ICND1 Interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1 Student Guide Volume 1 Version 3.0 Prt Number: 97-9625-01Teeth cisco Americas Hendqunters ‘ala Palte Hesdguarre Europe Hexdeunters (Sten Syuena tne aco Syste (USA Pe Ls hss Sys neato BY Sovdoee Gn Sonor ‘Seer (Caco a mae hn 209 ofc were. Asse, pone nnbo, ana nurs aed ne ico Webs at srw dee omigatce ‘Gse0 a me Geo go ae vader ore Vaden of Cisco and aaa ne US. eda coun, To ‘iow alate Cho radar, go oh URL wn oa comigtvasorata, Thapar tademar are meron ate De Peps alter ets Tenet ey ae rns Hay EGhTENT PROVIDED AEREUNDER EXPRESS MMLIED STATUTORY OR WV ANY GTHER PROVISION OF Ts CONTENT ‘GR comUNCATION BETWEEN CI8CO AND YOU CISCO SPECIFICALLY DSCLAMS ALL MBLED WARRANTIES SRARISNG PRO COURSE OF DEALING USAGE OF TRADE PRACTICE. Ma ering rout nay Ea ey ea ‘ano ar ue Co betes escort ae tot clr” ahve (©2018 Gio Stems, ‘Recomecing Gace Networing Davee, Pat 3 (ENDH) (2018 Cace StoneWelcome Students Students, this lttor describes important course evaluation access information! Welcome to Cisco Systems Learning. Through the Cisco Learning Partner Program, Cisco is ‘committe to bringing you the highest-quality training in the industy. Cisco learning products are designed to advance your professional goals and give you the expertise that you need to build ‘and maintain statogic networks. Cisco relies on customer feedback to guide business decsions. Therefore, your valuable input will help shape future Cisco course curricula, products, and taining offerings. Please complete a brief Cisco online course evaluation of your instructor and the course materials inthis student ki On the final day of class, your instructor wil provide you with a URL, crecting you toa short post- ‘course evaluation. f there is no Intemet access in the classroom, please complete the evaluation ‘within the next 48 hours or as soon as you can acess the web. (On behalf of Cisco, thank you for choosing Cisco Learning Partners for your Internet technology training, Sincerely Cisco Systems Learning‘Cohan an 20s wre Avs, phre rarer, fxr ee one Cisco eb ‘en oacocomgabee (Coc and he Ceo arama regred vara of Caco adrian inte US ater ote. To ‘ent Cos vedas go WINS URL wn cucniggoveras T-tree meres the Beers cu thune ct Sv elmo any enon oy Secuomo watnantes OF NERCHANTABL/TY NOM RFRRENENT aN FTNESE FON APARTCULAR PURPOSE ‘SmaRano PROMACOURGE CF BEA.NG, USAGE OR TRADE PRACTICE, Taleo poh oy ON ey oease Sn ants Cn batave tS jen dar oe (02016 Cea Sytem he Inmcarncing Cac Netwoning Does Pa (NDT) (S26 Gee Spe reWelcome Students Students, this lttor describes important course evaluation access information! Welcome to Cisco Systems Learning. Through the Cisco Learning Partner Program, Cisco is ‘committe to bringing you the highest-quality training in the industy. Cisco learning products are designed to advance your professional goals and give you the expertise that you need to build ‘and maintain statogic networks. Cisco relies on customer feedback to guide business decsions. Therefore, your valuable input will help shape future Cisco course curricula, products, and taining offerings. Please complete a brief Cisco online course evaluation of your instructor and the course materials inthis student ki On the final day of class, your instructor wil provide you with a URL, crecting you toa short post- ‘course evaluation. f there is no Intemet access in the classroom, please complete the evaluation ‘within the next 48 hours or as soon as you can acess the web. (On behalf of Cisco, thank you for choosing Cisco Learning Partners for your Internet technology training, Sincerely Cisco Systems LearningWelcome Students Students, this letter describes important course evaluation access information! Welcome to Cisco Systems Learning, Through the Cisco Leaming Partner Program, Cisco is ‘committed to bringing you the highest-quality training in the industry. Cisco learning products are designed to advance your professional goals and give you the expertise that you need to build and maintain strategic networks. Cisco relies on customer feedback to guide business decisions. Therefore, your valuable input will help shape future Cisco course curricula, products, and training offerings. Please complete a brief Cisco online course evaluation of your instructor and the course materials in this student kit. On the final day of class, your insirucior will provide you with a URL, directing you to @ short post- ‘course evaluation. if there is no Intemet access in the classroom, please complete the evaluation within the next 48 hours or as soon as you can access the web, ‘On behalf of Cisco, thank you for choosing Cisco Learning Partners for your Intemet technology training, Sincerely, Cisco Systems Leaming sc Ser, Fe Trercanecing Case Netnoing Doves, Pat? (END)Table of Contents Course introduction. ‘Overview. Course Goal and Objectives... Course Flow Your Training Curriculum. Learner Introductions, Module 1: Building a Simple Networt “1: Exploring the F: 7 What Is a Computer Network? Physical Components of a Network. Characteristics of a Network. Physical vs. Logical Topologies. Interpreting a Network Diagram. Impact of User Applications on the Network. Challenge Answer Key zs = israeli Lesson 2: Understanding the Host-o-Host Communications ModE ..uussuninnsnsinn2® Introducing Host-to-Host Communications.......nenrninnnaneninnn a) OSI Reference Model 28 TCPIIP Protocol Suite... 31 Peer-to-Peer Communications. eae Poe tara eS Encapsulation and De-Encapsulation..... eaina 4 Challenge 37 AnSWEF KO ssn ia or) .esson 3: Introducing LANS. 41 Local Aroa NeIWOrKS ...c1nsnnnninninnnnnninmennnnnennnnennnnnnnnnnnl LAN Components... sn Nesd for Switches .. EEA cette oie eet teat Aa) Switches. 48 Challenge .. 51 Answer KEY oo snn 53 Lesson 4: Operating Cisco 10S Software... ice atta eta a 55 Cisco 10S Software Features and Functions 56 Cisco 10S CLI Functions. ld pidlsutidelouhbtlaeniclanca St Cisco 10S Software Modes 59 Discovery 1: Get Started with Cisco CLI et Challenge H 89 ‘Answer Key : sntannnnnnnennnnnnn B Lesson 5: Starting @ SWECP ‘Switch Installation, 7 94 ‘Switch LED Indicators 95 Connecting to ¢ Console Port. titel tities 6 Basic Show Commands and Information 99 Discovery 2: Perform Basic Switch Configuration... 102 (©2616 Cisco Syste, he. Imtareonnectng Cisco Netering Devices, Part ICNDT)Challenge 109 ANSWEr KEY wnssnnnnnnnnninnnnnnnnnnemnannnnannnnann Lesson 6: Understanding Ethernet and Switch Operation TT Ethernet LAN Connection Media. Ethernet Frame Structure. MAC Addresses... Frame Switching. Discovery 3: Observe How a Switch Operates. Duplex Communication Challenge Answer Key Lesson 7: Troubleshooting Common Switch Media Issues, 139 Troubleshooting Methods ......ninninnnnnnnnnnninnnninnnninnnninnsnnn tO ‘Troubleshooting Tools. 145 ‘Troubleshooting Common Switch Media Issues, se os son 8, ‘Troubleshooting Common Switch Port Issues. 181 General Troubleshooting Process. ‘ 7 i Discovery 4: Troubleshoot Switch Media and Port Issues 487 Challenge... Se eae aera mason taearea neonate cern Answer Key 163 : Establish c so 5 Lesson 1: Understanding the TCP/IP Intemet Layer. i 167 Internet Protocol cashiers acaeeeearaTaiat I 168 IPv4 Address Representation 170 IPv4 Header Address Fields ...nvnnnsnninnnnnnnn 6 eatsonen TT Decimal and Binary SySteMS....00.0 173 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion .n.ninsnnnnnnnnnn sven see IP Address Classes. 177 Reserved IPv4 AddreS$08 .nsrnnnnnnnnnnn so senor 8D Private vs. Public IP Addresses. 183 Domain Name System... semen a conn Verifying the IPv8 Address of a Host. 188 Challenge... i TEE Stitt Ay Answer Key 193 Lesson 2: Understanding IP Addressing and Subnets. 495 ‘Subnets, 196 Subnet Masks, 498 Implementing Subnetting: Borrowing Bit... ? ncn 00 Implementing Subnetting: Determing the Addressing Scheme. 205, Benefits of VLSM and Implementing VLSM 210 Challenge 217 Answer Key 219 Lesson 3: Understanding the TCP/IP Transport Laver 221 ‘TCP/IP Transport Layer Functions... sen von 22 Reliable vs. Best-Effort Transport 226 TCP vs, UDP Analogy... snnnnnnnennnnnnannnnanninnnnnnn 29 ‘TCP Characteristics. 231 UDP Characteristics sonnei sonnei BB ‘TCPAP Applications. 235 Tntrconnecting Caco Neboning Deve, Pat /ENDI) (©2016 Ceca Stone, heDiscovery 5: Inspect TCP/IP Applications. Challenge Answer Key Lesson 4: Exploring the Functions of Routin Role of a Router... Router Components Router Function Routing Table. Dynamic Routing Protocol Path Determination. Route Selection. Challenge. Answer Key Initial Router Setup Configuring Router interfaces. IP Addresses on Router Interfaces Checking interface Configuration and Status vr.nmm Discovery 6: Start with Cisco Router Configuration. Exploring Connected Devices Using Cisco Discovery Protocol Discovery 7: Configure Cisco Discovery Protocol. Configuring LDP Challenge Answer Key ‘Address Resolution Protocol Default Gateways Discovery 8: Configure Default Gateway. Host-to-Host Packet Delivery... Role of a Switch in Packet Delivery... Discovery 9: Exploration of Packet Forwarding Troubleshooting Common Problems Associated with IP Addressing... Challenge. Answer Key Routing Operation Static and Dynamic Routing Comparison, When to Use Static Routing Static Route Configuration, Default Routes... . Verifying the Static Route Configuration, Verifying the Default Route Configuration Diecovery 10: Contgure end Vly Sate Ran Challenge Answer Key [Lesson 8: Learning the Basics Of ACL i suunsnininnsiiniininiinniniininiinnnd®Z ‘ACL Overview. 388 ACL Operation... 389 ‘©2016 Gece Syston, he ‘merconnecing Ceo Networkna Devons at (GROW)Glossar ‘ACL Wildcard Masking ‘Wildcard Bit Mask Abbreviations ‘Types of ACLs ‘Testing an IP Packet Against a Numbered Standard Access List Configuring Standard IPv4 ACLs. Discovery 11: Configure and Verify ACLs Using ACLs to Filter Network Traffic Applying ACLs to Interfaces... Configuring Named ACLs. Challenge sen Answer Key . Trercorsctng Cisco Nebworing Devices Pa 1 INDI) {©2018 Gace Stone, neCourse Introduction Overview The course focuses on the functions of networking, knowledge of Cisco routers and switches, establishing Intemet connectivity, managing ACLs, configuring device management and security, implementing VLANs suring RIPV2, and becoming familiar with IPV6. and trunks, con Learner Skills and Knowledge ‘This subtopic lists the skills and knowledge that earners must possess to benefit fully from the eourse. The ssubtopic also includes recommended Cisco learning offerings that learners should first complete to benefit fully from this course, Leamer Skills and Knowledge + Basic computer iteracy + Basic PC operating system navigation skills + Basic Intemet usage skills + Basic IP address knowledge (©2016 Cisco Systems, he Ineronneatng Cisco Netwoting Devices, Pan 1(CNOT) 1Course Goal and Objectives ‘This topic desribes the course goal and objectives. Course Goal Upon completing this course, you will be able to meet these objectives: + Describe network fundamentals and implement a simple LAN, + Establish interet connectivity. Expand a small network to a medium-sized network with routing enabled. Configure, manage, secure and monitor Cisco devices. + Describe IPv6 basis. Trereenecting Gace Networking Davies, Part 1 VENI) (©2016 Gace Stone, heCourse Fiow ‘This topic presents the suggested flow ofthe course materials. Course Flow Day ‘couse Module 1: Bing a Simp Neto Module 1: Bulga Semple Network Module 2: Elling Irtret ‘Connecsiy Day2 Mole 2: Establishing terme Modul 2: Estaistig te ‘connect ‘connect ay 3 Mode 2: Estabanng itamet Module Summary Cralerge ‘Connect. Mode 4 Buling a Mosurr-Szod Module 3 Summary Challenge Netware Day 4 Modula Buldng & Medium-Sized Moule 5: Network eves Management Network ard Secu Day 5 Module 5: Network Davee Management Module 6: Summary Challerge and Sec ‘Module 7 roducing ve Module 6:Surmary Crallenge instructor to present the ‘The schedule reflects the recommended structure for this course, This structure allows enough time for the ourse information and for you to work through the lab activities. The exact timing ‘of the subject materials and labs depends on the pace of your specific clas. {©2016 Cisco Systems ne ‘neronnecing Cisco Newering Devices, Part 1 (NDI) 3Your Training Curriculum ‘You are encouraged 0 join the Cisco Certification Community, a discussion forum open to anyone holding ald Cisco Career Centfication (such as Cisco CCIE", CCNA", CCDA", CNP", CCDP*, CCP", CCNP® Security and CNP" Voice, or CCSP™). It provides a gathering place for Cisco certified professionals to share questions, suggestions, and information about Cisco Career Ceriication programs and other centitication-related topics. For more information, visit ‘ntip/swww.cisco.com/webvTearingytraining-index. html Cisco Career Certifications Cisco provides tree levels of general certifications for IT professionals with several different tracks to meet individual needs, Cisco Career Certifications Expand Your Professional Options, Advance Your Career Recommended Training Through Enty Tecan Je— Cisco Learning Parner’ * renee Cao Reon Deve ecm J Cisco also provides focused certifications for designated arcas such as cable communications and security “There are many paths to Cisco certification, but only one requirement—passing one or more exams {Enter logout or quit, [Use this mode to lyour switch. [change termina ‘stings, perform basic tects, or depiay [eye informe, Prvleged EXEC —|Whie in ‘switch [Enter disable or exit, Use this mode to very Imodo, enter the ‘commands that you lenable commana. have lentered. Use a [password to protect [access to this mode. (©2016 Cleco Systems, Ie. Irercanectng Cisco Networking Devs, Par 1(ICNDI) 5DMod [Access Metnod Prompt Exit method ‘This Mode (lobe configuration |imiem prvileses [Swich(conigy® Hroenitto privioged (Use this mode to [EKEC modo, ener he EXEC mote, eter |eonsgureporsmeters [configure conmand lexitorend,or ross that app let ten Intofoce lwnioin abst swieh(confo:t# ——Toexttogobal_——_ (Use this mode to confguraion [configuration mod, lconiguaten mode, _lontigre parameters lotr the interface [nie exit. Toretum to forthe Eheret [command (wth a privieged EXEC. ntertaces pectic interac). fade, press Gtt2 or lorie endDiscovery 1: Get Started with Cisco CLI Introduction In this discovery lab, you will lear about EXEC modes, CLI help, and the CLI error message. You will also lear how to manage Cisco IOS configuration and how to improve user experience in CLI Topology Topology Cae: pars sooo] swe oe he em) PC2 Job Aid Device Information Device Information Table Device [character ja Pot osname Pot ret IP assess ‘os01.1024 et erat gatewny toron Poe osrame ce ree IP acres ‘101.2024 82006 Glace Systema, ine. Wusrsonnesing Chess Networling Dednen Pant@cimi) 61Deviee [characteristic Walue Poe taut gateway fo.10.1.1 swt Hosinane ‘sw swt |vLaN + 1P address 0.101.228 sw Detaut goteway 10.10:.1 owt [Eternet0 description Link wo sw2 swt [Emernetart description Link Pct swe Hosiname ‘sw swe [VLAN 1 IP address 10.10..928 wa Dotaut geteway 10.10:.1 swe [thereto description Link o swt swe [Eternet0lt deseration Linkto Ri swa [Emernet2 desertion link ta Po RI Hosinrme Rt RI [Etrerneti0 description Link o sw2 RI [Etmernet0 I acess 10,101,128 RI Loopback oF 0.103.128 PCS inthe virtual lab environment are simulated as routes, so you should use Cisco 10S commands to configure them or make verifications Task 1: Navigate Between EXEC Modes This session will guide you through the navigation between user EXEC and privileged EXEC on the Cisco 108 command line. The la is prepared with the devices that are represented in the topology, but foe tis session you will only be using SW2. Activity Stop 1 Access the console of SW2. ‘The greater than symbol (>) atthe end ofthe prompt isan indication that you are accessing the user EXEC. 2 inprasereatnn Chen. uinatina tinden, Pod’ SEES “Gia Giee Eeiene oneStop 2 Use the question mark (2) to view the list of commands that ar available in user EXEC, ‘When the display output pauses with the ~More-- romp, you ean use the spacebar to display the next page ofthe outa access-profile Apply user-profile te interface Somect Open a terminal connection er ourput omitted va Snore suns Fea Open s X.29 PAD connection = Set x-3 paraneters on PAD Note You have o press the space bar wie Lo sal vough he complete command ist under the user EXEG Have tis inermaton mid, because you wl soon cortast to what Yu wilbe abla se in tho Pvieged EXEC mde Note The commands are fted in alphabetical ordor_ Nolo thal he configure commend is pol avaiable under aor EXEC, Note Ine ouput, then te previous one, many ines are orig, de fo space presewvaton Omid Ines ave indestod with <. ouput omited.> song Step 3 As you ust saw, when you ae presented with the ~More~ prompt, you can use the space bar to ‘sero trough the output page by page “You can also use the Ener key scroll forward just one line, You ean also cancel dhe remaining ‘output. The method to cancel the remaining output is device and operating system-version ‘dependent. Sometimes you need to press Cil-C and sometimes you need to press "Q.* On SW2, ‘you can press any key other than the space bar or the Enter key. Give ita ty! ‘© 2016 Cisco Systems, ine Intreannecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part ]CNDI)te a temporary Accesa-List entey Reply user-profile to interface Encryption related commands pad open a .29 PAD connection ping Send echo messages Entering EXEC Mode Asa security feature, Cisco 1S Software separates EXEC sessions into the following two access levels + User EXEC: Allows you to access only a limited number of basie monitoring commands, When in EXEC mode, the prompt ends wih the greater than or right angle bracket (>) symbol, For example, ‘when you are in EXEC mode on a device with the hostname DTW_ Switch, the prompt would be DIW.Switeh>, + Privileged! EXEC: Allows you to access all device commands, such as those that you would use for configuration and management. It ean be password-protected 10 allow only authorized users to access the device. When in this mode, the prompt ends with the octothorpe or pound () symbol. For example, ‘when you are in privileged EXEC mode on a device with the hostname DTW_Switch, the prompt ‘would look like DTW_Switchi. To change from user EXEC mode to privileged EXEC mode, enter the ‘enable command atthe hostname> prompt. To retura tothe user EXEC level, eter the disable ‘command atthe hostname prompt. By default, no authentication is required to access user EXEC mode from the console. You can enter the EXEC mode by simply pressing the Enter key. However, if login is configured, you must enter username ‘and password to enter the EXEC mode, Its a good practice to ensure that authentication is configured ‘during the initial configuration. Entering the question mark (2) in privileged EXEC mode reveals many more command options than ‘entering the command at the user EXEC level. This feature is referred to as comtext-sensitive help. ‘64 interconnecting Gisco Networking Devices, Part 1 )CND1) “© 2076 Cisco Systeme, incUser EXEC Mode Summary User EXEC Mode Summary + User EXEC mode provides a imited examination ofa switch or router. ‘Offering only a limited number of basic monitoring commands, user EXEC mode is sometimes referred to as view-only made. ‘This mode does not allow reloading of the device or switch + Given its limited capabilties, this mode is useful for some basic operations. Privileged EXEC Mode Summary Privileged EXEC Mode Summary Privileged EXEC made provides a detailed examination of a switch ora router and enables configuration and debugging + Ptivieged EXEC mode provides cntical commands, such as those related to configuration and management + To change from user EXEC mode to privileged EXEC mode, enter the ‘enable command at the hostname> prompt Ian enable password or an enable secret password is configured. the ‘switch or device prompts for this password ‘When the comet enable password is entered, the switch or device prompt changes to hostnamet. ‘Te roturn to the weer EXEC level, enter the dieable command at the hostname prompt Step 4 Use the enable command to access the privileged EXEC, 1 2016 Gc Systems, ne Intconnecing Caco Networking Devics, Pan (NDT) 65‘The lst character in the prompt has changed to the octthorpe(#) symbol. Ths symbol indicat to you that you are in privileged EXEC. ‘om2> enable Stop 5 Use the ? command again to display the commands that you can use under privileged EXEC. Use the space bar to scroll through the entire lst of the output Stchive manage archive beep Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol ccomands calender Manage the hardvare calenaa? ed Ghange current directory configure «Enter configuration mode connec! ‘pen a terminal connect son Son output omitted «> cnabie Turn on privileged connands erase Erase 2 filesystem Serv output omitted ++.> Note Under privieged EXEC. you neoded o press the space bar fur times to get tvough the ete list of commands. Under user EXEC, you only needed tit the space bar twice. Note Under privieged EXEC. you can use the coniguraon command. You cannot proceed othe configuration ‘mode fom te user EXEC—you must traverse through the privieged EXEC fest Step 6 Use the disable command to return to user EXEC, ‘%6 interconnecting Glsco Networing Devices, Part 1 (GND) "© 2016 Cisco Systeme, ine.Task 2: Explore CLI Help ‘This session will guide you through using the question mark (2) command for help on the IOS CLL It will also demonstrate how you can take advantage ofthe tab completion feature ofthe IOS CLI. The lb is prepared with the devices that are represented in the topology, but fo this session you will only be using ‘SW2, You will also take a look at CLI error messages. Activity ‘Step 1 On SW2, use the enable command to access privileged EXEC. 12> enable ‘Step 2 Use the question mark () o display all the commands that you ean use under privileged EXEC, Use the space bar to scroll through the entre list ofthe output. ne? accese-tenplate Create a temporary Access-Ui. calendar Manage the hargvare calendar ca Change current directory clear Reset. functions configure Enter configuration mode connect Open a terminal connection ~sliote~- Noto The lst quite fong, You have o use the space ba four times fo gel trough te ene ist CLI Help ‘When you are leaming a new program or interface, you usually depend on the Help Features the program offers. Cisco IOS Sofiware includes extensive command-line help functions, including eontext-sensitive help. There are two basic types of CLI keyboard help that the Cisco IOS devices enable. The first is context- sensitive help, whieh offers assistance when you are trying to determine the proper command and syntax. To use it, pres the question mark (?} key. For example, you know that the command that you want to use starts with sh, but you are not sure what the rest ofthe command is, Enter sh? and you are presented with ‘every command that starts wit sh and that you can use in the curent privilege mode. You can also use context-sensitive help to figure out the syntax fr @ command, ‘©2016 cisco Systems, ne Tntrconnacing Cisco Networking Devices, Pat (ONDI) 67Another use of the context-sensitive help is to get a list of available conmands for the current CLI mode, ‘This list can be used when you are unsure of the name of a command or you want to soe if Cisco TOS. Software suppor a particular command ina particular mode. To use context-sensitive help in this way, center the question mark (2) at any prompt. ‘The other type of the CLI keyboard help isthe error messages. When you enter a command in the CLI, the syntax is checked. If itis not correct, you receive an error tat states “Invalid input detected at ” marker." In addition to the message, the caret symbol (") is added below the place in the command at which the error ‘was detected. Basically, Cisco IOS Software is saying "I understood what you typed up to this point.” ‘You may also receive an error message for an ambiguous command, This type of error oceurs when you use ‘an abbreviation for a command and the abbreviation results in multiple matches, In Cisco 1OS Software, ‘when you type enough letters that match only one command, you may press the Enter key. Because there is ‘no other command that starts with those leters, Cisco IOS Software executes the command. For example, assume that there are several commands that start with the leter “e" but only one command that begins with "elo." Ifyou press Enter after entering only, you receive an “ambiguous command!” error message. However, if you enter elo and press Enter, you do not receive a message thatthe command is ambiguous because the lock command is the only command that stats with those three euters. However, you would receive an “incomplete command” error message because clock is not a complete command. This message ‘means that you did not enter enough information for Ciseo IOS Software to understand what you were requesting. ‘Note This functionality may vay across Cisco 10S platforms. ‘68 interconnecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1 (IOND1) "© 2016 Gisco Systems, inc.Note The question mark is your rend when you ae using te CLI. Kis impossible to remember the syntax for {every Cisco 10S command, so.bo sure to use this oo Const senstve hep Proves ist of commands and the “xpumnts that re seeocie wih 9 spectc command Console ence message eons protiems wih commande hat you ‘hve near enor that you can ater CLI Help (Cont.) How to utilize context-sensitive help? + Word Help ~ To get word hep, enter a character sequence followed immediately by a ‘question mark. Do not include a space before the question mark. The device ‘hen displays list of commande that start wi the characters that you centered = Command Syntax Help ~ Ta get command syntax help, enter @ question mark after @ command name In place of @ Keyword or argument Include a space before the question mark. For example, enter Show ? to get Isto the command options that ‘he Show command suppo1s. The network device then cispays a ist of avaiable command options, with standing for carga return. You can ‘access command syntax help after any command or command option to help ‘you determine what you can or should enter nex. Step 3 List only the commands that start with the letter by entering s? on the command line. (© 20%6 Cisco Systoms, Ine. Inireonnecting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1(ICND1)_€@‘The output shows that there is an exception to normal command parsing niles. The CLI will inuerpret the leter "s” all by itself as "show. This feature is specific to the device and operating system version. While it will work on SW2, it may not work on all devices. Abbreviating "show" ‘with the characters "sh" is going to be effective more consistently across IOS devices. Step 4 Try out the tab completion feature. Like command abbreviation, tab completion works as long as you have entered enough characters to remove ambiguity, Type sh and then press the tab key, ‘The CLI parser expands the unambiguous abbreviation into the ull command. Step 5 You might find tab completion helpful because it prevents you from attempting to use command abbreviation and accidentally abbreviate too much, If there are multiple matches for the abbreviation, tab completion will not work. If you are not sure why, you can always use the question mark (2) at that point. Demonstrate this example by attempting to abbreviate the configure command with "con". ‘When you tried o use the tab to complete the abbreviation "eon," it did not work, The command parser simply redisplayed "con. Using the question mark (2) at that point shows that there are ‘wo commands that begin with "con", To be unambiguous, you must use atleast “cont” as your abbreviation for configure. si2t concta> Step 6 — You will not go into the configuration mode during this session. Use the Backspace key to delete the "con" that is currently on the CLI input line Step 7 You have just demonstrated that the question mark (2) and tab completion work for commands, ‘They are also helpful for arguments to commands. For example, if you want to display all the arguments that you can use with the show command, use the question mark (2) and separate it from the show command by a space. JidteEepace bas> <.++ output omitted ...> -SsSS SSeS P SS SeStep 9 Note “There ae alot of show conmands. To sero trough the ene Is you Rave 16 press he space Bar ine times. Just like with commands, you ean combine some explicit characters followed by the question ‘mark to display a subset ofthe argument options. For example, use show r? to display all the show command options that start with the letter R24 show #7 [Experiment with commanel abbreviation and tab completion in creative ways, unt are comfortable using them, you feel you ‘You can see one example for show running-config, bu still, fel free to experiment independently. Sk2t show runctab> }ice timestamps debug datetine nse no service password-encrypt ion "You may aso tnd tb completon useful you are working wih someone ese. you are typing at the CL ‘youmay understand some command abbreviations tat Your parr does not. Using command completion “aiidiailieniee ian ltintitininianiaiae ACLI Error Messages CLI Error Messages You did not enter enough characters. Required arguments or keywords were omitted atthe end of the commane. ‘The caret (*) indicates the place where the command interpreter cannot decipher the command. ‘vail Anput aete CLI Error Messages (Cont.) Use the ? command to correctly set system clock ‘There ae three types of console error messages: + Ambiguous command + Incomplete command + Incorrect command ee SSCLI Error Messages (Cont.) YAmogqueus You di ot enter enough conmand "show chorscarfor yur doves com ‘orecognze the command %incomplete You dd nt one athe command keyuorde ovale tare fequree by hs commana %valisingst You entered the command Geteced at roonecty. The marks the manor pontot hearer ‘The command history buffer stores the commands that have been most recently entered. To see these ‘commands, enter the Cisco 10S show history command, ‘You ean use context-sensitive help to determine the syntax of a particular command. For example, ifthe device clock needs to be set but you are not sure ofthe eloek command syntax, the context-sensitive help provides a means to check the syntax. Context-sensitive help supplies the whole command even if you enter just the frst part of the command, such as el? Ifyou enter the command clack but an error message is displayed, indicating that the command is incomplete, enter the ? command (preceded by a space) to determine which arguments are required forthe command. Inthe elock ? example, the help output shows thatthe keyword set is required after eloek. Ifyou now enter the command elock set but another error message appears, indicating thatthe command is still incomplete, press the Up Arrow key to repeat the command entry. Then, add a space and enter the question mark (2) to display list of arguments that you can use forthe command. ‘The example shows that after the last command recall the administrator used the ? to reveal additional arguments, which involve entering the current time using correct form of month and year. ‘The figure continues 1o illustrate how to set the device clock: afer entering the current time you still see the Cisco IOS Software error message indicating thatthe ‘command that you have entered is incomplete, recall the command, adda space, and enter the ? command to display a ist of arguments that are available for the command. Ia this example enter the day, month, and ‘year using the correct syntax. Then press Enter to execute the command, {© 2016 Cinco Systems, In. Interconnesng Gace Networking Devices, Pan 1(]CND1) 79‘Syntax checking uses the caret symbol (*) as an error-location indicator. It appears at the point in the command sting where the user has entered an incorrect command, keyword, or argument, The eror~ location indicator and interactive help system provide a way to easily find and correct syntax errors Inthe clock example, the earet symbol indicates thatthe month was entered incorrcctly asa number. The parser is expecting the month to be spelled out Task 3: Manage Cisco IOS Configuration Now you will go through the startup and running configurations on a Cisco IOS device. The lab is prepared with the devices that are represented in the topology, bu for this session you will ony be using SW2. Inthe end, you will erase the configuration on SW2. Do not worry, though. The lab system will return the configurations the next time the lab is initialized The prompt displays the hostname that is configured on the device. You will modify this component ofthe ‘witch configuration as you experiment with the startup and running configurations. Activity Step 1 On SW2, enter the global configuration mode and change the hostname ofthe switch to "Temp" and roum to privileged EXEC. Immediately after you change the hostname setting on the switch, the system prompt reflects the Si configure terminal You just modified the running configuration onthe switch, The startup configuration has not changed, Step 2 Display the running configuration that is parsed through the include filter, showing only the lines ‘that include the string "hostname ‘The use of tab completion and the question mark is intended to remind you that these options are always available to you, They will not be demonstrated any further inthis session, but feel free to take advantage of them at any time, Funaing-contig | inectab> Funning-contig | include hostnane ‘Tab completion was available for show and running-config and include, but not for hostname, because hostname is a freeform variable. It can be any string. There is no way forthe Cisco IOS, parser to guess what you want that string tobe. 7a waerconnedting Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1 (IONDT) "© 2016 Gisco Sysiems, Ine“The one line in the configuration that ineludes the string hostname isthe hostname command, setting the hostname to "Temp." Managing Cisco 10S Configuration When a switch ora router stars, it looks fora configuration file in the NV RAM of the device. NVRAM is the memory inthe device that retains information even when the device is powered down. The configuration file that is Stored in NVRAM is called the startup-config file. If there is no startup-config file in NVRAM, the router or switch enters the setup utility and loads a blank eonfiguration. The setap utility prompis you at the console for specific configuration information to create a basic intial configuration onthe router or switch, You ean also interrupt the setup utility and start configuring the device manually Once the device has started, the system copies the startup configuration to RAM. The configuration file in RAM is called the running-config file. As you make additional configurations, the system stores them inthe sunning configuration. It is important to understand that RAM does not retain its information when the ‘device is powered off or rebooted. Ia change is made to the running configuration, it must be copied to the startup configuration, which is stored in the NVRAM, for it to be retained after a reboot In addition to NVRAM and RAM, Cisco devices have a third type of memory, called flash memory: Flash ‘memory is similar to a hard drive in thatthe information thatthe system stores there is retained even when the device is powered off. Cisco [OS Software is stored in flash memory. Flash memory may also store backup configuration files and additional device-supported files. Managing Cisco IOS Configuration es ‘To view the configuration files, use the show command followed by the name of the file, For example, if you want to view the configuration tha s stored in RAM, type show running-config. To save the running Configuration, copy it to NVRAM. To do so, use the copy command followed by the names ofthe source and destination files. The complete command is copy running-config startup-config. Review the table for additional commonly used Cisco 10S commands ‘© 2016 Cisco Systems, Ine, Interconneciing Gisco Networking Devices, Pan 1(ICNDT) 75Common IOS Management ‘command Function show running-config ‘eplays the curent running configuration. You can as use fies. For ‘example, you can use the show running-config interface (GigabitEthernet0/1 command to dipiay only the interface (GigadternemetO/ runing configuration, show startup-config, [Displays the saved configuration in NVRAM. configure terminal {Ents the ccriguraton made, where you can interactvaly create configurations in RAM from the console o remote terminal. copy running-config startup- config ‘Saves tho running configuration to NVRAM. copy startup-config running config ‘Startup configuration in NVRAM Is merge into running configuration erase startup-config [Dootes tho caved startup.contig flo in NVRAM. ‘You can also use the copy command to copy configuration files and Cisco 108 Software files from a switch, ‘ora outer toa server ( vice versa) using FTP, SCP, HTTP, TETP, and other protocols. For example, in the copy running-config tftp: command, the system copies the running configuration in RAM toa TFTP server. You must supply the IP address of name of the TFTP server and a destination filename, During the ‘copying process a series of exclamation marks show the progress ofthe upload. Managing Cisco 10S Configuration Copying configuration files from a switch or a router to a server is Useful for backing up the configuration fles and for centralized management purposes. FIP Sener Tnteceenetng Gico Networking Devices, Part # (GNA) {©2016 Cisco Systems, Ine.[Note Regardless ofthe eze ofthe network, there should always be copy of the current running configuration online a a backup. Copying configuration files fom an extemal server to the running configuration in RAM oto the startup configuration file in NVRAM of the router or switch is useful for restoring backups. You should copy the files to. device other than the one that they were created on ‘When you copy a configuration into RAM from any source, the configuration merges with the existing configuration in RAM. New configuration parameters are added, and changes to existing parameters ‘overwrite the old parameters. Configuration commands in RAM for which there is no corresponding command in NVRAM remain unaffected Step 3 Now display the startup configuration that is parsed through the include filter, showing only the lines that include the string "hostname", ‘When you make changes to the running configuration, it does not affect the startup configuration. The startup configuration still has SW2 configured as the hostname. Jenp# show startup-config | include hostname ‘Step 4 Use the reload command which will reboot the switch, This action will cause the switch to throw away the running configuration and read the startup configuration from seratch, Answer no to the query about saving the modified configuration, The goal is to demonstrate how to return to the old configuration. If you save the modified configuration, the system will overwrite the old configuration, ‘After the reload, as indicated by the system prompt, the hostname has returned to SW2. ‘Tenp# reload Syston configuration has been nodified. Save? [yes/no]: #0 Proceed with reload? (confirm) Press RETURN to et Started! Seve output omitted s+> ‘To make changes tothe running configuration permanent, you have to save the running configuration over the startup configuration. Step 5 Change the hostname one more time. ‘This ime, set the hostname to "ThisWillStck.” Siz configure terminat Enter confeguratson commands, one per line. End with CNTL/2 (Contia) # Rostname Thisii2stick (contig) # end ‘©2016 Cisco Systems, Ine ‘Weroonnectng Cisco Networking Devices, Part 1(ICND1) 77Step 6 Copy the running configuration over the startup configuration. alsisticht copy eunning-contlg stastup-contig Building configurati om 936 bytes to 641 bytes(oK ‘After this copy operation, the change to the hostname is reflected in the startup configuration and will now be able to survive a reload event. ‘Note Optional, you can use the show startup-configuration command o very that he chango i reflected there Step 7 Use the reload command again, and verify thatthe new hostname setting is stil in place after the reboot event Proceed vith reload? [conficn] ‘The hostname does, indeed, remain as ThisWillStck. Step 8 Now erase the startup configuration with the erase startup-config command. (ox) Erage of ovran: comp! "Note Even though te system erased ho startup contigraion, tis action does no have an eect on fe running configuration. fat, (Jo not do this Now) you cou use the eopy running-configstartup-contig ‘command now to put the startup configuration back to the way Stop 9 Verify thatthe system actually erased the startup configuration using show startup-config Step 10 Reload the switeh, 7a weercomectng Gace Nearing Davee, Patt (GND "©2016 Cisco Systems, no‘Understand thatthe switch will attempt to read the startup configuration and find it missing. This situation will essentially set the switch back to the factory default state, Do not worry, when the [ab is reinitialized, the lab system will sot all device configurations appropriately. Proceed with reload? (confirm) Kens Output omitted «02 ‘Step 11 Verity thatthe hostname setting inthe running configuration is the default value (Switch. Suiten> enable teh! show running-oonfig | include hostnane Task 4: Improve User Experience in CLI In this session, you will beable to practice using terminal history. Recalling previous commands is useful simply to reduce typing. When you real a command, you ean simply press Enter to use the exact same ‘command, of you can edit it to suit your new purpose. The lb is prepared withthe devices that are represented in the topology, but for this session you will only be using RI ‘The prompt displays the hostname that is configured on the device. You will modify his component ofthe router configuration as you experiment with the startup and running configurations. Activity Step 1 On, use the enable command 1o acess the privileged EXEC. i> enable ‘Step 2 Enter the sequence of commands that are shown below “The sequence is rather arbitrary. The selection eriteria were to include three EXEC commands and two configuration mode commands. Do not be concerned if the commands are new to you, This part will simply give you a litle bit of data in the terminal history. ‘+ show ip route (in privileged EXEC mode) + show clock (in privileged EXEC mode) + show ip interface brief (in privileged EXEC mode) + configure terminal (to go in global configuration mode) + elock timezone EST 0 (in global configuration mode) + no ip domain-lookup (in global configuration mode) ‘eases lentes ties tainiiien baka aBLN show Sp route El ~ OSPF external type 1, £2 ~ OSPF external type 2 ia ~ 15-15 inter area, * ~ catdidate default, U~ per-user static route + = roplicated route, t- next hop override A Gateway of last resort is not set 20,0,0.0/8 ts varisbly subretted, 4 subnets, 2 masks 1,i0.1.0/2" 1a directly connected, Eehelnet0/0 10:10-114/32 is dizectly connected, Ethernet0/0 101201310/24 sz auzectly connected, Loopoacko 10:10.3:1/32 18 aizectiy connected, Loopoack0 RL4 show eleck 002472022887 PST Non Jul € 2018 St show 4p interface briet Etherneto/0 10.20.1.2 ves wma vp we Ethernet 0/1 urdssigned «YES. NVRAM. adninistratively dow Btherneto/2 uraseigned YES MYRAM adainistratively dows own Etherneto/3 weaseigned -YES_NVRAM administratively dow Seriali/o nassigned YES NVRAM administratively down) owe Seriala/ weassigned YES NYRAM adainistratively dow Sertaia/2 unassigned YES NVRAM adninsetratively dow Seriai1/3 nassigned YES MVEA administratively down Teopbacko 10.10.41 ves wrap up i configure terminal Enter configuration comands, one per line. End with cNTL/2, ‘Jul 6 08:48:41,931; \SYS-6-CLOCKUPDATE: System clock has been updated from 00e48241 PST Hon’ Jul 6 2015 to O8+48s41 EST Mon Jul 6 2018, configured from Si iconfigl# me 4p domain-Lookup Improving User Experience in CLI ‘The Cisco 10S CLI includes many features that make the configuration process easier and faster. These ‘features include command-line editing keys, command history, and filtering parameters. 20 iterconnecing Gtsco Networking Devoes, Pant 1 (ICNDT) “©2016 Gsco Systeme. nc.a a Ni id ‘Command-line editing keys are shortcuts and hot keys that the CLI provides. Use these shortcuts and hot keys to move the cursor around on the command line for corrections or changes. Use them also to make configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting easier. The table describes each ofthe shortcuts for command line editing and controlling command entry. ‘Command-Line Eating Key [Description Sequence Ona (Moves the cursor othe beginning ofthe command line onc [aborts he current command and ex the configuration made ome [Moves the cursor tothe end of the command ine E08 [Moves the cursor back one word EsoF ‘Moves the cursor forward one word one Moves the cursor back one character one IMoves the cursor fonara one character ono [Deletes a single character atthe cursor Backspace [Removes one charactor tothe eft ofthe cursor one [Redisplays the curent command tne om leases aline on [erases a word othe ef of the cursor onz [Ends confguraten mode end retuns to the EXEC prompt Tab (completes a paraly entered command Hf enough characters have been entered to Imake t unambiguous cmsnins [Allows the user to interupt a Cisco 108 process such as pig or traceroute LP or Up Arow [Recall lst (revous) commands Ch or Down Aerow [Recall more recent commands Note The Eso keys nat funcional on all terminals ‘©2016 cisco Systems, ine. ‘nterconnecting Cisco Networking Devices. Pat 1VICNDT)_—6T‘Command History ‘The Cisco CLI provides a history or record of commands that users have entered. You will find this feature, hich is called the command history, particularly useful in helping you to recall long or complex commands, or eities, With the command history feature, you can complete the following tasks: + Display the contents of the command buffer: By default, command history is enabled, and the system records the last 10 command lines inits history buffer: + Sot the command history buffer size: To change the number of command lines that the system will record during the current terminal session only, use the terminal history command in user EXEC mode, + Recall previously entered commands that are stored in the history buffer: There i a buffer for EXEC mode and another buffer forthe configuration mode. To recali commands in te history buffer, press CFP or the Up Arrow key. The command output begins with the most recent command. Repeat the key sequence to recall successively older commands. ‘To return to more recent commands in the history buffer (after recalling older commands with Ctt-P or the Up Arrow key), press CtrEN, or the Down Arrow key. Repeat the key sequence to recall suecessively more recent commands, (On most computers, there are additional select and copy functions available, Copy a previous command string, then paste or insert it asthe current command entry, and press Enter. ‘When you use show commands such as show running-config, Cisco 10S Software automatically pauses when displaying the output after a specified numberof lines. The process of displaying the ‘output pauses, and Cisco 1OS Software displays "~-More-~" It then waits for user input to continue with the display process. You can press the Spacebar key o display another set of subsequent lines or press Enter to display a single line + Sot the number of lines on the current terminal screen: You can use the terminal length command, followed by a number, to control the numberof lines thatthe CLI displays without pausing during the ‘ouput A value of zero prevents the router fom pausing between screens of output. By default, the vale is et to 24 Stop 3 Now, while remaining in the configuration mode, use the Up Arrow and Down Arrow keys to soroll through the terminal history buffer. [Note that you do not see the EXEC commands. There i a separate terminal history buffer for configuration and EXEC modes, Step 4 Leave the configuration mode (use end, exit, or press CtrkZ,) to retun to privileged EXEC Step 5 Again use the Up Arrow and Down Arrow key’ to show that you can recall previous commands, ‘Step 6 Recall the show ip route command and then press the Enter key to resubmit i eats ithout any is common exercise to revisit show commands that display operational status as you make ‘changes tothe configurations on IOS devices and their neighbors, Stop 7 Now; type the following command, purposely mistyping "show" as "snow." 12 erconocing Clo Networing Deve, Par 1 (END') (© 2016 Cisco Bystoms, neIF anow Sp interface briet * invatid inpue detected at t+ marker Everyone makes typographical erors. Dealing with them is one of the best uses of the terminal history and the command line editing tools. ‘Stop 8 Follow this sequence to quickly and easily correct the typographical error and resubmit the corrected command: Press the Up Arrow key once to retrieve the previous command. ', Press CtrFA to move the cursor tothe beginning ofthe line. ce. Press the Right Arrow twice to move the cursor tothe right ofthe incorrect letter "a." 4. Press Backspace to erase the letter.” Press t insert the correct letter Press Enter to resubmit the corrected command, Step 9 — Return to the global configuration mode. fF configure terminal Ba (contig) # 7 Note AS before, you wil be using commands that you are not familar with to faciltate the demonstration ofthe ower of he termina history buffer. Do not concern yoursel wit commands themselves. Instead, focus on how benef the terminal history butler canbe. ‘Step 10 Configure the description of interface Serial 1/0 and enable the interface by overriding the fault shutdown command, <)} description Link to SP }4 fo anutdown 80: 411 ‘UPDOWN: Line protec changed state to up ‘Step 14. Repeat a very similar configuration for interface Serial 1/1. ‘The following process can make this task relatively easy Press the Up Arrow key thee times to recall the interface command. Fut the 1/0 t be 1/1 and press the Enter key to resubmit the edited command, b. Press the Up Arrow key thee times, o recall the description command, edit the SPI to be SSP2 and press the Enter key to resubmit the edited command, Press the Up Arrow key three times, to recall the no shutdown command, and press the Enter key to resubmit the command without any editing. {© 2016 Cisco Syatoms, ne interconnecting Gace Networking Devices, Pat (GND) 83sii ae Parga abana Me marsphac kag) Lg-18)4 description Link to SP2 (Gontig-s8)4 po shutdown 6 09:02 ‘SLINK-3-UPDOW 6 09:02 LENEPROTON5= all/1, changed state to up Interface Seriall/1, changed state to up Step 12 Leave the configuration mode by using end, exit (2 times), or pressing Ctrl-Z. to return to privileged EXEC. Optionally, you can save the running configuration to the startup configuration, but it is not necessary in the automated lab environment, Filtering Parameters "Another useful feature that improves the user experience in the CLI isthe filtering of show outputs. Using filtering, you can display only the parts of show outputs that you are interested in. You ean filter outputs by typing the pipe (|) character after a show command, followed by filtering parameter and a filtering, expression. The table describes filtering parameters that are available for output filtering. Description begin ‘Shows all output ines, starting with the line that matches the tering expression exclude Excludes all ouput ines that match the fitering expression include Inches al output tes that match the firing expression section ‘Shows the entre section at stats wth he tering lexression ‘Stop 13 On the RI router use begin and include options with show running-config command and filtering expression interface. ‘You should see following output when using begin optio ee HSeaeseeeseaasaaarss;R24 show running-config | begin interface Interface Loopback 3p aderese 10-10,3.1 255,255.285.0 intertace Etherneto/0 Geseription Link to sw2 Sp address 10,10.1.1.255.255,255.0 interface Ethernet0/1 interface Ethernet0/2 ne ip address shutdown ho ip address Shotaown Intertace sexisi1/0 no ip address Shutdown Serial Testart-delay 0 ne ip eddrese serial restart-delay 0 interface seriali/2 Serial restart-delay 0 intertace Seriel1/3 ne ip eddrese shutdown 4p forvard-protocol nd no tp netp server contzol-plane line con 0 Logging synchronous Line au 0 Tine vey 04 Transport input all Oa018 cuss Siena, es ‘Tasncnbeleg Cm Mneatiy DUMEA.POL) BONDI)You should see following output when using include option: RI show running- interface Ethernet0/0 interface Ethernet0/1 interface Ethernet0/2 interface Ethernet0/3 ferface Seriali/0 interface Serial2/1 interface Sersail/2 interface Seriall/3 ig | include interface Step 14 On the RI router use section option with show running-config command and filtering expression interface. ‘You should see following output when using section option: If show running-config | section interface interface Loopback) 4p address 10.10,3.1 255.255.255.0 sntertace Ethernet0/0 Gescription Link to sw2 Sp addrest 10.10.1.1 255,259.253.0 sntertace Ethernet0/1 po ip address. shutdown interface Ethernet0/2 no ip address Shutdown Shutdown interface Sersal1/0 fo ip aadreas shutsown serial restart-delay 0 sntertace sersall/1 no ip address. Shutdown serial restart-delay 0 interface geriall/2, fo ip addrees serial restart-delay 0 interface Sersall/3 po ip aadreas Stop 15 On the RI router use exelude option with show running-config command and filtering expression ! ‘You should see following output when using exelude option: