% Define Parameters

num_nodes = 10;
node_capacity = randi([50, 200], 1, num_nodes); % Random node capacities

% Simulate Node Behavior

node_positions = rand(2, num_nodes); % Random positions for nodes
% Simulate communication range for each node (assuming circular range)
communication_range = randi([5, 20], 1, num_nodes); % Random range

% Plot Node Positions and Communication Range

figure;
scatter(node_positions(1, :), node_positions(2, :), 'filled');
hold on;
for i = 1:num_nodes
th = linspace(0, 2*pi);
x = communication_range(i) * cos(th) + node_positions(1, i);
y = communication_range(i) * sin(th) + node_positions(2, i);
plot(x, y, 'Color', 'r');
end
xlabel('X-axis');
ylabel('Y-axis');
title('LEO Satellite Nodes and Communication Range');
legend('Node Position', 'Communication Range');

Here's a breakdown:
% Define Network Functions
network_functions = {'FunctionA', 'FunctionB', 'FunctionC', 'FunctionD'}; %
Example functions

% Define Service Function Chains (SFCs)

SFC1 = {'FunctionA', 'FunctionB', 'FunctionD'}; % SFC 1 sequence
SFC2 = {'FunctionA', 'FunctionC', 'FunctionD'}; % SFC 2 sequence
SFC3 = {'FunctionB', 'FunctionC', 'FunctionD'}; % SFC 3 sequence

% Simulation: Applying SFC to Nodes

num_nodes = 10;
nodes = cell(num_nodes, 1); % Creating nodes

for i = 1:num_nodes
% Assign SFC to each node (randomly for demonstration)
node_sfc = datasample({SFC1, SFC2, SFC3}, 1);
nodes{i} = struct('NodeID', i, 'SFC', node_sfc);
end

% Simulating SFC Execution at Nodes

for i = 1:num_nodes
fprintf('Node %d executing SFC: %s\n', nodes{i}.NodeID,
strjoin(nodes{i}.SFC, ' -> '));

% Implement logic to execute the SFC chain at each node

for j = 1:length(nodes{i}.SFC)
current_function = nodes{i}.SFC{j};

% Execute current_function at the node (Example: print function

execution)
fprintf('Executing function: %s at Node %d\n', current_function,
nodes{i}.NodeID);

% Implement function logic here (simulate function behavior)

% For illustration purposes, you might include sleep or processing
time
% Simulate function execution time (random delay between 1 and 3
seconds)
execution_time = randi([1, 3]);
pause(execution_time); % Simulating function execution time
end
fprintf('SFC execution completed for Node %d\n\n', nodes{i}.NodeID);
end

output
Node 1 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionC -> FunctionD
Executing function: FunctionA at Node 1
Executing function: FunctionC at Node 1
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 1
SFC execution completed for Node 1

Node 2 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionB -> FunctionD

Executing function: FunctionA at Node 2
Executing function: FunctionB at Node 2
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 2
SFC execution completed for Node 2
Node 3 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionC -> FunctionD
Executing function: FunctionA at Node 3
Executing function: FunctionC at Node 3
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 3
SFC execution completed for Node 3

Node 4 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionC -> FunctionD

Executing function: FunctionA at Node 4
Executing function: FunctionC at Node 4
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 4
SFC execution completed for Node 4

Node 5 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionC -> FunctionD

Executing function: FunctionA at Node 5
Executing function: FunctionC at Node 5
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 5
SFC execution completed for Node 5

Node 6 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionB -> FunctionD

Executing function: FunctionA at Node 6
Executing function: FunctionB at Node 6
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 6
SFC execution completed for Node 6

Node 7 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionC -> FunctionD

Executing function: FunctionA at Node 7
Executing function: FunctionC at Node 7
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 7
SFC execution completed for Node 7

Node 8 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionB -> FunctionD

Executing function: FunctionA at Node 8
Executing function: FunctionB at Node 8
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 8
SFC execution completed for Node 8

Node 9 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionC -> FunctionD

Executing function: FunctionA at Node 9
Executing function: FunctionC at Node 9
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 9
SFC execution completed for Node 9

Node 10 executing SFC: FunctionA -> FunctionC -> FunctionD

Executing function: FunctionA at Node 10
Executing function: FunctionC at Node 10
Executing function: FunctionD at Node 10
SFC execution completed for Node 10

Explanation
Network Functions Definition: It defines different network functions using strings, such as 'FunctionA',
'FunctionB', 'FunctionC', and 'FunctionD'. These can represent specific tasks or processes within a
network.

Service Function Chains (SFCs): Three different SFC sequences are defined: SFC1, SFC2, and SFC3. Each
SFC is an ordered sequence of network functions that need to be executed in a specific order.
Simulating SFC Application to Nodes:

It creates a simulated network with a specified number of nodes (num_nodes).

For each node, a random SFC sequence is assigned from SFC1, SFC2, or SFC3.

Each node is represented as a structure (nodes{i}) containing a NodeID and the assigned SFC.

SFC Execution Simulation at Nodes:

The code simulates the execution of SFCs at each node.

For each node:

It prints the node ID and the SFC sequence it will execute.

It iterates through the SFC sequence assigned to that node.

For each function in the sequence:

It simulates the execution of the function at the node by printing the function being executed and
simulating its behavior (represented by a random delay of 1 to 3 seconds).

Function Execution Simulation:

The code simulates the execution time of each function within an SFC by pausing for a random duration
(1 to 3 seconds in this case).

part 3
% Number of UEs, SCceNBs, and components
M = 3; % UEs
Nl = 2; % SCceNBs
V = 4; % Components

% Given data (random for demonstration)

T_l_n_m_v = rand(M, Nl, V); % Offloading execution delay
E_l_n_m_v = rand(M, Nl, V); % Energy consumption
t_s_highm = rand(1, M); % Transmission time coefficient for SCceNB
t_high_Km = rand(1, M); % Execution time coefficient for SCceNB
Th_n_m_v = rand(M, Nl, V); % Indicator of cached results
t_du_v = rand(M, V); % Decoding time at UE
E_h_n_m = rand(M, Nl); % Execution energy at SCceNB
E_local = rand(1, M); % Execution energy at local UE
nmv = rand(M, V); % Energy coefficient for decoding
EEE = rand(1, M); % Energy coefficient for local execution

% Optimization using linear programming

f = zeros(1, M * Nl * V); % Objective function coefficients

% Define constraints matrix and bounds

A = zeros(2 * M, M * Nl * V);
b = zeros(2 * M, 1);

% Generate constraints for each UE

for m = 1:M
% Constraint (3.2.10): Total execution delay through offloading <= local
execution delay
A(m, :) = [reshape(T_l_n_m_v(m, :, :), 1, []) zeros(1, M * Nl * V -
numel(T_l_n_m_v(m, :, :)))];
b(m) = sum(t_du_v(m, :));

% Constraint (3.2.11): Total energy consumption through offloading <=

energy of local execution
A(m + M, :) = [reshape(E_l_n_m_v(m, :, :), 1, []) zeros(1, M * Nl * V -
numel(E_l_n_m_v(m, :, :)))];
b(m + M) = E_local(m);
end

% Solve the linear programming problem

x = linprog(f, [], [], A, b);

% Reshape the solution to match the decision variables

I_low_star = reshape(x, M, Nl, V);

% Display optimal offloading decisions

disp('Optimal Offloading Decisions:');
disp(I_low_star);

% Calculating latency and energy consumption for each UE and component

total_latency = zeros(M, V);
total_energy = zeros(M, V);
for m = 1:M
for v = 1:V
if I_low_star(m, :, v) == 1 % Assuming 1 denotes offloading, perform
calculations
% Latency calculation
total_latency(m, v) = sum(sum(T_l_n_m_v(m, :, v)));

% Energy consumption calculation

total_energy(m, v) = sum(sum(E_l_n_m_v(m, :, v)));
else
% If offloading is not chosen (local execution), assign some
default values
total_latency(m, v) = 0; % Replace with your actual computation
total_energy(m, v) = 0; % Replace with your actual computation
end
end
end

% Assuming the execution times are inversely proportional to offloading

probability for demonstration
execution_times = linspace(1, 10, V); % Generate varying execution times

% Calculate offloading probability inversely proportional to execution times

offloading_prob = 1 ./ execution_times;

% Normalize probabilities to sum up to 1

offloading_prob = offloading_prob / sum(offloading_prob);

% Simulating offloading decisions based on probabilities

I_low_star = zeros(M, Nl, V);
for v = 1:V
offloads = rand(M, 1) < offloading_prob(v);
I_low_star(:, :, v) = repmat(offloads, 1, Nl);
end

% Calculate the average offloading probability for each execution time

avg_offloading_prob = zeros(1, V);
for v = 1:V
total_offloads = sum(sum(I_low_star(:, :, v)));
avg_offloading_prob(v) = total_offloads / M; % Calculating average
probability
end

% Plotting the graph

figure;
plot(execution_times, avg_offloading_prob, 'o-', 'LineWidth', 1.5);
title('Average Offloading Probability vs. Execution Times');
xlabel('Execution Times');
ylabel('Average Offloading Probability');
grid on;
This code seems to be an implementation related to an optimization problem involving
offloading computations between User Equipments (UEs) and Small Cell Base Stations
(SCceNBs) across various components.
Here's a breakdown of what the code does:
Initialization: It sets up parameters such as the number of UEs, SCceNBs, and components, and
generates random data for demonstration purposes.
Linear Programming Optimization: It formulates constraints and an objective function for a
linear programming problem to optimize offloading decisions based on execution delay and
energy consumption.
Calculating Optimal Offloading Decisions: The code solves the linear programming problem
and reshapes the solution to match decision variables, displaying the optimal offloading
decisions.
Calculating Latency and Energy Consumption: It computes the latency and energy
consumption for each UE and component based on the optimal offloading decisions.
Demonstration of Offloading Probabilities: It generates execution times for different
components and simulates offloading decisions based on probabilities inversely proportional to
execution times.
Calculating Average Offloading Probability: It computes the average offloading probability
for each execution time.
Plotting the Graph: Finally, it plots a graph showing the relationship between execution times
and the average offloading probability.
Explanation of segments:
Linear Programming Formulation: Constraints (3.2.10) and (3.2.11) ensure that the total
execution delay through offloading is less than or equal to the local execution delay and that the
total energy consumption through offloading is less than or equal to the energy of local execution
for each UE.
Optimal Offloading Decisions: The solution (I_low_star) represents the optimal offloading
decisions, determining whether to offload computations for each UE, SCceNB, and component.
Calculating Latency and Energy Consumption: It computes the total latency and energy
consumption based on the optimal offloading decisions, considering offloading or local
execution for each UE and component.
Demonstration of Offloading Probabilities: This part showcases a demo scenario where
offloading decisions are made probabilistically based on execution times, assuming offloading
probability inversely proportional to execution times.
Calculating Average Offloading Probability: It calculates the average offloading probability for
each execution time, providing insight into the relationship between execution times and
offloading likelihood.
Plotting the Graph: The code visualizes the relationship between execution times and the average
offloading probability using a plot.
.