discussion

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 38

This chapter consists of the results and discussion along with the graphical

representation of the study conducted. Here the collected data and results are discussed

with the use of statistical analysis.

The present study is conducted to know the Spiritual Intelligence and its

relationship with Grit, Gratitude and Optimism among Emerging Adults. The data of

120 Emerging Adults was collected from 3 different colleges across North and South

Goa further divided equally into males and females. The following figure depicts the

sample description.

Figure 4.1 Graphical representation of Samples belonging to age group

considered.

The above figure 4.1 shows the percentage of Adults belonging to a particular

age. In the above figure it is observed that majority of the sample is 19 year old that is

37% and minority of the samples are of 23 and 24 years old which is 3% of the

samples respectively.
Ha1- There will be a significant relationship between Spiritual
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 39

Intelligence and Grit among Emerging Adults.

To analyse this hypothesis the sample of 120 Emerging Adults were considered,

the two variables that were measured in this hypothesis were Spiritual Intelligence and

Grit.

In order to analysis Spiritual Intelligence, The Spiritual Intelligence SelfReport

Inventory (SISRI-24) constructed by King David in 2008, consisting of 24

items.

The highest and lowest possible score of SISRI-24 is 96 and 0 respectively and

the average possible is 48. The highest obtained and lowest obtained scores of 120

samples was 82 and 20 and average obtained is 51.56, which is higher than the average

of the scale.

In order to measure the levels of Grit among Emerging Adults, Grit Scale was

utilized which was developed by Duckworth which consist of 12-items.

The highest score possible is 60, lowest possible score is 12 and average score

possible is 30. The highest obtained score was 55, lowest was 20 and average obtained

value was 36.5 on the scale which is higher than the average possible on the

scale.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 40

Figure 4.2. Graphical representation showing relationship

between Spiritual Intelligence and Grit among emerging adults.

To test the relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Grit, Pearson’s

product moment correlation was used. The correlation was ɤ = 0.25 which indicates that

there is weak positive correlation between the two variables. This means that when the

level of Spiritual Intelligence increases the level of Grit also increases.

A study conducted by Dutta and Singh (2017) measured the levels of

Spirituality, Grit, and Resilience in college-going young adults (N=75) and It was

observed that Resilience and Spirituality have a significant positive relationship,

moreover, that Grit and Spirituality have a significant positive relationship. Therefore,

this study supports the findings of the above hypothesis of relationship between
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 41

Spiritual Intelligence and Grit among Emerging Adults.

Ha2- There will be a significant relationship between Spiritual Intelligence

and Gratitude among Emerging Adults.

To analyse this hypothesis the sample of 120 Emerging Adults were used, the

two variables that were measured in this hypothesis were Spiritual Intelligence and

Gratitude.

In order to analyse Spiritual Intelligence, The Spiritual Intelligence SelfReport

Inventory (SISRI 24) constructed by King David in 2008, consisting of 24

items.

The highest and lowest possible score of SISRI-24 is 96 and 0 respectively and

the average possible is 48. The highest obtained and lowest scores of 120 samples was

82 and 20 and average obtained value is 51.56, which is higher than the average of the

scale.

To measure Gratitude among Emerging Adults, Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-

6) was used which consists of 6 items which is developed by McCullough M. E, 2002.

The highest possible score on GQ-6 is 42 and the lowest possible score is 6, the average

of the scale is 24. The highest obtained score on GQ-6 was 42 and the lowest obtained

score was 14 whereas the average obtained vale was 30.71, which is higher than the

average possible on the scale.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 42

Figure 4.3. Graphical representation showing relationship

between Spiritual Intelligence and Gratitude among emerging adults.

To test the relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Gratitude, Pearson’s

product moment correlation was used. The correlation was calculated as ɤ = 0.12 which

indicates that there is very weak positive correlation between the two variables. This

means that when the level of Spiritual Intelligence increases the level of Gratitude also

increases.

In support of the above findings where Spiritual Intelligence and Gratitude have

a positive relationship Ronel and Gan (2008) studied spirituality as part of a broad

understanding of intelligence and the inquiry into human abilities. Relying on their

personal experience of known spiritual authors and lay people, Gratitude is taken as one

of the attribute in.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 43

Ha3- There will be a significant relationship between Spiritual Intelligence

and Optimism among Emerging Adults.

To analyse this hypothesis the sample of 120 Emerging Adults were used, the

two variables that were measured in this hypothesis were Spiritual Intelligence and

Optimism.

In order to analyse Spiritual Intelligence, The Spiritual Intelligence Self Report

Inventory (SISRI 24) constructed by King David in 2008, consisting of 24

items.

The highest and lowest possible score of SISRI-24 is 96 and 0 respectively and

the average possible is 48.The highest obtained and lowest scores of 120 samples was

82 and 20 and average obtained value is 51.56, which is higher than the average of the

scale.

In order to analyse the Optimism among Emerging Adults, The Life

Orientation Scale was used, which consists of 10 items developed by Scheier &

Carver.

The highest possible score on the scale is 24 and the lowest possible score is 0,

the average of the scale is 12. The highest obtained score was 24, the lowest obtained

score was 3 and the average obtained was 13.37 which is higher than the average

possible on the scale.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 44

Figure 4.4. Graphical representation showing relationship

between Spiritual Intelligence and Optimism among emerging adults.

In order to test the relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Optimism,

Pearson’s product moment correlation was used. The correlation was ɤ = 0.17 which

indicates that there is a weak positive correlation between the two variables. This means

that when the level of Spiritual Intelligence increases the level of Optimism also

increases.

A study conducted by Tankamani and Shahidi (2016) investigated the

relationship between Spiritual Intelligence, Optimism and Happiness on Iranian

university students. Sample of 150 students (89 men and 61 women) were selected

There was a significant relationship found between total Spiritual Intelligence scores
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 45

and Optimism (r =0.219 p > 0.05). This study supports the findings of the above

hypothesis showing the relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and Optimism.

Ha4- There will be a significant sex difference in Grit among Emerging

Adults.

In order to analyse the above hypothesis total of 120 Emerging Adults were

considered. To find the sex difference in Grit among females and males of 18-24 age

range, scores of Grit were taken into consideration. The Grit Scale is a set of measures

designed to measure trait-level perseverance and passion for long-term goals which

consists of 12-items.

The highest score possible is 60, lowest possible score is 12 and average possible

value is 30. The highest obtained score was 55, lowest was 20 and average obtained

value was 36.5 on the scale which is greater than the mean value on scale. The mean

score of boys and girls on scale was 35.72 and 37.44 respectively. This means that the

mean of girls is higher than the mean of boys.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 46

Figure 4.5 Graphical representation showing mean and standard

deviation of Grit among Emerging Adults.

The standard deviation of males and females with respect to the Grit was 7.24

and 6.99 respectively. This indicates that there is higher variation in the scores obtained

by males as compared to females on Grit scale.

In order to assess the sex difference among Emerging Adults on the Grit scale,

the two sample Z-test was used. The Z-test is used when the sample size is large. The

decision criteria for this test is if the calculated Z value is less than the critical Z value,

we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis. After conducting the

Z- test the calculated value was 0.63 at 0.05% level of significance in a two tailed

hypothesis the critical value is 1.95. Since, the calculated Z value is less than the critical

Z value, we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis. Therefore,

there is no significant sex difference in Grit among Emerging Adults. After the analysis

it can be said that Grit helps in increasing Spiritual Intelligence among Emerging Adults
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 47

as Grit helps the strengthening of values in a character which might support Spiritual

Intelligence of a person.

A study by Ali and Rahaman (2013) aimed to measure the level of Grit between

males and females national fencers of Manipur considering 40 fencers (male = 20,

female = 20). As there exist a scarcity of studies conducted on Emerging Adults, this

study with specific and limited sample is considered as it study revealed that there was

no significant difference found between male and female fencers of Manipur.

Ha5- There will be a significant sex difference in Gratitude among

Emerging Adults.

In order to analyse the above hypothesis total of 120 Emerging Adults were

considered. To find the sex difference in Gratitude among Emerging Adults of 18-24

age range, scores of GQ-6 was taken into consideration which consist 6-items.

The highest score possible is 42, lowest possible score is 6 and average possible

value is 24. The highest obtained score was 42, lowest was 14 and average obtained

value was 30.71 on the scale which is greater than the mean value on scale. The mean

score of males and females on scale was 30.31 and 31.55 respectively. This means that

the mean of females is slightly higher than the mean of males.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 48

Figure 4.5 Graphical representation showing mean and standard

deviation of Grit among Emerging Adults.

The standard deviation of males and females with respect to the Gratitude was

5.59 and 5.39 respectively. This indicates that there is higher variation in the scores

obtained by males as compared to females on Gratitude scale.

In order to assess the sex difference among Emerging Adults on the Gratitude

scale, the two sample Z-test was used. The Z-test is used when the sample size is large.

The decision criteria for this test is if the calculated Z value is less than the critical Z

value, we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis. After

conducting the Z- test the calculated value was 0.16 at 0.05% level of significance in a

two tailed hypothesis the critical value is 1.95. Since, the calculated Z value is less than

the critical Z value, we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis.

Therefore, there is no significant sex difference in Gratitude among

Emerging Adults.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 49

A study conducted by Lin, C. C.(2015) examinedself-esteem and

psychological well-being for the relationship between Gratitude and Depression in late

adolescence, sample of 250 Taiwanese university students completed the measures of

gratitude, self-esteem, psychological well-being, and depression.

Though this study was conducted on different set of samples but it revealed that

there was no significant sex difference while measuring on adolescence. Therefore, this

study supports the findings of the above hypothesis.

Ha6- There will be a significant sex difference in Optimism among

Emerging Adults.

In order to analyse the above hypothesis total of 120 Emerging Adults were

considered. To find the sex difference in Optimism among Emerging Adults of 18-24

age range, scores of Life Orientation Scale was taken into consideration which consist

10 items.

The highest score possible is 24, lowest possible score is 0 and average possible

value is 12. The highest obtained score was 22, lowest was 3 and average obtained value

was 13.37 on the scale which is greater than the mean value on scale. The mean score

of males and females on scale was 12.9 and 13.86 respectively. This means that the

mean of females is higher than the mean of males.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 50

Figure 4.5 Graphical representation showing mean and standard deviation of

Optimism among Emerging Adults.

The standard deviation of males and females with respect to the Optimism was

3.44 and 3.12 respectively. This indicates that there is higher variation in the scores

obtained by males as compared to females on Optimism scale.

In order to assess the sex difference among Emerging Adults on the Optimism

scale, the two sample Z-test was used. The Z-test is used when the sample size is large.

The decision criteria for this test is if the calculated Z value is less than the critical Z

value, we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis. After

conducting the Z- test the calculated value was 0.10 at 0.05% level of significance in a

two tailed hypothesis the critical value is 1.95. Since, the calculated Z value is less than

the critical Z value, we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis.

Therefore, there is no significant sex difference in Optimism among

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 51

Emerging Adults. Optimism refers to have a positive outlook towards life experiences

by an individual. This hypothesis proves that there is no significant difference with

respect to Optimism among Emerging Adults.

Gopalakrishnan, Sundar and Veerapandian. K (2018) aimed to examine the

degree of four Humour styles (Affiliative, Self-enhancing, Aggressive & Selfdefeating)

among male and female students. Surveys were distributed online to males and females

(n= 108). This study showed no significant gender difference in the Optimism of college

students and thus, it supports the findings of above hypothesis.

This chapter describes the sample and discusses the results with the use of

Graphical representations. Considering all the previous studies, the present research was

an attempt to understand the relationship of Spiritual Intelligence with Grit,

Gratitude and Optimism in Emerging Adults.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 52

CHAPTER 5

Summary & Conclusions

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 53

5.1 Summary and Conclusions

The present study examined the relationship of Spiritual Intelligence with Grit,

Gratitude and Optimism among Emerging Adults.

The findings of the study revealed that there exists a weak positive relationship

of Spiritual Intelligence with Grit, Gratitude and Optimism which simply means that if

the level of Spiritual Intelligence increases the level of Grit, Gratitude and Optimism

also Increases.

The study also found that there was no significant sex difference found with

respect to Grit, Gratitude and Optimism.

5.2 Limitations of the study

Every study has its own flaws which can occur because of various aspects

involved in the study. Theses flaws are controlled in the best way possible by the

researcher but, one should be prepared for extraneous factors which are can make

difference in the study.

The process of data collection was time taking because of the availability of the

participants and the authorities to grant permission.

Since, the scales for testing Spiritual Intelligence and Grit were though made

for Adults still it was found that some items in the questionnaire were difficult to

understand because of the words used like, ‘pondered’, ‘contemplating’, ‘pursuit’ and

‘diligent’. Misunderstanding the meaning of the word can lead to wrong marked

answers.

There might be a possibility that the participants might have answered the

questionnaire in hurry and this will influence the study.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 54

5.3 Further scope for research

There is a scope of future research in consideration to the occupational and

marital status of an individual. Spiritual Intelligence can also be studied on parents,

teachers and also sports person.

Considering that the findings of the study can be generalized on college going

students, it also gives chance to conduct on working and non- working people and

people living in urban areas or rural areas.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 55

References

Ali, J., & Rahman, A. (2012). A comparative study of grit between male and female

fencers of Manipur. The Shield-Research Journal of Physical Education &

Sports Science-volume 7.

Anzaldi, K., & Shifren, K. (2019). Optimism, Pessimism, Coping, and Depression: A

Study on Individuals with Parkinson’s disease. The International Journal of

Aging and Human Development, 88(3), 231-249.

Bhowmik D, & Sahai, A (2018). Optimism Promotes Organizational

Commitment. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(3), 35-50.

DIP:18.01.044/20180603, DOI:10.25215/0603.044

Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical

psychology review, 30(7), 879-889.

Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and positive and negative

affectivity in middle-aged adults: A test of a cognitive-affective model of

psychological adjustment. Psychology and Aging, 16(3), 524–

531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.16.3.524

Characteristics of Grit (2019), September. Retrieved from South African College of

Applied Psychology: https://www.sacap.edu.za/blog/appliedpsychology/what-

is-grit/

Cherry, K. (2019). What is Holism? Retrieved from Very well mind:

https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-holism-4685432#examples-

inpsychology )

Components of Emotional intelligence (2019). Retrieved from Very Well Mind:

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 56

https://www.verywellmind.com/components-of-emotional-

intelligence2795438

David Z. Hambrick and Alexander P. Burgoyne (2016) Rational Intelligence

Retrieved from The New York Times:

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/opinion/sunday/the-difference-

betweenrationality-and-intelligence.html

Definition of Spiritual Intelligence by lama (2006), Retrieved from Shodhganga:

http://hdl.handle.net/10603/166246

Doostar, M. Chegini M. G. & Pourabbasi, S. (2012). Survey of Relationship between

Spiritual Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Institute of

Interdisciplinary Business. Retrieved from Shodhganga:

https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/21097/10/11_chapter2.pdf

Dr. K. Anandan Nair, G.P (2017). A Study on Spiritual Intelligence among Higher

Secondary students in relation to their Social Adjustment. Quest journal, 3842.

Retrieved from:

http://www.questjournals.org/jrhss/papers/vol5issue3/F533842.pdf

Duckworth, A., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2013). 12-item Grit

Scale. University of Pennsylvania.

Dutta, Urvashi & Singh, Anita. (2017). Studying Spirituality in the context of Grit and

Resilience of College-going Young Adults. Retrieved from research Gate:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320620079_Studying_Spirituality_in

_the_context_of_Grit_and_Resilience_of_College-going_Young_Adults
Emotional Intelligence (2019). Retrieved from Psychology Today:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/emotional-intelligence
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 57

Gopalakrishnan, H, Sundar, V & Veerapandian, K (2018). Relationship between

Humour Styles, Optimism and Self Esteem. International Journal of Indian

Psychology, 6(3), 107-115. DIP:18.01.092/20180603,

DOI:10.25215/0603.092

Gorsy, C., & Panwar, N. (2016). Optimism as a correlate of happiness among working

women. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 20-

29.Development, 88(3), 231-249.

Gottlieb, R., & Froh, J. (2019). Gratitude and happiness in adolescents: A qualitative

analysis. In Scientific concepts behind happiness, kindness, and empathy in

contemporary

Gratitude. (2019). Retrieved from Psychology Today:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/gratitude

Grit (2012-2019). Retrieved from Go Strength: https://gostrengths.com/what-is-grit/

Halbur, Brianne and Kopp, Alison, "Grit of First- and Second-Year Physical Therapy

Students: A Pilot Study" (2019). Physical Therapy Scholarly Projects. 664.

https://commons.und.edu/pt-grad/664

Hummer, M. K., Dember, W. N., Melton, R. S., & Schefft, B. K. (1992). On the partial

independence of optimism and pessimism. Current Psychology, 11(1),

37-50.
Vaughan, F (2002), What is Spiritual Intelligence? Journal of Humanistic Psychology,

Vol 42, No. 2. Spring 2002, 16-33© 2003 Sage Publications. Psychology, 42(2),

16-33.

Kapur, S & Teotia, A (2018).Vital Young Adults: Hopeful and Gritty. International

Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(4), 190-196.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 58

Kaur, G., & Singh, R. P. (2013). Spiritual intelligence of prospective engineers and

teachers in relation to their gender, locality and family status. Educationia

Confab, 2(1), 27-43.

Khadivi Assadollah, Adib Yousef, Farahangpour Farnaz. (2012) Relationship of

Spiritual Intelligence and Self-Esteem with Students’ Educational

Improvement, Women And Study Of Family, Volume 3, Page No. 99-122.

Retrieved From Scientific Information Database:

Https://Www.Sid.Ir/En/Journal/Viewpaper.Aspx?ID=338660

Khan, I., & Singh, N. (2013). A study on gender differences on gratitude, spirituality

and forgiveness among school teachers. International Journal of Applied

Sciences and Engineering, 1(1), 9-14.Research, 3(11), 54-61

King, D. B., & DeCicco, T. L. (2009). A viable model and International Journal of

Transpersonal Studies, 28(1), 68–85. International Journal of Transpersonal

Studies, 28 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2009.28.1.68

King, D. B., & DeCicco, T. L. (2009) Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory

(SISRI-24) Questionnaire. Retrieved from:

http://dx.doi.org/10.24972/ijts.2009.28.1.68 Lin, Chin- Che. (2015). Gratitude

and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-

being. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 3034.

Lin, Chin-Che. (2019) Gratitude, Positive Emotion, and Satisfaction with Life: A Test

Of Mediated Effect, Social Behavior and personality: an international journal,

volume 47, Number 4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.4398

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 59

Lombardi, Allison & Rifenbark, Graham & Freeman, Jennifer & Harvey, Michael.

(2019). Measuring Grit in Adolescents With and Without Disabilities. Journal

of Disability Policy Studies. 104420731986363. 10.1177/1044207319863635.

McCullough ME, Kilpatrick S, Emmons RA, Larson D. (2001). Is gratitude a moral

effect? Psychol. Bull. 2001; 127:249-266.

McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2001). The gratitude

questionnaire-six item form (GQ-6). Retrieved April, 16, 2010.

N S Kumawat & P A Puri (2019). Relationship between Spiritual Intelligence and

Life Satisfaction among Youth. International Journal of Indian Psychology,

7(1), 986-989. DIP:18.01.112/20190701, DOI:10.25215/0701.112

Optimism (2019). Retrieved from Psychology Today:

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/optimism

P Sharma, S Kumar. (2015). Optimism, Gratitude and Emotional Intelligence as

Correlates of Self-Confidence of Early Adults. International Journal of Indian

Psychology, 2 (4), DOI: 10.25215/0204.046, DIP: 18.01.046/20150204

Pacheco, B., & Kamble, S. V. (2016). The role of optimism in stress and coping of

undergraduate students in Goa. The International Journal of Indian

Psychology, 3, 60-68.

Ronel, N. (2008). The experience of spiritual intelligence. Journal of Transpersonal

Psychology, 40(1).society (pp. 1-19). IGI Global.

S Sharma (2016), The Impact of Therapeutic Technique on Grit and Locus of Control

in Adolescents, International Journal of Indian Psychology, ISSN: 2349-3429

(p), DIP: 18.01.015/20160476, ISBN: 978-93-86162-13-7.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 60

S. Meherunissa (2016). An Analysis of Gratitude and Hope In Relation To Happiness.

International Journal of Indian Psychology 4 (8), DOI: 10.25215/0476.027,

DIP: 18.01.027/20160476

Saremi, H., & Pur Farkhani, M. (2015). Study on the Relationship between Spiritual

Intelligence and Organizational Commitment for Male Teachers at Elementary

Schools in Academic Year of 2013-2014, in Quchan City, Iran. International

Journal of Life Sciences, 9(6), 24-32. https://doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i6.12683

Sharma, Indira and Upadhyaya, Ajit, Impact of Spiritual Intelligence and Emotional

Intelligence on Learning with Mediating Effect of Curiosity (December 30,

2018). Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Digital Strategies for

Organizational Success. Available at

SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3308028 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.33

08028

Singh, J., & Chopra, V. G. (2016). Relationship among workplace spirituality, work

engagement and grit. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(11), 21-

27.
Sister Shivani (July 11, 2017) Retrieved from; India New England News:

https://indianewengland.com/2017/07/chai-manju-sister-shivani-

brahmakumari-talks-destiny-shaped-past-present-karmas-change/

Stephen Convey. (2018, February 19). Wikiquote, . Retrieved 07:54, April 1, 2020

from https://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_intelligence&oldid=

2356451.

Styles of Optimism, Retrieved from Positive Psychology, 2019:

https://positivepsychology.com/explanatory-styles-optimism/
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 61

Superficial gratitude and spiritual gratitude (2019). (n.d.). Retrieved from Spiritual

Science Research Foundation:

https://www.spiritualresearchfoundation.org/spiritual-practice/prayer/what-

isgratitude/

Tahmasbipour, N., Nasri, S., & Rafieeyazd, Z. (2018). The relationship between

spiritual intelligence, life expectancy, and self-regulation among high school

students. BALI MEDICAL JOURNA Ali, J., & Rahman, A. (2012). A

comparative study of grit between male and female fencers of Manipur. The

Shield-Research Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science. 7. L, 7(2),

399-406.

Tankamani, N., & Shahidi, S. (2017). The relationship between spiritual intelligence,

optimism and happiness in university students. International Journal of

Applied Behavioral Sciences, 3(3), 39-46.

Taur A (2017), To Study the Spiritual Intelligence among Post Graduate

Students, International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 4, Issue 3, DOI:

10.25215/0403.028, DIP:18.01.028/20170403
Thomas, K. (2013). Rates of Social Connectedness, Social Sensitivity, Positive

Emotions, and Gratitude in Panhellenic Women. Retrieved from:

https://doi.org/10.17615/a28w-ny23

U. Singh, S. Singh (2016), Optimism and Adjustment among Adolescent Girls of

Working Mothers and Homemakers: A Comparative Study, International

Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 3 (4),DIP: 18.01.180/20160304,DOI:

10.25215/0304.180

What is compassion?- Definition. (2019) Retrieved from The Greater Good Science
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 62

Center at the University of California, B.

https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/topic/compassion/definition

William J Chopik, Nicky J. Newton, Lindsay H. Ryan, Todd B. Kashdan & Aaron J.

Jarden (2017): Gratitude across the life span: Age differences and links to

subjective wellbeing, The Journal of Positive Psychology, DOI:

10.1080/17439760.2017.1414296

Winston Churchill (2019), Retrieved from Every day Power:

https://everydaypower.com/winston-churchill-quotes/

Wolmen, Richard N. (March 2001); Thinking with your soul: Spiritual Intelligence and

why it Matters, Crown Publishing Group.

Zohar, D. (2018). The system Thinker- Spiritual intelligence: A new Paradigm for

collaborative actions. Retrieved from Leverage Network, Inc:

https://thesystemsthinker.com/spiritual-intelligence-a-new-paradigm-

forcollaborative-action/
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 63

Appendices
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 64

Appendix A

Personal Data Sheet.

I Bhakti Deshpande, student of Carmel College, Goa. For the partial fulfilment of my

Master degree in Counseling Psychology, I am collecting some information for the

purpose of my Dissertation project. Kindly fill in the details as required and answer

the questions below.

NAME-

____________________________________________________________________.

AGE-

____________________________________________________________________.

● GENDER○ Male

○ Female

○ Others

● PLACE-

○ South goa

○ North goa

○ Outstation

● EDUCATION QUALIFICATION-

○ HSSC

○ Undergraduate

○ Post- graduate

● OCCUPATION○ Student

○ Employed

○ Business
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 65

● Ques1: How often do you visit religious places?

○ Everyday

○ Once a week

○ Very rare

○ Never

● Ques2: What gives you peace inherently?(can mark more than 1 option)

○ Time with yourself

○ Time with family

○ Yoga/meditation/exercise

○ Profession or job

○ Money

○ Others, please

specify______________________________________________.

● Ques3: What are the things you are grateful for?(can mark more than 1 option)

○ People in your life

○ Money

○ Lifestyle

○ Everything

○ Nothing

○ Other, please

specify_______________________________________________.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 66

Appendix B

Spiritual Intelligence Self Report Inventory-24

Read each statement carefully and choose which one of the five possible responses best

reflects you by circling the corresponding number. If you are not sure, or if the statement

does not seem to apply to you, choose the answer that seems the best.

Please answer honestly and make responses based on how you actually are.

The five possible responses are:

A- Not at all true of me

B- Not very true of me

C- Somewhat true of me

D- Very true of me

E- Completely true of me

For each item, Tick one response that most accurately describes you.

Sr.no Items A B C D E

1. I have often questioned or pondered the nature of reality.

2. I recognize aspects of myself that are deeper than my

physical body.

3. I have spent time contemplating the purpose or reason for my

existence.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 67

4. I am able to enter higher states of consciousness or

awareness

5. I am able to deeply contemplate what happens after death.

6. It is difficult for me to sense anything other than the physical

and Material.*

7. My ability to find meaning and purpose in life helps me

adapt to stressful situations.

8. I can control when I enter higher states of consciousness or

awareness.

9. I have developed my own theories about such things as life,

death, Reality, and existence.

10. I am aware of a deeper connection between myself and

other people.

11. I am able to define a purpose or reason for my life.

12. I am able to move freely between levels of consciousness or

awareness.

13. I frequently contemplate the meaning of events in my life.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 68

14. I define myself by my deeper, non-physical self.

15. When I experience a failure, I am still able to find meaning

in it.

16. I often see issues and choices more clearly while in higher

states of Consciousness/awareness.

17. I have often contemplated the relationship between human

beings and the rest of the universe.

18. I am highly aware of the nonmaterial aspects of life.

19. I am able to make decisions according to my purpose in life.

20. I recognize qualities in people which are more meaningful

than their body, personality, or emotions.

21. I have deeply contemplated whether or not there is some

greater power or force (e.g., god, goddess, divine being,
higher energy, etc.)

22. Recognizing the nonmaterial aspects of life helps me feel

centered.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 69

23. I am able to find meaning and purpose in my everyday

experiences.

24. I have developed my own techniques for entering higher

states of Consciousness or awareness.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 70

Grit Scale

Here are a number of statements that may or may not apply to you. For the most

accurate score, when responding, think of how you compare to most people, not just the

people you know well, but most people in the world. There are no right or wrong

answers, so just answer honestly!

Tick the correct option from the below given choices:-

A- Very much like me

B- Mostly like me

C- Somewhat like me

D- Not much like me

E- Not like me at all

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 71

Sr.no Items A B C D E

1. I have overcome setbacks to conquer an important

challenge.

2. New ideas and projects sometimes distract me from

previous ones.*

3. My interests change from year to year.*

4. Setbacks don’t discourage me.

5. I have been obsessed with a certain idea or project for a

short time but later lost interest.*
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 72

6. I am a hard worker

7. I often set a goal but later choose to pursue a different

one.*

8. I have difficulty maintaining my focus on projects that

take more than a few months to complete.*

9. I finish whatever I begin.

10. I have achieved a goal that took years of work.

11. I become interested in new pursuits every few months.*

12. I am diligent.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 73

Gratitude Questionnaire-6

Using the scale below as a guide, write a number beside each statement to indicate how

much you agree with it.

A- Strongly Disagree

B- Disagree

C- Slightly Disagree

D- Neutral

E- Slightly Agree

F- Agree

G- Strongly Agree

Sr.no Items A B C D E F G

1. I have so much in life to be thankful for.

2. If I had to list everything that I felt grateful for,

it would be a very long list.

3. When I look at the world, I don’t see much to

be grateful for.*

4. I am grateful to a wide variety of people.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 74

5. As I get older I find myself more able to

appreciate the people, events, and situations

that have been part of my life history.

6. Long amounts of time can go by before I feel

grateful to something or someone.*

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 75

Life Orientation Scale

Please be as honest and accurate as you can throughout. Try not to let your response to

one statement influence your responses to other statements. There are no "correct" or

"incorrect" answers. Answer according to your own feelings, rather than how you think

"most people" would answer.

A- Strongly Agree

B- Agree

C- Neutral

D- Disagree

E- Strongly Disagree
Sr.no Items A B C D E

1. In uncertain times, I usually expect the best.

2. It's easy for me to relax.

3. If something can go wrong for me, it will.*

4. I'm always optimistic about my future.

5. I enjoy my friends a lot.

6. It's important for me to keep busy.

SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 76

7. I hardly ever expect things to go my way.*

8. I don't get upset too easily.

9. I rarely count on good things happening to

me.*

10. Overall, I expect more good things to happen

to me than bad.
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 77

Raw Scores
Serial no. Spiritual Intelligence Grit Gratitude Optimism
MA1 32 24 29 22
MA2 56 36 31 15
MA3 55 35 24 11
MA4 55 34 28 13
MA5 34 29 31 17
MA6 82 32 24 16
MA7 43 37 35 13
MA8 46 46 38 11
MA9 40 28 34 6
MA10 32 36 31 5
MA11 55 42 27 14
MA12 77 34 29 10
MA13 57 38 34 13
MA14 41 38 38 14
MA15 52 39 27 13
MA16 42 46 28 15
MA17 46 38 37 17
MA18 44 38 31 14
MA19 62 32 30 15
MA20 59 42 37 14
MA21 60 41 37 18
MA22 77 31 34 16
MA23 32 44 35 4
MA24 27 40 17 16
MA25 59 35 29 13
MA26 20 30 21 10
MA27 63 41 29 14
MA28 42 24 30 10
MA29 49 38 30 12
MA30 73 27 31 15
MA31 48 34 31 14
MA32 51 30 31 9
MA33 39 35 22 13
MA34 49 29 30 12
MA35 78 28 30 16
MA36 39 37 28 3
MA37 54 27 18 10
MA38 23 29 19 13
MA39 51 31 32 15
MA40 80 54 35 8
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 78

MA41 73 37 27 11
MA42 61 41 39 14
MA43 40 25 35 14
MA44 51 32 32 14
MA45 56 29 32 14
MA46 62 43 29 12
MA47 56 55 42 11
MA48 44 20 37 17
MA49 76 51 37 10
MA50 37 26 35 9
MA51 35 36 24 18
MA52 51 33 24 15
MA53 53 27 32 11
MA54 64 42 31 15
MA55 49 33 25 12
MA56 51 45 31 11
MA57 43 33 29 14
MA58 74 41 30 17
MA59 41 39 14 11
MA60 48 35 32 15
FA1 39 39 17 16
FA2 57 35 25 13
FA3 48 43 33 13
FA4 41 29 39 15
FA5 52 45 28 15
FA6 52 48 27 14
FA7 41 24 25 14
FA8 68 42 27 14
FA9 70 47 27 13
FA10 67 38 30 14
FA11 66 27 17 13
FA12 57 31 30 13
FA13 60 26 29 16
FA14 57 38 39 16
FA15 41 35 34 12
FA16 44 30 35 15
FA17 39 36 33 13
FA18 42 37 37 19
FA19 27 42 34 13
FA20 58 41 33 15
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 79

FA21 38 41 28 10
FA22 65 40 36 10
FA23 60 45 36 16
FA24 74 49 38 13
SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE IN EMERGING ADULTS 80

FA25 36 33 36 9
FA26 30 46 32 12
FA27 63 28 26 16
FA28 56 42 21 10
FA29 48 37 30 17
FA30 20 24 39 14
FA31 47 32 33 3
FA32 48 37 27 11
FA33 57 41 28 14
FA34 47 37 35 14
FA35 68 42 36 16
FA36 52 41 35 16
FA37 61 39 33 17
FA38 49 41 26 15
FA39 72 38 32 14
FA40 47 34 24 13
FA41 55 28 22 15
FA42 46 36 27 14
FA43 69 49 36 16
FA44 42 28 37 11
FA45 56 45 33 17
FA46 59 35 33 17
FA47 62 45 42 18
FA48 58 30 31 15
FA49 56 47 29 16
FA50 39 31 30 9
FA51 48 37 34 15
FA52 37 42 30 16
FA53 47 37 33 14
FA54 62 34 38 20
FA55 63 39 36 18
FA56 36 34 32 12
FA57 31 34 29 10
FA58 56 47 39 13
FA59 55 50 34 16
FA60 58 20 38 3