Lead Look at the map. What do you think the highlighted regions have in common: culture ~ religion — language ~ other? n Listen and fill in the missing words/phrases. © Alot of J are in English _2 ‘and government negotiations are usually conducted in English b, Make a list of five things you have had difficulty with in learning or communicating in English. Discuss them with your partner and comment. ‘on each other's problems. Making Suggestions Why don’t you ..2| * That's a good idea Fhwvere you, | © OK. Why not? would + Ithink you'te right, What about ..2- | * Inever thought of that You should/ought tofmight want to Responding Negatively + Many courte mate alot of money fom Bish toimight want to [es no good BL yout + don't know + Have you thou + Most ofthe words best known Have you Roush | Sm nota imto ff} come tom the + Idon't know what good it User the UR would + The USA exports [5 to the whole world. b, Match the sentences in Ex. 2a to the topics below. Can you think of other factors which have encouraged the use of English around the world? ‘the media [Z] * tourism [2] + the internet [1] + international trade [_] * world polities [1] ‘a. Which of the following do you consider to be the most useful while studying Engtish? Rank them, then compare yout list to your partner's. « dictionaries * songs * travel * pen friends + reading magazines/books * radio programmes + watching fims + watching the news + attending lessons ‘As ve got aproblem with phrasal verbs. Bs Why con’ you use a dictionary? ‘A: Idon'tknow what good it would do. Paraphrase the quotations below. Which one do you agree with? Why? ‘If we all spoke the same language, there ‘would be fewer conflicts and wars! “Every time a language dies, the world loses a piece of its ability to survive! In your opinion, will English be more widely spoken in the future? Why (not)? Can you think of any aspects of life where English is or will be the only language used? 7Do you ever need to surf the Internet for study/ work purposes? Which language do you tend to use? 'b. Look at the following sentences and decide whether you think they are true or false. Read and check 1. Approximately 75% of web pages on the Internet are in English 2. 7% of the world’s population speak English well 3. Chinese languages are more widely spoken than English. 4 Most people prefer to use English when shopping online Now read quickly through paragraphs 3 & 4 from the article to check your answers. . In pairs, look at the title of the article and the headings in the box on p. 9, and discuss what you think the text might be about TTT MCT an . Hs wore true, it oi, of course, for worldwide communication ond puld also possibly become nglish certainly seems to be bring benefits understanding, though threat to cultural diversity. everywhere, from films to pop music and TY, and from 15 business to science and other folds. that about 75% of the English is the mother lation, while STRATEGY POINT Read the title so you know what the text is going to be about. Then, read the list of headingysentences. ‘© Skim the text. Read the fist paragraph of the text. Then read the first and the last sentence of each paragraph to see what each paragraph is about. * Read through the headings carefully; they will ve you 2a idea of what to look for in each paragraph. Cross ‘out the one which has been given as an example, * Work out the main idea of each paragraph in order to give it an appropriate heading. Many things may be discussed in a paragraph, but there's only one main idea ~ e.g. the main idea of a paragraph whichis often summarised n atopic sentence. Always underline key phrases in each paragraph, Remember to look for a match between different ways of saying the same thing, further 7% of the world’s population ore proficient 20 speakers of English. This means that only around 12% of the world’s population can communicate well in English, This figure is nowhere near the otal number of people se languages, which, at 20.7%, is much a mre and more people are accessing the Internet ays, including many companies wanting to conduct ;. AS a consequence, the postion of ieee is ein eee oa are a ple wor markets “b chnica problems. Tt ble to use auto systems, which exis in the ma the quality is not good enough fo Businesses all over the world are now challenge. translation simply because jonal_ use. with this hug2. Read the article and choose the most suitable heading (A+) for each paragraph (1-7). There is one extra heading which is not needed. Which words in each paragraph helped you decide? How have they been paraphrased in the headings? ‘Smaller firms will benefit False impressions A challenge for translators Realising the need for variety Different cultures, different needs Surprising figures Time is needed Personal preferences Proficiency in English -zra7mone> ©) vocabulary Practice 3 Inpairs, look at the highlighted words in the text and try to explain them. 4) Match the words. Make sentences using them, A 8 mother market cultural tongue fast diversity access business target the Internet conduct pace ‘My mother tongue is Polish Text Analysis 5 Here are some phrases from the text you have just read. Choose the correct meaning of each phrase. 1... a threat to cultural diversity (lines 13-14) cultural variety might be attacked cultural variety might disappear 2... are growth areas ... (ines 29-30) are increasing in size bare increasing their business activities 3. this huge challenge (lines 44-45) having to translate sites into different languages b having to improve the quality of existing systems 4... translating websites is only the beginning (line 46) ‘a there will be further problems to face b websites need to be translated first 5... change their way of doing business (lines 52-53) ‘a companies will need to change the products they sell b companies will need to change their approach to business 6... could well limit larger companies (lines 70-71) a larger companies will be limited by smaller companies larger companies will be at a disadvantage © biscussion 6 _Nowscan the text, underline and note down the reasons why websites will need to become ‘multilingual in the near future. Then, in pairs, discuss any other reasons you can think of for developing multilingual websites. 7 Inpairs, discuss the following questions. ‘ How might a multiingual Internet help you in your studies/work? + Can you think of any drawbacks to such a system? 9Language Focus ©) Means of communication 1 C a. Look at the pictures. Which verbs in the list collocate with each means of ‘make * answer * address * communicate * write * send receive * talk vwrite/send/receive/answer/address letters Bi phone call fax message b. What do you normally use these different means ‘of communication to do? Discuss with a partner. * apply for a job + book a table at a restaurant * introduce somebody to somebody else + make an offical complaint * ask @ favour * invite someone to a party ‘get somebody's attention + set up a meeting A: Inormally write letter oran email to apply fo a job. 8: Me too, but people can also send an application by fax. chat other means of communication can you think of? d. Which means are: personalimpersonal,effcient/ inefficient, economical/ costly formaV/informal, reliable/unreiable, complicated/easy? Give reasons. oO | think sending afaxisefcint because you can send a copy of diferent documents fast. ay Ways to communicate w 2._@ Match the pictures to the verbs. TD yell SL yawn ZLJweep — [EL]clap go whistle a 7 fext message munication? “fa face to face Use the phrases in the box to say what the situation isin each picture (A-G). = Useful language: Making Assumptions Judging from ... he may/could/might be can't tell for sure / be certain, but it looks as if she She must be | don't think he could be because because She can't possibly be Judging from their happy faces, the people might be clapping their hands because they are enjoying a performance. Aspects of language a. Fill in: first, accent, native, body, language, tongue, speech, talk 1. You can understand a lot about how a person is feeling by examining his language. 2. Jack speaks four languages, but his language is English 3 Jane speaks French so well you'd think she was a speaker. 4 Its difficult to understand someone who has a strong regional 5. The official Ch 6 German is his mother he also speaks excellent French 7 We made some small and then went on to talk about the contract. I didn’t mean to offend you ~ it was just a figure of of The Netherlands is although ‘about the weather b. Use four of the phrases from above to tell your partner about yourself. ‘My mother tongue s PortugueseD sestures a. Match the gestures (1-6) to the phrases (ef) Do they mean the same in your country? . Which person is calm? impatient? uncertain? pleased? disappointed? Why ate the people feeling like this? The man in picture 1 seems to be impatient because he has been held up in trac. © words often confused 5 Choose the correct word to complete the sentences. Which sentence matches the picture? 1 They look so alike it's difficult to (cay/tel/speak/talk) the difference between them. 2 Come on, (say/tell/talk/speak) your ‘mind, | want your honest opinion. 3. t's a surprise, so don’t (say/tell/speak/talk) a word: He's such a chatterbox! He (says/tells/speaks/talks) non-stop 5 She's terribly bossy. She loves (saying/telling/ speaking/talking) people what to do, 6 I'm meeting Jim tonight to (say/tell/speak/talk) business. e © Idioms and Fixed phrases Fill the gaps with touch, hold or contact, then explain the phrases in bold a 1. haven't been in a classroom for years, so I'm a little out of touch with recent methodology. 2. Ineed to get of Laurie and tell her that tonight's class is cancelled 3 Let’s promise to write or call at least once a mont with each other. The harbour master lost with the ship. 5 Please the line while | check to see if the doctor is in his office. 6 Journalists often come into people as part of their job. so we don't lose with famous a Hurry up! tp Idon't believe it Vm not sure 4 t've got no idea! fe Nice to meet you: f Don't worry © Prepositions Be Append 7 a. Fillin the gaps with the correct prepositions, 110 hear from sb (sb’s news); 2 to bump intosb; 3 to wave sb; 4 connect sb; 5 toglare sb; 6 to smile sb; 7 to chat sb; 8 to shout sb; 9 to whisper sb; 10 to write a letter sb; 110 wink sb; 12 to shake hands sb; 13to make an appointment sb; 14 to communicate sb 15 to have a meeting sb b. Now make a chain story using items from Ex. 7a 51: [wanted to write letter to my frend Jonathan the other day since | hadn't heard from him for along time. 52: So went outside to buy some envelopes, and | bumped into my neighbour Mrs West. etc © Phrasal verbs “Be Appendix 2 Use the verbs below in their correct form to complete the paragraph, run cut * switch # get * hang (x2) © call * put | tried to call him on his mobile several times, but he had » it off, so | tried his office, His secretary told me to hold the line and she would try to 2) me through. | had been 3) (on for about five minutes, when my card 4) out and | got 5) off. I went to a public phone box and tried again, but this time | just couldn't 6) through to his company at al. | had given up, when my mobile phone Sorry, Fred,” he you back in five minutes?” up. I'm still rang, tt was him! "Mark," | said, “at last." said - “can | 7) Before | could say anything he just 8) waiting to talk to him. 11(Listening - Part 1 a. Before you listen, read questions 1-8 and underline the key words in each. Then think about: * how many people you will hear + what kind of language you expect to hear + what else you expect to hear (p,) Now listen and, for questions 1-8, choose the best answer (A, B or C). What key phrases helped you answer each question? J STRATEGY POINT Its very important to read the questions before you listen. They contain valuable information about the situation, and also about what you should be listening for. '* Your understanding of the following things will be tested in this part: = general topic speaker's feelingvemotions ~ speaker's attitude/opinion speaker's purpose © Listen once and note down any answers you can, Listen again and complete the answers 1. You'll hear a person talking about the organisation she works for. What service is she talking about? A medicine for the blind B-school for the blind books for the blind 2. You hear a conversation in an office. Why has the man gone there? A. to repair something B_ to phone somebody CC toccheck the line 3. You want to get connected to the Internet, and you call a helpline. What do you have to do? A Press "1" B Press '2 © Press 3 4. At the airport, you hear a man leaving a message on someone's answerphone. What does he want the person to do tomorrow? A. collect the car from a garage B_ meet him at the airport fix the car's brakes Listening 2 J STRATEGY POINT Listening & Speakii 5. You are listening to a radio interview. How does the man being interviewed feel? A angry B embarrassed uninterested 6 You are listening to a news programme. What is the report about? ‘A anew mobile phone company Ba new way to send text messages anew way to communicate quickly 7 You hear a couple talking in a café. How does ‘the man feel about what the woman is showing him? A He is convinced he needs it. B_ He doesn't understand it. He thinks it's too expensive. 8 You are listening to someone talking to a group of people. What is the man’s purpose? A. topersuade people to buy a product, B_ to reassure people that a product is safe C_tostop people from buying a product art 2 a. You will listen to a report about the decline in the use of public phone boxes in the UK. Before you listen, discuss the following questions. 1. Do you use public phone boxes? in what situations? 2. Paraphrase the sentences outside the boxes in Ex. 2b. 3. Look again at the incomplete sentences in Ex. 2b. ‘With a partner, try to guess what kind of information is missing. For which items) is the missing information a number? For which is ita colour? '* Read through the ten items before you listen and try ‘to guess what kind of information is missing, ‘© Bear in mind that the information you need to fill in the boxes will be heard ‘word for word’, but its context outside the boxes will be paraphrased in the recording ‘© You will need between one and three words for each gep. ‘Make sure that your answers fit grammatically, (p,) Now listen to the recording. For questions 1-10, complete the sentences with one to three words.The money BT makes from public telephones has decreased [1 After the invention of the telephone, it took only e for the first phone box to appear. The first public phones were installed in B The phone box was initially referred to as a “public fa When they finally appeared on the streets, they were found in [5 kiosks. Giles Gilbert Scott wanted to create a phone box that was, part of the British [6 just like the post box He intended phoneboxes to be coloured 7 Not only did telephone kiosks not disappear during the late 80s, but their number was [8 BT has already installed ie Internet kiosks. Collectors can buy a traditional British phone box for 0 British phone boxes are considered a symbol of British culture. What everyday objects are considered a symbol of the culture of your country? = Speaking - Part 2 ®D Means of communication < ‘Student A. 3 a. Look at the two pictures showing different means of communication. Compare and contrast the two pictures, saying which you think is most efficient. Useful language: Comparing & contrasting The main/greatest/most important/most significant difference between the pictures s that ‘© The most strking/obvious similarity is that ‘© In the first picture, .. whereaswhile/but in the second one b. Which of these means do you mostly use to ‘communicate with your family/friends? Useful language: Expressing preference Fd much rather .. than + Idon’t like the idea of. so would prefer to + I'm not so keen on .., $0! would choose to . Look at the two pictures below of people showing their happiness. Compare and contrast the two pictures, saying which of the two kinds ‘of happiness is more important to you. ® papi © Happiness d. What other situations make you feel this way? (, ,) Listen to two candidates doing the speaking asks above and compare their performance to that of your classmates. ‘Assess your classmates in terms of: * grammar and vocabulary * discourse management * pronunciation « interactive communication ) Everyday English * Goodbye 5 __Inpairs, quess and say what the other speaker says. a Thanks, | will. b_ You too. ‘A: Enjoy your holiday. ¢ Sure, call me whenever. 8: Thanks, wil d_ See you there, 13Culture Clip Reading - Part 2 a. Look at the poster below. What does it advertise? Have you ever attended such a performance? 1 Read the title and the introduction to the text. What are you going to read? What do you think a sign language theatre interpreter does? In pairs, think of three questions you would like to ask about a theatre interpreter. Read the text quickly and see if your questions were answered. 2 Read the text. For questions 1-7, choose the most appropriate answer (A, 8, Cor D). Po + Read the text quickly to get a general idea of what itis about Look at the first part of the question, and underline key words. Don't read the options A-D yet. Find the part of the text the question refers to. Go through the choices and underline the key words. Choose the answer that best fits. Keep in mind that the information may be rephrased. Even if you think you know the correct answer, always check that the others are not appropriate Check your answer against the text eG There was a time when deaf people couldn't experience the joy of a theatrical performance. This is all changing, thanks to Sign Language theatre interpreters. eaf people should enjoy a play as much as the hearing audience. This is the thinking D behind the Americans with Disabilities Act, which requires that theatres, translate and rehearse an entire play. The workload is immense. Consider that each actor in the play has about four weeks to rehearse his or her lines; we have to learn the 5 become accessible to deaf people. whole play in as much time. Theatre producers, on the other J MCUGOURUIEMay And, — when interpreting hand, are beginning to realise that “ musicals, where timing, rhythm such a feature makes their and harmonies must be product attractive to a wider practised, the workload 10 audience — with considerable doubles.’ financial rewards. The — most —_important Interpreted theatre usually technical aspect of theatre takes place as two or three interpretation for the deaf is the performances in a theatre season. location of the interpreter. 15 Preference for tickets is given to Placement strategies can be the deaf and their guests, but categorised into three styles: tickets are also sold to hearing splaced’, where interpreters are people who are interested in located outside the acting space seeing theatre interpreters at and do not move; ‘zoned’, where 20 work. interpreters are within the It is a colossal project for the acting space, but usually move interpreters. Ian Cox works for only during a change of scene or SeeTheatre, a Chicago-based association of act; and, finally, ‘shadowed’, where interpreters interpreters. He says, "for about amonth we work move freely within the acting space, shadowing 25 with the support of a Sign Language consultant to the movement of the actors for whom they are 14 interpreting. 30 35 40 45 5070 5 1. Theatre interpreters have become commonplace because ‘A. deaf people were avoiding the theatre. B theatres wanted to become more accessible. C_ anew law made their presence compulsory D_ producers wanted a way to attract audiences. 2 Why do hearing people go to see interpreted performances? ‘A. They are the most popular performances of the season B_ They are even better than standard performances. C They give a better understanding of the play. D_ They offer a chance to admire the work of interpreters, The ‘placed’ style of interpreting in the theatre is by far the most common. The interpreters are side-by-side and face the audience (although some interpreters interact with each other as appropriate). The location of the interpreter is generally in one of three places: stage right or stage left, or on the floor of the house. ‘The ‘zoned’ style of interpreter placement is a happy medium between the ‘placed’ and ‘shadowed’ styles. Here, interpreters are placed side-by-side within the acting space. Usually, they change position on stage from scene to scene - or from act to act - in order to be within the same ‘zone’ as the majority of the action. Zone placement makes it easier for the deaf patron to see the interpreters and actors at the same time. The ‘shadowed’ style of interpreting is the most inclusive style of interpreting for the theatre. It involves placing the interpreters directly within the action ~ nearly making them ‘sign language actors’, The interpreters are ‘blocked’ into each scene, and literally shadow the actors. The ‘advantage of this is clear: the interpreter is in such close proximity to the actor that the deaf patron need not make a decision about whom to watch — he or she can watch both at the same time. In the best of cases, the deaf patron mentally blends the interpreter with the actor, and forgets that the actor does not sign. ‘Theatre interpreters for the deaf are dedicated professionals who take great pride in their work. "Theatre," says Ian, "is the art of communicating beautiful ideas in interesting ways. Interpreted theatre, therefore, is an art in itself. Thankfully, instead of seeing us as ‘additions’, producers nowadays think of interpreters for the deaf as a new avenue to creativity.” The workload of theatre interpreters is so great because they have to A learn the lines of all the actors. B interpret infront of a consultant. go to many of the rehearsals. D_ work in all parts of the production, In which style(s) of interpreting do the interpreters change their position? A the zoned’ style B the zoned! and the ‘shadowed! styles the ‘placed’ and the ‘shadowed! styles D_ the ‘shadowed’ style Why does the writer refer to the ‘zoned’ style as ‘a happy medium’? A. Itcombines elements from the two other styles. B_ It is mostly used in light-hearted plays. C_Itallows the interpreters to mix with the actors. D_ Itmakes the interpreters job easier. ‘What does the word ‘this’ in line 74 refer to? ‘A. the advantages of the ‘shadowed’ style B the position of the interpreters C the action in a performance the placement of the actors What does lan say about theatre producers in the last paragraph? They appreciate the work of interpreters. B They think interpreters are expensive C_ They see interpreters as a necessary ev D_ They don't respect interpreters. > *S Vocabulary Practice Explain the theatre-related words in bold. Text Analysis Look at the following phrases from the text and explain the underlined parts in your own words. with considerable financial rewards, (lines 10-11) placed side-by-side within the acting space, (ines 61-62) the deaf patron mentally blends the interpreter with the actor .. (lines 78-79) » Discussion Underline the parts of the article where lan Cox speaks. What do you think the reporter asked him? What questions would you have asked him? . In what other situations are interpreters for the deaf used? Discuss in pairs. 15D artices BW 16 Grammar Reference Write the or a where necessary. 1 On — August 20th, 1887, a group of workers were sitting at theedge of comfield where they were having lunch, 2. Sometimes you can see........$ea from my bedroom window, but ..... atmosphere has to be very clear. 3 He owns house by Thames, which he bought three years ago for £300,000. Rumour has it that house is haunted, 4 According to some doctors, people living in cold climates are twice as likely to develop arthritis as people living in warmer climates, 5. For....... very long time... people believed that arth WS se NYE OF ne UNIVERSE. Note: Queen Elizabeth BUT the Queen 4) peterminers, Be 2 Grammar Reference a. Put the determiners in the box under the appropriate heading. Some determiners can be used with more than one class of noun. ‘every #a few * alan #many # each # either ‘less © any * both + fewer * enough * ather much neither + little «several +a litte *all some * another ‘Singular Nouns | Plural Nouns Uncountable Nouns every, leg. message, call }e.g. voices, phones |e.g. information, many, proof any, b. Rewrite each sentence using a different determiner without changing the meaning of the original sentence. 1. All messages have to be recorded. 6 age has to be recorded, Both girls seem unhappy. Not as many students came this time. Quite a few people called earlier Il need some time to check my messages. Each room has a phone. Someone else asked for you after you left. an w =o "oO Too/ Enough “ee Grammar Reference Complete the sentences in two ways using your ‘own words, Use too or enough 1. can’t eat this food; it's too salty. /its not warm enough, 2 can't carry these suitcases by myself Hil never be able to buy my own yacht; She won't pass the exam, Partitives / Countable and Uncountable Nouns Sarna eter) ‘a. Match the partitives on the left with the uncountable nouns you could use them with. Then make sentences apiece of—__ sat asum of advice a tablespoon of money a clap of rain ajar of sunshine a drop of thunder aray of honey Let me give you a piece of advice: don't lend him the money because he won't return it. b. Consulting a dictionary, say what the difference between the words in each pair is, then make sentences illustrating the difference. hair / hairs 4 people / peoples 2 work / works 5 wood / woods damage / damages 6 content / contents 1 ‘Hairs what covers the top of your head, ‘hairs are the separate, countable strands growing from the skin, + had my haircut yesterday. + found two hairs in my soup. Word Formation: forming abstract nouns Use the endings below to form nouns from the verbs given. s-ance *-ence + -ion * -ation 1. create creation 6 inspect 2. offend 7 resist 3. form 8 prefer 4 defend 9 interpret 5 allow 10. informEnglish in Use - Part 3 6 Complete the sentences using the word given. Use between two and five words STRATEGY POINT Read the whole sentence, then look at the key word. Think of the structure tested (e.g. passive, reported, etc) Use the given word to complete the second sentence. Use between two to five words in each gap 1. |would prefer it if nobody answered my phone for me. want [don't ry phone for me. 2. She forgot everything | told her. anything She J told her. 3 | didn't know anyone at the conference, nobody There was at the conference. 4) Mark asked me the price of a fax. much Mark asked me to buya fax 5 The operator asked him if he wanted any more information. else The operator asked him if he wanted to ask. English in Use - Part 2 7 fill each gap with one word. There is, an example (0) STRATEGY POINT ‘+ Read the text quickly once, without paying attention to the gaps. Read again carefully, tying to fil ‘each gap. The missing words can be: adverbs, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions, etc. If you can't find the answer for a gap, move (on to the next one and return later. When you've finished, read the text again to see if your answers are grammatically correct and make sense in the sentence and the text. mum Text messages = Can you remember where you 0) were when the first text-message » sent in the UK? You can’? I'm not surprised. Nor 2) anyone else. But it's an unpredictable world, and nothing has been less predicted 3 the rise of text messaging. It came from nowhere to become 4) fastest growing phenomenon 5) sn Recent times. (Over 2 million text messages are sent 6) hour in the UK. The mobile phone industry claims 7) 95% of them arrive within 10 seconds ‘in normal circumstances’. Texting has opened up an entirely new area 8) ‘communication that didn't exist before - brief messages for 9) vw there is a ‘huge demand but which don’t need the fuss of a written letter. ‘Texting has become @ means 10) parents to maintain contact with To} .. children, for grandparents to bond with grandchildren, for television to interact with the audience. It is a marketing tool of huge potential for companies which, for the first time, can build up profiles of individual users and target them 12) eevennne Special offer. “Texting has not been successful simply because it enables you to communicate with others 13) phone without speaking, 14) .. because itis brief and no fone expects 15) vw Of the usual formalities. Its simplicity may ensure its long lite “English in Use - Part 4 Most of the lines in the text below contain an unnecessary word. Find the unnecessary words and write them in the spaces. If you think a line is correct, put a tick (7) on the line. / STRATEGY POINT Read the title and the text once. Read again. Look for grammatical mistakes (e.g. auxiliaries, pronouns, articles, etc). Remember the word ‘must be wrong not just unnecessary. When you finish, read again to see if the text makes sense tas The Making of an Internet Enthusiast siemens A friend of mine, is a lawyer, had never used a0 computer in his life. But when he decided to work 00 from home, he realised that he would need to get the 1 one. He was being quite worried about it because 2 he had no an idea about how to use them. I'm sure 3 he would have been satistied with a one very basic 4 5 6 7 8 ‘machine; but he decided that, if he was going to have a home office, he should have a ‘good’ computer. So as, he telephoned to order one, and they sold him the most powerful computer they had. After a few days past, he had a super-machine which he hadn't a9 clue what to do with that. But two months later, he 10 hhas become the greatest Internet enthusiast I know 11 him. He now uses words like ‘log on’ and ‘IP address’ 12 like he’s been using them all his life. He does 13 everything ‘online’: pays for his bills, orders books 14 and stationery, contacts his family in America and 15 reads the news on BBC. The Internet has become tof his life.Ss 18 (Cresson ron wang Letters are written for a variety of reasons, These include: * giving information » requesting information * making complaints # making corrections # making suggestions * asking for permission ‘giving advice, ete. Two or more of these reasons for writing could appear in the same letter. (eg. Write a letter thanking someone explaining that you have decided to... and asking for theiradvice on .) STYLE The style of writing in your letter can be formal, semi-formal or informal depending on the rubric and the target reader. You should make sure that you keep the same style throughout your letter. Layout All letters should include the following ‘© An appropriate greeting (eg. Dear John, Dear Sir, ete, followed by an introduction with your opening remarks (eg. How are you, etc) and your reason for writing (eg. thought! would waite and tell you about my holidays, etc) © A main body which contains the information requested by the rubric. A summarise the main points and/or make reference to future action. You should include your closing remarks (eg. Write back soon, etc) followed by an appropriate ending (eg. Yours faithfully John Smith, etc) conclusion where you can ™ “WHAT 0 YOU GUL A LETTER ‘WHEN HAS DROPPED DOWN, “Te CHIMNEY?™ “BLACKMAIL” > Understanding the Rubric 4 Read the rubric below and underline the key information. Then answer the questions that follow. This is part of a letter you have received from a penfriend. better. The problem is, | haver't got time for extra lessons or regular study sessions. What else can | do to Improve my English? Please write and tell me what you suggest. | = aut | wnow that | rely weed to opt Eni ‘Write your letter to your penfriend. Do not write any addresses. What do you have to write? Who is the target reader? Does the style need to be formal or informal? What is your reason for writing? Which of the following could you include in the letter? Tick (7). (read books and magazines in English [EJ write letters/emails in English [EJ travel to an English-speaking country [EJ watch films in English without subtitles [LJ practise conversation with a friend [have private lessons [J register in a language school 6 Can you think of other ways to improve your English? 7 For the points you ticked, suggest how you could arrange them into paragraphs. How many main body paragraphs will you need? 8 How could you end your letter? weunas D informal style ‘We usually write informal letters to friends and relatives we know ‘well, or to people of our own age. Characteristics of informal style include Short forms (eg. 'm, youre, is, wel etc) * Simple/colloquial vocabulary (e.. really great, fun, you'd better etc) * Use of the active, rather than the passive voice (eg. we should do something’ instead of something should be done’ etc) * Informal beginnings and endings (eg. Hi, how are you doing?, Fd better run, Ilse you on Saturday, etc) D Analysing an informal letter 2. Work in paits. Read models A and B opposite, and say which cone is appropriate. Think about whether: ‘+ the paragraphs are clearly organised ‘+ the writer follows the instructions in the rubric ‘the style is appropriate for the target readerDear Tim, Hi—how are you? I'm good but I have exams th week at school. I write to answer your letter which you ask for my advice. There are a range of options you could choose from. But before I begin with those, I like to say it’s a shame you can’t take extra lessons. I had extra lessons when I wanted to improve my French and that it helped a lot, but that was also because of my teacher. She was the best! Anyway, you could listen to the English music more often. Of course you shouldn’t spend hours to listen to music, That’s just a waste of time! Listening to songs in English is a good way to learn new vocabulary, and it's fun too! Furthermore, if 1 was you I'd read more in English. You can also have conversations with a friend in English, and then correct each other's mistakes. Be serious, though. I >) did it once and we just ended up laughing the whole time! T recommend that you accept these advices on (e) the matter. MODEL A Er re Te Your sincerely, Angela Dear Dan, ‘Thanks for your last letter. I think it’s great you want to brush up on your English and of course I'm only too glad to help. Here are a few things you can try. First of all, it would be a good idea to start reading more in English. You probably won't have time to read novels but there are plenty of ‘magazines that also help you improve your English. ‘AS you are so fond of nature, why don’t you take ‘out a subscription to National Geographic? You'll bbe amazed at how fast you pick things up when you actually like the subject. Another suggestion is to watch films on DVD without the subtitles. That way you force yourself to listen to the language very carefully. For a film lover like you, that'll be learning while really having fun! ‘The best advice I can give you, though, is to get | more English speaking pen-friends and email friends. That method really worked for me when I wanted to improve my Italian. Not only will you learn a lot of new phrases, but you'll also practise the language actively yourself, I hope these ideas will help. And remember, practice makes perfect, so don’t give up too easily! Write and let me know how you get on. a al iw Qa Q = Yours, Pam ent b. In pairs, answer the following questions about model A, 1. What irrelevant information has the writer included in the main body? 2. Has the writer used the correct style? Give examples, How could the paragraphs have been better organised? 4. What do you think the target reader's reaction wil be? Why? 5 Correct the grammatical mistakes. Read model B and answer the questions. 1. What style has the writer used? Give examples. Think about # short forms # colloquial language * phrasal verbs 2. Has the writer organised the points clearly into paragraphs? What is the topic of each paragraph? 3. Underline the topic sentences. Replace them with other appropriate ones. > Giving advice Sometimes we need to give advice in letters. ‘Depending on how formal the writing is, we can use the following phrases: For giving advice + Why not + Why don't you ...? * You should + It would be 2 good idea to /if + Have you thought about / considered ...? * IF Lwere you, | would | think the best thing would be to / if + One/Another suggestion is to For showing the result © This will/would mean that Then That way, Ifyou do this, By doing this, ‘© The result of this would be €.9, Why not phone Mary and tll her how you fel? That way, at least you will be facing the problem. Look at model B. Which phrases have been used to give advice? 3 a 19bb. Imagine that you have to write a letter giving advice to a friend. Match your friend's problems (1-4) to your suggestions (A-D). ( 1 [can't seem to lose 2 Ive never got h money ‘any weight, enous! ” XK 20 arr venera F tmwo behind wih WH My cousin st my school work, \. speaking to me, A Invite her out for a coffee B_ Speak to your teachers © Geta part-time job D_ Join a gym c. Now use the phrases from the theory box to make sentences giving advice. For each piece of advice, say what the result would be. Why not jon a gym? Tis would mean that you would lose weight and get fit atthe same time. © opening/closing remarks ‘When writing an informal letter you can use: ‘= Opening remarks aa thank you to the person for their last letter b_questionswishes about recent events, the person's health, comments about their news, etc ‘an apology for the delay in writing/replying d the reason why you are writing * Closing remarks the reason why you must end the letter greetings to the person’s family/friends f 4g. wishes/a promise (e.g. to write again soon) fh a request to the person to reply soon/ an invitation to vist, ete Match sentences 1-8 to points a-hin the box above. [1 rilwite again when I've got more time 2 Ewell, rd better sign off now because I'm supposed to be meeting my friends at the cinema in half an hour 3. [J White and tell me how you get on at the party [1 hope you're well and truly over your cold by now. 5 [L]! thought I'd take a few minutes to write to you with the information you asked for. 6 [11 Sayhello to your sister for me. 7 [Ej Sony it's taken me so long to get back to you bout I've been very busy with exams. & [CJ Thanks a lot for your lovely letter, which artved last week b. Look back at model B in Ex. 2 and replace the ‘opening and closing remarks with others from above. D semi-formal style We write semi-formal letters to people that we do not know very well, They are usually more polite than informal letters and are written in a neutral style. It is important, when writing this type of letter, to make sure that our writing is neither too formal nor too informal 5a Look at these two extracts from letters of invitation and say whether each one is informal or semi-formal. Then fill in the gaps with the words/phrases given. ‘contact me for further details © realy cool # an excellent opportunity * drop mea line * promise me * hope to see you a) Ill be 1) He Dan - if you can make it. Jus Again) oy S22 will be to see all those old fives if i ance yout ar Mf YOU think theres Come and Il give you all the details. Bur youlll think seriously about itt fe) We would all very much like to see you there. It is ) for us allo meet up again after so long, Please 5) if you are planning to attend. We 6) there. b. Who do you think each of the letters is addressed to? Choose from the following ‘© a bank manager # a close friend ‘a former colleague * a person you've never met Look through the following and say whether or not each one is appropriate for the letter ‘extract B comes from. Give reasons. Hil Remember me? How are you doing? | don't know if you will remember me but | was We're planning a bit of a get-together and We are in the process of organising a reunion. All the action’s going to be in the Civic Hall on The reunion will be held in the Civic Hall on ‘Music has been organised and invitations have been sent out to 8 We've managed to get Paul Benyon to be the D) for the night and we've invited loads of Nousune6 Match the sentences (1-6) to the types of letter they are taken from (@-d). Which of them are semi-formal and which are informal? Who do you think the target readers are? (1 welt, anyway, my new mobile is fantastic and | wish 'd bought it sooner. [ZI IF it’s not too much trouble, would you mind sending me a copy of the local bus timetable? [EIT It sounds as if you might benefit from getting some more exercise [21 Thanks a milion for the CD that you sent - its just perfect! [51 kt looks like 1 might be going to France after alll [E11 | really appreciate all the trouble you went to in order to make imy stay more comfortable. Letter giving information Letter of request Letter giving advice Letter of thanks D Useful language 7a Read the semi-formal sentences below and match them to the informal ones in the table, asin the example. ‘A It would be a good idea if you phoned the secretary and asked her. B_ Please accept my apologies for the damage to your jacket I'm afraid | won't be able to come on Thursday night. D_ Would it be all right if stayed at your house next Friday night? E Thank you very much for all your help at the reception F Please let me know if there are any changes to next week's programme. G | was dissatisfied with the food. | think you might be mistaken about the price. = INFORMAL ‘SEMI-FORMAL 1 asking for | Pease filme in about any changes] F Please let me know if there information | to next week’ programme. are ary changes to net 2 asking for | Can stay at your house next permission _| Friday night? 3 expressing a | didn’t like the food. complaint 4 correcting | You're wrong about the price. information 5 makinga | Why not phone the secretary suggestion | and ask her? 6 refusing an [iim sorry, but | can’t come on invitation __| thursday night 7 thanking | Thanks a milion for all your someone _| help at the reception, 8 apologising [1m really sorry about the damage to your jacket. b. Use the phrases above to write informal and semi-formal sentences of your own for each type of letter (1-8). Informal: Please fill mein about next Tuesday’ meeting Semi-formal: Please et me know about next Tuesday’ meeting > Formal style ‘We usually write formal letters to people we have not met Characteristics of formal style include * Long forms (eg. am, youare itis, we will etc) © More sophisticated vocabulary (e.g. remarkable, very enjoyable, | would advise you to... ete) # Use of the passive, rather than the active voice (eg. ‘something should be done’ instead of we should do something’ etc) ‘© Formal beginnings and endings (e.g. Dear Sir/Madam, | ook forward to ‘hearing from you, Yours faithfully etc) a Read the extracts below and say which is formal, which is semi- formal and which is informal. Then, for each one, discuss the reason for writing and the target reader. Underline the words and phrases that helped you find the answers. , an rmnwrting fs because | want to ask a favour 'A_... The main reason fm wating Fear your gutar fra couple of day i promise to ake ve Good care fi)? Yousee,we'e having abit of@ getsoee jt would be a laugh if we brought thirteenth and a few of us though ‘our guitars along. Trouble is, mine! yourself “5 broken. Of course, if you need it 211 6 6 a angry, cross, annoyed ey] bs ed, amazed cheerful um example ; B) >. LJ 2 @O a. Can you guess how the people in the sketches (1-7) feel? Match them with the groups of adjectives (a-g) below. Can you add any more adjectives to each group? c. How do you feel about the following things? happy, glad, pleased, ‘Act out exchanges, as in the frag relaxing * cooking * travelling to work dull d tired, exhausted, slee aan + writing letters. # shopping enjoyable i # going to the cinema * exercising | boring stressed, worried, thoughtful 3 * diving «tidying up tiring stressful f afraid, frightened, scared ‘A: find cooking really enjoyable. Bs Really?! don't. Infact, indit quite stressful 9. sad, miserable, unhappy 2. Paraphrase the following statements. Do you agree VE or disagree? Why (not)? rem A day of sorrow is longer than a month of joy. . 5 fl) 6 Where there is love there is happiness. 3 (@) Listen and write how each person feels. b. Look at the pictures (1-5). How do you think speaker 1 Speaker 3 these people feel? Use adjectives from Ex. 1a to Speaker 2 make sentences, asin the example. b. Think of a situation and talk about how you felt 1 Theman inthis pictur fooks rather sad and miserable. to your partner 234 Which of the following is most important to your personal happiness? Rank them in order of importance, then compare your list to your partner's, ‘health * close family ties + marriage * hobbies « children * possessions * money * status ‘friendship * career « self image * other 2. @ Look at the title, the first and the last paragraph of the article and discuss the following: 1. What is the article about? 2 What do you expect to read? 3. What do you think Janet’s steps to happiness will be? Make a list. b. Skim the text and check if your guesses were correct. . Read the article and choose from the list Al the paragraph which best fits each gap (1-7) in the article. There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). Which words helped you with your answers? STRATEGY POINT ‘© Read the text. Think of what kind of information might be missing ‘Read the missing paragraphs and identify the main point in each. © Cross. ‘+ Match the topic of the missing paragraph with the paragraph before and after each gap. Look for clues such as reference ere, it ete) oF linking words before and after each gap. at your option fits the gap grammatically. 1e whole text and check whether it makes sense. the one used in the example. Remember there is one extra paragraph you do not need to use. Ol z These days, it is that particular group that feel quite comfortable talking openty about happiness or a lack of it. They generally believe that a state of happiness equals success and that without success we are nothing, (URES eos Se mots REE] ‘She actually began to slowly achieve contentment when she realised her attitude was changing. She began to understand that she herself had made life dificult as she tended 10 think in a particular way, for example, never admitting that she was wrong because that would undoubtedly make her seem weak and vulnerable. At the same time she criticised herself endlessly, certain that she did not deserve success and happiness. BL gee ee ‘The turning point in her life was when the knowledge she gained through her studies allowed her to face up to the fact that it was, in fact, possible to actualy get rid of doubts and learn to be more contented with yourself and Our desire for happiness has helped develop a multi-million pound industry focused on pleasure. Despite this, many of us still seem to be unhappy! Psychologist Janet Wells seems to know exactly why. Here we uncover her secrets of how to actually achieve that missing happiness. 24 ut life. This helped her to change many aspects of her life including her outlook, her relations with others and the choices she made. BS. ee] If we do decide to change things, however, we then begin ‘a journey that only we can map out. We can, however, according to Janet, learn from other people. What she understood from her research was that although people 10 6 20‘of course, brings uncertainty and uncertainty can create fear, Most of us have a tendency to stay with what we know rather than choosing any form of change and so, asa result, we continue to be unhappy. B_ She was, at one point, a definite pessimist, She believed that if you expected litle in life then you would be able to avoid disappointment. Fortunately in the 1970s she came to the realisation that ifshe continued thinking in that way, then how could she ever be happy? Janet herself has had to deal with those moments of, both happiness and unhappiness in her own personal life. She admits to not being able to actually help people to be happy, but stresses that if you can prevent unhappiness then you have a good chance of being a contented individual D_ In thinking and worrying about what has happened in the past and anxiously planning the future, we can shut ourselves off from the possible happiness of what is ahead, As a result, the aspect of surprise and pleasure can be los. E_ In support of these findings she quotes the ancient Greek philosopher Epictetus who said, "It is not things in themselves that trouble us, but our opinion of those things." It is not what happens to us in life but the way we view it that actually leads to happiness or unhappiness It seems that people nowadays are more wiling to try t0 react differently to life's events. Janet isa fine example Of this and has slowly found that changing her outlook has brought her a certain amount of happiness In the past, people rarely discussed whether they were happy or not and kept their feelings to themselves. Back then, there was absolutely no advice to be had anywhere, whereas nowadays magazine articles giving advice on how to spend our time in the pursuit of total contentment bombard us from all sides. It would appear that unhappiness is now generally unacceptable, especially where the younger generation is concerned. She would, however, like to advise people that happiness is not a goal but rather an emotional response to whatever happens and that it is perfectly natural to feel sad at times. In order to help happiness develop and grow, there is a need to see ourselves as being acceptable to those around us and that we are indeed valuable members of society. What is more, fearing unhappiness, many people fail to recognise that there are losses that we can never get over completely, even though the pain might get less with time, Unhappiness is a completely rational response to certain losses. can have similar upbringings, they often have very diferent ideas and responses to event in life. GES So, we create our own individual translations of things that happen in life and those same translations will make us decide how we feel about an event and what we need +0 do about it. It is not always possible to change what happens 10 us, but we can always. change how we translate what happens to us. Gi Bee ee eee She admits that she would like to be able to bring that same level of contentment to others. Although it is something we each need to do for ourselves, 25 long as ‘we really want to succeed, she believes we will be able 10 bring about change. ie eee) In giving further advice, she says that if you always criticise yourselfand demand too much of yourself, then simply stop doing it and be more ofa friend to yourself! Focus on the present and what is going on around you ‘ight now. ESE Sse rere ate Generally speaking, she recommends living for now, giving yourselfa litle reward, not because you deserve it but because it is a pleasant, positive thing 10 do to ‘encourage positive thinking. Vocabulary Practice a. Explain the words in bold in the text. b. Underline all the adjectives which describe feelings. Can you think of a synonym for each one? What are the nouns related to them? Adjective: happy-joyful Abstract noun: happiness Text Analysis Look at the phrases taken from the text and explain the underlined parts in your own words. 1... magazine articles (paragraph G) 2... allowed her to face up to the fact that gap 2) 3... we then begin a journey that only we can map out ... (after gap 3) 4 So, we create our own individual translations of bombard us from all sides. (after things... (after gap 4) Discussion In pairs, discuss three of the main points the writer makes. In pairs, discuss the following questions. © What do you do to cheer yourself up? Are you an optimist or a pessimist? Give examples. 2526 ©) Moods and Emotions 1 Look at the list of adjectives below. Which are positive/negative? * depressed cheerful « generous « stressed «frustrated # calm « glad « relaxed « joyful * aggressive » happy « lonely # worried * angry ‘ nervous # sad # excited * furious « shy « tense * lazy # optimistic * proud « terrible # funny b. Rewrite the following sentences as many times as you can using the adjectives in the list to replace the words in bold. Jack isin a good/bad mood today. 2. Maria feelys feeling sad/happy today. >) Physical Sensations ‘a. Match the feelings to the physical sensations, then make sentences, as in the example jal Pipsieal sessions butterflies in the stomach angry frightened heart pounding excited sweaty palms hungry rush of adrenaline stressed stomach rumbling nervous red face 1 was so angry my face was red b. What feeling does someone in your country express when they: « clench their fist * frown ‘= drum their fingers + lick their lips ‘raise their eyebrows * wrinkle their nose? Inmy country people clench their fist to show they ore angry. ©) Expressing feelings a. Cross out the words in the box which don’t go with the verb ‘feel’ fear # lonely # astonished « stressed # sick # inttable @ alive © angry # offended # frustrated ® hungry « better ® panic # strong @ healthy * obsessive b. When do you usually feel like that? Discuss. ‘A: always fel stressed when Ihave to take an exam. What about you? Bs feel stressed when go tothe dentists ) Listen to five people talking about different ‘situations, Match each speaker with the way they feel. A He's dreading a visit from his cousin Speaker 1 (] B_ He's looking forward to his friend Speaker 2 C] coming speaker 3] He finds student life fascinating. speaker 4 E] D_ He misses his friend speakers E He likes having friends for dinner b. In pairs, use verbs/phrases from above to talk about the times you experience similar feelings, ‘As When doyou dread something? B: On school days, dread waking up the m ay @/ Extreme Adjectives 6 In pairs, use the adjectives from the list to act out short exchanges. * furious * overjoyed # exhausted + delighted + appalling « filthy « heart broken ® fantastic + huge # delicious tertfied ‘A: Youmust be tired. B: Tired! exhausted! You must be pleased. 2 You must have been scared. 3. You look angry. The food was bad. 5. She seems happy with her exam results. 6 Sarah seemed upset Underline the correct form of the adjective. 1. The music in that restaurant was quite relaxed/ relaxing, 2 | was very pleased/pleasing that you decided to join us, 3. The children were very depressed/depressing when the field trip was cancelled 4 find horror films quite terrfied/terrifying,5 How surprising/surprised he's not home yet! 6 They were very excited/exciting when their team won the football match ©) Idioms and fixed phrases 7a. What character qualities are these animals associated with? Look at the pictures and complete the idioms as brave as a(n) on 1s wise as a(n) as stubborn as a(n) as cunning as a(n) as quiet as a(n) as sick as a(n) as proud as a(n) as slow as a(n) b. Now match the adjectives from above with their ‘opposites below. * flexible « straightforward * modest ‘foolish + quick # cowardly * noisy * healthy c. How would you describe the people below using the idioms from Ex. 7a? = takes along time to do something is intelligent and well informed hhas no fear and is ready to face danger does things behind people's backs is very arrogant ©) Words often confused G Underline the correct item. Since I've moved out, | do miss/lose my parents. He could feel his anger growing/heating It feels strange/strangely to be here, | felt as/like a child again He finds it difficult to expressitell his feelings. She is trying to hide her true/authentic feelings, She always wants to please/enjoy other people. 1'm sorry I've injuredshurt your feelings. © Phrasal verbs 9 Appendix 2 a. Fillin up or down to complete the sentences. Then, explain the phrasal verbs in bold. 1. She's been quite depressed recently. This holiday will eally cheer her 2 Calm | Things aren't as bad as they seem! 3° Things are easing abit at work. | won't have to work so late from now on. 4 I don't like watching sad films. They always get me 5. You have been so stressed lately; you must relax ‘and loosen a bit or you will get ill. 6 Bob really let me | was counting on him to complete the project on time. 7 Open a bit and tell me how you fee! 8 It’s been such a tiring day, let's go to the cinema and wind b. Use phrasal verbs from above to decide what you would say to someone who: 1 you are relying on 2. looks depressed 3. won't tell you what is wrong 4 seems to be overworking Prepositions za Appendix 1 Fill in: fora, of, in, about, to, by, with. Then make sentences. 1 afraid sth, 2 amused sth, 3 angry sb, 4 annoyed sb sth; | 5 anxious sth; So 6 ashamed sb; 7 bored sthisb; 8 briliant sth; 9 close sb, = 10 delighted sth; 11 disappointed stivsb; 12 excited sth; 13 faithful sb; 14 friendly sb; 15 frightened sth; 16 furious 8D on Sth; 17 grateful sb sth; 18 jealous sb; 19 nervous sth; 20 pleased ...... sb; 21 proud on Sth; 22 rude... 5b 23 sensitive sth; 24 upset sth 27Listening - Part 3 4 & Youwill har five therapists talking about their work. Look at the descriptions of therapies (A- underline the key words and say what each one might involve. In pairs, make a list of words related to each one. EXAM STRATEGY © Read the instructions carefully and underline the part that shows what the speakers have in common Read the list A to F and underline the key words you have to listen for * Listen for clues in the form of related concepts and paraphrases to match each speaker to the prompts. Do not finalise your answers until you have listened to the whole extract. © Remember that what you are listening to may contain distracting information ‘© When you listen for the second time, check your answers carefully. Remember, there is an extra option you do not need to use. (pp Listen and match the descriptions of different kinds of therapy (A-F) to the speakers (1-5). There is one extra therapy which you do not need to use. dealing with your problems while listening to music relaxing and thinking about your emotions explaining your problems to your family ‘working out your problems through films discussing problems in groups expressing feelings through drawings amone> Speaker 4] Speaker [] speaker? C] speaker? C] speaker3 c. Were your initial guesses correct? Which of the words you came up with did you actually hear on the recording? Listening ~ Part 4 a. You will hear a radio interview about cats’ body language. Before you listen answer the following questions. 1 What is ‘body language’? 2 Do you think people can guess what cats are thinking and feeling? Why (not)? In what ways? 28 istening & Speaking (p,) Listen to the radio interview and for questions (1-7) choose the best answer A, B, or C. EXAM STRAT Go through the questions and possible answers carefully Ty to predict what you are going to hear. Don’t finalise your answers until you have listened to, the recording twice. Remember you are listening for detail and a specific purpose. Always check your answers carefully 1. Roger believes that his work is A. rather boring B natural quite exciting 2 Roger says that ‘A he understands exactly what cats are thinking B cats’ body language can tell us how they fee! Che is always surprised by the way cats behave 3 Acat shows how it feels by moving its A. head. B tall © paws 4. Ifa cat’ tal i fluffed up and pointing down, the catis A. protecting itself. B_ very angry. © happy, 5 When two cats are about to fight, the most aggressive one ‘A. will have its ears pointing forwards. B- will sound frightened won't make a sound. 6 Cats can understand if you are friendly to them by the way you A. talk to them. B_ touch them C_look at them. 7 Which of the following best describes the interviewer's attitude? A. He doesn't like cats. B_ He doesn’t believe what Roger is saying. CC Heis surprised. . Inwhat ways do we use body language to express our feelings? Think of as many examples {as you can and discuss in pairs.nglish in Use © Used to/Be/Get used to 32 © Present simple and > State Verbs 3 Present Continuous Grammar Reference Circle the correct option for each sentence. What is each tense used for? 1. The boys play / are playing football in the garden at the moment. Water is freezing / freezes at 0°C. Jack visits / is visiting his sister next weekend. 4. She catches / is catching the 9 o'clock train every morning. 5. Bill is looking / looks very tired these days. She (is) always interrupting / interrupts me. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. 11 (try) to get the TV to work Can you help me? 2 He always (do) his best at school 3 They (argue) all the time. 4 Joy can’t come to the phone right now; she have) a shower. 5 We {not/play) football every day. 6 (yourtrust) your doctor? 7 They (leave) this time tomorrow. 8 she (not/get) to work before 9.am every day. . Grammar Reference ‘a, Put the verbs in brackets in the present simple or present continuous, then, explain the changes in meaning. 1 Jamie (think) about buying a new car. 1 (think) the play starts at eight o'clock 3 I'msure this yoghurt has gone off; it (novtaste) good. 4 The chef (taste) the soup to see if it needs more salt 5 (see) what yyou mean. I'l check my figures again 6 Andrea (see) the bank manager at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning 7 Tina (be) a very stubborn git; she (notllisten) to anybody's advice 8 I can't understand why she (be) so. stubborn; she’s normally so flexible Choose five verbs that are not normally used in the present continuous and make sentences using them. 4 5 Grammar Reference Which sentence refers to: apast habit? a past state? current situation? a current changing situation? We used to live in Scotland Jam used to feeling lonely. |1am getting used to living in London. lused to bite my nails ‘Complete the sentences using used to+ infinitive or ‘be/get used to + ing form and the verbs in brackets. It’s taken me some time, but slowly | (wake up) at 6 am every morning she (play) tennis every Saturday before she hurt her wrist John and Mary (G0 out) with friends every evening before they had their baby. They (eat) fatty foods every day, but now they've cut down, Write five sentences about things you are used to doing. Look at the following situations. Think of things you might have to get used to in each case. the beginning of the school year moving to a different town + anew summer job going ona strict diet At the beginning of the school year Ill have to get used to getting up early in the morning English in Use ~ Part 3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Noel is not usually in a bad mood like ina bad mood, Amy would rather not go out to dinner with us Itis feel Amy ‘out to dinner with us. The movie star is always recognised wherever she goes. avoid The movie star can’t wherever she goes. Mary often criticises people. tendency Mary people She can't stand him playing the guitar that loud. complaining She playing the guitar that loud. He usually sleeps until noon used He noon, Chris had not expected to find learning Spanish so interesting in Chris is more he had expected,® Word formation - Forming adjectives Fill in the correct adjectives in each case. Use: -ing, -ive,-able -,-ed. Verb Adjective Verb Adjective comfort relieve trust press inrtate care protect scare bore satisfy English in Use —Part 5 / STRATEGY POINT + Read through the title and the whole text to Understand what itis about, * Decide what part of speech you need in each gap. Remember, you may have to use the word in the plural form, or the negative form. Think of possible prefixes and suffixes. + Read the text again to see whether it makes sense. Use the word given in capitals to form a word that. fits in the space in the same line. The secret of being happy I've spent years studying 0) happiness and HAPPY ‘one of the most 1) conclusionsis SIGNIFY that there is hardly any correlation between the circumstances of people's lives and how happy they are. A moment's 2) should REFLECT make this obvious. We all know people who have a 3) eayy life, yet are RELATE always 4) and others who MISERY hhave suffered great hardships but remain 3) sono HAPPY. ESSENTIAL The first secret is gratitude. 6) GRATEFUL people cannot be happy. We have a 7) TEND to think that being unhappy leads people to complain. Iti truer to say that finding cause for 8) leads to people becoming unhappy. COMPLAIN ‘The second secret is the 9) that REALISE hhappiness is a by-product of 10) ACTIVE that give our lives meaning, English in Use - Part 1 {ATEGY POINT ‘* Read the title to get a general idea of what the text is going to be about. ‘+ Read the text once to get the general idea. ‘= Read again. Pay close attention to the words before and after each gap. ‘© Look at the choices you have. Choose the best one. ‘+ Read again to see whether it makes sense. __ For questions 1-15, read the text below and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. FENG SHUI Positive feeling Chinese style Recently, the Feng Shui business has been 0) booming aas more and more people 1) sm. an interest in Asian culture and lifestyles. Whether people are 2)... Feng Shui experts ‘or simply buying books and trying it out for themselves, there is no 3)... that, in the West, in the last few years the idea of Feng Shui has really 4) .... Off So what exactly is Feng Shui? Well, it is a Chinese art form that is concerned 5) ...... the way you arrange the rooms and the furniture in your house. Itis believed that organising these things correctly will 6) sum. you happiness and good luck In the UK there are currently about 300 Feng Shui consultants, They will 7)... to your house or office and sive you advice 8) ..... on your lifestyle and date of birth. According to one such expert, 19)... install an aquarium with six black and one red goldfish in my living room in order 10) ...... absorb bad vibes. He also told me to 11)... attention to one of my windows. He advis put plants on the window sill 0 12)... the loss of positive energy. The real ‘weak spot’ in my house, however, was the cooker. He reassured me that hanging some dried vegetables above it would solve the 13) Whether you 14)... in the power of Feng Shui or not, itis certainly having a major impact on the 15)... thousands of people organise their homes. dme to © Astarting BB booming Copening _Denriching 1 Atake Bdo Cmake Dave 2 requesting B asking Cconsulting D advising 3 Awony —B fear problem —D doubt 4 Ataken Badriven Cmade started 5 Ain Bof with D through 6 Acany Bbring Cmake Dive 7 Acall Boome — Cvisit D look 8 Abased But Cheld D carried 9 Aought — Bneed — Cmust_ «= Dhave. 10 Afor Bas that Dto 11 Agwe Bhave — Cpay Dput 12 Akeep Bodelay finish prevent 13. Afault Beror — Cproblem —D mistake 14 Abelieve —-Baccept Cagree = Drely 15. Apoint Bmanner Cstyle Dway &Writing: Tra 34 ( Areensaconal eters re vu writen in response to some written information (e.g. an advertisement, a letter, an invitation, a note, ete) as well as visual prompts (e.g. a map, a diagram ete) © Letters should start with an appropriate greeting (e.g. Dear Sir, Dear Mrs Brown, etd, followed by an introduction which gives the opening remarks and the reason for writing The main body is divided into separate paragraphs, which each deal with a separate topic. Ideas should be linked with appropriate linking words and phrases. +The conclusion summarises the points in the main body andlor makes reference to future action, and includes closing remarks followed by an appropriate ending (e.g. Yours sincerely, + your fullname) Itis important to include all the factual information given in the rubric using our own words, and to use a style (informal, semi-formal or formal) that is appropriate to the target reader > Understanding the Rubric 1 Read the rubric, underline the key words/phrases and answer the questions. @ Your class is organising a surprise 40th birthday party for your English teacher, Mr Smith. As class prefect, you have been asked to invite his wife to the party and to ask her for her advice on what to ‘buy Mr Smith as a gift. Read your notes and use the information to write a letter to Mrs Smith. Notes * invite Mro Smith on behalf of Year 10 & explain that party le surprise + give details - 10th May, Spm, school gyi. buffet + guest — class, head, English Dept. staff + ask about: gift — book? watch? jumper? other? ‘Who is the target reader? What style of writing would be most appropriate? What is your reason for writing? What information should you include in the introduction? 5 How many main body paragraphs will you write? How can you rephrase the information? 6 How could you end the letter? Bune D Analysing a letter of invitation 2 oe ‘a. Read the model and choose appropriate topic sentences from the list below to replace those in bold. What made you decide on these sentences? Why are the other two inappropriate? ‘Could you help us to decide what present to buy? © We haven't got a clue what to buy him for a gift, ‘© don’t need to tell you when the party is. © Weare holding the party after lessons on 10th May Dear Mrs Smith, 1 am writing on behalf of Mr Smith's Year 10 English class. As you know, your husband will soon be celebrating his 40th birthday, and we have decided to throw a party for him, We would be very pleased if you could attend, twould be lovely to meet you and your presence would add to the surprise. 1) The party will take place after school on 10th May. It willbe held inthe school gym and it starts at Spm. There will be a buffet and the guests will include Year 10 English students, the staff of the English Department and the Headmaster. 2) I would like to ask your advice regarding a suitable sill, We cannot decide whether to buy @ book, a watch ora jumper, Perhaps you could tellus which you think he would prefer. On the other hand, you may have a better idea. Any suggestions would be more than welcome. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. [Took forward to secing you at the party. Yours sincerely, Maggie Simpson Maggie Simpson b. Answer the following questions. Has all the information from the rubric been included? 2 Which linking words/phrases have been used? Can you suggest alternatives? 3. Has the writer used an appropriate style? What is it? Give examples 4) What do you think the target reader's reaction will be? Give reasons, Choose an appropriate alternative beginning and ending to replace the highlighted sections. ‘a How are you? We love your husband, so we're throwing him a party b. Asastudent in Mr Smith's English class, | have been asked to inform you about a birthday party we plan to hold for him © Thope to see you at the party. 1am sure it will be 2 very enjoyable event d_ Well, | think that's all for now. See you there!D Requesting information - Indirect questions a. Read the advertisements and the notes. Then use the useful language below to help you rewrite the notes as indirect questions. Springfield Rock Festival Isthere vcomnoiaen ag 19200 ly i which Two days (& signs of ‘bands? music from top sone Tickets £40 Istherea Swi ‘AGM Entertainment for oi PO Box 1946, yay Students? Springfield SFI EX ig CEN other Isthe era activities? equipment povided) “aga Ce ee er] eee ees Pete) ete when exactly? ees eae Corns cost? eee ee aoe Useful language: Indirect questions * Could you tell me .../ Could you let me know ‘+ Lam interested in finding out * would appreciate it if you could let me know. + Lwould lke to know * would be grateful if you could tell me, Could you tell me whether accommodation is available nearby? b. In pairs rephrase the indirect questions. Could you tll me ifthere is a hostel close to Stanley Park? D Apologising 4, Read the extract below and answer the questions. We're realy sorry for the trouble we have put you to. It was completely our fault. We confused the dates. It was a sly mistake, so please don't be cross. | promise ‘we will do our best to make it up to you. Have a free dinner — we're paying, 1. What type of letter is the extract taken from? 2. What is the purpose of ths letter? 3 What part of the letter is it? 4 How does the writer propose to resolve the situation? Rewrite the text in formal style, using the notes below. © take/full responsibility * Please/acceptsincere apologiesinconvenience caused © hope/forgive/regrettable error ‘+ assure/do our utmosticompensate © Please/accept/complimentary meal voucher/used at your convenience * confusion/caused/misunderstanding/between departments. > Understanding the Rubric 2 Read the rubric, underline the key words/phrases and answer the questions. wu You and a group of your friends rented the holiday ‘apartment in the adv for a week However, there were a number of problems and you left after just three days. You have decided to write a letter of complaint to the agency you rented the apartment from. Read the advertisement and the notes you have made. Then write your letter to the agency, saying why you are dissatisfied and telling them what action you want taken tisement belo fit was Beautiful Beach-Front {joy xe Apartment To Rent 500 metres! NSE rtmctisometes (009 P wor ot al Dangerous - sandy beach. } Lots of broken . & tee bedrooms, WelLeqipped (essential a ne items BESO CE a a ane Ret Good value. view money of car back Y parkit Page pe 1 Who s going to read the etter? 2. What ype of ter are you going to write? 3. What opening/lsing remarks could you write? 4 What tone are you gong to use? Why? 3536 D Analysing a letter of complaint 6 MODEL A Read the two models and choose the one which is appropriate. Have all the points in the rubric been covered? How has the information been rephrased? Dear Sir, T want to tell you how angry and disgusted I am with the holiday apartment I rented from you on 15th August. I think you've got a real cheek advertising it as ‘beautiful’ because it was the ugliest apartment I’ve ever seen in my life. For a start, you lied when you said it was spacious. There wasn't room to swing a cat inside. The rooms were also very dirty. I spent the first day of my holiday cleaning them. Next, you said the kitchen was well-equipped. Not at all! Lots of essential items were missing. After three days, 'd had enough and went home. T'm sure you can tell I am really angry. You have ruined my summer by spoiling my holiday. I demand you give me ‘some of my money back and you should say sorry, too. If you don’t you'll be in big trouble. Hurry up and reply to this letter. Yours sincerely, Helen Hunt Helen Hunt I am writing to complain about the holiday apartment 1 rented from you on 15th August. I believe your advertisement ‘was misleading in a number of ways. Firstly, the apartment was by no means spacious. The rooms ‘were cramped and there was very little storage space. Also, the distance from the beach was in fact ten times farther than you claimed. Furthermore, the balcony railing was broken. This was quite dangerous and could have caused an accident. In addition, it overlooked an unattractive car park in contrast to the ‘great view" you advertised. Finally, the kitchen was poorly equipped and a lot of essential items were missing, such as plates and saucepans. Consequently, I felt I could not stay any longer and returned home after three days. AAs you can imagine, I am quite disappointed. 1 feel 1 am entitled to a partial refund in addition to an apology for the inconvenience caused. I look forward to receiving a prompt reply Yours faithfully, Sendra Folestone Sandra Folkestone Read model A again and find ‘examples of the following: + excessively strong language aggressive tone + overly informatcolloquial’ idiomatic language ‘© irrelevant information ‘© phrases taken word for word from the prompts © points not covered in the rubric Replace the phrases in bold in model B with ones from below to change the tone of the letter from mild to strong © Lam extremely upset ‘+ insist that this matter be dealt with promptly * to express my extreme dissatisfaction with + extremely hazardous * refused to remain + Idemand * for the annoyance and discomfort | suffered * totally inaccurate Read the following sentences and identify the tone used in each one. Then, rewtite the sentences, using a different tone. 1. demand a full refund at once, or I shall be forced to take the matter further. 2. 1am writing in connection with a faulty appliance which | recently purchased from your store 3. | am writing to express my total dissatisfaction with the appalling service | received from your staff, 4. I wish to make a serious complaint regarding your inefficient staf. 5. | would appreciate it if you could look into this matter as soon as possible. 6 I would lke to complain about the poor quality of service | recently received from your company.Self-Assessment Module ] Vocabulary & Grammar Fill in the missing word. 1 He with a strong accent; its not e: Understand him, Isa secret, so don't We are going on a cruise down this sumer Let me give you a of advice. Don’t talk to him. He isn’t in a good today 1 tolivein a flat, but now | live in a big house, I can’t reach the top shelf, it’s high. What's John's number? I need to get in swith him urgently. Ltried to get him to up and share his feelings with me, but he wasnt ready to talk about it. up or we'll be late Jane bumped an old school friend in town yesterday, ¥'m sorry, Mr Smith isn’t in at the moment. Can you back later? Ihaven’t seen Steve since he moved to Madrid. | really him IF the line is busy, you should hang and tty again later. Lally can’t... the difference between the twins. rm sorry. | didn’t mean to your feelings. Mobile phones must be switched on ‘aeroplanes Sarah speaks three languages, but her language is English. Uhaven’t heard 1m grateful you for your help. Kim for about a month. (10 marks) Circle the correct item. 1. She leaned over and quietly in his ear ‘A clapped B wept —_C whispered D yawned always hands with someone when | meet them for the first time. Awave B shake Cgve Dap Tom is as proud as a A parrot Bion C peacock fox He was so angry his was red Ahead B palm Cface heart Sarah has been a bit depressed lately so we have bought her some flowers to her up. Acaim — B cheer Cloosen D ease She finds it difficult to her feelings Assy Beexpress C tell Dogive Peter is very annoyed Paul so he speaking to him Afor Bto cof D with | don’t feel well. | think | will make an appointment the doctor today. Aat Bto Cwith —D for He been tying to get to the bank all morning. Aat Bwith — C through Din I'm absolutely haven't slept all night, ‘A furious B exhausted C delighted D hortfied (10 marks) Use of English Complete the second sentence using the word in bold. Use two to five words including the word given. Do not change the word given. Claire couldn't eat the soup as it was very hot too The soup Claire to eat. I asked her ifshe needed any more information. else lasked herif she needed to know Duncan does not usually lose his temper like his to lose his tempes When | got up on stage | forgot everything | was going to say anything When | got up on stage | was going to say. Sam would rather nat go to the cinema tonight feel sam to the cinema tonight (Smorks)Self-Assessment Module Fillin the correct word derived from the word in bold. 1 Before the INVENT Of the telephone, communicati ‘reat distances was slow and difficult. 2 The DEFEND was sentenced to five years imprisonment. 3. She couldn't believe that the strange in the minror washers. REFLECT 4 ‘s more than a feeling, HAPPY itisa state of mind 5 Children’s safety is of the utmost IMPORT (5 marks) 5 Read the sentences. Ifa sentence is correct, put a tick (V). Fit has a word that should not be there, write this word on the line. 1. Thaven’t got a mobile phone, but | think | will get the one. 2. After a few days later, | felt much better 3 Text messaging has become a part of life for many people. She isthe happiest person | know her 5. Rumour has it that Jenny is going to get marred, (5 marks) Communication 6 Choose the correct response 11 Why don't we go to the cinema? A. Thank you B Ok pout using a dictionary? B It could be 3. Say hello to your parents for me. A Me, too. B Thanks, | will 4. Can call you later? A. Not really. B sure, 5. Areyou alright? A. Not really. B 'mhappy. (Smarks) 7 Complete the dialogue A 1s) 7 You seem fed up. 8: Well, 2) hectic day and now I've got to work late, ‘A: That's a pity. But 'm staying late, too. How 3) going out together afterwards? 814 eel tired akeady A: Goon tl cheer you up. B: OK.5) ? Where are we going? (5 mars) Reading _Youare going to read an article about a famous mathematician. Seven sentences have been removed. ‘Choose from the sentences (A-H) the one which fits each gap. There is one sentence you do not need to use. The first sentence has been chosen for you, as an example (0). Pythagoras is often described as a very important mathematician, yet we know little about his achievements, Many Greek mathematicians wrote books about their work, but we have nothing written by Pythagoras. What we do know is that he was the leader of a society which was half scientific and half religious. [DE] We are not sure ifthe information we have about him is factor legend, We believe that Pythagoras was born on the Greek island of Samos. His father was a merchant, and as a child, Pythagoras travelled with him selling their goods. We also know that Pythagoras was well educated. He learned musie and poetry and had three philosophers to teach him. [T|_] Thales advised Pythagoras to travel to pt to learn more about mathematies and astronomySo, in 535 BC, Pythagoras travelled to Egypt, where he cussions with visited many temples and took part in di priests [2[_] For example, the Egyptian priests refused to eat beans and wear animal skins, as did Pythagoras later in his life BC, the King of Persia invaded Egypt ythagoras was taken prisoner and was transported to Babylon, It was here, taught by the Babylonians, that he reached perfection in arithmetic and music. [3]_] In Samos he founded a school which was called The Semicircle. Wt seems that the people of Samos did not appreciate the teaching methods of Pythagoras and they treated him rudely and improperly. Furthermore, the samians wanted {0 involve Pythagoras in local politics against his will. [@]_] Pythagoras knew that all the philosophers before him country. So it was in had ended their days in a for Italy that he founded a religious and philosophical society. The members were called mathematikoi, they had no personal possessions and were vegetarians. This society of contributed a great deal to the understandi mathematics. Pythagoras believed that numbers rule the universe and th connected mathematics to music and recognised the healing power of music. [5[ ] Another of his beliefs was that there are three types of men: those who love wisdom, those who love honour and those who love gain, [6[_] Today we remember him best for his famous geometry theorem, known as the Pythagorean theorem, numbers are present in all things. He also (18 marks) ‘A. Pythagoras was a mathematician, an astronomer and a philosopher. B Both men and women were all members, and many women Pythagoreans becarne philosophers. We do not know when Pythagoras was set free, but we know that in 520 BC he left Babylon and returned to Samos, his birthplace wo of these philosophers Thales and. ‘Anaximander, introduced him to mathematics. E_ Itwas a secret society, and today Pythagoras is stil F Many of the customs he learnt in Egypt he came to adopt. G For these reasons he went to italy H_ He used it as a kind of therapy to help those who were il |.) You will hear people talking in eight different RY Coon clara cole 019 Listening Situations. For questions 1-8, choose the best answer (A, Bor Q). 1. You hear a man talking to some people. What is the purpose of his talk? ‘A. To show people how to work faster B_ To welcome new employees © To convince people to join his company 2. You hear two people talking in an office. What happened to the man? A. He was on holiday B_ He has been working from home © He had an accident 3. You are listening to a weather report on the radio. What will the weather be like tomorrow? A. Rainy all over the country B_ Dry but very cold in the south Mostly sunny with occasional rain 4. You hear a man talking on the radio. How does he feel? A puzzled = B angy —C sad 5 You hear aman and a woman talking. Where are they? A Inalibrary B_ Ina bookshop Ina computer shop 6 You are at a lecture. When is it taking place? A. During the fourth week of the course B_ During the first week of the course During the last week of the course 7 You hear this announcement on the radio. What is happening on the M6? A. No traffic is allowed on it B_ Taffic is heavily congested C There have been several accidents. 8 You hear this conversation between a man and a woman. Why has the man gone to see the woman? A To ask for advice about his career B_ To tell her about his wife's problem € To get help with a health problem (12 marks)medical researcher, 41. Where does each person work? ‘Anurse works ina hospital or clinic. b. How isthe title related to the pictures? ©. Work in paits to make up dialogues or monologues based on the pictures. 2 a. Which of the jobs: are done indoors/outdoors? require qualifications? have career prospects? offer perks and bonuses? are well paid/ poorly-paid? need the most training? is the hardest? have flexible hours? need a degree? b. Which of the jobs do you personally find rewarding? dead-end? secure? repetitive? creative? stressful? Use the table below to discuss in pairs. Express opinions ‘Agreeing I think ..; believe | couldn't agree more ...; I quite In my opinion ..; To my | agree with you ..; That's true. mind ..; To me I partly a [Asking for opinion | Disagreeing What do you think | Idon’t think so .; I don’t agree about ..2 | (don't) feel ..; Perhaps you're What's your opinion ...2:| right, but on the other hand Don't you agree ..? | That's not quite the way | see it | see what you mean, but I think ajob as a medical researcher is very rewa | couldn't agree more; they do real ng. and import useful work _2) Listen to three people talking about their jobs and write which jobs they are talking about How do you know? Speaker A Speaker 8: Speaker C: b. Think of a job and talk about it without telling anyone what the job is. The class have to guess which job you have chosen. Talk about: atyoudo —* salary * qualities + reasons you like/dislike it Paraphrase the quotations. Which do you agree with? Why? Why not? Discuss in pairs. ‘Vd rather be a happy dustman than an unhappy millionaire’ It doesrit matter what job you do. It’s how you do it! 45Reading 41 Which of the following people could help you 2. a Look at the title of the article and read the most in choosing a career? Why? headings A-1 in the box. What do you think the article is going to be about? * parents * teachers « friends + relatives Tome, the people who could help me most in choosing @ ‘A. Rethinking the way we teach them career would be my teachers because B_ What young people don't want b. Which of the following is the most important to B eens you when deciding on a career? Rank them, then compare your list to your partner's. D Asecure future « Iong-term career prospects E Tomorrow's working person ea eros a econ F The role of the modern careers advisor + well-paid + opportunity to travel G Need to support + using your initiative Nyro oceees + chance to meet alot of people 1. Positive outlook, unclear plans Do you believe that obtaining a good job today is easier or more difficult than in your parents’ day? Why? _ _ Why don’t you © a proper job? 2 5 ef; you think she should go _In the past, this might have counted as bad news. a long‘ferm career with job security and Certainly when I was 15, my guidance counsellors were ally fetirewith’a good pension. But a new horrified at my plans to become a writer. I'm glad I 20 suggests thatin faetshe’s the practical one. Why _ didn’t change my plans to suit them. Even so, their nts make terriblegarcers advisers? faith in rigid career paths was well-founded. In those days, that was the way to get ahead. “14 and 154 ‘ambitious. They are 2 iutheit prospects, but their career ideas But the world has changed. The global economy is not vagt 80% of them have no kind to yesterday's diligent and dependable worker. The 25 followingiin their parents’ footsteps, 69% future belongs to quick-thinking people who are ints for advice. They look at their _ resourceful, ambitious and can take the initiative. This. ‘ different way to their parents. ‘means that a 14-year-old who sees her working future as 7 a kind of adventure, to be made up as she goes along, is = not necessarily being unrealistic. 30 A job for life is not in théir vocabulary; neither is a al dead-end but secure job that is boring but pays the bills. Almost half the bo} syed expected that their However, she has to have the training and guidance to 15. hobbies would lead them into the right sort of job, help her develop the right skills for today’s market; not while most girls seemed) determined to avoid the rigid preparation for a workplace that disappeared traditionally female careei as nursing. twenty years ago. Many young people are very aware of, 46b. Skim the text and highlight the sentences that summarise the main idea of each paragraph. Which words in each paragraph express the same idea as the headings A-1? 3 a Now choose from the list (A-!) the heading which best fits each paragraph. There is one heading you do not need to use. There is one example (0). . In pairs, write a summary sentence for each paragraph. Then, think of another title for the text, Vocabulary Practice 4 a Explain the meaning of the \\ The first or highlighted last sentence of ‘ors ‘each paragraph words. tells you what the paragraph is about. 35 the pitfalls of the flexible workplace; they understand that redundaney, downsizing and freelancing are all part of modern working life, but no one is telling them how they might be able to turn the new rules of the employment game to their advantage. This is what they need to know if they are to make a life for themselves. 5 So what is to be done? A good first step would be to change the way in which schools prepare young people for adult life. The education system is becoming less, flexible and more obsessed with traditional skills at just, the time that the employment market is going in the opposite direction, 6 Accurate, up-to-date information on new jobs and qualifications can help guidance counsellors to help their students. Young people need solid information ‘on the sort of training they need to pursue the career of their dreams. Also, alittle bit of encouragement can go a long way. If nothing else, a bit of optimism from fan adult can serve as an antidote to the constant criticism of teenagers in the press. 7 ‘What, then, can we as parents do to help them? The best thing is to forget all the advice that your parents "gave you, and step into your teenager's shoes. Once you've done that, i’s easier to see how important it is that they learn how to be independent, resourceful and | resilient. Give them the courage to follow their dreams - however odd they might sound right now. In a world | that offers economic security to almost no one, imagination is a terrible thing to waste. b. Read the text and find the adjectives which describe qualities a worker could have. Which are negative ones? c. Match the words. Then, in pairs make sentences using them. A 8 pay the initiative follow your plans change ahead take your dreams get into sb’s shoes step the bills Text Analysis Look at these phrases from the passage and explain the underlined parts in your own words. 1 2 7 {A jb for life is nat in their vocabulary. (tine 12) a dead-end but secure job which pays the bill (ine 13) my guidance counsellors were hottified at my plans... (lines 19-20) The global economy is not kind to yesterdays diligent .. worker. (ines 24-25) if they are to make a life for themselves, line 40) a bit of optimism... can serve as an antidote to the constant criticism .. (lines 53-55) step into your teenager's shoes. (line $7) Discussion ‘Who does the writer address in the text? What words/phrases help you determine this? In pairs, discuss the following questions. ‘Are you sure/unsure about your career path? Are you optimistic/pessimistic about your prospects? Why? Do you want to be self-employed or work as an employee? Why? Role-play: Read the first paragraph. Then work in groups of three to act out a dialogue between the ‘teenager and her parents. The teenager insists on becoming a singer, the parents are trying to make her change her mind. 47