PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Adrar Ahmed Draya University

Faculty of Science and Technology; GE department

Specialty: Master 1 CE

Presented by: Dr. LARIBI Slimane

Academic year: 2023/2024

 INTRODUCTION

From the inception of the industrial revolution, there has been a progressive

escalation in the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels due to the widespread

adoption of oil as a primary energy source. In recent decades, this surge has

gained pace, mainly driven by the industrialization of numerous countries.

It is worth noting that the current energy consumption by humanity is

nearly 30 times higher than it was a century ago.

2
 Traditional energy sources
Throughout history, the industrial sector has predominantly relied on fossil fuels for its
operation. These include:
1.Petroleum and its derivatives.
2.Coal.
3.Natural Gas.
4.Nuclear Fission Energy.

Associated problem:
 Depletion of finite energy resources.
 Emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) through hydrocarbon combustion, contributing significantly to
global warming.
 Air and water pollution leading to health problems, allergies, and more.
 Potential disasters stemming from nuclear accidents.
3
 Substantial environmental hazards.
 Crude oil and its derived products

Unrefined crude oil, in its natural state before undergoing the refining process,

contains not only carbon and hydrogen but also other elements. Sulfur is the

most prevalent of these additional elements, typically ranging from 0.2 to 5% by

composition. Nitrogen and oxygen are also present, albeit in smaller amounts,

usually between 0 to 1%. Furthermore, complexed metal cations like vanadium

and nickel can also be found in crude oil.

4
 Coal

Similar to crude oil, coal is classified as a fossil fuel. Its formation process

commenced over 350 million years ago, involving the extensive

transformation of organic plant material.

5
 Natural Gas
Deep underground, hydrocarbons created through pyrolysis can experience cracking

reactions, leading to their conversion into progressively lighter alkanes. This process

continues until they ultimately transform into methane (CH4), which is the simplest of

all alkanes and constitutes the primary component of natural gas, typically comprising

70% to 95% of its composition.

6
 Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy harnesses the power of atomic reactions, primarily through nuclear fission.

In electricity generation, this process involves splitting atoms to release a significant amount of

energy, which is used to heat water and produce steam to drive turbines, ultimately

generating electricity.

7
 Traditional energy sources

Starting from the 19th century, in industrialized countries, there was a gradual shift away from

renewable energies in favor of other energy sources that were perceived as more promising.

However, in the years that followed, concerns related to atmospheric pollution, global

warming, the risks associated with nuclear power, and resource constraints have

collectively underscored the importance of pursuing environmentally friendly economic

development.

8
 Definition Renewable Energies

 Historically, renewable energy sources were given less attention,

but they are now increasingly recognized as a substantial solution
to address pollution and climate change.

 Renewable energy is distinguished by its perpetual renewal

through natural processes, unlike non-renewable energy sources,
which are finite and diminishing in supply.
9
 Renewable energies are sourced from two major natural providers: the

Sun, which powers the water cycle, tides, wind, and plant growth, and the

Earth, emitting heat.

 Referred to as "clean" or "green" energies, their utilization yields

minimal waste and pollutant emissions. However, their energy output

generally falls short of that generated by non-renewable sources.

10
 Advantages:
Renewable energies offer a compelling alternative to fossil fuels for several
reasons:
They are generally less harmful to the environment, emitting no greenhouse
gases and producing minimal waste.
Their sources are virtually endless, ensuring a continuous and sustainable
supply.
They allow for decentralized energy production, adaptable to local resources
and needs.
They contribute to significant energy independence, reducing reliance on
external sources. 11
 Economic Limitations:

Initial investment costs are typically high, but ongoing operational

costs tend to be lower.

Additional support is often required, as an alternative energy

source may need to step in when the primary renewable source is

unavailable, leading to extra costs.

12
 Historical Use of Renewable Energies:

The utilization of renewable energies has a long-standing

history, extending back for centuries. Throughout the past,

humanity has harnessed the power of water mills, windmills,

firewood, and sailing boats, all of which made substantial

contributions to the progress of human civilization.

13
Energy resource

14
 Solar energy source
Solar resource assessment involves collecting data that describes variations in

solar radiation over time. This data is essential for accurately sizing and

simulating the performance of solar energy systems to meet energy demands.

The precision of solar resource knowledge depends on factors such as: the

density of monitoring stations, the duration of measurements, data

time intervals (e.g., monthly, daily, or hourly), and the nature of data

collected, including metrics like sunshine duration and various

components of solar radiation. 15

 The wind energy source

The movement of air masses, driven by the interplay of solar radiation and

Earth's rotation, leads to variations in atmospheric pressure and wind

patterns. This air movement carries kinetic energy, influenced by air density

and wind speed. Data on wind characteristics is essential for assessing the wind

resource. Wind resources are widespread and can produce significant electricity

with current technology. The most potent winds typically found between

latitudes of 50° and 60° and over open seas. The actual electricity production
16
from wind turbines depends on their specific attributes.
 Hydraulic potential

Hydraulic potential: Rivers worldwide can generate 40,000 TWh of energy

annually. Presently, 14,000 TWh can be harnessed with current technology.
This drops to 20% (8,500 TWh) when considering economically viable
investments at the start of the 21st century. Hydroelectric energy constitutes
about 16% of global electricity production (2,900 TWh/year). Looking forward,
there's a potential of 5,600 TWh, especially in Africa, Asia, and Latin America,
due to growing energy demands, higher fossil fuel prices, and the need
for reduced CO2 emissions.
17
 The geothermal deposit
There are three forms of geothermal resources for generating electricity.

 Regarding steam reservoirs:

When the water in geothermal reservoirs partially vaporizes, it turns into dry

steam, which can be directly employed to drive the turbines of geothermal

power plants. However, such steam deposits are relatively uncommon. The most

renowned examples include Lardarello in Italy, the Geysers in California, and

Matsukawa in Japan.
18
Regarding hot water reservoirs:

As hot water ascends to the surface, it undergoes a decrease in pressure,

causing it to transition into steam. At the wellhead, a mixture of water and

steam emerges,the gas phase of which can be used to power turbines.

19
 Using fractured rocks:
The process involves harnessing heat from deep underground within naturally
fractured rock formations by injecting water:
 Cold water is injected at a depth of around 5,000 meters through a well.
 The water flows through fractures, heating up to over 200°C upon contact with
the hot rock.
 The power plant pumps the water to the surface through a second well.
 On the surface, a heat exchanger converts the hot water from the primary circuit
into steam in the secondary circuit.
 The steam drives a turbine and an alternator to generate electricity.
 The water is then returned to the underground rocks. 20
 This technique is currently under development in Soultz-sous-Forêts, France.
Geothermal energy offers the advantage of not relying on atmospheric conditions
(such as sun, rain, or wind) compared to other renewable energy sources.
Geothermal deposits can have a lifespan of several decades.

21
Solar Energy
The conversion of solar energy into electricity or heat through solar panels or
collectors is a vital process. The sun stands as the primary source of various
renewable energy forms accessible on Earth. There are two primary categories of
solar energy utilization

a. Photovoltaic Solar Energy:

Photovoltaic solar energy is a technology that directly
converts light radiation, whether it comes from the sun
or other sources, into electricity. This process is
achieved through the use of photovoltaic modules, PV Module
which consist of solar cells specially designed for this 23

energy transformation.
b. Solar Thermal Energy:
Solar thermal energy is fundamentally distinct
from photovoltaic solar energy in that it
harnesses heat generated by infrared solar
radiation to warm water or air. In this context,
thermal sensors, utilizing entirely different
technology, come into play. These systems are
often referred to as "solar water heaters" or "hot
air collectors.

24
c. Thermodynamic Solar Energy:
Another facet of solar energy is thermodynamic
solar energy, which operates on the principle of
focusing solar rays using curved mirrors. These
mirrors concentrate the solar energy onto a
central tower, where the heat is stored as
calories and subsequently converted into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy can,
for example, be employed to power a steam
turbine
Solar Tower 25
2. Wind Energy:
Wind energy is the product of harnessing the wind power through devices such as
wind generators or windmills.

26
3. Hydraulic Energy:
Hydraulic energy is generated by harnessing the energy of flowing water, typically
by using rivers to produce electricity.

27
4. Geothermal Energy:
Geothermal energy involves the extraction of natural heat stored within the
Earth's crust. The majority of the Earth's heat emanates from the natural
radioactivity of the rocks composing the Earth's crust.

28

Nesjavellir geothermal power plant in Iceland

5. Biogas:
Biogas is derived from the utilization of energy generated through the combustion
of methane gas, which is collected and produced from organic waste originating
from agricultural and industrial landfills.

29
6. Biomass:
Biomass represents energy stored in
an organic form through the process of
photosynthesis, which can be
harnessed through combustion,
including wood and other biofuels. It
qualifies as a renewable energy
source as long as the quantities
burned do not surpass the quantities
produced.
30
7. Tidal Energy:
Tidal energy is generated by harnessing the energy of ocean tides, specifically
through the transformation of wave energy occurring during high and low
tides into electrical energy.

31
32