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Chapter 50 Intro To Renal System

The document provides an overview of the renal system and its functions. It discusses the components of the renal system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes four major functions of the renal system: maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, regulating vitamin D activation, regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system, and regulating red blood cell production through erythropoietin. It also discusses key aspects of renal function like sodium regulation, the countercurrent mechanism, and the roles of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

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46 views25 pages

Chapter 50 Intro To Renal System

The document provides an overview of the renal system and its functions. It discusses the components of the renal system including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It describes four major functions of the renal system: maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids, regulating vitamin D activation, regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system, and regulating red blood cell production through erythropoietin. It also discusses key aspects of renal function like sodium regulation, the countercurrent mechanism, and the roles of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone.

Uploaded by

janmishelle208
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 50:

INTRODUCTION TO THE
RENAL SYSTEM

Copyright
Copyright
© 2013 ©
Wolters
2017 Wolters
Kluwer Health
Kluwer| •Lippincott
All RightsWilliams
Reserved & Wilkins
COMPONENTS OF THE RENAL SYSTEM

• Kidneys
• Organs of the Urinary Tract
• Ureters
• Urinary bladder
• Urethra

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


4 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE RENAL SYSTEM

• Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids within normal ranges
• Regulating vitamin D activation
• Regulating blood pressure through the renin–angiotensin system
• Regulating red blood cell production through the production and secretion of
erythropoietin

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


ROLE OF THE KIDNEYS

• Influence blood pressure control


• Release renin to activate the renin–angiotensin system
• Leads to increased blood pressure and volume
• Increased blood flow to the kidney
• Can lead to water retention or excretion

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
THE NEPHRON

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COMPONENTS OF THE NEPHRON

• Bowman’s Capsule
• Ascending Loop of Henle
• Distal Convoluted Tubule
• Collecting Ducts
• Renal Pelvises

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PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE FUNCTIONING
OF THE NEPHRONS

• Glomerular Filtration
• Straining fluid into the nephron

• Tubular Secretion
• Actively removing components from the capillary system and depositing them into the
tubule

• Tubular Reabsorption
• Removing components from the tubule to return them to the capillary system and
circulation

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MAINTENANCE OF VOLUME AND
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS

• The kidneys regulate the composition of body fluids by balancing the levels of the key
electrolytes.
• They secrete or absorb these electrolytes to maintain the desired level within the body.
• The volume of body fluids is controlled by diluting or concentrating the urine.

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


SODIUM REGULATION

• Body major cations


• Filters through the glomerulus and enters the renal tubule, then is actively reabsorbed
in the proximal convoluted tubule to the peritubular capillaries
• As sodium is actively moved out of the filtrate it takes chloride ions and water with it
• This occurs by passive diffusion as the body maintains the osmotic and electrical
balance on both sides of the tubule

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ALDOSTERONE

• Influences the sodium levels


• Is a hormone produced in the adrenal gland
• Is released into the circulation in response to high potassium levels, sympathetic
stimulation, or angiotensin III
• Stimulates the sodium-potassium exchange pump in the cells of the distal tubule

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM

• It further regulates sodium absorption in the medullary nephrons in the loop of Henle.
• Sodium is actively reabsorbed into the surrounding peritubular tissues, and water flows
out of the tubule into this sodium rich tissue to maintain osmotic balance.
• The filter at the end of the descending loop of Henle is concentrated in comparison to
the rest of the filtrate.

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FACTORS STIMULATING RELEASE OF ADH

• Falling Blood Volume


• Sympathetic Stimulation
• Rising Sodium Levels

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ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

• Produced by the Hypothalamus


• Stored in the Posterior Pituitary Gland
• Important in Maintaining Fluid Balance

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CARBONIC ANHYDRASE

• Catalyst that influences the sodium reabsorption


• Allows carbon dioxide and water to combine
• This combination forms carbonic acid

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CHLORIDE REGULATION

• Chloride is an important negatively charged ion that helps to maintain electrical


neutrality with the movement of cations across the cell membrane.
• Chloride is primarily reabsorbed in the loop of Henle, where it promotes the movement
of sodium out of the cell.

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POTASSIUM REGULATION

• Potassium is another cation that is vital to proper functioning of the nervous system,
muscles, and cell membranes.
• About 65% of the potassium that is filtered at the glomerulus is reabsorbed at
Bowman’s capsule and the proximal convoluted tubule.
• Another 25% to 30% is reabsorbed in the ascending loop of Henle.
• If potassium levels are very high the retention of sodium exchange for potassium also
leads to a retention of water and a dilution of blood volume.

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REGULATION OF VITAMIN D ACTIVATION

• The absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is regulated by vitamin
D.
• Vitamin D must be activated in the kidneys to a form that promotes calcium
absorption.
• Once absorbed, calcium levels are maintained within a very tight range by parathyroid
hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


FUNCTIONS OF CALCIUM

• Absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is regulated by vitamin D


ingested as part of the diet. The vitamin then must be activated in the kidneys to a form
that will promote calcium absorption for the following
• Muscle Function
• Blood Clotting
• Bone Formation
• Contraction of Cell Membranes
• Muscle Movement

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NEPHRONS AND POINTS OF REGULATION

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RENIN–ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM

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QUESTION #1

Please answer the following statement as true or false.

The body’s mechanism for controlling the volume of body fluid is by diluting or
concentrating the urine.

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


ANSWER TO QUESTION #1

True

Rationale: The volume of body fluids is controlled by diluting or concentrating the urine.

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


QUESTION #2

Vitamin D plays an important part in the absorption of calcium by the body. Where is
vitamin D activated into a form that promotes calcium absorption?
A. Small intestine
B. Vitamin D is not activated into another form
C. Kidneys
D. Large intestine

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved


ANSWER TO QUESTION #2

C. Kidneys

Rationale: Vitamin D must be activated in the kidneys to a form that promotes calcium
absorption.

Copyright © 2017 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved

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