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How to cite this thesis

Surname, Initial(s). (2012). Title of the thesis or dissertation (Doctoral Thesis / Master’s
Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from:
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The medicinal ethnobotany of the Amandawe area
in KwaCele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

by

Lloyd Sphiwe Mhlongo

Dissertation submitted
In fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
MAGISTER SCIENTIAE
in
BOTANY
in the
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
at the
UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG

SUPERVISOR: PROF. B-E. VAN WYK

February 2019

1
Affidavit

I, Lloyd Sphiwe Mhlongo, declare that this dissertation is my own work. It has only been
submitted (by myself) for the degree of Master of Science in Botany at the University of
Johannesburg. It has never been submitted before for any degree or examination at any
other University. I also state that all the sources that I have used herein have been
appropriately acknowledged.

Signature (Student) : ____ ____________

This 15th day of February 2019

2
 TITLE
The medicinal ethnobotany of the Amandawe area in KwaCele, KwaZulu-Natal, South
Africa

SUMMARY
An ethnobotanical survey at Amandawe in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa

has revealed that many medicinal plants species, vernacular names and medicinal uses

have remained unrecorded for the Zulu culture. Quantitative data, obtained through

formal interviews, were entered into a matrix table, where the numbers reflect the level of

information on the plant use knowledge for each plant species and each of the 37

individual participants. The survey revealed that a substantial part of the medicinal

ethnobotany of the Amandawe area has remained unrecorded. This includes 110 new

medicinal species records (ca. 31% of the total of 359 species), 560 newly recorded Zulu

vernacular names and name variations (66% of the total of 859 names), 60 newly

recorded praise names (88% of the total of 69) and 1106 new use-records (78% of the

total of 1423 medicinal uses that were recorded at Amandawe). Families with the largest

number of medicinal species were the Fabaceae (31) and Asteraceae (31), followed by

the Apocynaceae (14), Euphorbiaceae (13) and Poaceae (13), and then Hyacinthaceae

(11) and Solanaceae (11). The rest had less than 10 species. The subcategory ‘tonics’

had the highest number of plant species (156), followed by dermatological (125), gastro-

intestinal (102), analgesic (85), reproductive system (84), pediatric (75), unspecified

ailments (74), musculo-skeletal (73), cardiovascular (57), ear, nose and throat (56),

trauma (44), antimicrobial (43), respiratory system (34), nervous system (27), urinary

system (24), anthelmintics (22), endocrine system (11) and ophthalmic (11).The most

popular medicinal plants (as indicated by their Species Popularity Index value) were

Cannabis sativa (1.00), Leucas lavandulifolia (1.00), Pittosporum viridiflorum (1.00),

3
Spilanthes mauritiana (1.00), Tetradenia riparia (0.97), Harpephyllum caffrum (0.95), Aloe

ferox (0.94), Barringtonia racemosa (0.92), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (0.92),

Mesembryanthemum cordifolium (0.92) and Syzygium cordatum (0.92). The most

important medicinal plants (as indicated by their Cultural Importance Index values) were

Tetradenia riparia (1.84), Spilanthes mauritiana (1.62), Microglossa mespilifolia (1.32),

Leucas lavandulifolia (1.30), Albizia adianthifolia (1.27), Tecomaria capensis (1.22),

Solanum aculeastrum (1.14), Zanthoxylum capense (1.11), Dysphania ambrosioides

(1.08) and Senecio serratuloides (1.08). These two indices gave very similar lists of top

50 medicinal plants for Amadawe. The average Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index value

for the 37 participants (medicinal plants only) was 0.27. Zulu ethnobotany has long been

regarded as thoroughly documented, yet the findings presented here suggest that

contemporary medicinal plant use has not yet been adequately documented.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………….......……………………………………..7

CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS ……………………………………………..9

2.1 Study area and local culture……………………………………...................…...…..9

2.2 Literature survey………………………………………….................................…….10

2.3 Participants and ethical approval………………………………..........…………….11

2.4 Survey methodology………………………………………...........................……….13

CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ……………………………….…………...15

3.1 Inventory of Amandawe medicinal plants………………………………..………...15

3.2 Taxonomic diversity of Amandawe medicinal plants………………….....……...59

3.3 Diversity of medicinal uses of Amandawe plants………………………….…......62

3.3.1 Tonic uses………………………………………................................……...65

3.3.2 Dermatological uses…...……………………...........................…………...67

3.3.3 Gastrointestinal uses………………………………………….............…....70

3.3.4 Analgesic uses……………………………………….........................…...…72

3.3.5 Reproductive uses……………………………..........................…………...74

3.3.6 Pediatric uses…………………………………………….............................75

3.3.7 Unspecified ailments…………………………………………….................77

3.3.8 Musculo-skeletal uses………………………………………………...........78

3.3.9 Cardiovascular uses……………………………………………..................79

3.3.10 Ear, nose and throat ………………………………………………............80

3.3.11 Trauma uses………………………………………………..........................81

3.3.12 Antimicrobial uses ………………………………………………...............81

3.3.13 Respiratory system uses………………………………………....………..83

5
 3.3.14 Nervous system uses…………………………………………..........……84

3.3.15 Urinary system uses……………………………………………............…85

3.3.16 Anthelmintics uses………………………………………...............……...86

3.3.17 Endocrine system uses…………………………………......………….....87

3.3.18 Ophthalmic uses…………………………………………...................…...87

3.4 Diversity of vernacular names and praise names …………………………….....88

CHAPTER 4: QUANTIFICATION AND INDEX VALUES ………..........................…..91

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS ……………….…......…………………....................…..97

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………..............................………102

REFERENCES…………………………………………...............................................…104

Appendix 1: Inventory of medicinal plants of Amandawe, KwaCele chieftainship,

KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. ………..........................….............................................123
Appendix 2: Data matrix (matrix method). .................................................................307
Appendix 3: Participants in ethnobotanical interviews. ..............................................317
Appendix 4: Flip-file of medicinal plant photographs used in the quantitative
ethnobotanical survey at Amandawe:
Appendix 4 - part 1 ....................................................................................................322
Appendix 4 - part 2 ....................................................................................................389
Appendix 4 - part 3 ....................................................................................................451
Appendix 4 - part 4 ....................................................................................................569
Appendix 5. Copy of the letter of ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of the
Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg.
Appendix 6. Examples of herbarium identifications of collected specimens.
Appendix 7. Consent letter from the KwaCele tribal authority granting permission for
collection of plant material.
Appendix 8. Plant collecting permit issued by the Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.
Appendix 9. Educated Prior Informed Consent forms.

6
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

In southern African, the ethnobotany of the Zulu people has received more research

attention than any other cultural group. Among some of the most important or

comprehensive publications on traditional Zulu plant use are Gerstner (1938, 1939,

1941), Bryant (1949), Hulme (1954), Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962), Doke and

Vilakazi (1972), Bryant (1966), Cunningham (1988), Pujol (1990), Hutchings and Van

Staden (1994), Walker (1996), Hutchings et al. (1996), Arnold et al. (2002), Ngwenya et

al. (2004) and Pooley (2005). These publications show an emphasis on medicinal plants,

the most comprehensive being the inventory of 1032 Zulu medicinal plants, from 537

genera and 147 families, by Hutchings et al. (1996). Other non-medicinal categories of

plant use, such as food, magic, ritual and crafts have received little attention.

The main results of a quantitative ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant use in

the Amandawe area in KwaZulu-Natal are presented here. The complete data, including

a comprehensive checklist of all useful plants and their uses (i.e. for food, medicine,

magic, ritual or spiritual purposes and various crafts) form part of an ongoing study.

Included in this dissertation are the number of medicinal plant species, their vernacular

names and medicinal uses, many of which have not yet been recorded in the literature on

Zulu ethnobotany. It is important to note that Hutchings et al. (1996) included several

species with charm (magic) or ritual uses but did not associate these with medical

conditions recorded. The new species records reported here are limited to medicinal uses

and new species records and new use-records apply only to the Zulu culture. Also briefly

recorded here are the most important, popular or best-known families and species for

particular categories of medicinal plant use.

7
 The hypothesis was that Zulu medicinal ethnobotany has been adequately

documented, given the large number of publications and books devoted to the topic. The

premise was that if an arbitrary (subjectively chosen) proportion of at least one quarter

(25%) of the species, vernacular names and Zulu plant uses at Amandawe have hitherto

remained unrecorded in the scientific and popular literature, then the nul-hypothesis

should be rejected.

Aims of the study:

(1) A quantitative ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants of the Amandawe area, in

order to generate a checklist.

(2) Determining the number of previously unrecorded medicinal plant species, vernacular

names and medicinal uses, in order to test the hypothesis as stated above.

(3) Analyses of the main patterns of medicinal plant use (i.e. which species are the most

popular or best known for particular health-related applications?)

(4) To provide high quality primary data on the medicinal plants of the Amadawe area

that can be used for further research and for comparative analyses by future researchers.

8
CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Study area and local culture

Amandawe village is situated on the KwaZulu-Natal south coast, ca. 5 km directly inland

from the town of Scottburgh and approximately 60 km south of the city of Durban (Figure

1). The study area is the immediate surroundings of the village, where people traditionally

have access to river banks, forests and other habitats to collect plant materials for

everyday use.

Amandawe is part of the KwaCele chieftainship, which falls under the Umdoni

Municipality. According to STATS SA (2011), the Umdoni municipality covers 994 km 2

and has a population of 144 551 people, with IsiZulu as the dominant language. KwaCele

covers 26 km2 and comprises seven villages, namely Amandawe, KwaCele,

Umgwempisi, Ulwasi, Emahlathini, Amahlabathi and Ntontonto. The vegetation is typical

of the Indian Ocean Coastal Belt described by (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006), but

patches of the Savanna Biome and Forest Biome also occur at Amandawe.

Local people at Amandawe still practise subsistence agriculture, although the

growing of crops has diminished and extensive grazing has increased in recent years.

Common and popular crops that are grown include maize (Zea mays L.), common bean

(Phaseolus vulgaris L.), sweet potato [(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], potato (Solanum

tuberosum L.), pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), calabash [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina)

Standley] and Swiss chard or “spinach” (Beta vulgaris L.).

9
Figure 1. Map showing the study site (Amandawe area in the KwaCele chieftainship near

Scottburgh in southern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa).

2.2 Literature survey

Several sources of information were used to find out if a particular plants species or plant

use has already been documented for Zulu ethnobotany. The books consulted are listed

in the first part of the introduction and include all sources with of information about Zulu

ethnobotany, including vernacular names and plant or plant uses (even if they lack

10
important details such as the origin of the anecdote and the relative importance of the

plant). Anthropological and ethnographic publications sometimes do not provide

adequate details for the accurate indentification of the species mentioned. Zulu plant use

knowledge was also sourced from a number of unpublished dissertations and theses

(e.g. Mthembu, 2009, Myeza, 2013) and relevant scientific papers such as Hutchings

(1989), Hutchings and Terblanche (1989), Osborne et al. (1994), De Wet et al. (2010,

2013, 2016), Corrigan et al. (2011), Mavundza et al. (2011), York et al. (2012) and De

Wet and Ngubane (2014). The novelty (or not) of vernacular names was also checked

against the following publications: Bews (1921), Gerstner (1938, 1939, 1941), Watt and

Breyer-Brandwijk (1962), Bryant (1966), Doke and Vilakazi (1972), Thomas and Grant

(1989), Pujol (1990), Hutchings et al. (1996), Walker (1996), Van Wyk and Gericke

(2000, 2018), Grace et al. (2002, 2008), Von Ahlefeldt et al. (2003), Ngwenya et al.

(2004), Raymond (2005), Pooley (1993, 2005, 2013), Van Wyk et al. (2008, 2009, 2011),

Boon (2010), Bromilow (2010) and Corrigan et al. (2011).

2.3 Participants and ethical approval

The author was born in Amandawe and the success in recruiting participants for the

study can be ascribed to the lack of social and language barriers and a clear

understanding of the local customs and protocols. Ethical approval was obtained from the

Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg. The local Chief,

Inkosi S.D. (Sifiso) Cele gave permission for the study, as did the KwaCele tribunal

committee. A letter from the KwaCele tribal authority granting permission to collect plant

materials was required in order to obtain a plant collecting permit, which was issued by

Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife.

11
 All ethical principles of data collection were in line with the International Society of

Ethnobiology (2006), as stated in the latest (2008) version concerning traditional resource

rights. Educated Prior Informed Consent (see International Society of Ethnobiology,

2006) was formalised by using a consent form that was signed by all the participants. All

interviews were conducted in isiZulu and the data first recorded in isiZulu and later

translated into English. Feedback was provided to participants and the final results will be

presented (as a poster, in isiZulu, a copy of the dissertation (donated to the local library),

and the scientific publications emanating from this survey.

As shown in Appendix 2, the following 37 persons (18 female and 19 male) [out of

the total of 40 participants (see Appendix 3)] participated in the formal interviews (the age

of each participant is given elsewhere in the data matrix):

Female participants: Cele, Zethu B (ZCEL); Cele, Punch (PUNCH); Dlomo,

Nondumiso (NDU); Duma, V.T. (MAMDUM); Identity withheld (NOMV); Identity withheld

(TNGW); Madiba, Eunice L (MYS); Mbhele, Zibuyile (MADL); Mbili, Tholakele (MAMBA);

Mgozi, Cecelia (MGOZ); Mhlongo, Barbara S. (BMHL); Mkhabela, Bonisile (BMKH);

Msomi, Khale (KV); Msomi, Munuza (MUN); Ngidi, Zibuyile (ZNGD); Ngwane, Thembisile

(MAKAS); Sukude, Ntombifuthi (SUKD); Zanele, Emmerentia Nkomo (ZNK).

Male participants: Bhengu, Phinda P (PB); Dlamini, Mr (DLAMINI); Dlamini, Z.

(ZADL); Duma Khuphuka (REVDUM); Gambushe, Shenge L. (SGAM); Hlongwa,

Mandlenkosi (JHLO); Identity withheld (BKHW); Identity withheld (CHNDL); Identity

withheld (DSHA); Identity withheld (SHEZ); Identity withheld (TMSO); Madlala, E.T.

(MRMAD); Mbatha, Thamsanqa (TMBA); Mbutho, Amos (MBUTHO); Mbutho, J. (JB);

Msani, Velaphi (MSAN); Ngidi, Mnqobi (MNQO); Phewa, Mr (PHEW); Zungu, Jonah (JZ).

12
2.4 Survey methodology

A reconnaissance of the Amandawe area in 2015 was followed by several field trips over

the period 2015 to 2018, to record, collect and photograph as many as possible of the

useful plants of the area. A combination of free-listing and Rapid Ethnobotanical

Appraisals (Martin, 2004) was used to gather local knowledge during interactions with the

people at Amadawe, including walks, cattle herding and general socialising.

Photographs were used to prepare colour photo plates of all medicinal plant

species that were recorded. These photo plates are attached as Appendix 4 and serve as

voucher specimens because they show separate photographs with details of the habit,

leaves, flowers and fruits. The names of some species were determined or verified by

consulting the literature, by comparisons with specimens in the KwaZulu-Natal Herbarium

(NH) and by consultation with herbarium staff. This flip-file of 310 images served as the

main research tool during formal interviews and for quantification. An additional 49

species were recorded and photographed (but not quantified) during the interviews,

bringing the total list to 359 species. The habit of the plant, as well as their leaves and

flowers were shown (often including a finger or hand to provide scale) thus ensuring that

the participants would easily recognise the plant (see Appendix 4). The method of

recording and quantification were the same as used by De Beer and Van Wyk (2011),

known as the matrix method. This allowed us to calculate the Species Popularity Index

(SPI) values, as well as the Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) values, both of which

were proposed and first used by De Beer and Van Wyk (2011). The response of each

participant to each of the 310 species presented in the flip-file of images is scored in the

following way: the participant recognises the plant but does not know its name or use(s) =

13
1; the participant recognises the plant and has one or more names for it, but no use(s) =

3 (1+2=3); the participant recognises the plant, knows one or more names and one or

more use(s) = 6 (1+2+3=6); less often, the participant knows the species and its use(s)

but cannot recall a name = 4 (1+0+3=4). The complete matrix is presented as electronic

supplement, Appendix 1). The SPI values are calculated by simply adding the total score

for each species and dividing that value by the maximum possible score. The EKI values

are calculated in the same way, by adding the total scores for each participant and

dividing that value by the maximum possible score (De Beer and Van Wyk, 2011).

To get a better idea of the relative importance of the medicinal plant species, the

Cultural Importance Index (CII) (Reyes-García et al., 2006; Tardío and Pardo-De-

Santayana, 2008) was also calculated and compared to the SPI values.

14
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Inventory of Amandawe medicinal plants

A summary of the medicinal uses of 359 vascular plant species of the Amadawe area is

presented in Table 1. This inventory includes the accepted Latin name of the plant, the

author, family name, all vernacular isiZulu names recorded at Amandawe, SPI values, CII

values, photographic and herbarium voucher numbers and all recorded medicinal uses at

Amadawe.

Table 1 gives a summary of the data in Appendix 1. All new species records, new

vernacular names and new medicinal uses are given in bold type (i.e., all data that, to the

best of my knowledge, have not yet been recorded for the Zulu culture; note that several

of these medicinal species and uses have already been recorded in other parts of Africa

but apparently not for the Zulu culture. Appendix 1 also provides, for all the species, all

previously recorded isiZulu vernacular names and all uses from the literature.

In the rest of this chapter, detailed analyses of the main patterns of medicinal plant

uses are presented, based on the summary data in Table 1.

15
 Table 1. List of all medicinal plants, their vernacular names and medicinal uses as
recorded at Amandawe. Newly recorded medicinal plant species, isiZulu vernacular
names and praise names, as well as newly recorded medicinal uses are given in bold
print. For some of the 110 new species records, charm and ritual uses have previously
been recorded but not medicinal uses. Photographic vouchers are included in Appendix
4.

No. Family Species *exotics Vernacular names Medicinal uses at

Amandawe
[SPI value] [CII value] (praises in brackets)
(voucher number) (new uses in bold)

1. Acanthaceae Asystasia gangetica (L.) Imboza, Isiphondo, DERMATOLOGICAL (acne)

T.Anderson Umanongwe

[not in matrix] (P320)

2. Acanthaceae Crabbea hirsuta Harv. Umusa, (Umusawakhe), DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

Umusa omncane, problems); UNSPECIFIED
[0.03] [0.05] (P79)
(Uvelemoyeni) AILMENT

3. Acanthaceae Thunbergia atriplicifolia (Matshinguphondo), PEDIATRIC (fontanelles,

E. Mey. ex Nees [0.25] Isiphondo, (Umhlonishwa) teething sicknesses, inyoni,
[0.35] (P282) diarrhoea); TONICS
(unspecified)

4. Acanthaceae Thunbergia natalensis Umakhweyana, PEDIATRIC (fontanelles)

Hook. (Matshinguphondo),
Umgunya
[not in matrix] (P427)

5. Acoraceae *Acorus calamus L. Iklalamuzi, Indaluqwatha, EAR, NOSE AND THROAT

Indawolucwatha, (colds and flu); GASTRO-
[0.79] [0.92] (P9)
Uzulucwatha INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (coughs, chest
problems)

6. Aizoaceae Carpobrotus dimidiatus Ibohlololo, Ubohlololo MUSCULO-SKELETAL

(Haw.) L.Bolus [not in lesilungu, Impinda ebovu (inflammation)
matrix] (P328) yasolwandle

7. Aizoaceae Mesembryanthemum Ibohlololo ANTIMICROBIAL (sexually

cordifolium L.f. [0.92] transmitted ailments,
[0.95] (P198) antiseptic); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (inflammation);
TONICS (unspecified-emetic)

8. Aizoaceae Tetragonia Ibohlololo elimhlophe, MUSCULO-SKELETAL

tetragonioides (Pall.) Imfino, Ispinach sehlathi, (inflammation)
Kuntze [0.03] [0.03] Isipinashi somgwaqo, U
(P281) two minutes

16
9. Alliaceae Tulbaghia violacea Itsweli lezinyoka, CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
Harv. Isivimbampunzi, ishalati pressure); EAR, NOSE AND
lezinyoka, Itsweli THROAT (colds and flu);
[0.51] [0.19] (P288)
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (isela);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(coughs); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

10. Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus deflexus Imbuya, Ugagabo, DERMATOLOGICAL (lice

L. Ugobolo infestation)

[0.05] [0.08] (P23)

11. Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus hybridus Imbuya, Ugobolo, Ugobolo DERMATOLOGICAL (lice

L. wamandiya, Umabonda infestation)

[0.05] [0.05] (P24)

12. Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus spinosus Isinyembane ANALGESIC (sharp internal

L. body pains-izibhobo);
DERMATOLOGICAL (lice
[0.08] [0.08] (P25)
infestation)

13. Amaranthaceae Amaranthus thunbergii Imbuya, Ugobolo DERMATOLOGICAL (lice

Moq. infestation)

[0.05] [0.05] (P26)

14. Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus viridis L. Imbuya, Ugobolo DERMATOLOGICAL (lice

infestation)
[0.05] [0.05] (P27)

15. Amaranthaceae *Dysphania Ikhambi leslumo, Ikhambi ANALGESIC (fever);

ambrosioides (L.) lamahhashi, Isinuka, ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal
Mosyakin & Clemants Isinukamasimba, disease); ANTHELMINTIC
Umanxiweni, (deworming);
[0.73] [1.08] (P114)
Umnukampethu, DERMATOLOGICAL (boils, lice,
Uzansikwesibaya body odour); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (colds and flu);
PEDIATRIC (stomach cramps,
isela, baby sicknesses, fever);
TONICS (umuthi obovu);
URINARY SYSTEM (urinary
infections, bladder and
prostate, kidneys)

16. Amaryllidaceae Boophone disticha (L.f.) Inconco, Incotho, Ingcotho, ANALGESIC (lower back
Herb. Umayime aches); NERVOUS SYSTEM
(fits, hysteria)
[0.14] [0.19] (P44)

17. Amaryllidaceae Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Umayime NERVOUS SYSTEM (sedative);

Bosse REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(impotence), TONICS
[not in matrix] (P335)
(unspecified, umuthi
omhlophe)

17
18. Amaryllidaceae Crinum macowanii Intelezi, Uguqu, Umduze ANALGESIC (toothache);
Baker DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach
[0.39] [0.41] (P80)
problems); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (inflammation);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(galactogogue, impotence);
TONICS (unspecified)

19. Amaryllidaceae Haemanthus albiflos Uzeneke, Mayime intelezi, TONICS (unspecified),

Jacq. Ulimi lwenkomo, UNSPECIFIED AILMENT
Insulansula yegcaki
[0.14] [0.14] (P159)

20. Amaryllidaceae Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Idumbe likahloyile, ANALGESIC (fever, malaria,
Friis & Nordal (Isangoma), Uhloyile toothache);
Umphompo CARDIOVASCULAR (blood
[0.32] [0.49] (P241)
purification);
DERMATOLOGICAL (lice);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-
”biliousness”); NERVOUS
SYSTEM (fits); PEDIATRIC
(chest congestion, baby
sicknesses); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (chest phlegm,
iphika); URINARY SYSTEM
(bladder and prostate,
kidneys); TRAUMA (idliso)

21. Anacardiaceae Harpephyllum caffrum Umgwenya ANALGESIC (lower back

Bernh. aches); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea); TONICS
[0.95] [0.62] (P160)
(unspecified-emetic, umuthi
obovu)

22. Anacardiaceae Loxostylis alata Umpendulo, Umphenduli DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

A.Spreng. ex Rchb. problems); TONICS (umuthi
obovu)
[not in matrix] (P437)

23. Anacardiaceae **Mangifera indica L. Umangwe TRAUMA (idliso)

[not in matrix] (P384)

24. Anacardiaceae Protorhus longifolia Inhluthe, Isifuce, Uzinhla CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

(Bernh.) Engl. [0.72] purifier); DERMATOLOGICAL
[0.78] (P230) (warts); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(nyongo-”biliousness”,
inability to deficate); TONICS
(umuthi obovu, imbiza);
URINARY SYSTEM (inability to
urinate)

25. Anacardiaceae Sclerocarya birrea (A. (Umaganikhehla, CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

Rich) Hochst. [0.41] Umgane), Umganu purification); ENDOCRINE

18
 [0.86] (P245) SYSTEM (mumps); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (diarrhoea,
stomach discomfort); TONICS
(unspecified-emetic, umuthi
obovu, imbiza)

26. Anacardiaceae Searsia chirindensis Inhlakoshane, ANALGESIC (isincindo for

(Baker f.) Moffett Inyazangoma, pains, sharp internal body
Inyazangoma elimhlophe, pains); TONICS (umuthi
[0.16] [0.19] (P247)
Isihlakothana, Isihlakothi, obovu)
Isihlakothi esimhlophe,
Ishlakothi sehlathi, Uvethe

27. Anacardiaceae Searsia rehmanniana Inyazangoma elibovu, DERMATOLOGICAL (acne);

Engl. Isihlakothi, Isihlakothi RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
esibovu (accumulation of chest
[0.19] [0.35] (P249)
phlegm); TONICS (umuthi
obovu, imbiza)

28. Annonaceae Artabotrys monteiroae Umadwabe, Umazenda, NERVOUS SYSTEM (hysteria);

Oliv. Umazende, Umazwenda, TONICS (umuthi omhlophe)
(Umgogo wezinhlanya),
[0.05] [0.05] (P32)
Unozende

29. Annonaceae Monanthotaxis caffra Umadwabe, Umalidwabe, TONICS (umuthi omhlophe)

Verdc. Umazwenda

[0.08] [0.19] (P205)

30. Annonaceae Uvaria caffra E. Mey. ex Umalizwende, NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sond. Umazwenda, Unozende (sedative/hysteria); TONICS
(umuthi omhlophe)
[0.03] [0.05] (P291)

31. Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Umangobozane, Isgoba ANALGESIC (sharp internal
Urb. body pains); ANTIMICROBIAL
(venereal disease);
[0.27] [0.43] (P61)
CARDIOVASCULAR (excessive
bleeding); DERMATOLOGICAL
(sores, wounds, body itch);
EAR, NOSE AND THROAT (ear
infections); ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM (swelling of inguinal
lyphatic nodes); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (ease childbirth);
PEDIATRIC (isithakathi);
TONICS (unspecified-oral)

32. Apiaceae *Foeniculum vulgare Imbozisa, Imbozisa enkulu ANALGESIC (toothache);

Mill. ANTIMICROBIAL
(disinfectant); MUSCULO-
[0.32] [0.51] (P146)
SKELETAL (inflammation);
NERVOUS SYSTEM (anxiety);

19
 TONICS (body wash).
TRAUMA (idliso)

33. Apocynaceae Acokanthera Inhlungunyemba, ANALGESIC (headache,

oblongifolia (Hochst.) Inhlungunyembe general pains, toothache);
Codd [0.22] [0.43] (P7) CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
pressure); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (allergies);
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(diabetes); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (constipation);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation)

34. Apocynaceae Acokanthera Inhlungunyembe ANALGESIC (headache,

oppositifolia (Lam.) general pain, sharp internal
Codd [0.61] [0.62] (P8) body pains, toothache);
CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
pressure); ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM (diabetes); EAR,
NOSE AND THROAT (meat
allergies); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (constipation);
TRAUMA (snake-bite)

35. Apocynaceae Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Isende lengulube, GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach

Schltr. [0.03] [0.03] (Udelani), Udelunina, Ukati problems)
(P34)

36. Apocynaceae Carissa bispinosa (L.) Amathungulu ANALGESIC (headache); EAR,

Desf. ex Brenan [0.27] NOSE AND THROAT (colds and
[0.14] (P55) flu); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea)

37. Apocynaceae Carissa macrocarpa Amathungulu ANALGESIC (headache);

(Eckl.) A.DC. [0.24] DERMATOLOGICAL (boils);
[0.11] (P56) MUSCULO-SKELETAL (bone
recovery); TONICS
(unspecified-emetic)

38. Apocynaceae *Catharanthus roseus Imbali yamathuna, Imbali ANALGESIC (headache;

(L.) G.Don yesibaya, Isona, Ubani toothache); ANTHELMINTIC
bezwe, Umangashi (deworming); ANTIMICROBIAL
[0.19] [0.32] (P58)
(venereal discharge in
females); CARDIOVASCULAR
(high blood pressure,
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps, diarrhoea)

39. Apocynaceae Cynanchum viminale (L.) Amabhelebhele, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

L. Umgontsho (galactogogue)

[not in matrix] [0.03]

[0.03] (P90)

20
40. Apocynaceae Gomphocarpus Usinga, Uqhumane, ANALGESIC (headache,
physocarpus E.Mey. Usingalwesalukazi, Usipha internal side pains);
[0.53] [0.65] (P153) lwesalukazi DERMATOLOGICAL (wounds);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); NERVOUS
SYSTEM (hysteria); PEDIATRIC
(swollen stomachs ,
isthakathi, common baby
sicknesses, transitioning to
eating solid food); TONICS
(unspecified); TRAUMA (idliso,
snake-bite)

41. Apocynaceae Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Umondo, Umondi TONICS (appetite stimulant);
Skeels GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(constipation, bloated
[not in matrix] (P388)
stomach)

42. Apocynaceae Rauvolfia caffra Sond. Umhlambamanzi ANTHELMINTIC (general

vermifuge); ANALGESIC
[0.32] [0.49] (P234)
(toothache); TONICS (appetite
stimulant);
DERMATOLOGICAL (body
odour, skin problems);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(jaundice, inability to
deficate); PEDIATRIC (baby
sicknesses, sharp internal
side pains); TONICS (umuthi
obovu, unspecified); URINARY
SYSTEM (kidneys, inability to
urinate)

43. Apocynaceae Secamone alpinii Iphophoma TONICS (umuthi omhlophe)

Schult.

[not in matrix] (P417)

44. Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana Amasende enkawu, ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal

ventricosa Hochst. ex Indokonde, Isende lenkawu diseases); UNSPECIFIED
A.DC. [not in matrix] AILMENT
(P425)

45. Apocynaceae Voacanga thouarsii Ihlala laselwandle, Isende CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

Roem. & Schult. [0.03] lenja, Inomfi, Uthangana clots), UNSPECIFIED AILMENT
[0.05] (P301)

46. Apocynaceae Xysmalobium Ishongwe, Indonya DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);

undulatum (L.) GASTRO-INTESTINAL (painful
W.T.Aiton [0.19] [0.22] swollen stomach);
(P305) REPRODUCTIVE (virility-
umuthi wamadoda);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); NERVOUS

21
 SYSTEM (sedative-umuthi
wamakhala); TONICS (vigour)

47. Araceae Zantedeschia aethiopica Ingquthuyengane, Intebe MUSCULO-SKELETAL

(L.) Spreng. [0.05] [0.03] (inflammation)
(P306)

48. Araliaceae Cussonia nicholsonii Insengane, Umsenge GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

Strey ”biliousness”); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (inflammation);
[0.33] [0.43] (P85)
TONICS (unspecified-emetic);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

49. Araliaceae Cussonia spicata Thunb. Umsenge GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

”biliousness”); MUSCULO-
[0.35] [0.38] (P86)
SKELETAL (inflammation);
TONICS (unspecified-emetic);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

50. Araucariaceae **Araucaria (Abangqongqozi) TONICS (umuthi obovu)

heterophylla (Salisb.)
Franco [not in matrix]
(P317)

51. Arecaceae Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Isundu, Usundu ANALGESIC (sharp internal
body pains, internal side
[1.00] [0.14] (P221)
pains, toothache);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

52. Asparagaceae Asparagus laricinus Isgoba, Uvucu PEDIATRIC (internal side

Burch. pains); RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(chest problems)
[not in matrix] (P319)

53. Asparagaceae Bowiea volubilis Harv. Iguleni, Ugibizisila DERMATOLOGICAL (flaking

ex Hook.f. subsp. facial skin-ikhambi, acne)
volubilis [not in matrix]
(P433)

54. Asparagaceae **Furcraea foetida (L.) Isitaluka, Ubhumlane, MUSCULO-SKELETAL

Haw. Ufayibe (inflammation)

[0.05] [0.05] (P147)

55. Asparagaceae **Sansevieria cylindrica Uphondo lukabhejane, ANTIMICROBIAL (disinfect

Bojer ex Hook. [not in (Uhlabazihlangane) fresh body incisions)
matrix] (P415)

56. Asphodelaceae Aloe arborescens Mill. Inhlabane, Inkalane ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);

CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
[0.67] [0.84] (P16)
pressure); DERMATOLOGICAL
(sores or wounds); EAR,
NOSE AND THROAT (colds and
flu); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(nyongo-”biliousness”,
stomach cramps); MUSCULO-

22
 SKELETAL (inflammation);
PEDIATRIC (weaning);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(impotence); TONICS (imbiza,
appetite stimulant); TRAUMA
(snake-bite)

57. Asphodelaceae Aloe ferox Mill. Inhlaba ANTHELMINTIC (general

vermifuge);
[0.94] [0.84] (P18)
CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
pressure); DERMATOLOGICAL
(sores and wounds, ibhande);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); NERVOUS SYSTEM
(post traumatic effects
caused by the fear of
lightening); PEDIATRIC (isolo,
weaning); TONICS (imbiza,
fatigue); TRAUMA (snake-
bite)

58. Asphodelaceae Aloe maculata All. Icena, Ichenyane, Inhlaba CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
pressure); GASTRO-
[0.38] [0.54] (P19)
INTESTINAL (nyongo-
”biliousness”); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (inflammation);
PEDIATRIC (weaning);
TRAUMA (snake-bite);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
childbirth, virility-umuthi
wamadoda)

59. Asphodelaceae Aloe thraskii Baker Inhlaba yasolwandle, ANALGESIC (sharp internal
Isgoba pains); ANTIMICROBIAL
[0.05] [0.08] (P20)
(disinfect wounds); TRAUMA
(snake-bite)

60. Asphodelaceae Aloidendron barberae Isigoba, Inhlabende, ANALGESIC (sharp internal

Dyer Inhlaba yesilungu, body pains); ANTHELMINTIC
Umpondonde, (deworming);
[0.32] [0.38] (P21)
Umpondondo, CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
Uphondolwendlovu pressure); OPTHALMIC (eye
infection); PEDIATRIC
(weaning)

61. Asphodelaceae Bulbine asphodeloides Ibhucu TRAUMA (burn wound)

(L.) Spreng. [not in
matrix] (P324)

62. Asphodelaceae Bulbine natalensis Baker Ibhucu TRAUMA (burn wound)

[not in matrix] (P325)

63. Asteraceae Afroaster hispida Udlutshana, Udlutshani DERMATOLOGICAL (sores,

(Thunb.) J.C.Manning & over production of sebum);
23
 Goldblatt [0.28] [0.57] GASTRO-INTESTINAL (isela);
(P35) MUSCULO-SKELETAL (back
problem); NERVOUS SYSTEM
(hysteria, post traumatic
effects caused by the fear of
lightening); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (impotence);
TRAUMA (wounds); URINARY
SYSTEM (kidneys, bladder)

64. Asteraceae Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Umhlonyane EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
Willd. (colds, colds and flu)

[not in matrix] (P317)

65. Asteraceae Athrixia phylicoides DC. Inkalane, Ishanelo MUSCULO-SKELETAL

(inflammation)
[0.03] [0.03] (P36)

66. Asteraceae Berkheya bipinnatifida Ubani OPTHALMIC (eye problems

(Harv.) Roessler [0.41] and eye infections);
[0.51] (P40) PEDIATRIC (chest side pains);
TONICS (umuthi omhlophe)

67. Asteraceae Berkheya speciosa (DC.) Ikhakhasi, Umalumvumba EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
O.Hoffm. [0.05] [0.05] (tonsillitis); URINARY SYSTEM
P41 (bladder and prostate)

68. Asteraceae Berkheya umbellata Ikhakhasi, Ulimi lwenkomo DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);

DC. GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea, gall); MUSCULO-
[0.11] [0.14] (P42)
SKELETAL (inflammation)

69. Asteraceae *Bidens pilosa L. Ucadolo, Uqadolo ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal

infection); CARDIOVASCULAR
[0.54] [0.78] (P43)
(swollen feet);
DERMATOLOGICAL (lice); EAR,
NOSE AND THROAT (colds and
flu); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(heartburn); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (ease childbirth);
PEDIATRIC (fever in infants;
umbilical cord; stomach
cramps, isilonda sesela and
inyoni, excessive vomiting in
infants, raise the depressed
frontal fontanelles); TONICS
(unspecified); TRAUMA
(wounds)

70. Asteraceae Brachylaena discolor Iphahla, Isiduli, Isiphahluka REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

DC. (prevent miscarriage);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT
[0.10] [0.11] (P45)

24
71. Asteraceae Callilepis laureola DC. Amafutha omhlaba, Impila DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);
EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
[0.22] [0.14] (P49)
(ear); UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

72. Asteraceae *Chromolaena odorata Usandanezwe, Uwayiwayi REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (after

(L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. birth pains)
[not in matrix] (P322)

73. Asteraceae Eclipta postrata (L.) L. Umphamephuce DERMATOLOGICAL (facial skin

eruption); REPRODUCTIVE
[0.08] [0.16] (P115)
SYSTEM (virility-umuthi
wamadoda); TONICS (umuthi
obandayo)

74. Asteraceae Felicia erigeroides DC. Foshela, Uqhwashu, GASTRO-INTESTINAL (isela);

Ikhambi lakwaNgcobo REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
[0.11] [0.11] (P141)
(prevent miscarriages),
UNCLASSIFIED AILMENT
(unknown use-umuthi
wamakhala)

75. Asteraceae Gazania krebsiana Less. Ubendle, Umasonga EAR, NOSE AND THROAT (ear
problems); PEDIATRIC
[0.06] [0.08] (P149)
(internal side pains); TONICS
(unspecified-enema)

76. Asteraceae Gerbera piloselloides Imbune yentaba, Ubani, DERMATOLOGICAL (wounds);

(L.) Cass. Ugqamhloshane, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
Uhlunguhlungu, childbirth); MUSCULO-
[0.15] [0.19] (P150)
Umoyawezwe, SKELETAL (inflammation);
Umpikayboni NERVOUS SYSTEM
(hysteria/madness);
PEDIATRIC (tonic for infants);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

77. Asteraceae Gymnanthemum Uhlunguhlungu NERVOUS SYSTEM (hysteria);

corymbosum (L.f.) TONICS (umuthi obandayo)
H.Rob. [not in matrix]

78. Asteraceae Helichrysum acutatum Uzangume TONICS (unspecified)

DC. [not in matrix]

79. Asteraceae Helichrysum auronitens Impepho, Intungwa ANALGESIC (toothache);

Sch.Bip. [0.05] [0.08] MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(P161) (inflammation); TRAUMA
(nose bleed)

80. Asteraceae Helichrysum cymosum Impepho, Impepho PEDIATRIC (certain baby

(L.) D.Don emhlophe, Impepho ailments)
enkulu, Impepho
[0.03] [0.03] (P162)
yezangoma, Impepho
yamaRoma, Impepho
yamawele

81. Asteraceae Helichrysum Impepho, Impepho EAR, NOSE AND THROAT

25
 luteoalbum (L.) Rchb. emhlophe/ enkulu, (colds and flu); GASTRO-
[0.05] [0.08] (P163) Impepho emnyama, INTESTINAL (stomach
Impepho yamakholwa, cramps); MUSCULO-SKELETAL
Impepho yamawele, (inflammation)
Impepho yesizulu,
Inkondlwane

82. Asteraceae Helichrysum Impepho TONICS (unspecified)

odoratissimum (L.)
Sweet [0.03] [0.03]
(P164)

83. Asteraceae Microglossa mespilifolia Ikhambi lesduli, Ikhambi ANALGESIC (back pains,
(Less.) B.L.Rob. [0.80] elimhlophe, Umazambezi fever); ANTIMICROBIAL
[1.32] (P199) (venereal diseases, umzimba
omubi, chicken pox, scabies);
CARDIOVASCULAR (blood
cleanser); DERMATOLOGICAL
(body itch); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (clear nasal
congestion, colds and flu);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); PEDIATRIC (measles,
body rash, sores, fever,
isithakathi, constipation);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(impotence); TONICS
(unspecified); URINARY
SYSTEM (urinary infections)

84. Asteraceae Mikania natalensis DC. Ihlozi ANALGESIC (headaches); EAR,

NOSE AND THROAT (nasal
[not in matrix] (P387)
congestion, colds and flu)

85. Asteraceae Osteospermum Igwababa, Ikhambi CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood

monilifera L. lenyongo, Imbozisa pressure); GASTRO-
yasolwandle, Isifulwane, INTESTINAL (nyongo-
[0.60] [0.68] (P212)
Ithenanja, Ugudlulwandle, ”biliousness”)
Ugudlumfula, Ulimi
lwenkomo, Unkuphunyane

86. Asteraceae Platycarpha glomerata Imbozisa, Imbozisa encane, ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal

(Thunb.) Less. [0.23] Imbozisa yentaba, disease); DERMATOLOGICAL
[0.24] (P225) Isiphahluka, Ubani, Ubani (sweaty feet); REPRODUCTIVE
olukhulu, Ukhula, SYSTEM (excessive
Umabopha, Umbola, menstruation); MUSCULO-
Umkhwibi ompofu, SKELETAL (inflammation);
(Usigcawu) OPTHALMIC (painful eyes);
PEDIATRIC (internal side
pains)

87. Asteraceae *Schkuhria pinnata Unsakansakane, ANTHELMINTIC (general

(Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell. Umanxiweni vermifuge); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (isela, stomach
26
 [0.64] [0.81] (P242) cramps, diarrhoea, nausea);
PEDIATRIC (teething related
ailments, fever)

88. Asteraceae Senecio coronatus Ubulibazi, Ikhohlwa, Imbiza GASTRO-INTESTINAL (isilonda

(Thunb.) Harv. [0.07] yezingane sesela); TRAUMA (idliso);
[0.08] (P250) TONICS (unspecified-enema)

89. Asteraceae Senecio serratuloides Unsukumbili, Unsukumbili ANALGESIC (general pains);

DC. wehlathi ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal
diseases, genital sores);
[0.81] [1.08] (P251)
DERMATOLOGICAL (sores,
skin eruptions, medical
operations); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (inflammation);
PEDIATRIC (fontanelles
depression); TONICS (imbiza,
unspecified-enema)

90. Asteraceae *Sonchus oleraceus (L.) Isendelengulube, ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

L. Isikhabasengulube, (diabetes)
Ucange, Uhabe,
[0.30] [0.03] (P262)
Uklwabuklwabu,
Ukhuphekhuphe, Uqange,
Uqhoshombe, U-two
minute,
Uvelemampondweni

91. Asteraceae *Spilanthes mauritiana Isishoshokazane, Isisinini ANALGESIC (toothache);

(A.Rich. ex Pers.) DC. ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal
[1.00] [1.62] (P264) diseases, skin eruption);
ANTHELMINTIC (pinworms);
CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
pressure); DERMATOLOGICAL
(sores); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (colds and flu, mouth
sores, tonsillitis, ulcers);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (isela);
PEDIATRIC (baby sicknesses);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(cough); TONICS (imbiza);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

92. Asteraceae *Tagetes minuta L. Ikhambi lempaka, Insangu ANTIMICROBIAL

katikoloshe, Usangwana (disinfectant); ANALGESIC
[0.35] [0.32] (P277)
(toothache);
DERMATOLOGICAL (body
odour, sores); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (colds and flu);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(impehlwa); TONICS
(unspecified); UNSPECIFIED

27
 AILMENT

93. Asteraceae *Tithonia diversifolia Ugudlumngeni, GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach

(Hemsl.) A.Gray [not in Ugudlumfula, cramps, food poisoning);
matrix] (P428) Umantshoboza PEDIATRIC (isela)

94. Bignoniaceae Kigelia africana (Lam.) Umvongose, Umvongothi REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Benth. (swollen testicles)

[0.03] [0.03] (P183)

95. Bignoniaceae Tecomaria capensis Umunyane, Uthswala ANALGESIC (fever,

(Thunb.) Spach [0.68] benyoni backaches); EAR, NOSE AND
[1.22] (P278) THROAT (colds and flu, clear
nasal congestion); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (nyongo-
”biliousness”, isela);
NERVOUS SYSTEM (hysteria);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(congested nasal passages,
sinuses)

96. Boraginaceae Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Umklele TONICS (unspecified-emetic,

Druce umuthi obovu)

[0.05] [0.05] (P116)

97. Brassicaceae *Erucastrum Iklabishana, Isiqoshombe, UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

austroafricanum Al- Ukhuphekhuphe, Uqange
Shehbaz & Warwick
[0.15] [0.03] (P128)

98. Burseraceae Commiphora harveyi Umhlunguthwa, Umumbu DERMATOLOGICAL (septic

(Engl.) Engl. [0.16] wounds, burn wounds,
[0.22] (P77) flaking facial skin-ikhambi);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL (bone
reformation); TONICS (umuthi
obovu); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

99. Cactaceae Rhipsalis baccifera Ugebeleweni TONICS (imbiza);

(J.S.Muell.) Stear [not in REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
matrix] (P410) (treats sterility,
galactogogue).

100. Cannabaceae *Cannabis sativa L. Igudu, Insangu, (Umthunzi CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
wezinkukhu) pressure); EAR, NOSE AND
[1.00] [0.95] (P52)
THROAT (ulcers);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (chest
complaint, asthma, shortness
of breath); TRAUMA (idliso);
TONICS (imbiza, promote
weight loss)

101. Cannabaceae Celtis africana Burm.f. (Umathekapheli), ANTHELMINITIC (deworming);

28
 [0.04] [0.05] (P59) Umvumvu, Uvuvu GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nausea)

102. Cannabaceae Celtis gomphophylla (Umathakapheli), DERMATOLOGICAL (acne)

Baker Umvumvu, (Uqhoboka
zavithi), Uvuvu
[0.03] [0.03] (P60)

103. Caricaceae **Carica papaya L. Uphopho, Upopo DERMATOLOGICAL (facial

application); RESPIRATORY
[not in matrix] (P327)
SYSTEM (coughs)

104. Caryophyllaceae Silene burchellii Otth ex Ikhambi lezingane, PEDIATRIC (isithakathi);

DC. Umnyamawempunzi, UNSPECIFIED AILMENT
Umshekisane
[0.05] [0.05] (P256)

105. Celastraceae Elaeodendron Ingwavuma GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach

transvaalense (Burtt cramps)
Davy) R.H.Archer [not in
matrix] (P355)

106. Celastraceae Gymnosporia rubra Ihlinzanyoka, Ithethe ANALGESIC (internal sharp

(Harv.) Loes. [0.26] body pains); MUSCULO-
[0.24] (P158) SKELETAL (inflammation);
TRAUMA (snake-bite)

107. Celastraceae Maytenus peduncularis Inqayi, Inqayi elimnyama TONICS (unspecified)

Loes.

[0.03] [0.03] (P194)

108. Colchicaceae Gloriosa modesta Ihlamvu REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

(Hook.) J.C.Manning & (desired sex of the foetus)
Vinn. [not in matrix]
(P367)

109. Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba L. Ihlamvu, Idangabane DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);

lasolwandle TRAUMA (wounds);
[not in matrix] (P368)
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(desired sex of the foetus,
conception of twins)

110. Combretaceae Combretum kraussii (Intombi ibhincela nxanye), TONICS (cleansing); URINARY
Hochst. Umdubu, Umdubu SYSTEM (kidneys, bladder and
omhlophe, Umdubu prostate); REPRODUCTIVE
[0.35] [0.32] (P70)
wamanzi SYSTEM (enable conception;
imbiza yamanzi for young
women, prevent a
miscarriage; virility-umuthi
wamadoda, vigour)

111. Combretaceae Combretum molle R.Br. Isibondwe, Umbonda, ANALGESIC (general body
ex G.Don [0.54] [0.62] Umbondwe pains, internal sharp body
(P71) pains, lower back pain);
CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
pressure); GASTRO-

29
 INTESTINAL (diarrhoea);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (clear
udende and coughs, tight
chest); TONICS (umuthi
obovu); TRAUMA (idliso)

112. Combretaceae Combretum woodii Umdubu, Umdubu REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Dümmer wehlathi (virility-umuthi wamadoda);
TONICS (imbiza)
[0.05] [0.05] (P72)

113. Commelinaceae Aneilema aequinoctiale Idangabane MUSCULO-SKELETAL

(P.Beauv.) Loudon (inflammation); TONICS
[0.13] [0.14] (P29) (imbiza); TRAUMA (burn
wound)

114. Commelinaceae Commelina africana L. Idangabane, Idangabane ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal

lomfula, (Umafavuke) disease); MUSCULO-SKELETAL
[0.16] [0.24] (P73)
(inflammation); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (shortness of breath-
iphika); TONICS (unspecified-
oral)

115. Commelinaceae Commelina Idangabane, Idangabane MUSCULO-SKELETAL

benghalensis L. lentaba, (Umafavuke) (inflammation); TONICS
(unspecified-enema)
[0.19] [0.19] (P74)

116. Commelinaceae Commelina eckloniana Idangabane, Idangabane ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal

Kunth lamanzi disease); MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); OPTHALMIC
[0.13] [0.19] (P75)
(eyes); TONICS (unspecified-
enema)

117. Commelinaceae Commelina erecta L. Idangabane MUSCULO-SKELETAL

(inflammation); TONICS
[0.11] [0.11] (P76)
(unspecified-enema)

118. Commelinaceae Cyanotis speciosa (L.f.) Iphindemuva elincane, ANTIMICROBIAL (gonorrhea);

Hassk. Umakoti ugoyile, DERMATOLOGICAL (lice);
Iphindemuva, MUSCULO-SKELETAL
[0.11] [0.14] (P87)
(Udabulamafu), (inflammation); UNSPECIFIED
Unkungwini AILMENT

119. Commelinaceae **Tradescantia pallida Idangabane elibovu TRAUMA (burn wounds)

(Rose) D.R. Hunt [not in
matrix] (P429)

120. Convolvulaceae **Ipomoea batatas (L.) Ubhatata DERMATOLOGICAL (body

Lam. odour)

[not in matrix] (P374)

121. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea cairica (L.) Ijalamu, Ingcingolo ANALGESIC (internal side
Sweet pains); DERMATOLOGICAL
(persistent sores); GASTRO-

30
 [0.32] [0.32] (P174) INTESTINAL (purgative)

122. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea crassipes Ijalamu, Uvimbukhalo GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

Hook. ”biliousness”); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (inflammation)
[0.13] [0.05] (P175)

123. Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pellita Hallier Uvimbukhalo REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

f. (impotence); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENTS
[0.16] [0.05] (P176)

124. Crassulaceae Crassula obovata Haw. Ushisizwe DERMATOLOGICAL (lice)

[not in matrix] (P339)

125. Crassulaceae Crassula sarmentosa Umvuthuza womfula DERMATOLOGICAL (lice)

Harv.

[not in matrix] (P340)

126. Crassulaceae **Kalanchoe pinnata Inyathelo, Umvuthuza ANALGESIC (tooth ache);

(Lam.) Pers. [0.76] DERMATOLOGICAL (lice);
[0.73] (P180) MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation);
UNCLASSIFIED AILMENTS
(amalumbo)

127. Cucurbitaceae Cucumis zeyheri Sond. Umhlikihlo, Uthangazane, NERVOUS SYSTEM (fits);
Intshungu, Umhlakahlo, TONICS (unspecified-enema,
[0.14] [0.19] (P84)
Umhlakathiso, Intshungu unspecified-oral tonic);
yezalukazi, Isendelenja REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(prevent miscarriage)

128. Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria sphaerica Inthsungu, Iselwa lentaba CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
(Sond.) Naudin [not in pressure); NERVOUS SYSTEM
matrix] (P379) (sedative)

129. Cucurbitaceae Momordica balsamina Intshungu ANALGESIC (lower back

L. aches, back pains);
CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
[0.76] [0.73] (P204)
pressure); DERMATOLOGICAL
(umeqo); TONICS (imbiza)

130. Cucurbitaceae Momordica foetida Intshungu, Intshungu CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood

Schumach. yehlathi, Insthungu pressure); TONICS (imbiza)
yezalikazi
[not in matrix] (P438)

131. Cyantheaceae Alsophila dregei (Kunze) Inkomankoma, ANALGESIC (sharp internal

R.M.Tryon [0.11] [0.13] Inkombandlela body pains);
(P22) DERMATOLOGICAL (ibhande);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(impotence); TONICS (imbiza);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

132. Cyperaceae Cyperus dives Delile Umhlahlo, Ukati, Uluzi, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(izinseka); PEDIATRIC (baby
31
 [0.08] [0.08] (P92) Igceba, Igceba elincane sickness); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

133. Cyperaceae Cyperus papyrus L. Ibhuma, Intandelo REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

(prevent miscarriage);
[0.08] [0.08] (P94)
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); TONICS
(unspecified)

134. Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus Igceba, Incema, Incema CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

scirpoides (Schrad.) yamadoda, Induma, purification); REPRODUCTIVE
Browning [0.05] [0.05] Ingqumba, Ingcingolo, SYSTEM (ease childbirth)
(P243) Ingqumbe

135. Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea dregeana Ingevu, Intana ebovu, ANALGESIC (sharp internal
(Kunth) T.Durand & Udakwa, Ufudu, body pains); EAR, NOSE AND
Schinz [not in matrix] Ufudulwehlathi THROAT (colds and flu);
(P347) TONICS (umuthi obovu)

136. Dipsacaceae Scabiosa columbaria L. (Ibhekaminangedwa), DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

Upelepelane problems); MUSCULO-
[0.05] [0.08] (P240)
SKELETAL (lower back
problems); TONICS
(unspecified-emetic)

137. Ebenaceae Diospyros lycioides Desf. Umnqandane GASTRO-INTESTINAL

(diarrhoea)
[not in matrix] (P348)

138. Ebenaceae Diospyros whyteana Umnqandane GASTRO-INTESTINAL

(Hiern) P.White [not in (diarrhoea)
matrix] (P351)

139. Ebenaceae Euclea natalensis A.DC. Umshekisane URINARY SYSTEM (bladder

and prostate)
[not in matrix] (P359)

140. Euphorbiaceae Acalypha glabrata Isithobothi, Uthobothi ANALGESIC (general body

Thunb. var. glabrata pains); TONICS (imbiza)
[0.11] [0.11] (P5)

141. Euphorbiaceae Acalypha glandulifolia Umsununundu REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Buchinger & Meisn. ex (impotence); MUSCULO-
C.Krauss [0.05] [0.05] SKELETAL (inflammation);
(P6) REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(impotence)

142. Euphorbiaceae Clutia ovalis Sond. Umembesa CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

clots); TRAUMA (snake-bite)
[0.03] [0.05] (P67)

143. Euphorbiaceae Croton sylvaticus (Umahlabekufeni), ANALGESIC (toothache, sharp

Hochst. Umgweba, Umzilanyoni internal body pains);
CARDIOVASCULAR (blood
[0.19] [0.27] (P81)
purification, stroke);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
childbirth); PEDIATRIC
32
 (isithakathi); TONICS (umuthi
obovu, unspecified),
UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

144. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia cupularis Ibunga, Umdlebe, DERMATOLOGICAL (burn

Boiss. Uvuthane wounds); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (coughs); TONICS
[0.05] [0.11] (P137)
(imbiza); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENTS

145. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia ingens (Abaphaphi), Umnhlonhlo, DERMATOLOGICAL (acne,

E.Mey. ex Boiss. [0.16] Umphapha warts, sores); GASTRO-
[0.19] (P138) INTESTINAL (nyongo-
”biliousness”, diarrhoea);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); TONICS
(unspecified), UNDISCLOSED
AILMENT

146. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia tirucalli L. Umsululu DERMATOLOGICAL (boils,

sores, warts); UNSPECIFIED
[0.22] [0.24] (P139)
AILMENTS

147. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia triangularis Uhambanaye, Umalilisa, DERMATOLOGICAL (warts),

Desf. ex A.Berger [0.05] Umnhlonhlo, Umhlonhlo MUSCULO-SKELETAL (bone
[0.05] (P140) omncane, Umphumeleli, recovery)
Umhlonhlwane

148. Euphorbiaceae Macaranga capensis Umphumeleli, UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

(Baill.) Sim (Umpumelelo)

[not in matrix] (P381)

149. Euphorbiaceae *Ricinus communis L. Uhlakuva, Umhlakuva, ANALGESIC (toothache);

(Umhla ufa) CARDIOVASCULAR (blood
[0.30] [0.65] (P236)
purification);
DERMATOLOGICAL (sores,
skin problems, body
ointments); ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM (swollen glands);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(purgative, constipation);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); PEDIATRIC
(fever, hasten teething,
teething related ailments);
URINARY SYSTEM (kidneys,
bladder and prostate);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
childbirth, swollen testicles);
TONICS (appetite stimulant,
promote weight loss)

150. Euphorbiaceae Sclerocroton Umgudlampuzi, PEDIATRIC (sedative); TONICS

integerrimus Hochst. Umshampunzi ,
33
 [0.08] [0.08] (P246) Umshayampunzi, (unspecified-emetic).
Umvumampuzi

151. Euphorbiaceae Spirostachys africana Umfece, Umthombothi DERMATOLOGICAL (lice,

Sond. hairdressing); TONICS (imbiza,
promote weight loss);
[0.14] [0.27] (P265)
TRAUMA (idliso, snake-bite)

152. Euphorbiaceae Tragia glabrata Imbabazane, Imbati, Imbati EAR,THROAT AND NOSE
(Müll.Arg.) Pax & yehlathi, Imbati enkulu, (allergies); PEDIATRIC (body
K.Hoffm. var. hispida Imbati yentaba, rash); UNSPECIFIED AILMENT
Radcl.-Sm. [0.08] [0.08] Imvabazane
(P283)

153. Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L. Umkhokha ANALGESIC (sharp internal

body pains); TRAUMA (idliso)
[0.91] [0.14] (P1)

154. Fabaceae *Acacia dealbata Link. Uwatela ANALGESIC (toothache);

GASTRO-INTESTINAL
[0.24] [0.30] (P3)
(diarrhoea); TONICS
(unspecified)

155. Fabaceae *Acacia mearnsii De Uwatela ANALGESIC (toothache); EAR,

Wild. NOSE AND THROAT (colds and
flu); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
[0.24] [0.27] (P4)
(diarrhoea, isela);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (chest
problems); TONICS
(unspecified); TRAUMA
(idliso)

156. Fabaceae Adenopodia spicata Sondelangange, DERMATOLOGICAL (lice

(E.Mey.) C.Presl [not in (Umaqabulane), infestation)
matrix] (P312) Usondelangange wesi Zulu,
Usondelangaye

157. Fabaceae Albizia adianthifolia Isibhaha (?), (Isikhukazi ANALGESIC (backache,

(Schum.) W.Wight esimatshwele), headache); ANTIMICROBIAL
[0.84] [1.27] (P12) Isiyengelele, (gonorrhoea, scabies);
Umgadankawu, DERMATOLOGICAL (lice
Umhlandluli, Usolo infestation, acne, boils, skin
problems, skin itch, pimples
and sores); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (isela);
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (swollen
glands); URINARY SYSTEM
(urinary infections); TONICS
(umuthi obovu, imbiza);
UNCLASSIFIED AILMENTS
(izichitho)

158. Fabaceae Baphia racemosa Isfithi, Isifithi esibovu, TONICS (unspecified)

(Hochst.) Baker Isifithi esimnyama,

34
 [0.05] [0.05] (P38) Umadlozane

159. Fabaceae Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Umkhiphampethu, Usifudu ANTHELMINTIC (insecticides);

Benth. DERMATOLOGICAL (lice,
sores)
[0.14] [0.16] (P51)

160. Fabaceae Dalbergia armata Umhluhluwe, Umhluhlube ANALGESIC (sharp internal

E.Mey. body pains);
DERMATOLOGICAL (boils);
[0.27] [0.22] (P98)
URINARY SYSTEM (venereal
diseases)

161. Fabaceae Dalbergia obovata Umzungulu, (Uzungu) DERMATOLOGICAL (acne);

E.Mey. EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
(earache); TONICS
[0.26] [0.32] (P99)
(unspecified-oral, umuthi
omhlophe); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (ease childbirth,
virility-umuthi wamadoda)

162. Fabaceae Desmodium incanum Inamathela, Isinama DERMATOLOGICAL (septic

DC. wounds, sores); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (nyongo-
[0.39] [0.46] (P101)
”biliousness”, heartburn,
stomach problems);
PEDIATRIC (umbilical cord);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(prevent miscarriage,
impotence); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

163. Fabaceae Desmodium setigerum Isimana, Isinama esikhulu, DERMATOLOGICAL (lice,

(Poir.) DC. Umunyu septic wounds and sores);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach
[0.13] [0.19] (P102)
problems, nyongo-
”biliousness”); PEDIATRIC
(umbilical cord); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

164. Fabaceae Dichrostachys cinerea Ugagane, Udonsuthando, ANALGESIC (sharp internal

(L.) Wight & Arn. [0.05] Utshwala bezinja body pains); PEDIATRIC (side
[0.05] (P103) pains in babies)

165. Fabaceae Elephantorrhiza Ugweje obovu, Intolwane DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

elephantina (Burch.) lightener); TONICS (umuthi
Skeels [not in matrix] obovu)
(P356)

166. Fabaceae Eriosema cordatum (Isqongqwane), DERMATOLOGICAL (burn

E.Mey. Ubangalala, Ugwayana, wounds); EAR, NOSE AND
Umuthi wamadoda, THROAT (colds and flu);
[0.50] [0.46] (P124)
Umvusankunzi REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(impotence, virility-umuthi
wamadoda); UNSPECIFIED

35
 AILMENT

167. Fabaceae Eriosema distinctum Ubangalala, EAR, NOSE AND THROAT

N.E.Br. (Usiqongwqane), (colds and flu);
Ugqomfane, DERMATOLOGICAL (burn
[0.70] [0.46] (P125)
Umvusandoda, wounds); REPRODUCTIVE
Umvusankunzi, Uqonsi SYSTEM (virility-umuthi
wamadoda); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

168. Fabaceae Eriosema salignum Iqonsi, Ubangalala, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

E.Mey. Ugqomfane, (impotence, virility-umuthi
Umvusankunzi, Uqonsi wamadoda)
[0.74] [0.70] (P126)

169. Fabaceae Erythrina caffra Thunb. Umsinsi, Umnsinsi ANALGESIC (toothache);

CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
[0.54] [0.86] (P129)
pressure); DERMATOLOGICAL
(skin diseases); EAR, NOSE
AND THROAT (earache);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea, jaundice);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
childbirth); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (bone
recovery/repair); PEDIATRIC
(ear infection in infants, new
born sicknesses, clear phlegm,
administered before breast
feeding, inability to urinate
and deficate); TONICS
(imbiza); URINARY SYSTEM
(bladder and prostate,
bilharzias)

170. Fabaceae Erythrina humeana Inyathelo, Umsinsi, DERMATOLOGICAL

Spreng. Umsinsana (symptoms of umeqo);
PEDIATRIC (isela);
[0.10] [0.11] (P130)
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

171. Fabaceae Erythrina latissima Ubhumlanda, Ukhakhasi, DERMATOLOGICAL (sores

E.Mey. Umkhakhasi, eruption, wounds);
Umgcwabagcwaba, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
[0.10] [0.11] (P131)
Umgqinsila, (impotence)
Umgqwabagqwaba,
Umnqwane, Umvusankunzi

172. Fabaceae Erythrina lysistemon Umsinsi, Umsinsi wehlathi ANALGESIC (toothache);

Hutch. CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
pressure); DERMATOLOGICAL
[0.49] [0.81] (P132)
(sores eruption); EAR, NOSE
AND THROAT (earache);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea, jaundice);

36
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
childbirth); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (bone
recovery/repair); PEDIATRIC
(ear infection in infants,
general infant tonic, inability
to deficate/urinate, isilonda
sesela); URINARY SYSTEM
(bladder and prostate,
bilharzias)

173. Fabaceae Leobordea corymbosa Umhlambululo TONICS (appetite stimulant)

(E.Mey.) B.-E.van Wyk &
Boatwr. [not in matrix]
(P380)

174. Fabaceae Millettia grandis Ubobolwehlathi, EAR, NOSE AND THROAT

(E.Mey.) Skeels [0.03] (Umahlaledliwa, (colds and flu)
[0.03] (P200) Umfanawekhishi),
Umsimbithi

175. Fabaceae *Mimosa pudica L. Imbune, Ulalagogo, UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

Umalala, (Ungofanini),
[0.05] [0.03] (P201)
Uyifa

176. Fabaceae Schotia brachypetala Ihluze, Ingwavuma CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

Sond. purification, blood
regeneration);
[0.73] [0.84] (P244)
DERMATOLOGICAL (skin
problem); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (colds and flu, voice
recovery); TONICS (umuthi
obovu, imbiza)

177. Fabaceae Senegalia caffra Isakhamuzi, Umthole, DERMATOLOGICAL (maintains

(Thunb.) P.J.H. Hurter & (Uzula’zayithole) healthy soft skin, complexion
Mabb. [0.32] [0.38] enhancer); RESPIRATORY
(P252) SYSTEM (chest congestion);
TONICS (umuthi obovu,
umuthi omhlophe)

178. Fabaceae *Sesbania punicea Ujikanelanga, ANTHELMINTIC (deworming)

(Cav.) Benth. Ukhehlekhehle

[not in matrix] (P419)

179. Fabaceae Tephrosia macropoda Isinama, (Umlomo REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

(E.Mey.) Harv. [0.05] omnandi), (impotence)
[0.03] (P279) (Umnandinoveshe),
(Uncinci langena idlozi),
(Uncinci wafika dade),
(Uthongami)

180. Fabaceae Vachellia karroo Ingamazi, Ingamazi ANALGESIC (sharp internal

(Hayne) Banfi & Galasso elincane, Umunga, body pains); ANTIMICROBIAL

37
 [0.19] [0.14] (P292) Umantungane, Usidlodlo (dysentery); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

181. Fabaceae Vachellia natalitia Isingqawe, Isinqawe, ANALGESIC (sharp internal

(E.Mey.) Kyal. & Boatwr. Umunga, Umnqawe body pains)
[0.03] [0.03] (P293)

182. Fabaceae Vachellia nilotica (DC.) Isambulela, Isingqawe, ANALGESIC (sharp internal
Kyal. & Boatwr. subsp. Isinqawe, Umunga body pains)
kraussiana (Benth.)
Kyal. & Boatwr. [0.03]
[0.03] (P294)

183. Fabaceae Vachellia sieberiana (L.) Isinqawe esimphlope, ANALGESIC (sharp internal
P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. Umkhamba, Uselephe body pains);
var. woodii (Burtt Davy) CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
Kyal. & Boatwr. [0.11] pressure); TONICS (umuthi
[0.11] (P295) obovu)

184. Geraniaceae Pelargonium luridum Unyawo lwenkukhu, CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

(Andrews) Sweet [0.10] Uvendle purification); GASTRO-
[0.11] (P218) INTESTINAL (diarrhoea);
TONICS (steaming-tonic)

185. Gunneraceae Gunnera perpensa L. Izibu, Ugobho ANTIMICROBIAL (sexually

transmitted infection);
[0.82] [0.78] (P157)
CARDIOVASCULAR (blood
purification); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (cleansing after
childbirth, izinseka, excessive
menstruation, enhance milk
production); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (inflammation);
URINARY SYSTEM (bladder
and prostate)

186. Hyacinthaceae Albuca bracteata Umababaza, Imbabazane, CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

(Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Unsunsu purification);
Goldblatt [0.14] [0.14] DERMATOLOGICAL (wounds);
(P114) TONICS (imbiza)

187. Hyacinthaceae Albuca setosa Jacq. Umalilisa, Umaphipha, DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

Umaphipha omncane problems); TONICS (imbiza)
[0.05] [0.05] (P14)

188. Hyacinthaceae Albuca virens (Ker Ixhaphozi DERMATOLOGICAL (wounds);

Gawl.) J.C.Manning & GASTRO-INTESTINAL (isela)
Goldblatt subsp. virens
[0.05] [0.05] (P15)

189. Hyacinthaceae Dipcadi viride (L.) Ugibizisila, Uguleni, DERMATOLOGICAL (acne,

Moench Umakhweyana lice); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(purgative); MUSCULO-

38
 [0.05] [0.35] (P106) SKELETAL (dental care);
PEDIATRIC (inyoni,
isithakathi, ukuthukeza in
babies); URINARY SYSTEM
(urinary infections)

190. Hyacinthaceae Drimia elata Jacq. Untanganazibomvana DERMATOLOGICAL (sores)

[not in matrix] (P354)

191. Hyacinthaceae Eucomis autumnalis Ukhwali, Umathunga, ANALGESIC (sharp internal

(Mill.) Chitt. [0.32] Umathunga obovu, body pains, back pains,
[0.54] (P136) (Unxangisuka) general body pains);
ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal
disease); CARDIOVASCULAR
(blood purification);
DERMATOLOGICAL (sores
eruption, operation healing,
wounds); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (ulcers); PEDIATRIC
(babies sicknesses); TONICS
(imbiza); URINARY SYSTEM
(colds and flush the kidneys,
cleanse the bladder and
prostate)

192. Hyacinthaceae Ledebouria floribunda Ikhambi lezingane, ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);

(Baker) Jessop Iscociso, Umababaza, DERMATOLOGICAL (skin
Umbola, Umbola wentaba, problems); REPRODUCTIVE
[0.61] [0.78] (P187)
Umayihlandlana, SYSTEM (hasten and ease
Unhlangothi wentaba, childbirth); NERVOUS SYSTEM
Untanganazibomvana, (anger/sedative); PEDIATRIC
Uthangazane (umbilical cord, rid off thick
phlegm in infants, diarrhoea ,
isithakathi, inyoni, tonic for
infants, abnormal abdominal
pains and abdominal swelling
in infants); TONICS
(unspecified-enema);
TRAUMA (poison);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

193. Hyacinthaceae Ledebouria ovatifolia Ikhambi lezingane, Imbiza ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);

(Baker) Jessop [0.61] yezingane, Intelezi, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
[0.65] (P188) Umababaza, and hasten childbirth);
Umayihlandlana, Umbola, PEDIATRIC (umbilical cord, rid
Unhlangothi wentaba, off thick saliva, diarrhoea,
Untangana zibomvana isithakathi, inyoni, abnormal
abdominal pains and
abdominal swelling, tonic);
TONICS (unspecified-enema);
TRAUMA (poison);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

39
194. Hyacinthaceae Ledebouria petiolata Ikhambi lezingane, Imbiza REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
J.C.Manning & Goldblatt yezingane, childbirth); MUSCULO-
[0.55] [0.76] (P189) Umayihlandlana, Umbola, SKELETAL (inflammation);
U-anyanisi PEDIATRIC (isela, isithakathi,
tonic, unspecified ailment)

195. Hyacinthaceae Ledebouria revoluta (L. Ikhambi lezingane, GASTRO-INTESTINAL (idliso),

f.) Jessop [0.66] [0.49] (Unhlangothi wabafo) PEDIATRIC (baby sicknesses,
(P190) isilonda, isithakathi); TONICS
(unspecified-emetic);
TRAUMA (poison)

196. Hyacinthaceae Merwilla plumbea Ichile, Ichiya, Inguduza, CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

(Lindl.) Speta [0.18] Untabosizi, Untangana regeneration); MUSCULO-
[0.30] (P197) zibomvana SKELETAL (flex stiff muscles);
PEDIATRIC (inyoni);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(impotence); TONICS (imbiza);
URINARY SYSTEM (bladder
and prostate)

197. Hydnoraceae Hydnora africana Umafumbuka DERMATOLOGICAL (acne);

Thunb. GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea)
[not in matrix]

198. Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis colchicifolia Ilabatheka, Ilabatheka UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

Baker elikhulu

[not in matrix] (P372)

199. Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis hemerocallidea Inkomfe ANALGESIC (back pains, sharp

Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé- internal body pains);
Lall. [0.80] [0.76] (P171) ANTIMICROBIAL (head sores,
scabies); CARDIOVASCULAR
(high blood pressure);
DERMATOLOGICAL (boils,
septic wounds, septic sores);
EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
(ulcers); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (ease childbirth);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(arthritis); PEDIATRIC (isela,
ease childbirth, colds and
flush or clear stomachs);
TONICS (imbiza, vigour);
TRAUMA (wounds incurred
from an injury, burn wounds);
URINARY SYSTEM (bladder
and prostate); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

200. Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis multiceps Undonqo PEDIATRIC (constipation);

Buchinger ex Baker [not UNCLASSIFIED AILMENT

40
 in matrix] (P373) (amalumbo)

201. Hypoxidaceae)] Hypoxis rigidula Baker Ilabatheka, Inkomfe, ANALGESIC (general body
Umhungulo pains, sharp internal body
[0.64] [0.59] (P172)
pains); ANTIMICROBIAL
(scabies); CARDIOVASCULAR
(generate blood, blood
purification);
DERMATOLOGICAL (septic
sores; septic wounds,
umeqo); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (ulcers);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
childbirth); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (arthritis);
PEDIATRIC (isela, teething
related ailments); URINARY
SYSTEM (bladder and
prostate); TONICS (imbiza);
URINARY SYSTEM (bladder
and prostate); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

202. Icacinaceae Apodytes dimidiata Umdakane, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

E.Mey. ex Arn. (Uqomangambili) (virility-umuthi wamadoda,
virility-female)
[not in matrix] (P316)

203. Iridaceae Eleuthrine bulbosa Ingqunda, Uhloyile, ANALGESIC (body pains);

(Mill.) O.Urb. (Unozigqi) MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation)
[not in matrix] (P357)

204. Iridaceae Gladiolus dalenii Van Isidwa, Isiqunga REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Geel sikatikoloshe, (impotence); MUSCULO-
Umabelejongosi, SKELETAL (back problem);
[0.10] [0.11] (P151)
Umasendenja, Umlunge, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Undwendweni, (Uthenga (impotence); TONICS
kumina) (unspecified-enema);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

205. Iridaceae Gladiolus ecklonii Ibuthe, Isidwa, Incwincwi, MUSCULO-SKELETAL (back

Lehm. Umabelejongosi, Umlunge problems); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENTS
[0.05] [0.05] (P152)

206. Iridaceae Hesperantha baurii Ukhukazane UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

Baker

[0.05] [0.03] (P166)

207. Iridaceae Watsonia densiflora Isqunga sikatikoloshe, MUSCULO-SKELETAL (back

Baker Ufayibe wehlathi, bone complication),
Umasina, Umlunge UNSPECIFIED AILMENT
[0.11] [0.08] (P302)

41
208. Juncaceae Juncus effusus L. Incema, Inxopho ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal
diseases); REPRODUCTIVE
[0.05] [0.05] (P178)
SYSTEM (ease childbirth)

209. Juncaceae Juncus kraussii Hochst. Incema ANTIMICROBIAL (sexually

transmitted diseases in
[not in matrix] (P376)
females); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (ease childbirth)

210. Juncaceae Juncus lomatophyllus no name available ANTIMICROBIAL (sexually

Spreng. transmitted diseases)

[not in matrix] (P377)

211. Lamiaceae Clerodendrum glabrum Umqoqongo ANALGESIC (toothache); EAR,

E.Mey. NOSE AND THROAT (colds and
flu); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
[0.31] [0.38] (P66)
(stomach cramps, nyongo-
”biliousness”, diarrhoea);
DERMATOLOGICAL (skin
lightener); NERVOUS SYSTEM
(hysteria); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (izinseka)

212. Lamiaceae Leonotis leonurus (L.) Umunyane, Utshwala GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

R.Br. benyoni, Utshwala ”biliousness”, purgative);
bencwincwi, Uthswala RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
[0.08] [0.14] (P190)
benyoni obuncane (coughs, congested nasal
passages)

213. Lamiaceae Leucas lavandulifolia Umagumede ANALGESIC (fever, back

Sm. aches, headache); EAR, NOSE
AND THROAT (nasal
[1.00] [1.30] (P191)
congestion, colds and flu);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-
”biliousness”, stomach
cramps); NERVOUS SYSTEM
(drowsiness); PEDIATRIC
(diarrhoea, umkhondo);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (cough,
internal chest sores); TONICS
(cleansing tonic, imbiza)

214. Lamiaceae Plectranthus ambiguus Iboza, Iboza elincane, ANALGESIC (fever);

(Bolus) Codd [0.45] Ibozane, Imbatatane, DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);
[0.68] (P226) (Umahlokomane) EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
(colds and flu, throat
infections, tonsilitis);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(back problems);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (chest
problems, coughs); TONICS
(unspecified-emetic)

42
215. Lamiaceae Plectranthus ciliatus Ikhambi lamehlo OPTHALMIC (eye problems)
E.Mey.

[not in matrix] (P114)

(P402)

216. Lamiaceae Tetradenia riparia Iboza, Iboza elincane ANALGESIC (fever);

(Hochst.) Codd [0.97] DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);
[1.84] (P280) EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
(colds and flu, throat
infections); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (isela);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL (back
problem); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (coughs, chest
infections); TRAUMA (snake-
bite)

217. Lauraceae Cryptocarya latifolia Intungwa, Umdlangwenya, PEDIATRIC (various baby

Sond. Umkhondweni ailments); TONICS (umuthi
obovu)
[not in matrix] (P341)

218. Lauraceae Cryptocarya myrtifolia Umkhondweni, ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal

Stapf Umdlangwenya, disease); CARDIOVASCULAR
Umntungwa, Intungwa (blood clots); PEDIATRIC
[not in matrix] (P434)
(isela, tonic to treat
umkhondo)

219. Lauraceae Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Unukani, Unukani igxolo DERMATOLOGICAL (body
Baill. odour); TONICS (umuthi
obovu)
[not in matrix] (P440)

220. Lecythidaceae Barringtonia racemosa Umwululuka GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

(L.) Spreng. ”biliousness”)

[0.92] [0.92] (P39)

221. Linaceae Linum thunbergii Eckl. & Ithalelimpofu, Umashiqolo GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-
Zeyh. ”biliousness”)

[not in matrix] (P436)

222. Loganiaceae Strychnos decussata Umqalothi TRAUMA (snake-bite)

(Pappe) Gilg

[not in matrix] (P268)

223. Loganiaceae Strychnos henningsii Umqalothi ANALGESIC (body pains);

Gilg ANTHELMINTIC (general
vermifuge); GASTRO-
[0.11] [0.24] (P270)
INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); PEDIATRIC (nausea);
TRAUMA (snake-bite);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

43
224. Loganiaceae Strychnos Amagulukungqa, CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
madagascariensis Poir. Amangola, Itshelemfene, pressure); REPRODUCTIVE
Umgulukuza, SYSTEM (irregular
[0.08] [0.11] (P271)
(Unquluzemfene) menstruation, swollen
testicles, virility-umuthi
wamadoda)

225. Loganiaceae Strychnos spinosa Lam. Amahlala, Igulukungqa, CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
Igulukuza, Ingola, pressure); REPRODUCTIVE
[0.14] [0.14] (P272)
(Unquluzemfene) SYSTEM (swollen testicles,
virility-umuthi wamadoda,
irregular menstruation)

226. Loganiaceae Strychnos usambarensis (Ubulaluyise), REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Gilg ex Engl. [0.03] Umkhangala, (undisclosed ailment)
[0.03] (P273) (Umnqamlamakhanda),
(UmthikaShaka)

227. Maesaceae Maesa lanceolata Isidende, (Uguqu) ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);

Forssk. CARDIOVASCULAR (blood
purification); PEDIATRIC
[0.22] [0.24] (P193)
(isela); MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); TONICS
(umuthi obovu)

228. Malpighiaceae Acridocarpus natalitius Umabopha igxolo, TONICS (umuthi obovu)

A.Juss. Umabopha wehlathi

[0.05] [0.03] (P10)

229. Malvaceae Abutilon Unginakile, Unukani, DERMATOLOGICAL (lice);

sonneratianum (Cav.) Uthangithini TONICS (umuthi obovu)
Sweet [0.32] [0.19] (P2)

230. Malvaceae Dombeya rotundifolia (Umthathanduku), DERMATOLOGICAL (acne);

(Hochst.) Planch. [0.37] Unhliziyonkulu GASTRO-INTESTINAL
[0.35] (P108) (diarrhoea, nyongo-
”biliousness”); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (chest congestion
and phlegm); TONICS (umuthi
obovu); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

231. Malvaceae Dombeya tiliacea (Endl.) Iklolo, Iklolo elibovu, Iklolo REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Planch. elimnyama, Ibunda (improve sperm production
and quality, virility-umuthi
[0.12] [0.11] (P109)
wamadoda)

232. Malvaceae Grewia occidentalis L. Iklolo, Iklolo elimhlophe, ANTIMICROBIAL (head sores-
Ilalanyathi umuna); REPRODUCTIVE
[0.14] [0.22] (P156)
SYSTEM (men sicknesses,
improve sperm quality);
TONICS (unspecified-emetic)

233. Malvaceae *Malvastrum Uvemvane GASTRO-INTESTINAL

44
 coromandelianum (L.) (heartburn); REPRODUCTIVE
Garcke [not in matrix] SYSTEM (improves sperm
(P383) quality)

234. Malvaceae Sida dregei Burtt Davy Uvemvane REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

(virility-umuthi wamadoda)
[0.03] [0.03] (P254)

235. Malvaceae Triumfetta pilosa Roth Intabane, Ugwababa, ANTIMICROBIAL (scabies);

Uxhaphozi, Uvemvane, DERMATOLOGICAL (lice, hari
[0.20] [0.30] (P287)
Uvemvane olukhulu wash); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(heartburn); OPTHALMIC (eye
infection); TONICS (imbiza);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

236. Melastomataceae Dissotis canescens (E. Ismuncwane, Ulimi GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

Mey. ex Graham) Hook. lwenkomo ”biliousness”)
f. [0.03] [0.03] (P107)

237. Meliaceae Ekebergia capensis Umnyamathi, (Umathunzi NERVOUS SYSTEM (stress

Sparrm. entaba, Indodemnyama) reliever); TONICS (imbiza,
umuthi obovu); UNSPECIFIED
[0.16] [0.14] (P117)
AILMENT

238. Meliaceae Melia azedarach L. Umsilinga, ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);

Umhlambandlozi GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach
[0.68] [0.30] (P196)
discomfort, stomach cramps,
diarrhoea)

239. Meliaceae Trichilia dregeana Sond. Igxolo, Umkhuhlu ANALGESIC (back aches,
lower back aches, toothache);
[0.76] [1.05] (P285)
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (isilonda
sesela); PEDIATRIC (inyoni);
TONICS (umuthi obovu,
unspecified-enema);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

240. Meliaceae Turraea floribunda Isifithi sezangoma, Ifidi TONICS (umuthi omhlophe)
Hochst. lezangoma, Umadlozane

[not in matrix] (P289)

241. Menyanthaceae *Nymphoides Umagushana, Umahogo ANTIMICROBIAL (body itch

thunbergiana (Griseb.) and body rash); NERVOUS
Kuntze [not in matrix] SYSTEM (sedative)
(P339)

242. Moraceae Ficus glumosa Delile Isgonswane, Umgonswane ANTIMICROBIAL (dysentery);

CARDIOVASCULAR (blood
[0.37] [0.51] (P142)
purification);
DERMATOLOGICAL (acne,
peeling of facial skin);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea, nyongo-
”biliousness”); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (chest complaints,
45
 clear chest phlegm); TONICS
(imbiza, umuthi obovu,
vigour)

243. Moraceae Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. Umanyala, Umkhiwane ANALGESIC (sharp internal
body pains)
[0.03] [0.03] (P143)

244. Moraceae Ficus natalensis Hochst. Umthombe, Umthombo REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

(womb cancer, ease
[not in matrix] (P363)
childbirth); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (chest problems)

245. Moraceae Ficus sur Forssk. Umkhiwa, Ukhiwane GASTRO-INTESTINAL

(diarrhoea); TONICS (umuthi
[0.19] [0.16] (P144)
obovu); UNCLASSIFIED
AILMENTS (amalumbo)

246. Musaceae **Musa acuminata Ubhanana DERMATOLOGICAL (septic

Colla wound); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (asthma);
[not in matrix] (P390)
UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

247. Myricaceae Morella serrata (Lam.) Ilethi EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
Killick (ulcers); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (chest infections)
[not in matrix] (P389)

248. Myrothamnaceae Myrothamnus Uvuka kwabafuleyo TONICS (imbiza-chronic

flabellifolia Welw. diseases)

[not in matrix]

249. Myrsinaceae Embelia ruminata Ibhinini, Umvinini ANTHELMINTICS

(E.Mey. ex A.DC.) Mez (deworming);
[0.11] [0.22] (P118) DERMATOLOGICAL (acne);
NERVOUS SYSTEM (madness)

250. Myrtaceae **Eucalyptus Ugamthrini, Ugamthrini ANALGESIC (headache,

camaldulensis Dehnh. omhlophe toothache);
CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
[0.92] [0.78] (P133)
pressure); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (colds and flu);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (inflammation);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (tight
chest)

251. Myrtaceae **Eucalyptus grandis Ugamthrini, Ugamthrini EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
W.Hill obovu (colds and flu)

[0.57] [0.62] (P134)

252. Myrtaceae Heteropyxis natalensis Umkhuze, Umkluza ANALGESIC (lower back

Harv. pains); CARDIOVASCULAR
(blood purification); TRAUMA
46
 [0.49] [0.57] (P167) (idliso); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea, stomach cramps);
PEDIATRIC (baby sicknesses);
TONICS (umuthi obovu,
imbiza)

253. Myrtaceae **Psidium guajava L. Ugwava, Umgwava DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

treatment); GASTRO-
[0.30] [0.51] (P232)
INTESTINAL (nausea and
vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach
cramps); TONICS (umuthi
obovu)

254. Myrtaceae Syzygium cordatum Izindoni, Umdoni DERMATOLOGICAL (over-

Hochst. ex Krauss [0.92] secretion of sebum); EAR,
[0.73] (P274) NOSE AND THROAT (colds and
flu); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea, stomach cramps);
TONICS (umuthi obovu)

255. Myrtaceae **Syzygium cumini (L.) Umdoni, Umdoni TONICS (umuthi obovu)
Skeels wesilungu, Umdoni
omnyama
[0.05] [0.03] (P275)

256. Myrtaceae Syzygium gerrardii Indonyana, Umdoni, DERMATOLOGICAL (facial skin

(Harv. ex Hook.f.) Burtt Umdoni omhlophe problem); GASTRO-
Davy [0.65] [0.59] INTESTINAL (diarrhoea, isela);
(P276) TONICS (umuthi obovu,
unspecified-enema); URINARY
SYSTEM (venereal disease)

257. Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea nouchali Izibu, iziba, Ugobho REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Burm.f. (womb cleansing); URINARY
SYSTEM (bladder and
[not in matrix] (P393)
prostate); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

258. Olacaceae Ximenia caffra Sond. Umthunduluka CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

purification); GASTRO-
[0.11] [0.54] (P304)
INTESTINAL (nyongo-
”biliousness”);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease
childbirth); RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (chest complaints)

259. Oleaceae Jasminum Umalala, Untumbana ANTIMICROBIAL (antiseptic);

multipartitum Hochst. DERMATOLOGICAL (boils);
PEDIATRIC (sedative);
[0.41] [0.54] (P177)
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

260. Oleaceae Olea woodiana Knobl Umnquma REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Umnquma (galactogogue)

[0.03] [0.05] P210

47
261. Oliniaceae Olinia radiata Umzaneno, Umzane UNSPECIFIED AILMENT
J.Hofmeyr & Phill. [0.03]
[0.03] (P211)

262. Orchidaceae Ansellia africana Lindl. Imfe yenkawu, Iphakama ANALGESIC (sharp internal
body pains); GASTRO-
[not in matrix] (P315)
INTESTINAL (heartburn)

263. Orchidaceae Eulophia angolensis Umabelejongosi TONICS (unspecified-enema)

(Rchb.f.) Summerh. [not
in matrix] (P360)

264. Orchidaceae Mystacidium capense Iphakama UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

(L.f.) Schltr. [not in
matrix] (P386)

265. Oxalidaceae *Oxalis latifolia Kunth Isimuncwane, Umswempe, PEDIATRIC (isela)

Umswenya, (Uncamnce),
[0.03] [0.03] (P215)
Ungcangishane

266. Passifloraceae Adenia gummifera Imfulwa, Impinda, OPTHALMIC (eye infection);

(Harv.) Harms (Impindamshaye eluhlaza) UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

[0.03] [0.05] (P11)

267. Passifloraceae) Adenia digitata (Harv.) Uthangazane ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Engl. (diabetes); CARDIOVASCULAR
(high blood pressure)
[not in matrix] (P311)

268. Passifloraceae) **Passiflora edulis Sim Ugrayindeni EAR, NOSE AND THROAT (ear
infection)
[not in matrix] (P398)

269. Passifloraceae *Passiflora suberosa L. Unyawo lenkukhu, ANALGESIC (lower back

Inhlanhla emhlophe pains); DERMATOLOGICAL
[0.35] [0.43] (P216)
(sores); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (colds and flu,
ulcers); ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(diabetes); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (stomach
problems, constipation);
PEDIATRIC (facilitate walking
in infants, tonic, isithakathi,
inyoni); TONICS (unspecified-
oral)

270. Pedaliaceae Ceratotheca triloba Incamashele ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal

(Bernh.) Hook.f. discharge in females);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
[not in matrix] (P331)
(improves sperm quality,
virility-umuthi wamadoda)

271. Phyllanthaceae Antidesma venosum Isibangamlotha DERMATOLOGICAL (acne);

E.Mey. ex Tul. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (chest
phlegm); TONICS (umuthi

48
 [0.19] [0.19] (P30) obovu); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

272. Phyllanthaceae Bridelia micrantha (Umhlahlandlela), CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

(Hochst.) Baill. Umhlalamakhwabe, purifier); GASTRO-INTESTINAL
Umluthu (heartburn); RESPIRATORY
[0.32] [0.35] (P46)
SYSTEM (coughs); TONICS
(umuthi obovu, imbiza);
TRAUMA (idliso)

273. Pittosporaceae Pittosporum viridiflorum Umkhwenkwe, Umfusamfu ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);

Sims GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-
”biliousness”)
[1.00] [1.03] (P224)

274. Plumbaginaceae Plumbago auriculata Ubani, Umashwilishwili, ANALGESIC (sharp internal

Lam. (Ungibonephi) body pains); TONICS
(unspecified-emetic)
[0.08] [0.08] (P227)

275. Poaceae *Arundo donax L. Imbombotho, Umhlanga, GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach

Umhlanga omkhulu, problems); TONICS (umuthi
[0.03] [0.05] (P33)
Umhlanga wesilungu omhlophe)

276. Poaceae *Coix lacryma-jobi L. Uchwabase, Ulozisi GASTRO-INTESTINAL

(diarrhoea); PEDIATRIC
[0.08] [0.08] (P69)
(diarrhoea in teething babies)

277. Poaceae Cymbopogon caesius Imbalumbenjane, TONICS (unspecified, imbiza)

(Hook. & Arn.) Stapf Imbanjane, Imbenjane
[0.07] [0.05] (P88)

278. Poaceae Cymbopogon excavatus Isiqunga GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

(Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt ”biliousness”); NERVOUS
Davy [0.26] [0.35] (P89) SYSTEM (anxiety and
depression, shock); TONICS
(unspecified-emetic, umuthi
obovu, companion ingredient
for tonic mixtures)

279. Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Inglazi ANTIMICROBIAL (gonorrhea);

Pers. DERMATOLOGICAL (lice)

[not in matrix] (P345)

280. Poaceae Eragrostis plana Nees Umtshiki, Umsingizane TRAUMA (idliso)

[0.03] [0.03] (P123)

281. Poaceae Hyparrhenia tamba Uhlonga, Umuhlwa, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (ease

(Hochst. ex Steud.) Uthongathi childbirth)
Andersson ex Stapf

[0.03] [0.03] (P169)

282. Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) Umthente, Umathoyana UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

Raeusch.

49
 [0.11] [0.03] (P173)

283. Poaceae Panicum sp. no name available PEDIATRIC (tonic)

[not in matrix]

284. Poaceae Phragmites australis Umhlanga, Umhlanga EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
(Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. omncane (voice clarity); PEDIATRIC
[0.08] [0.11] (P222) (umbilical cord); TONICS
(umuthi omhlophe)

285. Poaceae Phragmites Ukhwiphini, Umhlanga PEDIATRIC (umbilical cord);

mauritianus Kunth omncane EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
(voice clarity)
[0.08] [0.08] (P223)

286. Poaceae Setaria megaphylla Ubabe, Ubani, Ugobuvalo, GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

(Steud.) T.Durand & Uhashahasha, Utshani ”biliousness”);
Schinz [0.14] [0.19] behlathi REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(P253) (virility-umuthi wamadoda);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(coughs); TONICS (umuthi
obovu, unspecified-emetic)

287. Poaceae) Digitaria eriantha Isikhonko UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

Steud.

[0.05] [0.05] (P104)

288. Polygonaceae Emex australis Steinh. (Ibhodwe lezinja), ANALGESIC (toothache);

Umanyiwa yinkomo, DERMATOLOGICAL (boils);
[0.27] [0.27] (P119)
Umpondontathu, Umzobe, MUSCULO-SKELETAL (body
Unginyathele, Unkunzana swelling, inflammation);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(virility-umuthi wamadoda)

289. Polygonaceae *Persicaria lapathifolia Uxhaphozana, Uxhaphozi DERMATOLOGICAL (wounds);

(L) Delarbre EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
(colds and flu); PEDIATRIC
[0.16] [0.27] (P220)
(isilonda sesela);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(virility-umuthi wamadoda);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL (lower
back problems); TONICS
(unspecified-enema)

290. Polygonaceae Rumex lanceolatus Idolo lenkonyane, GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach

Thunb. Ixhaphozi, cramps)
(Umatholempini)
[0.03] [0.03] (P238)

291. Portulacaceae Portulaca quadrifida L. Ushisizwe, Usompungane DERMATOLOGICAL (lice,

sores); UNSPECIFIED AILMENT
[0.78] [0.59] (P229)

292. Primulaceae Rapanea Umaphipha, Umaphipha CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

melanophloeos (L.) Mez igxolo, Umaphipha purifier); GASTRO-INTESTINAL

50
 [not in matrix] (P409) ikhubalo (ukuphumputha);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (cleans
and treat chest problems)

293. Ranunculaceae Clematis brachiata Ikhambi lesiduli, ihlozi, DERMATOLOGICAL (body

Thunb. Ihluzi, Umdlonzo rash, sores); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (allergies); GASTRO-
[0.53] [0.54] (P65)
INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (excessive
menstruation); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (back problem);
PEDIATRIC (fever);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(congested nasal passages);
TONICS (imbiza)

294. Ranunculaceae Ranunculus multifidus Uxhaphozi ANTIMICROBIAL (gonorrhea);

Forssk. DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);
GASTRO-INTESTINAL (piles);
[not in matrix] (P408)
OPTHALMIC (eye infection)

295. Rhamnaceae Berchemia zeyheri Umcaka, Umnini TONICS (umuthi obovu)

(Sond) Grubov

[not in matrix] (P321)

296. Rhamnaceae Ziziphus mucronata Umlahlankosi, Umphafa ANALGESIC (sharp internal

Willd. body pains);
DERMATOLOGICAL (boils,
[0.35] [0.14] (P309)
sores); TONICS (umuthi
obovu)

297. Rhamnaceae) Helinus integrifolius Ubhubhubhu, TONICS (companion

(Lam.) Kuntze [0.03] Ugubhugubhu, ingredient in tonic
[0.03] (P165) Uxubhugwegwe preparations)

298. Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea flanaganii Umemezi, Umqonga, DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

(Schinz) Alston [0.56] Ungqonga lightning); TONICS (umuthi
[0.65] (P57) omhlophe)

299. Rhizophoraceae Cassipourea gummiflua Umemezi DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

Tul. var. verticillata lightning)
(N.E.Br.) J.Lewis

[not in matrix] (P329)

300. Rosaceae **Eriobotrya japonica Ulokhwathi CARDIOVASCULAR (heart

(Thunb.) Lindl. sicknesses)

[not in matrix] (P358)

301. Rosaceae Prunus africana Inyazangoma TONICS (umuthi obovu)

(Hook.f.) Kalkman

[not in matrix] (P441)

51
302. Rosaceae **Prunus persica (L.) Umpethsisi ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);
Batsch. GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea, stomach cramps);
[0.22] [0.22] (P231)
TONICS (cleansing tonic)

303. Rosaceae Rubus rigidus Sm. Amajikijolo, Amabhimbi ANALGESIC (toothache, sharp
internal body pains);
[0.40] [0.62] (P237)
CARDIOVASCULAR (weak
erectile function-blood
circulation); ANTIMICROBIAL
(body itch); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (heartburn);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL (bone
reformation); NERVOUS
SYSTEM (fits)

304. Rubiaceae Burchellia bubalina Utshwala benyoni CARDIOVASCULAR (blood

(L.f.) Sims purifier); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (impotence); TONICS
[0.05] [0.08] (P48)
(imbiza)

305. Rubiaceae Canthium inerme (L.f.) Udakane, Umvuthwamini REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Kuntze (virility-umuthi wamadoda);
PEDIATRIC (unspecified
[0.08] [0.08] (P53)
ailment), UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

306. Rubiaceae Canthium spinosum Ikhanyisani, Ihlalanyosi, ANALGESIC (sharp internal

(Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Isihlungu sankonka, body pains); TONICS (umuthi
Zeyh.) Kuntze [0.05] Ubuchopho bekati, obovu)
[0.05] (P54) Ubuchopho benja,
Udlozini, Umhlabandlazi,
Umhlalandlazi, (Ukhanya
ebumnyameni)

307. Rubiaceae Coddia rudis (E.Mey. ex Isisikilinjane, REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Harv.) Verdc. Umsibilinjane, (impotence); TONICS (umuthi
Umsikilinjane omhlophe)
[0.68] [0.08] (P68)

308. Rubiaceae Pavetta lanceolata Eckl. Ufiyane, Umsunuwembuzi GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-

”biliousness”); TONICS
[0.09] [0.11] (P217)
(unspecified); UNCLASSIFIED
(izichitho)

309. Rubiaceae Pentanisia prunelloides Icishamlilo, Icishamlilo ANALGESIC (general body

(Klotzsch) Walp. [0.68] elikhulu pains); DERMATOLOGICAL
[0.78] (P219) (sores); TRAUMA (idliso);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); TONICS
(imbiza), UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

310. Rubiaceae Psychotria capensis Umdubu wehlathi GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach

52
 (Eckl.) Vatke problems)

[not in matrix] (P407)

311. Rubiaceae Vangueria infausta Amaviyo, Umtulwa ANALGESIC (internal side

Burch. pains); DERMATOLOGICAL
(sanitary paper); GASTRO-
[0.19] [0.27] (P297)
INTESTINAL (diarrhoea);
PEDIATRIC (chest side pains);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(excessive menstruation);
ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal
diseases); ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM (hasten maturity);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL (dental
care); UNSPECIFIED AILMENTS

312. Rubiaceae Vangueria lasiantha Umviyo, Amatulwa ehlathi, TONICS (umuthi omhlophe)
(Sond.) Sond. Umtulwabathwa, Umviyo
wehlathi
[not in matrix] (P298)

313. Ruscaceae Dracaena aletriformis Isikhothakhotha, ANALGESIC (toothache); EAR,

(Haw.) Bos Iskhothakhotha esikhulu, NOSE AND THROAT (ear
isikhothakhotha esincane, infection); MUSCULO-
[0.03] [0.35] (P112)
Ufayibe SKELETAL (inflammation);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

314. Ruscaceae Eriospermum mackenii Insulansula GASTRO-INTESTINAL (stomach

(Hook.f.) Baker [0.60] cramps); TONICS
[0.14] (P127) (unspecified-emetic)

315. Ruscaceae Sansevieria Iskhothakhotha, Isqunga ANALGESIC (toothache); EAR,

hyacinthoides (L.) Druce sehlathi NOSE AND THROAT (ear
[0.35] [0.59] (P239) infections); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENTS

316. Rutaceae Calodendrum capense Umemezi obovu, DERMATOLOGICAL (skin

(L.f.) Thunb. Ungqonga lightener); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT
[0.39] [0.43] (P50)

317. Rutaceae **Citrus limon (L.) Ulamula OPTHALMIC (eye problems)

Osbeck

[not in matrix] (P333)

318. Rutaceae Clausena anisata Umnukambiba TONICS (umuthi omhlophe)

(Willd.) Hook.f. ex
Benth. [not in matrix]
(P334)

319. Rutaceae Ptaeroxylon obliquum Ithatha, (Umthatheni), ANALGESIC (headache);

(Thunb.) Radlk. [0.16] Umthathi, Umzane , CARDIOVASCULAR (blood
[0.19] (P233) Uthathi purification); TONICS (imbiza,
umuthi omhlophe); TRAUMA
(snake-bite); UNSPECIFIED
53
 AILMENT

320. Rutaceae Vepris lanceolata Umzane, Umozane TRAUMA (snake-bite)

G.Don)

[not in matrix] (P431)

321. Rutaceae Zanthoxylum capense Umabelejongosi, ANALGESIC (general body

(Thunb.) Harv. [0.80] Umnungumabele pains); DERMATOLOGICAL
[1.11] (P307) (boils, warts); EAR, NOSE AND
THROAT (allergies);
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(mumps); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(tooth removal); TONICS
(umuthi omhlophe, umuthi
obovu, imbiza)

322. Rutaceae Zanthoxylum davyi Umnungumabele ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);

Waterm. DERMATOLOGICAL (boils,
warts); EAR, NOSE AND
[0.57] [0.86] (P308)
THROAT (allergies);
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
(mumps); GASTRO-
INTESTINAL (stomach
cramps); MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(tooth removal); TONICS
(imbiza, umuthi obovu,
umuthi omhlophe)

323. Salicaceae Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. Umqokolo ANALGESIC (sharp internal

& Harv.) Sim body pains)

[not in matrix] (P110)

324. Salicaceae Trimeria grandifolia Idlebe lendlovu, Ilukuluku NERVOUS SYSTEM (sedative);
(Hochst.) Warb. PEDIATRIC (inyoni); TONICS
(umuthi omhlophe)
[0.11] [0.11] (P286)

325. Santalaceae Osyridicarpos Inhlanhlemhlophe, TONICS (umuthi obovu)

schimperianus (Hochst. Inhlanhlemhlophe yehlathi,
ex A. Rich.) A. DC. [0.03] Umalala
[0.03] (P213)

326. Sapindaceae Hippobromus Isiqhume, (Umfazi ANALGESIC (internal side

pauciflorus Radlk. othethayo), Uqhume pains); TONICS (umuthi
omhlophe)
[0.41] [0.08] (P168)

327. Sapindaceae Pappea capensis Eckl. & Umvuma, Uvuma obovu TONICS (umuthi obovu)
Zeyh.

[not in matrix] (P397)

54
328. Sapotaceae Englerophytum Intongane, Umthongwane RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (chest
natalense (Sond.) chest complaints)
T.D.Penn. [0.03] [0.05]
(P122)

329. Sapotaceae Mimusops caffra E.Mey. Umasethole, Umasethole DERMATOLOGICAL (umeqo);

ex A.DC. wasolwandle REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(virility-umuthi wamadoda);
[0.24] [0.24] (P202)
TONICS (umuthi obovu,
unspecified-emetic)

330. Sapotaceae Mimusops obovata Umasethole DERMATOLOGICAL (umeqo);

Sond. GASTRO-INTESTINAL
(diarrhoea); RESPIRATORY
[0.11] [0.14] (P203)
SYSTEM (chest problems);
TONICS (umuthi obovu,
umuthi omhlophe)

331. Sapotaceae Sideroxylon inerme L. Amasethole, Ibhinini, ANTHELMINTIC (deworming);

Ibhinini lehlathi, TONICS (unspecified-emetic,
[0.27] [0.30] (P255)
(Umakhwelafingqane), umuthi omhlophe); TRAUMA
Uvuma obovu (idliso)

332. Sapotaceae Vitellariopsis marginata Umphumbulu GASTRO-INTESTINAL (isela);

(N.E.Br.) Aubrév. [not in REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
matrix] (P431) (impotence)

333. Scrophulariaceae Anastrabe integerrima Isiphampathi TONICS (umuthi omhlophe)

E. Mey. ex Benth. [0.05]
[0.03] (P28)

334. Solanaceae *Datura stramonium L. Iyoli, Iloyi DERMATOLOGICAL (boils, lice,

sores); PEDIATRIC (isela);
[0.36] [0.35] (P100)
NERVOUS SYSTEM (madness,
hysteria)

335. Solanaceae *Nicotiana tabacum L. Umdloti DERMATOLOGICAL (lice)

[not in matrix] (P392)

336. Solanaceae *Physalis peruviana L. Ugqumgumu PEDIATRIC (isithakathi)

[not in matrix] (P401)

337. Solanaceae Solanum aculeastrum Intuma, Intuma enkulu, ANALGESIC (toothache,

Dunal Intumayezibaya, general pains, back aches);
(Ugagalezintaba), Uthuma, CARDIOVASCULAR (stroke);
[0.76] [0.42] (P257)
Untumane DERMATOLOGICAL (sores,
umeqo, wounds); MUSCULO-
SKELETAL (bone repair,
general muscle cramps, joints,
inflammation, backbone,
lower backbone); URINARY
SYSTEM (kidneys)

55
338. Solanaceae Solanum incanum L. Intuma, Intuma encane, ANALGESIC (lower back
(Ucalakalithethwa), aches, fever, toothache);
[0.81] [0.89] (P258)
Umagangeni ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal
diseases); CARDIOVASCULAR
(stroke); DERMATOLOGICAL
(wound); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (barrenness);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL (bone
repair); PEDIATRIC (umbilical
cord); TONICS (unspecified-
emetic)

339. Solanaceae **Solanum Utamatisi, Utametisi, GASTRO INTESTINAL (nausea)

lycopersicum L. Udamede

[not in matrix] (P420)

340. Solanaceae Solanum marginatum Intuma, ANALGESIC (toothache);

L.f. (Ucalakalithethwa) PEDIATRIC (umbilical cord);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL (bone
[0.29] [0.35] (P259)
repair, inflammation);
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (treat
sterility); ANTIMICROBIAL
(syphilis); TONICS
(unspecified-enema)

341. Solanaceae *Solanum mauritianum Umbhangabhanga, OPTHALMIC (eye problems);

Scop. Ugwayana EAR, NOSE AND THROAT (ear
aches)
[not in matrix] (P421)

342. Solanaceae Solanum nodiflorum Ubhici lwenyoka, PEDIATRIC (baby sicknesses)

Jacq. Ugqumgqumu, Umsobo

[0.03] [0.03] (P260)

343. Solanaceae Solanum panduriforme Intuma encane ANALGESIC (toothache);

E. Mey. ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal
diseases); MUSCULO-
[0.32] [0.32] (P261)
SKELETAL (bone repair,
inflammation); PEDIATRIC
(umbilical cord); TONICS
(imbiza)

344. Solanaceae Withania somnifera (L.) Impathampatha, ANTIMICROBIAL (head sores);

Dunal Ubuvimba, Ubuvumba, MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(Undukuzempi, Unginakile) (inflammation); PEDIATRIC
[0.16] [0.14] (P303)
(bath new born); TONICS
(umuthi obovu); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENT

345. Strelitziaceae Strelitzia nicolai Regel & Isigude, Inkalvasi, CARDIOVASCULAR (high blood
K.Koch [0.05] [0.11] Inkamanga pressure, heart problems);
(P267) TONICS (fatigue, vigour)

56
346. Thymelaeaceae Dais cotinifolia L. Intozane ANTIMICROBIAL (sores);
TRAUMA (wounds)
[not in matrix] (P435)

347. Thymelaeaceae Lasiosiphon kraussianus Impevu, Umsila wengwe, ANTHELMINTIC (pinworms);

(Meisn.) Burtt Davy var. Umsilawengwe obovu, TRAUMA (idliso);
kraussianus Umahedeni REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
(improve fertility, virility-
[0.49] [0.43] (P186)
umuthi wamadoda);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL (bone
repair/recovery); PEDIATRIC
(colds and flush milk
constipated infants); TONICS
(imbiza, unspecified-enema);
TRAUMA (poison)

348. Typhaceae Typha capensis (Rohrb.) Ibhuma, Imbombo ANTIMICROBIAL (venereal

N.E.Br. diseases); CARDIOVASCULAR
(blood purification);
[0.24] [0.35] (P290)
DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);
EAR, NOSE AND THROAT (ear
infection); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (excessive
menstruation, sterility, ease
childbirth); PEDIATRIC
(umbilical cord); TONICS
(unspecified, imbiza)

349. Ulmaceae Trema orientalis (L.) Ubhatini DERMATOLOGICAL (lice);

Blume GASTRO-INTESTINAL (nyongo-
”biliousness”); RESPIRATORY
[0.26] [0.24] (P284)
SYSTEM (shortness of breath,
coughs, chest infections);
TONICS (cleansing tonic);
TRAUMA (idliso);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

350. Urticaceae Obetia tenax Friis Imbabazane, (Imbabazane DERMATOLOGICAL (sores);

emahaqa), Imbati yomfula, EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
[0.11] [0.11] (P208)
Imbatimbati, (allergies); REPRODUCTIVE
Imbongozeme, Uluzi, Uzi SYSTEM (virility-umuthi
wamadoda); UNSPECIFIED
AILMENTS

351. Verbenaceae *Lantana camara L. Izimbici zesalukazi, Ubhici DERMATOLOGICAL (lice);

PEDIATRIC (isithakathi)
[0.11] [0.11] (P184)

352. Verbenaceae Lantana rugosa Thunb. Ubukhwebezane GASTRO-INTESTINAL

(heartburn); MUSCULO-
[0.11] [0.24] (P185)
SKELETAL (bone repair);
PEDIATRIC (fever); TONICS
(umuthi omhlophe); TRAUMA
(poison)

57
353. Verbenaceae Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Umsuzwane ANALGESIC (headache);
Spreng. DERMATOLOGICAL (wounds,
umeqo); EAR, NOSE AND
[0.96] [0.32] (P192)
THROAT (colds and flu);
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
(inflammation); NERVOUS
SYSTEM (hysteria and shock);
OPTHALMIC (eye problems);
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(congested nasal passages);
UNSPECIFIED AILMENT

354. Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora (L.) no name available DERMATOLOGICAL (lice)

Greene var. rosea
D.Don) Moldenke [not
in matrix] (P400)

355. Vitaceae Cyphostemma Isidikili MUSCULO-SKELETAL

cirrhosum (Thunb.) (inflammation)
Desc. ex Wild &
R.B.Drumm.

[not in matrix] (P346)

356. Vitaceae Rhoicissus tomentosa Amagrebhisi enyoka, ANALGESIC (chronic

(Lam.) Wild & R.B. Isende lengulube, Isinwazi, headache); CARDIOVASCULAR
Drumm. [0.16] [0.46] Insema (blood purification);
(P235) DERMATOLOGICAL (acne,
overproduction of sebum);
EAR, NOSE AND THROAT
(cleanse and clears the
nostrils and the nasal area);
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (enhance
maturation); REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM (ease childbirth,
hasten maturing; pregnancy,
inembe); TONICS (umuthi
obovu, unspecified, imbiza)

357. Zamiaceae Encephalartos Isigqiki semfene, Isgqiki ANALGESIC (sharp internal

natalensis R.A.Dyer & somkhovu body pains); UNSPECIFIED
Verdoorn [0.05] [0.03] AILMENT
(P120)

358. Zamiaceae Encephalartos villosus Isgqiki somkhovu, Isgqiki ANALGESIC (sharp internal
Lem. semfene, Umasundwana body pains)

[0.02] [0.03] (P121)

359. Zamiaceae Stangeria eriopus Imfingo, Umafinga ANALGESIC (internal sharp

(Kunze) Baill. body pains); NERVOUS
SYSTEM (fits); TONICS
[0.05] [0.08] (P266)
(unspecified-oral)

58
3.2 Taxonomic diversity of Amandawe medicinal plants

Table 1 shows that at least 359 medicinal plant species belonging to 100 plant families

are used at Amandawe. The list includes 52 non-indigenous species, of which 34 are

weedy naturalised exotics (indicated by a single asterisk in Table 1) and 18 are

commonly cultivated species (indicated by a double asterisk in Table 1) that have

become important in the local materia medica. This means that there are 307 indigenous

medicinal plant species, representing 86% of the total number of medicinal plants

recorded at Amandawe. By way of comparison, Magwede et al. (2018) reported 113 alien

species amongst the total of 574 useful plants of the Venda region (ca. 20%), with 78

naturalised and 36 cultivated species.

Similar ethnobotanical surveys of rural villages in other parts of southern Africa

have mostly yielded lower numbers of medicinal species. Recent examples include Nortje

and Van Wyk (2015), who recorded 101 medicinal plants in three villages in the

Kamiesberg in Namaqualand, while Hulley and Van Wyk (2019) documented 147

medicinal plants for three villages in the western part of the Little Karoo. The broader

studies of Sotho medicinal plants by Moffett (2010) and Moteetee et al. (2018), however,

recorded more than 300 species with medicinal uses for the Southern Sotho (including

Lesotho and the Eastern Free State Province of South Africa), while Magwede et al.

(2018), listed 382 medicinal species in the inventory for the entire Vembe district (Venda

culture). The inventory of Zulu medicinal plants by Hutchings et al. (1996) included 1032

species, to which 110 species (more than 10%), recorded at a single village, can now be

added as new records.

The 359 plant species recorded to have traditional and contemporary medicinal

uses in the Amandawe area belong to a total of 100 plant families. Figure 2 shows the

59
top 25 medicinal plant families, i.e., those with the highest number of contributing

species. The Fabaceae and Asteraceae are dominant, with 31 species each. This is not

surprising, as these two families are large and widely distributed, with respectively 755

and 653 accepted species in KwaZulu-Natal (SANBI, 2016). The Fabaceae and

Asteraceae are followed by Apocynaceae with 14 species, the Euphorbiaceae and

Poaceae with 13 species, the Hyacinthaceae and Solanaceae with 11 species and then

the other families, all with less than 10 species.

Figure 2. Families with the largest numbers of medicinal plant species recorded at

Amandawe.

60
 Although the Fabaceae and Asteraceae contribute more medicinal species than

the other families, the general pattern is that the diversity of medicinal plants at

Amandawe is due to the large number of families and genera that are used, rather than

many species in a particular genus. Only 18 genera have three or more medicinal

species (Figure 3), with Solanum in the first position (seven medicinal species), followed

by Amaranthus, Commiphora, Helichrysum and Strychnos (all with five species), Aloe,

Erythrina, Euphorbia, Ficus, Hypoxis, Ipomoea, Ledebouria and Vachellia (all with four

species) and then Albuca, Combretum, Eriosema, Juncus and Syzygium (all with three

species). There are 37 genera with two medicinal species each and 211 genera with one

species each. A comparison with the taxonomic diversity of all useful species of the

Vembe district (Magwede, 2018), albeit not only for medicinal plants, show similar

combinations of families and genera. This similarity is probably due to particular chemical

compounds and associated biological activities that are present in the chosen families,

genera and species (and not in others). It would be interesting to know if the knowledge

about the uses of these shared taxa were independently acquired or if it resulted from an

exchange of knowledge between the two cultures or ancient common origin of the two

cultures (both are Bantu languages).

61
Figure 3. Genera with the largest numbers of medicinal plant species recorded at

Amandawe.

3.3 Diversity of medicinal uses of Amandawe plants

The medicinal uses of Amandawe plants were grouped into 18 categories of use, mostly

following Moffett (2010), who in turn based his classification on Snyman (2010). These

categories are given here in order of the number of species used, as shown in Figure 4:

tonics (156), dermatological (125), gastro-intestinal (102), analgesic (85), reproductive

system (82), pediatric (75), unspecified ailments (74), musculo-skeletal (73),

cardiovascular (57), ear, nose and throat (56), trauma (44), antimicrobial (43), respiratory

system (34), nervous system (27), urinary system (24), anthelmintics (22), endocrine

system (11) and ophthalmic (11). The majority of the plant species (259 of the 359

62
species; 72%) are not only used for one but for several ailments, so that a given species

may be classified into more than one (or several) of the 18 categories of use. Exactly 100

species (28%) have only a single medicinal use.

Figure 4. The main categories of medicinal plant use as recorded at Amandawe,

showing the total number of species per use category, as well as the total number of

ailments in each category.

Medicinal plant species with the largest diversity of medicinal uses are shown in

Figure 5. Microglossa mespilifolia, for example, has 20 diffent medicinal uses (17 of

which are newly recorded), classified into 10 of the 18 main categories of use. Hypoxis

hemerocallidea also has 20 different medicinal uses in 12 categories of use, with 14

previously unrecorded uses. As can be expected, the 26 medicinal plants have amongst

the highest SPI and CII values, as shown later.

63
Figure 5. Medicinal plants of Amandawe with the most diverse uses. The number of use

categories, total number of uses and number of newly recorded uses are shown for the

26 most versatile medicinal plant species.

More detailed analyses of the 18 main categories of use (as shown in Figure 4) are

presented below. The sequence is the same as in the figure.

64
3.3.1 Tonic uses

The importance of tonic plants in southern Africa was first explicitly highlighted by Van

Wyk and Gericke (2000), with a more detailed elaboration by Olivier (2012) and Olivier

and Van Wyk (2013). The difficulty in translating traditional health concepts into modern

biomedical equivalents is clearly exemplified by tonics. A general tonic that is used by

Zulu people for a wide range of non-specific ailments is called an imbiza, a term that is

derived from the traditional Zulu cooking pot, the imbiza. However, the process of treating

patients with tonics follows a pattern, and this pattern determines both the plants and the

dosage forms that are used. As shown in Table 1 and Figure 6, tonics can be

administered orally as a drink or as an emetic or enema, less often as a body wash or as

a steam treatment.

Figure 6. Tonic uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number of plant

species that used for each application.

65
 Tonics are typically used when a person does not feel well but do not have any

obvious symptoms to allow the ailment to be easily identified. In this instance, three

different methods of administering the medicine are used, namely as a drink (to be

ingested normally or as an emetic), as an enema and as a body steaming. The treatment

follows a specific sequence – it starts with umuthi obovu and is followed up by umuthi

omhlophe (see below). Tonics are mostly prepared as mixtures called uzifozonke,

probably with the idea that at least one of the plants in the mixture would be effective

against the unknown cause of the general malaise. When the ailment can be identified,

specific plants will be chosen, and they are either used alone or in combination with

others. Names of tonics may refer to the ailment that is treated, the way the medicine is

administered or simply the appearance of the medicine. In the Amandawe area, the

following names are used to describe various tonics.

Umuthi obovu is a mixture of plant materials that has gone through a process of

prolonged boiling – the colour is usually red because of the use of red tree barks as the

main ingredients. Umuthi omhlophe is a mixture of plant materials that does not require

any boiling, and which is usually foamy and white in colour (caused by the presence of

saponins). Umuthi obandayo is simply a tonic that is not heated but administered cold.

Uzifozonke means “all ailments” and refers to the ability of the medicine to treat various

ailments. Typical examples of plants used in uzifozonke mixtures at Amandawe include

Acokanthera oblongifolia, Acokanthera oppositifolia, Aloe arborescens, Aloe ferox and

Typha capensis. Such tonics are commonly sold in bottles and as a result are sometimes

referred to as ibhodlela (“the bottle”).

There are no specific ailments that are treated with both umuthi obovu and umuthi

omhlophe and they are used in the same way, to strengthen the body. However, the

species that are used differ considerable. The most popular plant species used as umuthi

66
obovu (number of use-records in brackets) are Schotia brachypetala (27), Protorhus

longifolia (21), Harpephyllum caffrum (20), Pappea capensis (16), Albizia adanathifolia

(16), Sclerocarya birrea (14), Syzygium cordatum (14), Syzygium gerrardii (10) and

Senegalia caffra (10). On the other hand, umuthi omhlophe has the following most

popular plants: Hippobromus pauciflorus (13), Monanthotaxis caffra (7) and Dombeya

tiliacea (6). Different types of imbizas also appear to have different species: enema –

Solanum aculeastrum (27), Trichillia dregenea (21) and Lasiosiphon kraussiana (7);

emetic – Sideroxylon inerme (6), Eriosprmum mackeni (4) Harpephyllum caffrum (3);

oral – Stangeria eriopus (1), Centella asiatica (1), Commelina africana (1), Cucumis

zeyheri (1), Dalbergia obovata (1) and Passiflora suberosa (1); cleansing –Gunnera

perpensa (12) and Tremma orientalis (2); uzifozonke – Momordica balsamina (14),

Momordica foetida (14), Aloe ferox (8), Aloe arborescens (8), Acokanthera oblongifolia

(5) and Acokanthera oppositifolia (4). Also included in this category are appetite

stimulants, for which the popular plants are Mondia whitiei (4) and Aloe arborescens (2).

It is interesting that some of the useful plants recorded in Amandawe have been

scientifically proven to be effective against some of the ailments mentioned. These

include Momordica balsamina, Gunnera perpensa, Lasiosiphon krausiana, Scadoxus

punicea, Tetradenia riparia and Zanthoxylum capense (Ndhlala et al., 2011).

3.3.2 Dermatological uses

As shown in Figure 7, no less than 35 species are used to treat sores, 27 to treat lice and

16 to treat acne, the three main dermatological applications of medicinal plants at

Amandawe. The applications of medicinal plants for some conditions seem to become

67
more specialised, with five or less species used for body odour, skin lightening, burn

wounds, rashes and other specific uses. The term umeqo is used for a condition that has

many symptoms which include various forms of instant skin ailments such as an outburst

of painful sores and swelling. Izichitho is a condition manifesting on the outside of the

body in the form of instant eruptions of acne, bad body odour, body lice and other skin

problems. Izilonda is the term used for sores and wounds – the former considered to be

smaller; the latter larger, and the result of an injury.

Figure 7. Dermalogical uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number

of plant species that used for each application.

68
Various skin diseases are a big problem world-wide, such that they make up 34% of all

occupational diseases (Abbasi et al., 2010). According to Tschachler et al. (1996), 90%

of people with HIV experience some form of skin problems. There are a number of

contributing factors which increase the susceptibility of people to various skin disorders

and these include a hot and humid climate (De Wet et al., 2013), overcrowding in most

households which leads to a quick spread of diseases (Hay et al., 2006), a common and

contagious skin disorder caused by Tenia capatis (De Wet et al., 2013) and susceptibility

of burn victims to the fatal Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Lim, 1998). The majority of rural

dwellers in South Africa are still highly dependent on the use of traditional medicine to

treat skin-related ailments (De Wet et al., 2013).

In this category there are 111 medicinal plant species used by the people of

Amandawe to treat a total of 25 individual dermatological problems, as shown in Figure 7.

The most frequently mentioned conditions and species used to treat them are: lice –

Crassula obovata (25 citations), Portulaca quadrifida (22), Kalanchoe pinnata (22);

unspecified skin problems – Albizia adianthifolia (8) and Dipcadi viride (6); oily skin –

Psidium guajava (8); sores – Senecio serratuloides (28), Spilanthes mauritiana (7),

Microglossa mespilifolia (6) and Bidens pilosa (5); complexion enhancer – Cassipourea

flanaganii (24) and Calodendrum capense (15); boils – Ziziphus mucronata (4) and

Zanthoxylum capense (2); warts – Euphorbia tirucalli (6), Euphorbia ingens (3) and

Zanthoxylum capense (3).

69
3.3.3 Gastrointestinal uses

Some of the gastrointestinal problems are a result of poor sanitation, poor quality of

drinking water and a lack of education, among other things (De Wet et al., 2010).

Gastrointestinal complaints (Figure 8) for which the largest numbers of plant

species are used are diarrhoea (28 species), as well as stomach cramps and a condition

traditionally referred to as nyongo (both with 26 species). Nyongo is the isiZulu word for

the gall-bladder or for bile (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). The term is used at Amadawe for

severe discomfort cause by the gall bladder, presumably due to an overproduction of gall

(perhaps best described as “biliousness”). Symptoms include dizziness and a brief loss of

vision after quickly lifting the head. Too much gall is believed to cause various ailments,

and therefore needs to be emptied either as an emetic (popular form) or by purging.

Barringtonia racemosa (fruits), Pittosporum viridiflorum (bark) and Osteospermum

monilifera (leaves) are almost synonymous with the ailment called inyongo. A decoction

is administered warm to induce vomiting, such that that some of the gall is expelled.

Isela is a traditional concept that refers to a condition in babies characterised by

various symptoms such as weakness of the body, inability to hold the head up, sunken

eyes, an inflamed rectal area and frequent sleeping. Isilonda sesela refers to

inflammation of the rectal area, which is believed to be a symptom of the ailment called

isela. The most common way of treating isela and isilonda sesela is through

ukuphumputha/ukuvuthela, a process where the medicine is inserted as a paste into the

rectal area or blown with the aid of a pipe into the rectal area.

There are 104 plant species used to treat ailments affecting the gastrointestinal

organs, with 13 ailments being mentioned by participants (Figure 8).

70
Figure 8. Gastrointestinal uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the

number of plant species that used for each application.

The following list shows the most popular plant species used per ailment:

inyongo-“biliousness” – Barringtonia racemosa (37 citations), Pittosporum viridiflorum

(37), Osteospermum monilifera (24) and Cussonia spicata (11); stomach cramps –

Schkuhria pinnata (13), Aloe arborescens (8), Clerodendrum glabrum (7) and Prunus

persica (3); diarrhoea –Syzygium gerrardii (6), Psidium guajava (5) and Clerodendrum

glabrum (5); heartburn – Rubus rigidus (18), Malvastrum coromandelianum (4), Bidens

pilosa (3) and Lantana rugosa (3); purgative – Ipomoea cairica (10) and Tecomaria

capensis (4).

An interesting observation here is that some of the popular plants used for gastro-

intestinal problems can apparently bring relief for more than one ailment. Such multi-

purpose plants include Leucas lavendulifolia, Prunus persica, Psidium guajava, Rubus

rigidus, Harpephyllum caffrum, Syzygium cordatum, Melia azedarach, Aloe arborescens,

Erythrina caffra, Scadoxus puniceus, Erythrina lysistemon and Desmodium incanum.

71
3.3.4 Analgesic uses

Eight different types of pain associated with various ailments were recorded to be treated

with a total of 85 different plant species (Figure 9). It is noteworthy that the participants

mentioned that the symptom of an ailment (i.e. pain) are sometimes treated, not the

actual ailment, as in the case of fever. Some of the conditions with the most number of

plant species used are sharp internal body pains (33), toothache (28), headache (13) and

general body pains (12).

The most cited plant species for their respective uses are: fever – Tetradenia

riparia (27 citations), Tecomaria capensis (16) and Dysphania ambrosioides (12);

toothache – Solanum incanum (10), Solanum aculeastrum (9) and Catharanthus roseus

(6); headache – Mikania natalensis (5) and Albizia adianthifolia (4); backache –

Solanum incanum (4), Solanum aculestrum (4) and Lasiosiphon kraussianus, all

administered as an enema; (4); body pains – Ziziphus mucronata (8) and Aloidendron

barberae (3).

Figure 9. Analgesic uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number of

plant species that used for each application.

72
3.3.4 Reproductive uses

Medicinal plants used for various ailments, conditions or treatments associated with the

reproductive system amounted to 78 species. The 12 different types of individual

applications and the number of species used are shown in Figure 10. Three prominent

applications are easing of child-birth (22 species), medicine for virility, called umuthi

wamadoda (22) and impotence (20), while the rest of the applications have less than 10

plant species each. The term umuthi wamadoda is used when referring to the plants that

are used for virility, which is needed to improve sexual performance. The use of umuthi

wamadoda is supplemented with the use of plants that treat impotence. Tonics used by

women during pregnancy to ensure a healthy and problem-free childbirth are prepared

from 22 plant species, of which Rhoicissus tomentosa (five citations) is the most popular.

Listed here are some examples of popular species used for each individual

application: impotence – Eriosema salignum (18 citations), Eriosema distinctum (8),

Eriosema cordatum (7), Afroaster hispida (4) and Erythrina latissima (2); virility –

Eriosema salignum (9), Eriosema cordatum (6), Xysmalobium undulatum (3),

Ceratotheca triloba (3) and Combretum woodii (2); menstruation-related problems –

Vangueria infausta (4) and Strychnos spinosa (2); galactogogue – Rhipsalis baccifera

(2) and Cynanchum viminale (2).

73
Figure 10. Reproductive uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number

of plant species that used for each application.

74
3.3.5 Paediatric uses

The medicinal use category with the largest diversity of applications is pediatric uses

(Figure 9).

Figure 11. Pediatric uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number of

plant species that used for each application.

75
 This category also present a challenge to those who are not familiar with

traditional isiZulu health concepts and without expert medical training or experience.

Nevertheless, some attempt is made here to at least explain the main symptoms of

isithakathi, inyoni, umkhondo and ukuthukeza as they apply to infants.

The largest diversity of medicinal plants are used to treat isithakathi, a condition

that affects infants, and characterised by a number of symptoms which include “string-

like” faeces. Isela and isilonda sesela have already been described above. Inyoni is an

ailment in infants that is usually recognised by a red patch on the back of the neck and

sometimes accompanied by various other symptoms including inflammation in the mouth

(more specifically, the palate). Isela and inyoni are treated with 10 and nine species,

respectively. Umkhondo in infants is recognised by depression of the fontanelles, among

other symptoms. It is treated at Amandawe with Leucas lavandulifolia and Cryptocarya

latifolia. Ukuthukeza is a condition where babies constantly startle and become terrified

and cry, even in their sleep. Only one species (Cryptocarya latifolia) has been recorded

as a remedy for this ailment.

The most common and popular plants used in baby sicknesses are Ledebouria

revoluta, L. ovatifolia, L. floribunda, Drimia elata followed by Erythrina caffra and E.

lysistemon. One of the plants whose medicinal uses are almost entirely for babies, is

Thunbergia atriplifolia. The most popular plants used to facilitate a faster umbilical cord

healing are used are Desmodium incanum and Solanum incanum.

The following are the ailments and the most popular species used to treat them,

accompanied by the number of citations: inyoni – Thunbergia natalensis (5); isithakathi

– Gomphocarpus physocarpus (12), Ledebouria petiolata (11), Ledebouria floribunda (7),

Leucas lavandulifolia (6), Ledebouria ovatifolia (5), Ledebouria revoluta (4), Lantana

camara (3) and Centella asiatica (2); healing the umbilical cord – Desmodium incanum
76
(8), Phragmites australis (2), Solanum marginatum (3), Solanum incanum (2), Ledebouria

floribunda (1), Bidens pilosa (1) and Typha capensis (1); sedative – Jasminum

multipartitum (17); tonic – Ledebouria floribunda (15); ailments experienced during

teething – Thunbergia atriplicifolia (7); fontanelle depression – Senecio serratuloides

(5) and Thunbergia natalensis (1).

3.3.7 Unspecified ailments

This category simply serves to classify all the medicinal use-records where no

particular ailments were specified – 75 in total. The most common reason for this lack of

specificity is that the participant simply could not remember the traditional use of the

particular species. Another reason is that the participant may have felt uncomfortable to

discuss certain ailments and conditions (e.g. sexually transmitted diseases), especially in

the case of old participants who felt that they did not want to burden a young man with

explicit details. It should be pointed out that almost all of the relevant species have

several recorded uses, so that it is possible that the unspecified use actually corresponds

with other uses already recorded. Only nine species have no other uses recorded.

The use-records for six species are indicated as UNCLASSIFIED because the

particular ailments have as yet not been identified. These include ailments referred to as

amalumbo, izichitho and umuthi wamakhala. There are only two cases where the

participants did not want to reveal the uses of particular plants and wanted to keep the

information secret. These are indicated as “UNDISCLOSED” in Table 1. Rather than

omitting these uncertain records, they are recorded because of the possibility that further

details and consensus may be obtained in future surveys.

77
3.3.8 Musculo-skeletal uses

A total of 76 medicinal plants are used to treat ailments affecting muscles and bones

were recorded, all of which are presented in Figure 12. Some of the conditions with the

largest number of species used are listed here, together with examples of the most highly

cited species.

Figure 12. Musculo-skeletal uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the

number of plant species that used for each application.

The ailments are inflammation (42 species) – Mesembryanthemum cordifolium

(32 citations), Carpobrotus dimidiatus (24), Pentanisia prunelloides (20), Aloe maculata

(9) and Crinum macowanii (10); bone reformation/repair – Solanum aculeastrum (5),

Lasiosiphon kraussianus (2), Lantana rugosa (2), Rubus rigidus (2) and Solanum

incanum (2); rheumatic pains – Trichilia dregeana (28), Solanum aculeastrum (15) and

Lasiosiphon kraussianus (4); sore joints – Solanum aculeastrum (1); muscle cramps –

Solanum aculeastrum (2); stiff muscles – Scilla natalensis (1); arthritis – Hypoxis

hemerocallidea (1); swollen feet – Gerbera piloselloides (2).

78
 Solanum species happen to be the most popular in most of the categories under

musco-skeletal problems. Impehlwa is a skin condition that is affect the underside of the

feet, symptoms include sharp pains, minor swelling, bad odour and dark spots.

3.3.9 Cardiovascular uses

Different types of health problems affecting the heart and blood vessels were recorded to

be treated by a total of 58 medicinal plant species. All of the ailments are shown in Figure

13, with the most species used for high blood pressure (24) and blood purification (23).

Specific ailments together with their associated popular plant species used are as

follows: blood pressure – Momordica balsamina (23), Aloe arborescens (8), Aloe ferox

(8) and Hypoxis hemerocallidea (4); blood purification – Gunnera perpensa (4), Typha

capensis (3), Protorhus longifolia (3), Scadoxus puniceus (2), Schotia brachypetala (2)

and Albizia adianthifolia (2).

Figure 13. Cardiovascular uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the

number of plant species that used for each application.

79
3.3.10 Ear, nose and throat

Ailments classified under ear, throat and nose have a total of 56 plants used for

treatments, and the different ailments are shown in Figure 14. Colds and flu has the

highest number plants used (34 species).

Listed next are the popular plant species used for each ailment: cold and flu –

Tetradenia riparia (27 citations), Eucalyptus grandis (23), Eucalyptus camaldulensis (22),

Tecomaria capensis (19), Spilanthes mauritiana (9); nasal congestion – Eucalyptus

camaldulensis (22), Eucalyptus grandis (22), Mikania natalensis (6), Clematis brachiata

(4), Tetradenia riparia (4), mouth sores – Spilanthes mauritiana (22); ear problems –

Sansevieria hyacinthoides (20), Dracaena aletriformis (10), Erythrina caffra (9), Erythrina

lysistemon (9); allergies – Clematis brachiata (2) and Obetia tenax (1).

Figure 14. Ear, nose and throat uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the

number of plant species that used for each application.

80
3.3.11 Trauma uses

A total of 44 plant species were reported to be used to treat ailments or conditions

associated with traumatic situations, as shown in Figure 15. A form of poisoning locally

known as idliso is treated using 19 plant species. Listed next are the most popular plant

species used for each condition: Idliso – Foeniculum vulgare (12 citations); snake-bite –

Acokanthera oppositifolia (17), Aloe ferox (9), Gymnosporia rubra (6) and Gomphocarpus

physocarpus (2); wounds – Solanum incanum (9), Bidens pilosa (5) and Musa

acuminata (4).

Figure 15. Trauma uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number of

plant species that used for each application.

3.3.12 Antimicrobial uses

The use of medicinal plants for their antimicrobial properties and benefits was recorded

for 41 plants. In Figure 16, 12 individual applications are shown, with venereal diseases

having the highest number of plants used (12 species).

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 The following are some of the specific ailments and the popular plants used against

them: body itch – Microglossa mespilifolia (18) measles – Microglossa mespilifolia (21);

disinfectant – Foeniculum vulgare (6); an eruptions of sores known as umzimba omubi

– Microglossa mespilifolia (6); dysentery – Ficus glumosa (4) and Vachellia karroo (2);

sexually transmitted infections – Albizia adianthifolia (2); venereal disease – Centella

asiatica (4), Juncus effusus (1) and Platycarpha glomerata (1); gonorrhoea – Albizia

adianthifolia (1), Cynodon dactylon (1), Ranunculus multifidus (1); syphyllis – Solanum

marginatum (1); scabies – Hypoxis hemerocallidea (1), Albizia adianthifolia (1) and

Triumfetta chrysotricha (1); head sores – Grewia occidentalis (1), Hypoxis

hemerocallidea (1) and Withania somnifera (1).

Figure 16. Antimicrobial uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number

of plant species that used for each application.

82
3.3.13 Respiratory system uses

Respiratory ailments and complications were recorded to be treated by a total of 35

medicinal plant species. Of the 12 respiratory ailments shown in Figure 17, coughs have

the highest number of plant species used (13).

Listed next are specific ailments and the most popular plant species used: coughs

– Acorus calamus (22 citations), Tetradenia riparia (5), Spilanthes mauritiana (5) and

Combretum molle (4); other chest ailments – Cannabis sativa (18), Combretum molle

(13) and Acorus calamus (3).

The most frequent way to administer medication in treating most of the respiratory

ailments is through steaming over a hot mixture containing the plant material used.

Figure 17. Respiratory system uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the

number of plant species that used for each application.

83
3.3.14 Nervous system uses

Different conditions that affect the nervous system were reported to be treated by a total

of 27 plant species. All of these conditions are shown in Figure 18. Hysteria is at the top

of the list, with 11 plant species used, followed by sedative uses, with six plants.

Listed next are ailments with popular plant species used against them: hysteria –

Boophone disticha (4 citations), Afroaster hispida (3) and Tecomaria capensis (2); fits –

Spirostachys africana (1), Stangeria eriopus (1) and Boophone disticha (1). The mind-

altering properties of Boophone disticha are well recorded (Van Wyk et al., 2009), but

less is known about the possible modes of action of the other species listed. The

treatment of nervous conditions are usually associated with alkaloids.

Figure 18. Nervous system uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the

number of plant species that used for each application.

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3.3.15 Urinary system uses

Ailments associated with the urinary system was recorded to be treated with a total of 24

plant species. Eight of the different individual applications are presented in Figure 19. A

total of 15 different plants are used to treat bladder and prostrate problems, followed by

kidney related ailments with seven plants.

The following are examples of the most popular plant species used : bladder and

prostrate – Gunnera perpensa (18), Merwilla plumbea (3), Euclea natalensis (3),

Eucomis autumnalis (3) and Combretum kraussii (2); kidneys – Ricinus communis (3),

Eucomis autumnalis (2), Combretum kraussii (2) and Afroaster hispida (2); urinary

diseases – Gunnera perpensa (2), Mesembryanthemum cordifolium (2) and Solanum

incanum (2); bilharzia – Erythrina lysistemon (1) and Erythrina caffra (1).

Gunnera perpensa, Ricinus communis, Eucomis autumnalis and Combretum

kraussii are important plants in this category because they appear in more than one of

the applications.

Figure 19. Urinary system uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the

number of plant species that used for each application.

85
3.3.16 Anthelmintic uses

A total of 21 medicinal plant species are used in treating different types of worms and

related parasites affecting humans (Figure 20). The three most popular plants used as

vermifuges, accompanied by the number of citations, are Embelia ruminata (9),

Dysphania ambrosioides (8) and Maesa lanceolata (7). These species are well known as

vermifuges (Van Wyk et al., 2009; Van Wyk and Wink, 2017).

What is noteworthy that raw fruits of Embelia ruminata are used, while those of

Maesa lanceolata are always cooked. Another plant cited by five of the participants is

Melia azedarach, while the other plants all have less than five citations.

A popular term used when referring to the expulsion of worms is ukubhekisa phansi

iziklelemu, which can be directly translated as “redirecting the worms down(wards)”.

Usually one will experience or feel the worms making their way up through to the mouth,

in that case an anthelmintic will be taken.

In the event of pinworms, only Lasiosiphon kraussianus was mentioned by one

participant. Pinworms are known as impeshwana, which means “small worm”.

Figure 20. Anthelmintic uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number

of plant species that used for each application.

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3.3.17 Endocrine system uses

There are 14 medicinal plants known and used to treat ailments affecting the endocrine

system. In Figure 21, the four individual endocrine applications are shown, with diabetes

having five plants species as treatments, followed by mumps with three and the others

with two each.

Acokanthera oblongofolia and A. oppositifolia are the most popular plants used in

treating diabetes and were both cited by five participants. In the event of mumps,

Sclerocarya birrea was mentioned by 24 participants, but it is not clear which plant parts

are used. Swollen testicular glands were recorded to be treated with Albizia adianthifolia

and Ricinus communis (both were mentioned by two participants).

Figure 21. Endocrine system uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the

number of plant species that used for each application.

3.3.18 Ophthalmic uses

In this category, 12 plants were recorded to be used for various eye-related problems. In

Figure 22, various eye problems are shown to be treated with six plants species while

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infections are treated with five. The most popular plant remedies are listed in a

descending order of the number of citations by participants and they are: Berkheya

bipinnatifida (15), Plectranthus ciliatus (5) and Aloidendron barberae (2). Both Berkheya

bipinnatifida and the Plectranthus ambiguus are administered in a similar fashion, where

the extract from the freshly squeezed leaves is used as eye drops. In the case of

Berkheya bipinnatifida, it is the new leafy shoots that are preferred.

Figure 22. Opthalmic uses of the medicinal plants of Amandawe, showing the number of

plant species that used for each application.

3.4 Diversity of vernacular names and praise names

A total of 859 vernacular names and variations of vernacular names have been recorded

for the medicinal plants of Amandawe, as listed in Table 1. Of these, 560 appears to be

new records. According to Koopman (2015), variations in the spelling of names should be

interpreted as separate names (but obviously not variations due to spelling mistakes). No

less than 66% of the names listed in Table 1 appear to be newly recorded.

Also documented in Table 1 are several praise names (also called “praises”, in

cases where a phrase or sentence is used). These names are typically applied as

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alternative names or synonyms for well-known species, in cases where there are some

reasons for avoiding the more familiar vernacular name for the species. Praise names

are sometimes used by traders and traditional healers to hide the identity of the plants or

plant materials they are selling or using. The well-known umgadankawu (Albizia

adianthifolia) for example, may be referred to as Iskhukaz’esimatshwele (“hen and

chickens”, perhaps in reference to the characteristic spreading branches, reminiscent of

the protective wings of a hen, and the chickens representing all the various ailments that

this tree can cure?). A total of 68 praise names were recorded, of which 60 (88%) have

not, to the best of my knowledge, previously been recorded in the scientific or popular

literature.

Medicinal plants with a large number of isiZulu synonyms (names and name

variants) are Platycarpha glomerata (10), Sonchus oleraceus (10), Ledebouria floribunda

(9), Osteospermum monilifera (9), Canthium spinosum (8), Erythrina latissima (8),

Helichrysum luteoalbum (8), Ledebouria ovatifolia (8) and Searsia chirindensis (8).

The high percentage of newly recorded vernacular names and praises supports the

idea that Zulu medicinal ethnobotany is incompletely documented.

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CHAPTER 4: QUANTIFICATION AND INDEX VALUES

The term ‘quantitative ethnobotany’ was first coined by Prance et al. (1987), who applied

the concept to several ethnobotanical studies (Prance et al., 1987; Phillips and Gentry,

1993a, b; Phillips 1996; Höft et al. 1999). Most of the popular indices that are used are

aimed at reflecting the level of agreement or concensus between participants. The higher

the number of use-records given independently by different participants, the more

“popular” or “important” the species is likely to be (Albuquerque et al., 2006). Due

consideration was also given in this study to the guidelines and minimum requirements

for ethnobotanical field studies as proposed by Heinrich et al. (2009).

Several indices are available to quantify the importance or relative importance of

useful plant species. The Cultural Importance Index (CII) of Reyes-García et al. (2006)

and the Species Popularity Index (SPI) of De Beer and Van Wyk (2011) are used here.

Unlike CII values, which are calculated from the data in Table 1, SPI values are

calculated from a matrix of species versus participants (given in Appendix 7). The way in

which the index values are calculated is explained under Materials and Methods.

A comparison of Amandawe medicinal plant species with the highest SPI values

and their number of citations and CII values is presented in Table 2. The two indices

differ substantially, because the SPI simply measures how well known a species and its

uses are, while the CII measures the diversity of use (and hence the perceived

importance of the plant to the culture). Despite this important difference, Table 2 shows a

high degree of congruence between the species with the highest SPI values and their CII

values. It appears that the most versatile medicinal plant species at Amandawe are

generally also the ones that are the best known and most frequently cited by the

participants. This may be due to the fact that different participants knew about different

90
uses for the same plant, hence a higher number of “hits” when the SPI value is

calculated. A comparison of species with the largest number of different uses (as shown

in Figure 5) confirms this idea. There are only a few examples of species with a relatively

low CII value despite the fact that they are very popular and well known, such as

Cannabis sativa and Pittosporum viridiflorum. Together with Leucas lavandulifolia and

Spilanthes mauritiana, these two species had SPI values of 1, and were cited by all 37

participants. However, they have relatively few uses (and hence low CII values) and

therefore do not appear amongst the most versatile species shown in Figure 5.

Nevertheless, it is interesting to note the close similarity between the top 51 most popular

medicinal species (as revealed by SPI values above 0.52), when compared to the top 52

most important medicinal species (as revealed by CII values above 0.58). The two

indices do not measure the same variables yet almost all of the top 51 most popular

species are also among the top 52 most important species (and vice versa), as indicated

by species names in bold print. Notable exceptions are Sclerocarya birrea (rank 20,

according to CII) and Erythrina lysistemon (rank 26 according to CII) where a diversity of

medicinal uses were recorded, but only from a relatively small number of participants.

Similarly, Eriosema distinctum (rank 29 according to SPI), Melia azedarach (rank 31

according to SPI) and Ledebouria revoluta (rank 34 according to SPI) do not feature

amongst the top 52 plants based on CII values because they have a limited diversity of

uses. The rigorous methodology of the matrix method allows for both these indices (and

several others) to be calculated and it seems that a more complete assessment is

ensured when both are calculated. From a botanical perspective, it is difficult to see any

shared features amongst the most popular medicinal plant species. They belong to a

diversity of families and represent different life forms, different morphologies and different

classes of main secondary metabolites. Although there was no formal assessment of the

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 Table 2. Comparison of the ca. 50 most popular and culturally important medicinal plants of Amandawe. All species with
SPI values exceeding 0.52, and those with CII values exceeding 0.58 are compared (species appearing in both lists are
shown in bold print). The total number of citations (from 37 participants) are also shown. Non-indigenous species are
marked with an asterisk*.

RANK SPECIES (ranked by SPI value) SPI CITA- CII SPECIES (ranked by CII value) CII CITA- SPI
TIONS TIONS
1) *Cannabis sativa 1.00 35 0.95 Tetradenia riparia 1.84 68 0.97

2) Leucas lavandulifolia 1.00 48 1.30 *Spilanthes mauritiana 1.62 60 1.00

3) Pittosporum viridiflorum 1.00 38 1.03 Microglossa mespilifolia 1.32 49 0.80

4) *Spilanthes mauritiana 1.00 60 1.62 Leucas lavandulifolia 1.30 48 1.00

5) Tetradenia riparia 0.97 68 1.84 Albizia adianthifolia 1.27 47 0.84

6) Harpephyllum caffrum 0.95 23 0.62 Tecomaria capensis 1.22 45 0.68

7) Aloe ferox 0.94 31 0.84 Solanum aculeastrum 1.14 42 0.76

8) Barringtonia racemosa 0.92 34 0.92 Zanthoxylum capense 1.11 41 0.80

9) *Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0.92 29 0.78 Senecio serratuloides 1.08 40 0.81

10) Mesembryanthemum cordifolium 0.92 35 0.95 *Dysphania ambrosioides 1.08 40 0.73

11) Syzygium cordatum 0.92 27 0.73 Trichilia dregeana 1.05 39 0.76

12) Albizia adianthifolia 0.84 47 1.27 Pittosporum viridiflorum 1.03 38 1.00

13) Gunnera perpensa 0.82 29 0.78 *Cannabis sativa 0.95 35 1.00

14) Senecio serratuloides 0.81 40 1.08 Mesembryanthemum cordifolium 0.95 35 0.92

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15) Solanum incanum 0.81 33 0.89 Barringtonia racemosa 0.92 34 0.92

16) Microglossa mespilifolia 0.80 49 1.32 *Acorus calamus 0.92 34 0.79

17) Hypoxis hemerocallidea 0.80 28 0.76 Solanum incanum 0.89 33 0.81

18) Zanthoxylum capense 0.80 41 1.11 Zanthoxylum davyi 0.86 32 0.57

19) *Acorus calamus 0.79 34 0.92 Erythrina caffra 0.86 32 0.54

20) Portulaca quadrifida 0.78 22 0.59 Sclerocarya birrea 0.86 32 0.41

21) *Kalanchoe pinnata 0.76 27 0.73 Aloe ferox 0.84 31 0.94

22) Momordica balsamina 0.76 27 0.73 Schotia brachypetala 0.84 31 0.73

23) Solanum aculeastrum 0.76 42 1.14 Aloe arborescens 0.84 31 0.67

24) Trichilia dregeana 0.76 39 1.05 *Schkuhria pinnata 0.81 30 0.64

25) Eriosema salignum 0.74 26 0.70 Erythrina lysistemon 0.81 30 0.49

26) *Dysphania ambrosioides 0.73 40 1.08 *Eucalyptus camaldulensis 0.78 29 0.92

27) Schotia brachypetala 0.73 31 0.84 Gunnera perpensa 0.78 29 0.82

28) Protorhus longifolia 0.72 29 0.78 Protorhus longifolia 0.78 29 0.72

29) Eriosema distinctum 0.70 17 0.46 Pentanisia prunelloides 0.78 29 0.68

30) Pentanisia prunelloides 0.68 29 0.78 Ledebouria floribunda 0.78 29 0.61

31) *Melia azedarach 0.68 11 0.30 *Bidens pilosa 0.78 29 0.54

32) Tecomaria capensis 0.68 45 1.22 Hypoxis hemerocallidea 0.76 28 0.80

33) Aloe arborescens 0.67 31 0.84 Ledebouria petiolata 0.76 28 0.55

34) Ledebouria revoluta 0.66 18 0.49 Syzygium cordatum 0.73 27 0.92

35) Syzygium gerrardii 0.65 22 0.59 *Kalanchoe pinnata 0.73 27 0.76

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36) *Schkuhria pinnata 0.64 30 0.81 Momordica balsamina 0.73 27 0.76

37) Hypoxis rigidula 0.64 22 0.59 Eriosema salignum 0.70 26 0.74

38) Ledebouria floribunda 0.61 29 0.78 Osteospermum monilifera 0.68 25 0.60

39) Ledebouria ovatifolia 0.61 24 0.65 Plectranthus ambiguus 0.68 25 0.45

40) Acokanthera oppositifolia 0.61 23 0.62 Ledebouria ovatifolia 0.65 24 0.61

41) Eriospermum mackenii 0.60 25 0.14 Cassipourea malosana 0.65 24 0.56

42) Osteospermum monilifera 0.60 25 0.68 Gomphocarpus physocarpus 0.65 24 0.53

43) *Eucalyptus grandis 0.57 23 0.62 *Ricinus communis 0.65 24 0.30

44) Zanthoxylum davyi 0.57 32 0.86 Harpephyllum caffrum 0.62 23 0.95

45) Cassipourea malosana 0.56 24 0.65 Acokanthera oppositifolia 0.62 23 0.61

46) Ledebouria petiolata 0.55 28 0.76 *Eucalyptus grandis 0.62 23 0.57

47) *Bidens pilosa 0.54 29 0.78 Combretum molle 0.62 23 0.54

48) Combretum molle 0.54 23 0.62 Rubus rigidus 0.62 23 0.41

49) Erythrina caffra 0.54 32 0.86 Portulaca quadrifida 0.59 22 0.78

50) Gomphocarpus physocarpus 0.53 24 0.65 Syzygium gerrardii 0.59 22 0.65

51) Clematis brachiata 0.53 20 0.54 Hypoxis rigidula 0.59 22 0.64

52) Sansevieria hyacinthoides 0.59 22 0.35

94
availability of the species, the general impression is that almost all of the most popular

species are abundant in the study area and that none of them are rare or threatened.

The Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index or EKI gives an idea of the level of

traditional plant use knowledge that participants have. As carefully explained to the

participants, it should not be construed as a “test” of how “clever” a person is, because

different people have different interests and hence differ types and levels of knowledge.

As a result, a more complete picture emerges because of the diversity of the participants

and their interests, thus giving a more accurate reflection of the variety of uses and

practises in the community. Traditional healers typically score very high EKI values (e.g.

the study by De Beer and Van Wyk, 2011; the highest score of 0.85 in this study was also

recorded for a traditional healer) but their main plants and medicinal uses are often very

different from those recorded for local communities (Mogale et al., 2019). Community

members are more focused on symptomatic relief from self-terminating or chronic

conditions, and not so much on finding “cures” for particular ailments.

The value of this index and associated rigorous methodology is that it provides a

means of comparing the levels of knowledge between communities and cultures. It also

creates the possibility of assessing and quantifying a potential loss of indigenous

knowledge at some future date, using the same selection of 310 species as benchmark

for comparison.

The EKI values for the 37 participants (18 female and 19 male) in this study are

listed in the electronic supplement (Appendix 2) and summarised in Table 2. The EKI

values recorded at Amandawe range from 0.07 to 0.46, with an average of 0.26. These

values are surprisingly low when compared to other medicinal plant studies (Nortje and

Van Wyk, 2015; Hulley et al., 2019). The EKI values in the Kamiesberg (Nortje and Van

95
Wyk, 2015) varied between 0.17 and 0.90, with an average of 0.52 (85 medicinal plants,

16 participants); those in the western Little Karoo (Hulley and Van Wyk, 2019) between

0.04 and 0.68, with an average of 0.46 (149 medicinal plants, 70 participants). The

difference can be explained by the very large number of available medicinal plant species

at Amandawe (and thus also the large number of alternative species). As a result,

different persons know different species and none of them need to have knowledge about

all the medicinal plants of the area.

Table 2. List of participants in the Amandawe study (identifying abbreviations in brackets)

with their corresponding Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index (EKI) values. The complete
data matrix is attached as Appendix 2.

Female participants EKI value Male participants EKI value

1 Dlomo, N (NDU) 0.12 Ngidi, M (MNQO) 0.16
2 Sukude, N (SUKD) 0.09 Mbatha, T (TMBA) 0.07
3 Ngidi, Z (ZNGD) 0.35 Gambushe, S (SGAM) 0.17
4 Cele, Z (ZCEL) 0.22 Bhengu, P (PB) 0.24
5 Mkhabela, B (BMKH) 0.25 Identity withheld (TMSO) 0.19
6 Ngwane, T (MAKAS) 0.24 Identity withheld (CHNDL) 0.25
7 Madiba, E (MYS) 0.44 Dlamini, Z (ZADL) 0.37
8 Identity withheld (TNGWN) 0.16 Identity withheld (SHEZ) 0.40
9 Cele, P (PUNCH) 0.28 Mbuto, JB (JB) 0.23
10 Msomi , M (MUN) 0.25 Identity withheld (DSHA) 0.23
11 Nkomo, Z (ZNK) 0.30 Msani, V (MSAN) 0.40
12 Mbili, M (MAMBA) 0.23 Mbutho, A (MBUTHO) 0.46
13 Duma, V (MAMDUM) 0.17 Identity withheld (BKHW) 0.37
14 Dlamini, Z (MADL) 0.26 Zungu, J (JZ) 0.27
15 Msomi, K (KV) 0.09 Phewa, (PHEW) 0.16
16 Identity withheld (NOMV) 0.26 Hlongwa, J (HLO) 0.26
17 Mgozi, C (MGOZ) 0.19 Duma, K (REVDUM) 0.41
18 Mhlongo, B (BMHL) 0.27 Dlamini, Mr (DLAM) 0.40
19 Madlala, E (MRMAD) 0.23

96
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS

Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants at Amandawe is characterised by a large

diversity, as shown by 359 species, 859 vernacular names and 1423 medicinal uses that

have been recorded. Many ailments and their treatments have also been described, but

traditional concepts of diseases and healing are not well understood and deserve further

study.

The data presented in this dissertation represent a noteworthy contribution to Zulu

ethnobotany and the cultural heritage of southern Africa. It also gives some insights into

the importance and urgency of ethnobotanical research and the need to preserve and

protect precious cultural information for the benefit of future generations. Given the fact

that Zulu medicinal plants have been the subject of several publications and books, it is

expected that other rarely studied categories of use, such as magic, ritual, food,

veterinary and craft uses will also yield many unrecorded species with novel uses.

Despite the large number of publication devoted to Zulu medicinal plants, and

especially the important inventory by Hutching et al. (1996), it is evident that a substantial

part of Zulu indigenous medicinal knowledge has remained part of the oral-traditional

knowledge system and that it has not yet been documented in the popular or scientific

literature.

In Chapter 1, the main hypothesis and research questions were introduced. These

are repeated here, with brief answers or summaries.

97
 “The hypothesis was that Zulu medicinal ethnobotany has been adequately

documented, given the large number of publications and books devoted to the

topic. The premise was that if at least 25% of the species, vernacular names and

Zulu plant uses at Amandawe have hitherto remained unrecorded in the scientific

and popular literature, then the nul-hypothesis should be rejected.”

The hypothesis has to be rejected, because of overwhelming evidence (in the form

of quatitative data) to show that Zulu medicinal ethnobotany is not yet systematically

recorded, and that it actually appears to be very poorly recorded.

When revisiting the four main aims of this study as formulated in Chapter 1, the

following can be reported:

Aim 1: A quantitative ethnobotanical survey of all medicinal plants of the

Amandawe area, in order to generate a checklist.

A comprehensive and quantitative checklist of useful plants of the Amandawe area

was successfully compiled. The highly detailed and quantitative primary data in the

inventory provide useful information on the medicinal ethnobotany of Zulu people that can

be used for future comparative analyses.

Aim 2: Determining the number of previously unrecorded medicinal plant species,

vernacular names and medicinal uses, in order to test the hypothesis as stated

above.

98
 The numbers of previously unrecorded species for the Zulu culture have been

successfully determined and quantified. The hypothesis that Zulu medicinal plants and

their uses have been well documented must therefore be rejected. This conclusion is

supported by the fact that 110 medicinal species (ca. 31% of the total number), 560

isiZulu vernacular names and name variations (66% of the total number), 60 praise

names (88% of the total) and 1106 new use-records (78% of the total) are here recorded

for the first time for Zulu medicinal ethnobotany. These numbers far exceed the premise

of lack of novelty, set at an arbitrary cut-off point of 25%.

Aim 3: Analyses of the main patterns of medicinal plant use (i.e. which species are

the most popular or best known for particular health-related applications?)

The main patterns of plant use were analysed for all the categories of medicinal

use and the most popular plants for different applications were identified. Rigorous and

high quality data is available for further analyses and comparisons at the local, regional

and even global level.

Aim 4: To provide high quality primary data on the medicinal plants of the

Amadawe area that can be used for further research and for comparative analyses

by future researchers.

Detailed ethnobotanical information for a total of 359 medicinal plant species have

been documented for the Amandawe area, and analysed in terms of their importance for

various categories of use. Numerous species, plant uses and and vernacular names

99
were recorded for the first time for Zulu medicinal ethnobotany, as detailed above. This

result demonstrates the urgency of documenting and preserving indigenous plant use

knowledge for the cultural, scientific and socio-economic benefit of future generations.

This study successfully synthesized the diversity of medicinal plant use by the people of

Amandawe but also generated many unanswered questions that still need to be explored

and answered.

Suggested topics for future studies:

1. The biomedical equivalents of traditional Zulu health concepts are poorly understood

and deserves further study.

2. The study revealed many new Zulu vernacular names for plants and it will be

interesting to explore the relationships and associations between the meanings of the

names and the uses of the plants.

3. The extent to which the medicinal plants and plants uses of Amandawe is also

applicable to the surrounding areas (and the rest of KwaZulu-Natal Province) need to be

determined. The novel species and uses may either be unique to Amadawe, or they may

be geographically more widespread but have simply never been recorded.

4. The data presented in this dissertation, as well as the research instrument (flip-file) that

is provided, will make it possible for future researchers to test the perceived loss of

indigenous knowledge associated with inevitable cultural changes.

100
5. The newly recorded medicinal plants and newly recorded uses should be studied in

greater depth to confirm their novelty and to evaluate their biological activities and

chemical constituents.

6. The distinction between medicinal, magic and ritual uses are not very clear. Hutchings

et al. (1996) only briefly mentioned numerous magical uses of plants in the inventory of

Zulu medicinal plants. The other categories of use are equally poorly known. Medicinal

plants have hitherto been the main focus of research efforts and one can only imagine

how much novelty remains to be scientifically documented for other categories of use. It

will be interesting and important to know the extent to which the medicinal plants also

serve various other purposes at Amandawe.

7. To get a more complete understanding of traditional plant use at Amandawe, it is

suggested that a comprehensive study of all plant uses be undertaken, including

ethnoveterinary, magic, ritual, craft and food uses. Such a study can be extended to

cover other areas of KwaZulu-Natal, in order to work towards a comprehensive synthesis

of Zulu ethnobotany. Publications emanating from such a study could have much value

as contributions to the local, regional and global cultural heritage.

101
Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to thank Professor Ben-Erik Van Wyk for suggesting and initiating the

topic of this study. In addition to that, I thank him for his endless support, guidance in

developing me as a botanist and inspiration throughout the course of this study. The

guidance of Professor Van Wyk, as well as the response, enthusiasm and appreciation

received from local people (as well as people from outside of Amandawe), was such a

great inspiration for me that I have decided to extend such studies to cover greater parts

of KwaZulu-Natal. This study has helped me to better understand the flora, ethnobotany,

culture of the Zulu people which I greatly appreciate. In addition to that, the study has

empowered me and helped me in developing my scientific skills.

Furthermore, I want to thank the local Chief of KwaCele (Inkosi Sfiso D. Cele) and

the rest of the KwaCele tribal authority for their appreciation of this study, as well as their

interest in and support for the documentation of traditional knowledge.

Without the community of the Amandawe area in the chieftainship of KwaCele, this

study would not have been possible. I want to convey my sincere gratitude to the people

who sacrificed their time in sharing such valuable and important information. The female

participants were Cele, Zethu B; Cele, Punch; Dlamini, Zibuyile; Dlomo, Nondumiso;

Duma, V.T.; Anonymous 1 (NOMV); Anonymous 2 (TNGWN); Madiba, Eunice L; Mbhele,

Zibuyile; Mbili, Tholakele; Mgozi, Cecelia; Mhlongo, Barbara S; Mkhabela, Bonisile;

Msomi, Khale; Msomi, Munuza; Ngidi, Zibuyile; Ngwane, Thembisile; Nkomo, Zanele,

Emmerentia and Sukude, Ntombifuthi. The male participants were Bhengu, Phinda P;

Dlamini, Mr; Duma Khuphuka; Gambushe, Shenge L; Hlongwa, Mandlenkosi;

Anonymous 3 (BKHW); Anonymous 4 (CHNDL); Anonymous 5 (DSHA); Anonymous 6

102
(SHEZ); Anonymous 7 (TMSO); Madlala, E T; Mbatha, Thamsanqa; Mbutho, Amos;

Mbutho, J; Msani, Velaphi; Ngidi, Mnqobi; Phewa, Mr and Zungu, Jonah.

I also wish to thank the following persons: My family and friends for their moral

support; Fellow students of the Research Chair in Indigenous Plant Use for their

friendship and support; The Honorary Officers and staff of Vernon Crookes Nature

Reserve for their encouragement; Staff of the KwaZulu-Natal herbarium for their support

and their help with the identification of specimens.

Finally, I wish to thank the National Research Foundation of South Africa for

financial support and the University of Johannesburg for both financial and logistic

support and the opportunity to do this study.

103
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Wright, W.G., 1976. The wild flowers of southern Africa: Natal. Nelson, Cape Town.

Wumbugu, S.N., Mathiu, P.M., Gakuya, D.W., Kanui, T.I., Kabasa, J.D., Kiama, S.G.,

2011. Medicinal plants used in the management of chronic joint pains in Machakos

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Appendix 1: Inventory of medicinal plants of Amandawe, KwaCele chieftainship,
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Data in paragraph:
Paragraph 1: Species name – newly recorded species in bold – and author citation;
(family name)
Paragraph 2: local vernacular name or names – newly recorded names in bold (praise
names / praises in round brackets)
Paragraph 3: Statistics in square brackets – [Species Popularity Index]; [Cultural
Importance Index]; Vouchers – Photograph number: P1, P2, P3, etc. or herbarium
specimen number: Mhlongo 1, Mhlongo 2, Mhlongo 3, etc.
Paragraph 4: Zulu names recorded in the literature, with references given as
superscripts: Pooley (2005)1, Boon (2010)2, Pujol (1990)3, Walker (1996)4, Bryant
(1983)5, Hutchings (1996)6, Van Wyk and Gericke (2000)7; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
(1962)8, Ngwenya et al. (2004)9; Raymond (2005)10, Van Wyk et al., (2009)11, Van
Oudtshoorn (2012)12, Gerstner (1938, 1939, 1941)13, Bromilow (2010)14, De Wet et al
(2010; 2012; 2016)15; Van Wyk et al. (2008)16; Fox and Norwood Young (1982)17,
Thomas and Grant (1989)18, Von Ahlefeldt et al. (2003)19, Moll (1989)20, Venter and
Venter (2002)21, Raymond (2005)22, Bews (1921)23, Doke and Vilakazi (1972)24, Corrigan
et al.26, Pooley (2006)27, Grace et al (2003)28, Nchabeleng et al (2012)29 , Cunningham
and Terry (2006)30 Vernacular names misspelt in the literature are given in round
brackets. Five species names are underlined – these were tentatively identified on the
basis of their (well-known) vernacular names but have not yet been verified in situ.
Paragraph 5: Local uses recorded in this study; new records in bold, [partially new
records in square brackets]; (abbreviations of participants, e.g. MNQO = Mnqobi (initials
and surname or nicknames), see Appendix 2). Use-records for which the source was not
recorded are given as ANON.

1. Abrus precatorius L. (Fabaceae)

Umkhokha
[0.91] [0.14] P1
(Umkoka6), Umkhokha1, 3,6,10,13,22,23, Umuthi wenhlanhla1, 13
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is an ingredient in medicines used to treat isibhobo,
the sharp internal body pains (BMKH); Unidentified plant parts are used to get rid
of idliso (TMSO); Unidentified parts are used medicinally (SGAM, JHLO, JZ, MYS).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Gilges, 1953; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Bryant 1966; Kokwaro, 1976; Adesina, 1982; Tarafder, 1983; Arseculeratner et al.,1985;
Duke, 1985; Gelfand et al., 1985; Jenkins ,1987; Hedberg and Staugard, 1989; Johns et
al., 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996.

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Zulu uses: Root or leaf decoctions are taken for pleuritic chest complaints, chest pains
and as love charms (Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966).
Seeds are carried as good luck charms (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The vapour from the crushed leaves in hot water is used by the Luvale to
treat inflamed eyes (Gilges, 1953; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). In East Africa, the
seed is used to treat venereal diseases, stomach complaints and eaten as a vegetable
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

2. Abutilon sonneratianum (Cav.) Sweet (Malvaceae)

Unginakile, Unukani, Uthangithini
[0.32] [0.19] P2
Isimunywane4
Uses at Amandawe: Parts of the plant are an ingredient in medicines used to treat
human inflicted lice infestation (JZ); Unidentified plant parts are used in the
preparation of umuthi obovu (MYS, ZNK, PHEW, PB, MUN, NOMV).
Uses in the literature: Phillips, 1917; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Moffett, 2010.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The southern Sotho people use it to stimulate bulls in spring (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

3. Acacia dealbata Link. (Fabaceae)

Uwatela
[0.24] [0.30] P3
Uwatela14
Uses at Amandawe: Boiled bark mixture is administered by gargling to relieve
painful tooth (SGAM, BKHW, MUN); The bark mixture is administered orally to stop
diarrhoea and dysentery (MGOZ, ZNGD); Bark mixture is used in treating isela
(ZNGD); Bark decoction is used to get rid of idliso (ZCEL, a mango tree serves a
similar purpose MBUTHO); Unidentified plant part is used as an ingredient in
preparation of imbiza which is used medicinally (MYS).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Acacia dealbata is used for firewood, as construction poles, for shelter and
shade (Boon, 2010).

4. Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (Fabaceae)

Uwatela

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[0.24] [0.27] P4
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: Bark decoction is gargled with to relieve toothache (SGAM,
BKHW, MUN); Root bark decoction is administered by steaming to treat flu and to
relieve congested nasals (MSANI); The bark mixture is administered orally to treat
and to stop diarrhoea (MGOZ, ZNGD); Some parts of the plant are used in treating
a sickness called isela (ZNGD); The bark decoction is administered orally by
drinking the mixture or as an emetic to get rid of idliso (ZCEL, a mango tree serves
a similar purpose MBUTHO); The bark decoction is administered as a hot tonic to
treat chest problems (DLAMINI); The bark decoction is used as a tonic (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Twigs are eaten as spinach (Palmer and Pitman, 1972a). Timber is used for
firewood and fence poles. Bark, leaves and roots have medicinal and magical properties
and it is used in dying purposes (Boon, 2010).

5. Acalypha glabrata var. glabrata Thunb. (Euphorbiaceae)

Isithobothi, Uthobothi
[0.11] [0.11] P5
IsiThombothi2, 22, 23, Isitomboti23, U (lu) Thovathi22, Umpututlo23, Uthobothi17, 20,
Uthovothi2, (Umthombothi2)
Uses at Amandawe: Part(s) of this plant are administered as an emetic for
medicinal use (MAKAS, ZCEL, MUN); Dried and powdered bark is used as
izihlungu probably to ease pains, and administered by licking the powder or
inhaling it (ZADL).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Stems are used to make a fishing basket and to build clay ovens (Boon,
2010). Twigs are eaten as spinach (Palmer and Pitman, 1972a).

6. Acalypha glandulifolia Buchinger & Meisn. ex C.Krauss (Euphorbiaceae);

Umsununundu
[0.05] [0.05] P6
(iGibonisela22), Ungibonisela22, Isithombothi10, Uluthovane10, Usununundu1
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat impotence in men, probably
administered orally as drink (ZADL); A root decoction of this plant is used to treat
inflammation (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: none found.

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Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Twigs are eaten as spinach (Palmer and Pitman, 1972a). Stems are used to
make fishing baskets (Cunningham and Terry, 2006)

7. Acokanthera oblongifolia (Hochst.) Codd (Apocynaceae)

Inhlungunyemba, Inhlungunyembe
[0.22] [0.43] P7
Inhlungunyembe 2,6,20, Umhlagashiso6, 22 (Ubuhlungu-benjoka6), Ubuhlungubenyoka, 6, 10,
22, Umhlangashiso10, 22

Uses at Amandawe: Part(s) of this plant are used to relieve constipation (ZNK); Dried
and powdered bark is inhaled to relieve headache (JHLO); Part(s) of this plant are used
in treating sharp internal body pains (DLAMINI, JHLO); The root concoction mixed with
insangu-Cannabis sativa is gargled with to relieve toothache (BKHW); [Bark decoction is
administered as a tonic to treat all ailments (REVDUM]; Bark concoction is drunk as a
tonic to treat most chronic ailments (MSANI, MBUTHO, DLAMINI, REVDUM high blood
pressure in particular CHLZA); The bark of this plant is an ingredient in mixtures prepared
to treat diabetes (BMKH, MSANI, MBUTHO, DLAMINI, REVDUM); Unspecified parts of
the plant are used as intelezi in treating a person who is a victim of isihlungu made from
the same plant “umuntu oshawe ngomuthi” (JHLO); Bark powder is administered by
licking to stop and treat symptoms of meat allergies, thus enabling one to start eating
meat (JHLO).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Palmer and
Pitman, 1972c; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Root or bark is used to treat snakebite and it is administered as an emetic
(Gerstener, 1939). Root bark is used to treat body itch by mixing it with ointment and
applying topically (Palmer and Pitman, 1972c). Unspecified parts are used as an
anthelmintic (Hutchings et al., 1996). Roots are used to destroy marauding dogs (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: The Xhosa people use the leaf infusion as an emetic and leaf poultices with
ground root applied onto the swollen area to treat the snakebite (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). While the amaMpondo people mix the root scrapings with ointment to
treat itch (Hutchings et al., 1996).

8. Acokanthera oppositifolia (Lam.) Codd (Apocynaceae)

Inhlungunyembe
[0.61] [0.62] P8
Inhlungunyembe2,6,18,20,22, Inhlungunyemebezi10, 22, (inNhlungunyembezi22),
Unhlungunyembe3,11, Ubuhlungu-benyoka3,6,20,22, Umkhwangu6,10,22, Umhlangaliso6,
Umhlangashiso3,20

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Uses at Amandawe: Bark powder is administered by licking to stop and treat
symptoms of meat allergies thus enabling one to start eating meat (JHLO); Dried
powdered bark is administered as izihlungu by licking the powder after one has been
bitten by a snake and it may also be taken as a precaution (MYS, ZNK, MRMAD, JZ, JB,
PUNCH, PB, SHEZ, MUN, CHNDL, MAMBA, DSHA, ZNGD, DLAMINI, REVDUM,
MSANI, MBUTHO); Unspecified plant parts are used in the preparation of izihlungu
used during fights and stick fights. The addition of isithobothi- Acalypha glabrata
makes a dangerous mixture this may cause serious swelling on the person who
has been hit and may even result in death ZADL); Dried powdered bark are used to
prepare izihlungu probably administered by licking the powdered bark (PHEW,
BMKH, NOMV); Unspecified plant part are used in treating constipation (ZNK);
[Dried powdered bark is inhaled to relieve headache (JHLO)]; [Unspecified parts
are used to treat sharp internal body pains (DLAMINI, JHLO)]; [The plant root
concoction together with insangu- Cannabis sativa is gargled with in relieving
toothache (BKHW)]; Bark of this shrub used in concoction administered as a tonic
to treat all ailments (BMKH); The bark of this plant is an ingredient in mixtures
prepared to treat diabetes (BMKH, MSANI, MBUTHO, DLAMINI, REVDUM); Bark
concoction is drunk as a tonic to treat most chronic ailments especially and high
blood pressure (MSANI, MBUTHO, DLAMINI, REVDUM).
CAUTION: One who is using the izihlungu may not hit/tap anyone after having taken
izihlungu.
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Forbes,
V.S.ed., 1986; Neuwinger, 1994; Hutchings, A & Van Staden, 1994); Hutchings et al.,
1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Wink and Van Wyk, 2008; Van Wyk et al., 2009;
Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Emetics from small pieces of leaf or root are taken for snakebite (Gerstner,
1939). Powdered roots are also administered orally or as snuff for snakebite and
pounded leaves are applied to the swelling around the bite (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Powder from the root, ground with the gall bladder of a wild pig, is taken in
pinches for any sort of pain, including that from snakebite also used to acquire immunity
to snakebite (Hutchings et al., 1996). Powder from the plant is used in urinary tract
treatment (Hutchings et al., 1996). Root decoctions are taken for anthrax and tapeworm
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Plants are used to destroy marauding dogs and
hyenas (Gerstner, 1939).
Other uses: It is used to treat excessive and irregular menstruation, snakebite, pain from
anthrax and tapeworm (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

9. Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae)

Iklalamuzi, Indaluqwatha, Indawolucwatha, Uzulucwatha
[0.79] [0.92] P9
Ikalamuzi6, 10, 11, Iklalamuzi3, 6, (ili) Khalamusi13, Ikhalamuzi, 22, 23, Indawolucwatha3, 6, 10,
22, (Indawolucwata10, 22)

126
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plants are used for an unspecified medicinal purpose
(SHEZ, MRMAD); The roots of this plant are used in treating coughs and can be
administered by chewing the root (JHLO, ZNK, ZCEL, TMSO, JB, PUNCH, NOMV,
CHNDL, MADLAMINI, MUN, DLAMINI, MAMDUMA, MSANI, JZ, BMKH, ZNGD,
MAMBA, BHKW, ZADL), the root mixture is administered as an emetic (MAKAS,
ZADL), battered root added to 1 litre of boiled water and 400 ml of vodka or brandy
are mixed together resulting in a tincture are used (REVDUM); The root is used in the
preparation of a chest remedy and this is administered as an emetic (PHEW,
MADLAMINI), it is administered orally as a tonic made from boiled root (MYS); The root
mixture is used in treating flu (PUNCH, DSHA, MBUTHO); The root mixture is
prepared and administered as an emetic and as a drink to treat sores (PB, MGOZ);
The root mixture is used to treat stomach cramps (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Marloth, 1917; Gerstner, 1938, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962; Smith, 1966; Pujol, 1990; Arnold et al., 2002; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: The plant is used for dyspepsia, flatulence and as charm (Gerstner, 1938,
1939). Rhizomes are used for chest colds and for nervous disorders Pujol (1990). They
are reported to be ground and mixed with dagga (Cannabis sativa L.) by dagga smokers
to mask their distinctive smell (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: It is used medicinally to retard ejaculation in men used for its sedative and
analgesic activity, to combat fatigue and hunger (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

10. Acridocarpus natalitius A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae)

Umabopha igxolo, Umabopha wehlathi
[0.05] [0.03] P10
Ibophe10, 22, I (li) Bophe22), Umabophawentaba9, Umabopha9, Umabophe2, 10, 22, 23,
(UmaBophe omkhulu22), Umabophe okhulu10, 22, Ihlalanyosi9
Uses at Amandawe: The stems are used as an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi
obovu (PB).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 1993; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Root is chewed or placed under the tongue by the offender as charm to avert
anger (Gerstner, 1941). Root infusions are sprinkled as protective charm against any
dangers and as a protective war charm (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Roots are
used medicinally (Pooley, 1993). Leaves are placed under the tongue to make opponents
tongue-tied (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used to either hinder or speed up or
result in continuous postponements of court proceedings, making the plaintiff say the
irrelevant things to the case, mute or highly repetitive (Ngwenya et al., 2004). Herd boys
place a small piece of under the tongue or chew it and place under a rock to avoid
punishment at home after the cattle have strayed into crops. It used as a protective
against lightning, strengthen the stick fighters before the competition as well as to
cleanse the whole family after lightning has struck (Ngwenya et al., 2004).
Other uses: Used by Xhosa for protection against lightning and sorcerer by placing the
sticks in the thatch and around the homestead (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The

127
Tsonga people of Mozambique use it as a war medicine and for purification rites after
death (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Tsonga and Shangaan use it to treat colic and
constipation as a purgative and as an ointment in treating pemphigus (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).

11. Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. (Passifloraceae)

Uthangazane
Not in the matrix P311
Isifulwane1, 22, Isimufu22, Umbulelo1, Umphata1, 22, Utshwalabezinyoni22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used as an ingredient in tonics prepared to
treat diabetes (MBHELE); The leaves are used in treating high blood pressure
(MBHELE).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Tswana people use it for homicidal purposes (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). This plant is used medicinally (Pooley, 2005).

12. Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae)

Imfulwa, Impinda, (Impindamshaye eluhlaza)
[0.03] [0.05] P11
ImFule22, Imfulwa6,10,17,23,24, Impinda6,1,22, (Infulwa 17, 23), Isifulwane2,6,22
Umpindamshaya2,6,10,15,22,26
Uses at Amandawe: Mature stems are used in treating eye infections or
problematic eyes, the sap or the stem infusion with water is released as droplets
directly onto the eyes (PHEW); The root infusion of this plant is administered as an
emetic for an unspecified medicinal use, probably as a tonic (PHEW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Mabogo, 1990;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon, 2010; De Wet et al., 2010.
Zulu uses: Root infusions are used as emetic tonics or stimulants for seediness or
depression caused by febrile conditions known as umkhuhlane (Bryant, 1966). Sprinkling
protective charms are made from the plant (Gerstner, 1938; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972).
Leaves and stem infusions are taken as emetics for biliousness, the root decoctions for
malaria, sharp pains in the chest, leprosy and malaria (Hutchings et al., 1996). Powdered
leaf and stem is used to treat biliousness, while the root is for malaria and the powdered
leaf is used as a protective charm against evil deeds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Although poisonous, the leaf infusion used as a tonic in convalescence (Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Ripe fruits are edible (Gerstner, 1938). The infusion of the plant and
water is administered by steaming and as a bath by the whole family to revenge against
enemies (Corrigan et al., 2010). The roots of this plant are used in treating sexually
transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010).

128
Other uses: The Vhenda people use the root for menorrhagia and infertility (Mabogo,
1990). The ripe black drupes are eaten by the blacks of Matimba Gate and the leaves are
eaten as spinach by the Vhenda people in the Soutpansberg (Fox and Norwood Young,
1982).

13. Adenopodia spicata (E. Mey.) C.Presl (Fabaceae)

Sondelangange, (Umaqabulane), Usondelangange wesi Zulu, Usondelangaye
Not in the matrix P312
Umbambangwe2
Uses at Amandawe: Some parts of this plant are used in treating lice infestations
(MRGUMEDE).
Uses in the literature: Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Root parts are used in treating syphilis and chest problems (Boon, 2010).

14. Afroaster hispida (Thunb.) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt (Asteraceae)

Udlutshana, (Udlutshani)
[0.28] [0.57] P35
Idlutshane4,6,22, (iDluthsane22), IsiHlangashola22, iSihlangasola22, Udlutshana3,4,11,6,22,
Udlutshane10, Udlatshana6,10 23,25, (Udlushana10), Uhloshana6,10, Umaqhunsula6,10,22,25,
Umhlundlwana6,1, UmHlungwana22, umHlungwane23, Unozihekana3
Uses at Amandawe: The roots mixture is used to treat the fear and the trauma
experienced by one during lightning, it is administered as an emetic where the
whole process is done outside the yard (MAMDUMA); Unspecified part are used
medicinally and administered as an emetic and as an enema (BMHL, JHLO, ZADL, MYS,
ZNGD); The roots it is used to treat impotence (ZADL, REVDUM, MRMAD,
DLAMINI); The roots is used to treat wounds and sores (PB); A root mixture is
used to help women conceive (ZCEL); A root mixture is administered as an emetic
to treat the over production of sebum around the nose area (ZNK); A root mixture
is used to treat isela, administered as an enema (ZNK); The root mixture prepared
by the prolonged boiling of the roots with milk, and administered by drinking and
as an enema to treat kidneys (MRMAD, DLAMINI); The root mixture administered as
an enema and as an emetic to treat back problems (MBUTHO); Unspecified plant
parts are used to treat hysteria, probably works as a sedative where the mixture is
administered through the nose with hollowed reed (MAMDUMA, MAKAS, also
administered as an enema REVDUM); The root powder is snuffed to cleanse, the
nostrils (REVDUM); The roots part are used to cleanse lower abdomen complaints
(DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Guillarmod,
1971; Hutchings & Van Staden, 1994; Moffett, 2010.

129
Zulu uses: The root is used to treat snakebite (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962),
coughs, stomach complaints and intestinal problems (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Root decoction with Cucumis hirsutus is taken for chronic cough, psychiatric
disturbances, urinary infection, eye infection and shortsightedness (Hutchings et al.,
1996). Roots are used in cleaning the nostrils and as snakebite remedy (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: Sotho people administers the root decoction to an infant with fontanels that
are not closing (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). It is used to treat
syphilis and bone decay (Walker, 1996).

15. Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W. Wight (Fabaceae)

Isibhaha (?), (Isikhukazi esimatshwele), Isiyengelele, Umgadankawu, Umhlandluli,
Usolo
[0.14] [0.14] P12
Igowane2,3,4,6,10,15, 22,26,28, Inhlanhlothi10,22, Umbhelele22, Umbhelebhele2,3,4,6,10, 22,
Ubudlo28, Umgadankawu2,3,11,6, Umgadawenkawu10,22, Umgadenkawu6,
Umdlandlothi10,18,22, Umhlandlothi2,3,6,28, Umnala10, Umnalahanga6, Umnebelede10,22,
Umnebelele6, uNgwebo-omkhulu20, Usolo2,4,6,10,18,22
Uses at Amandawe: A bark decoction is administered as an enema to treat
sexually transmitted infections (MADLAMINI); A leaf mixture is used to treat
swollen testicles (MSANI); Unspecified parts are used to treat lice infestation
(MSANI, REVDUM, DLAMINI, MUN specified that as a mixture, it is administered as
a cold bath); A bark mixture is administered as an enema to treat female discharge
and gonorrhoea (MSY); [A bark mixture is administered as an enema to treat to
treat boils (MYS -administered as an enema where the bark is used]; Unspecified
plant parts are administered by steaming and as an emetic to treat skin related problems
(ZNK, REVDUM, JHLO, it treats facial problems and administered by steaming MNQO,
ZCEL); A paste made from the bark is applied directly onto the face to treat acne and
pimples in addition to that, the bark infusion can be administered as an emetic (MKH), a
bark decoction is administered by steaming in treating big pimples (MAMBA). A bark
infusion is used to treat itching skin and it is administered as a bath, the infusion must not
be too strong (BKHW); The bark infusion is used in treating scabies (ZNGD); Bark
mixture is used to treat sores (DLAMINI); Dried bark powder is used to treat an
ailment called isela, the powder is inserted into the anus of the patient (CHNDL,
DSHA, the bark infused with water is administered as an enema MAMBA); The bark
is an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu, which is administered by
steaming, as an emetic and by bathing (TMBA, MAKAS, JZ, TMSO, DSHA, MGOZ,
MAMBA, ZNGD); A bark mixture is used to treat lower back problems, it is
administered as an enema (MRMAD); The bark of this tree is one of the main
ingredient in all medicines (JZ); Dried powdered bark is used to treat headache, it is
administered by inhaling the powdered bark material through the nostrils:(BMHL,
ZNGD, ZADL, DZA); A bark mixture is used in treating the symptoms of izichitho
believed to be results of witchcraft (MYS, JB); A bark decoction is used as a tonic
when one is not feeling well, also termed blood purifier or blood cleanser (KV
administered as an enema), (it is administered by steaming, emetic and enema

130
NOMV); [This plant is used medicinally (it is administered by steaming and too much may
result in lice infestation MSANI, DZA), (it is administered as an emetic DLAMINI, SHEZ,
ZADL), (it is administered by steaming NDU)] (it is administered to children as an
enema BMHL, TNGW, DLAMINI, MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Jeskins, 1987; Mabogo, 1990; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996; Van
Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Van Wyk et al., 2008, Corrigan et al., 2010; Boon, 2010; De Wet
et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012; Naidoo et al., 2013; De Wet et al., 2013, Nciki et al.,
2016.
Zulu uses: Cold or hot root infusion is used for scabies and other skin related problem,
and the root infusion is for inflamed eyes (Walker, 1996). Some part of the tree is an
ingredient in love charm emetics and a sauce is made from the seeds (Walker, 1996).
Aqueous lotions made from the pounded bark and roots are used for eczema and other
itchy skin complaints (Bryant, 1966). Roots pounded in little cold water are used to make
drops for the inflammation of the eyes. Bark is used to make love charm emetics and in
enemas administered to pregnant women to clear their urine (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962; Pujol 1990). Powdered bark is taken as snuff for the headaches (Hutchings et al.,
1996). Unspecified parts are used for stomach ailments (Gerstner, 1939). A hot leaf
decoction is administered by steaming to treat chickenpox (Corrigan et al., 2010). The
leaves of this plant are used in treating a sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al.,
2010), syphilis (De Wet et al., 2012) and gonorrhoea (Naidoo et al., 2013). The bark is
used in treating rash and body itch by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2013,
Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: Leaves and roots are used by the Vhavhenda to treat stomachache,
dysentery, haemorrhoids and as a purgative and roots for improving memory, inducing
dreams about (Van Wyk et al., 2009) and for inflammation of the eyes (Mabogo, 1990).

16. Albuca bracteata (Thunb.) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt (Hyacinthaceae)

Umababaza, Imbabazane, Unsunsu
[0.14] [0.14] P13
Umababaza6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb is used for wound healing (MBUTHO); A tonic made
from the bulb decoction is used as a blood purifier (REVDUM); The bulb is used as
a tonic to treat all ailments (it is administered as an emetic JZ, it is administered as
an enema ZNGD, SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941.
Zulu uses: The bulb is used as a protective charm for the household (Gerstner, 1941).
Other uses: This plant is used in traditional medicine (Arnold et al., 2002).

17. Albuca setosa Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae)

Umalilisa, Umaphipha, Umaphipha omncane

131
[0.05] [0.05] P14
Ichiya4, Ingcino1, 10, 4,6,22
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb infusion is used medicinally and administered as an
enema (MAKAS); The bulb is used to treat skin problems (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988.
Zulu uses: Bulbs are used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988). Crushed bulbs
are added to a little water in washing shields to bring up the colour and sheen on ox-hide
shields (Walker, 1996). The girls who are about to get married use the root infusion to
phalaza, usually on the day of the wedding to ensure happy married life (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: It is used in ritual cleansing and as a protective charm against lightning and
to end quarrels between enemies (Pooley, 2005).

18. Albuca virens (Ker Gawl.) J.C. Manning & Goldblatt subsp. virens (Hyacinthaceae)
Ixhaphozi
[0.05] [0.05] P15
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: A cold bulb infusion is administered as an enema to treat isela
(JHLO); The bulb is used for wound healing (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Bulbs are used as powerful sprinkling charms to protect the household
(Gerstner, 1941).
Other uses: It is used as a charm to cause good or evil (Pooley, 2006). It cooked with
meat by the coloured people of Namaqualand.

19. Aloe arborescens Mill. (Asphodelaceae)

Inhlabane, Inkalane
[0.67] [0.84] P16
Ikalame10, Inhlaba-encane2,3,6,2,22,25, Inhlazi10, 22, Inkalane-encane2,3,10,25, Inkalane11,22,
(InKalame22), Isankala10,22, (IsAnkala22), (Umhlabane2,10,22,25), Unhlabana2,3,6,10,22,25
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat painful inflammation (REVDUM); A
fresh leaf sap infusion is an ingredient in mixtures used in treating or lowering
high blood pressure, it is administered orally as a tonic (DLAMINI, MAKAS, ZNK,
MADLAMINI, BMKH, KV, MAMBA, DLAMINI); Leaf sap infusion is taken orally to
treat stomach cramps (DLAMINI, MSANI, MAKAS, ZNK, JHLO, ZADL); Leaf sap
infusion is used to deworm humans (MSANI, DLAMINI), the same infusion is used
in "ibhekisa phansi iziklelemu" (ZCEL , PHEW, SUKD); Leaf sap infusion is taken
orally to counter act the effect of a snakebite venom (SGAM, MYS); The leaves are
used as a flu remedy (TMBA); The leaves are used in treating impotence in men

132
(TMSO); The leaf sap is applied onto the nipples by the breast-feeding mothers to
stop babies from suckling. The bitter tasting sap has a very unpleasant taste for
the babies, thus discouraging them from suckling (PHEW, NDU, MGOZ); The leaf is
an ingredient in tonics used to treat all ailments (PB); The leaf sap is used to treat
gall sickness or to empty the overflowing gall administered as an emetic (MUN);
The leaf sap is applied directly onto the sores or wounds to where it kills germs
and serves as a deterrent/repellent of flies (KV); A leaf infusion is administered as
an emetic to boost appetite (CHNDL, ZADL).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Bryant, 1966; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon
2010.
Zulu uses: A cold leaf decoctions are used in childbirth (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Cold leaf infusion is used as a drench to treat sick calves (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Leaf infusions are used as sprinkling protective charm against storms (Hulme, 1954). The
plant is used to treat burns and wounds (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).
Other uses: The root bark is an ingredient in decoctions known as imbiza and is taken
for scrofulous swellings (Bryant, 1966). It is also used as a blood purifier and for stomach
disorders. Roots are used in a mixture with other plants and a sharp instrument is used to
insert the mixture into the chest skin for pleurisy. They are also used for venereal disease
known as drop (urethral discharge) and dysmenorrhoea. A strong enema is made from
unspecified parts (Gerstner, 1939). Bark is used in a mixture to treat urinary tract
infections, venereal diseases and susceptibility to sores (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962).

20. Aloe ferox Mill. (Asphodelaceae)

Inhlaba
[0.94] [0.84] P18
(iNhlaba 20, 22), Inhlaba 10, 20, 22, 25, Umhlaba 2,6,11,23
Uses at Amandawe: Snuff powder made from the charred dried leaves is
administered by dipping ukupolomba, to keep one awake especially while driving
(MIKE); Snuff powder is us used to treat snakebite, administered by licking the
powder (MYS, NOMV, CHNDL, ZADL, TMSO, MSANI, REVDUM, the powder is mixed
with water that has been struck by lightning and drunk SHEZ, the fresh leaf sap
mixture is drunk DZA); The leaf sap is an ingredient in tonics taken orally as drinks
to lower high blood pressure (MAKAS, ZNK, ZNGD, ZCEL, JZ, MUN, REVDUM,
DLAMINI); Unspecified plant parts are used to in making a tonic to treat all
ailments, it was used by the nuns at the convent as a tonic to treat all sickness just
after the World War 2 when medical supplies were very scarce (REVDUM);
Unspecified part of the plant is used in treating stomach cramps (MAKAS, ZNK,
DLAMINI, ZNGD); Unspecified parts are used in treating an ailment called ibhande
(PB); Unspecified parts are used to deworm humans (BMKH, DLAMINI);
Unspecified parts are used to treat sores and wounds (MNQO, leaf sap is applied
directly onto the affected area REVDUM); The leaf sap applied directly onto the
wounds to destroys germs, it also serves as a deterrent/repellent of flies and other

133
insects (BKHW, MNQO); The leaf is an ingredient in treating a baby sickness called
isolo in babies (SGAM, MYS); The leaf sap is applied onto the nipples by the breast
feeding mothers to stop the baby from suckling or to promote weaning (JHLO,
TNGW, MAMBA); Unspecified plant parts are used in an emetic used to treat a post
traumatic effect experience by someone who is terrified of thunder and lightning,
the infusion is taken as an emetic a day after the lightning (ZADL). MIND-
ALTERING: Snuff made from the leaves is administered by inhalation probably for
relaxation (MYS, ZCEL, MRMAD, TMBA, JZ, TMSO, JB, SUKD, MNQO, SHEZ, TNGW,
BKHW, NOMV, MUNU, MGOZ, CHNDL, PHEW, PB, PUNCH, MAMBA, BMHL, DSHA,
DLAMINI, MSANI, REVDUM, MBUTHO, DZA, MRSMADL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Bruce 1975;
Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon, 2010; Moffett, 2010.
Zulu uses: The Zulu people use the leaf decoction to treat venereal diseases (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Fresh leaf juice is applied as an ophthalmic (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Leaf decoctions and powder from the charred, ground leaves are
applied to venereal sores (Bryant, 1966). Ground leaves are used for snuff (Hutchings et
al., 1996). Young Zulu herd boys suck the nectar from the flowers (Fox and Norwood
Young, 1982).
Other uses: The Xhosa children enjoy sucking the sweet nectar (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). A prepared leaf is used for washing purposes (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Leaf gel is used as food in the form of
konfyt (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Gel used as skin and hair product (Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000). Swazi men used it as soap and hair bleach (Coertze, 1930; Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;). Dry leaves are used to make snuff (Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000). Leaf sap is used in rock painting (Van Wyk, 2008).

21. Aloe maculata All. (Asphodelaceae)

Icena, Ichenyane, Inhlaba
[0.38] [0.54] P19
Amahlala1, 3, Icena1, 3,4,6,10,22, Ihala10, 22, Inkalane3
Uses at Amandawe: The leaf is used in treating snakebite, the mixture is
administered orally (MRMAD, SHEZ, REVDUM, PHEW); The leaf sap infusion is
administered as a tonic to lower high blood pressure (PB); The leaf is used as an
ingredient in treating gall sickness or to treat an overflowing gall better known as
inyongo (MSANI); A piece of a freshly cut leaf is used to treat inflammation, the leaf
is heated over fire and placed over the affected area or it is chopped into smaller
pieces and mixed with hot water which is used as isithobo (SGAM, ZCEL, TMSO,
TNGW, NOMV, MUN, MAMBA, ZADL, MBUTHO); Unspecified parts are used for
virility (PUNCH, administered as ukuncinda DLAMINI); The leaves are an ingredient
in a tonic, administered orally during the late stages of pregnancy to ease
childbirth (MAMBA); The bitter tasting leaf sap is applied onto the nipples of a
breast-feeding mother to stop the baby from suckling or to promote weaning
(DZA).

134
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 2005; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: For Aloe saponaria, a cold leaf infusion is used to treat 'blood scours' in calf
and of enteritis and 'indigestion' in poultry (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker,
1996). Leaf decoctions are also used on hides in preparation to tanning (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). Powdered flower is used to treat fever and colds
in children (Hutchings et al., 1996). Stems and leaves are used to treat the effects of the
narcotic substances and the powdered roots and stem are used to treat the discomfort of
too much food and alcohol (Pujol, 1990).
Other uses: Xhosa people use Aloe saponaria the leaf sap to treat wounds (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). African people in Transkei and the Xhosa use the leaf to treat
wounds (Walker, 1996). The leaf pulp is used by the Gcaleka and the Mfengus to treat
boils, sores and inflammation resulted from injuries (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
African people use the leaf pulp and the yellow juice to treat ringworm (Walker, 1996).
Cooked leaves are edible (Pooley, 2005). This plant is used traditionally to treat colds,
wounds, ringworms, dysentery in poultry and as a protective charm against lightning and
in hide tanning (Pooley, 2005).

22. Aloe thraskii Baker (Asphodelaceae)

Inhlaba yasolwandle, Isgoba
[0.05] [0.08] P20
iNhlaba20, Umhlaba2, 10, 22, 23
Uses at Amandawe: Dry and powdered leaf is used is treating snakebite, fresh leaf
sap is also used for the same purpose (REVDUM); The leaf sap is used to treat
sores and wounds, it is applied directly onto the affected area. This is known to kill
germs (REVDUM); The leaf infusion is used in treating sharp internal body pains
(DLAMINI). MIND ALTERING: Dried leaves are used in the preparation of snuff,
which is snuffed probably for relaxation (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings at al., 1996
Zulu uses: Cooked flower is eaten as a vegetable (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Chewed roots are used in enemas for babies (Gerstner, 1939). Leaf sap is applied to
mother's breast to hasten weaning (Hutchings et al., 1996). Dried leaf ash is used to
make snuff pungent (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: Used by the Southern Sotho to treat infertility by drinking the root decoctions
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

23. Aloidendron barberae Dyer (Asphodelaceae)

Isigoba, Inhlabende, Inhlaba yesilungu, Umpondonde, Umpondondo,
Uphondolwendlovu
[0.32] [0.38] P21

135
Inkalane enkulu2,3,10,22, Umgxwala10,22, Umhlabandlazi2,3,10,22, Umhlalampofu2,3,10,22,
Umpondonde2,3, Uphondonde10,22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this plant are an ingredient in a tonic used to
lower high blood pressure (MAKAS, MSANI, PB, MRMAD, DLAMINI, NOMV); Leaf
sap infused with water is used to treat blood marks on the eyes of humans
(REVDUM, MKP mentioned that the affected eye is washed with the leaf infusion,
JHLO states that a dry leaf is crushed, burnt and applied onto the affected eyes);
Unspecified plant parts are used to deworm humans “ibhekisa iziklelemu
phansi”(PUNCH); The leaf is used to stop the babies from suckling, probably the
sap is applied onto the nipples (NDU); A dried and powdered leaf is used to treat
sharp internal body pains (MADLAMI, DLAMINI, BKHW).
MIND-ALTERING: Dried and powdered leaf is an ingredient in making snuff
(MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: The branches are used to protect the fields from hippos on the Pongola River
floodplain (Boon, 2010).
Other uses: Bark used for fevers and eye complaints and as a good luck charm (Boon,
2010). Timber used for furniture and carving (Boon, 2010).

24. Alsophila dregei (Kunze) R.M. Tryon (Cyantheaceae)

Inkomankoma, Inkombandlela
[0.11] [0.13] P22
Inkomankoma6, Isikhomakhoma6, 13, 23, 24, Isikhomane6
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally (SHEZ, MRMAD); This plant is used
as imbiza (ZADL); Unspecified parts are used to treat impotence (MYS); Unspecified
parts are used to treat izibhobo sharp internal body pains (SHEZ); This plant is
used to treat a sickness called ibhande: (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Some plant parts are the ingredients in preparing an infusion used to ease
childbirth (Gerstner, 1941). Roots are used to deworm humans (Doke and Vilakazi,
1972). It is used in a form of an infusion to make a protective charm against witchcraft
(Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: It is traditionally used for medicinal purposes (Boon, 2010).

25. Amaranthus deflexus L. (Amaranthaceae)

Imbuya, Ugagabo, Ugobolo
[0.05] [0.08] P23
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant it is used to get rid of lice infestation (SHEZ,
MBUTHO, MRSMADL).

136
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Leaves are cooked and eaten as spinach (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

26. Amaranthus hybridus L. (Amaranthaceae)

Imbuya, Ugobolo, Ugobolo wamandiya, Umabonda
[0.05] [0.05] P24
Amangamane1, Ingcwaza10, Imbuya 17, Isheke10, 17, Umbhido1, 14, Umdwabazane10
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant it is used to get rid of lice infestation (SHEZ,
MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al. 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Leaves are cooked and eaten as spinach (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000;
Pooley, 2005).

27. Amaranthus spinosus L. (Amaranthaceae)

Isinyembane
[0.08] [0.08] P25
Imbuyabathwa10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant it is used to get rid of lice infestation (SHEZ,
MBUTHO); The leaves are used in treating isibhobo sharp internal body pains
(BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: Leaves are cooked and eaten as imifino (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: This herb is used to treat piles and as an expectorant in Ghana, it is used to
treat eczema in India and Philippines (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

28. Amaranthus thunbergii Moq. (Amaranthaceae)

Imbuya, Ugobolo
[0.05] [0.05] P26
Imbuya14, 17, 22, (Imbuyu 14), Indwabaza17, iNgcaza22, 24, Umdwabaza22
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant it is used to get rid of lice infestation (SHEZ,
MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Moffett, 2010.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.

137
Other uses: The Basotho people use it to cleanse blood (Moffett, 2010). Leaves are
eaten as imfino in Zimbabwe by the Shona (Gelfand, 1971).

29. Amaranthus viridis L. (Amaranthaceae)

Imbuya, Ugobolo
[0.05] [0.05] P27
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant it is used to get rid of lice infestation (SHEZ,
MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

30. Anastrabe integerrima E. Mey. ex Benth. (Scrophulariaceae)

Isiphampathi
[0.05] [0.03] P28
Isangqunyane10, isiBhembedu2, 20, 22, Isibhembedu2, isiPhampathi20, 22, Isiphampatho2, 22,
Isingunjana2, 22, (isiPhambatho22), isiQunjana20
Uses at Amandawe: The bark of this plant is used in the preparation of umuthi
omhlophe (PHEW).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Timber is used to make spoons and as building poles (Boon, 2010).

31. Aneilema aequinoctiale (P.Beauv.) Loudon (Commelinaceae)

Idangabane
[0.13] [0.14] P29
Idangabane elikhulu1, 4
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat burn wounds (MNQO); Whole
plant is used to treat inflammation (MBUTHO, SHEZ, BKHW); Whole plant is used
to make imbiza (PB).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: The leaves are cooked as spinach and the tuberous root boiled or roasted
(Walker, 1996).
Other uses: Leaves used as spinach, roots are boiled or roasted (Pooley, 2005; Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982).

138
32. Ansellia africana Lindl. (Orchidaceae)
Imfe yenkawu, Iphakama
Not in the matrix P315
Imfeyenkawu 4,6,8,19,22, Iphamba8, (Phakama19)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat heartburn (DZA);
Whole plant is used to treat sharp internal body pains (DZA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gelfand et al.,
1985.
Zulu uses: Root infusion and stem decoction used as love charm (Gerstner, 1941) and
as an aphrodisiac (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used as a charm for courting
and against bad dreams (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The Pedi people use it against coughs in children (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962), as a protective charm and as an aphrodisiac in Zimbabwe (Gelfand et
al. 1985)

33. Antidesma venosum E.Mey. ex Tul. (Phyllanthaceae)

Isibangamlotha
[0.19] [0.19] P30
isihlalamagwibi 17, Incwincwi 17, Isibangamlotha2,10,18, 20,22,23,20, Isibamloti4,
isiBangamlotha 20,22,23,20, Isibangamlothasenkangala10,22, Isiquthwane2,4,10, isiQuthwane20
Umhlabahlungulu10,18, Umhlalanyoni4, umhlalamagwababa 17, Umhlabahlungu2,22,
Umhlala 17,23, umHlalanyoni20,22, umShongi20,23, (UmTshongi23)
Uses at Amandawe: A bark decoction is administered as an emetic to get rid of
ubiyane probably a thick phlegm on the chest (ZNK); A bark concoction is used as
a tonic umuthi obovu, administered as an emetic (ZNGD, MSANI, JZ); A bark
decoction administered by steaming and as an emetic, is used to treat acne
(DLAMINI); The bark is used for an unspecified ailment (REVDUM, SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Boon, 2010;
Bryant, 1966.
Zulu uses: Leaf is an ingredient in infusion used to treat abdominal complaints (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). Leaves administered as enemas are used for
abdominal disorders as enemas (Bryant, 1966). Root bark is used for dysentery
(Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: Fruits are used as fish bait (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Swahili use
the leaf, twig and fruit infusion to treat abdominal pain (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Walker, 1996).

34. Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. (Icacinaceae)

139
Umdakane, (Uqomangambili)
Not in the matrix P316
iDakane22, Umdakana 6,8, Umdakane2,6,8,23,20,22 23,24, (umDakane20,22,23,24)
Uses at Amandawe: A leaf infusion made from this plant, is used by men for virility
(MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Hutchings et al.,
1996.
Zulu uses: It is an ingredient in treating intestinal parasites (Bryant, 1966). It is used as a
purgative for calves (Gerstner, 1938). It treats worms in cattle and used as a protective
charm against evil (Hutchings et al., 1996; Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: In East Africa the bark treats gastric complaints (Kokwaro, 1976), while the
Luo use the leaves against ear inflammation (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Strong,
heavy and elastic wood is used is used to make wagons (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962).

35. Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco (Araucariaceae)

(Abangqongqozi)
Not in the matrix P317
Abangqongqozi19
Uses at Amandawe: The bark of this tree is an ingredient in the preparation of
umuthi obovu (MYS).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

36. Artabotrys monteiroae Oliv. (Annonaceae)

Umadwabe, Umazenda, Umazende, Umazwenda, (Umgogo wezinhlanya), Unozende
[0.05] [0.05] P32
Amahlungulu10, 22, (Dwaba23), iDwaba23, (Mazwenda mnyama23), Umazwenda2, 3, 10, 22,
(Umdzidzi10, 22) (Umgogi wezinhlanya3), Umgogo wezinhlanya3
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are an ingredient in the preparation of
umuthi omhlophe; This plant is used to treat ukuhlanya kwezizwe not
schizophrenia (REVDUM). The roots of this climber are used together with
umayime- Haemanthus albiflos to treat hysteria, probably as a sedative (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.

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Other uses: The fruit is edible (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962) and used in making
intoxicating liquor (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Parts of this plant are used to treat
gonorrhoea in East Africa (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Tonga people use it to
treat blenorrhagia (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

37. Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. (Asteraceae)

Umhlonyane
Not in the matrix P318
(UmHlanyane22), Umhlonyane6, 8,1,22, Umhlonyane omncane6
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this plant are used in treating colds and flu (JHLO,
leaf infusion is administered as a drink SUKD).
Uses in the literature: Bryant, 1966; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Kokwaro, 1976;
Gelfand et al. 1985; Gerstner, 1939; Hutchings and Johnson, 1986; Roberts, 1990;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk, 2008.
Zulu uses: Leaf infusion is used to treat febrile problems (Bryant, 1966; Gerstner, 1939).
Leaf steam is inhaled to treat headache, colds (Hutchings et al., 1996), measles, and
fever including malaria (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used to relieve
constipation and rid intestinal worms in children (Roberts, 1990). Decoction is used for
blood purification, boils and diabetes (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: In Lesotho and Transkei, the leaf infusion is used to treat colds and
influenza (Hutchings and Johnson, 1986). In Zimbabwe the roots are used in treating
pneumonia (Gelfand et al. 1985). Tswana and Venda people use it in treating pimples,
boils, mumps, sprains, colic in infants and aching teeth (Roberts, 1990). The Sotho
people make a body was lotion from the plant (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

38. Arundo donax L. (Poaceae)

Imbombotho, Umhlanga, Umhlanga omkhulu, Umhlanga wesilungu
[0.03] [0.05] P33
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The roots of this plant are used in the preparation of imbiza
that is administered as an emetic to treat stomach problems (ZNGD); The roots of
this plant are an ingredient in preparing umuthi omhlophe (SIZWE).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Arnold et al. 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: In Italy rhizome infusions are used as an antigalactogogue, diaphoretic and
diuretic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962) and the rootstock used to treat dropsy (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962)

141
39. Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr. (Apocynaceae)
Isende lengulube, (Udelani), Udelunina, Ukati
[0.03] [0.03] P34
Umanqanda1, 6,10,22,25
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat stomach cramps (MUN).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 2005; Hulme 1954.
Zulu uses: Dried powdered roots are licked for snakebite, causing the patient to vomit
and bring up the foam believed to be caused by the poison from the snake (Hulme,
1954).
Other uses: This plant is eaten in Southern Sotho (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Rootstocks are eaten by people (Pooley, 2005). Children chew the sweet flowers as
sweets (Pooley, 2005). It is used by the Basotho to treat snakebite (Moffett, 2010).

40. Asparagus laricinus Burch. (Asparagaceae)

Isgoba, Uvucu
Not in the matrix P319
IButha22, Isgoba 6, (Isgobo6)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat internal side pains in
babies (MYS); unspecified plants parts are used in treating chest complaints (JB).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966
Zulu uses: Leaves and roots treat pleurodynia and pleurisy (Bryant, 1966).
Other uses: Tswana and Kwena people use the plant to treat women sickness and to
induce pregnancy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The young succulent shoots are
edible (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

41. Asystasia gangetica (L.) T. Anderson (Acanthaceae)

Imboza, Isiphondo, Umanongwe
Not in the matrix P320
Isihobo1, Idowane4, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this plant are used to treat acne, they are
crushed and applied onto the face after it has been washed (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used by the Swahili to treat snakebite (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Used for enlarged spleen in new-born babies by the Chagga by rubbing a mixture

142
of powdered root and the juice of young banana into scarification (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).

42. Athrixia phylicoides DC. (Asteraceae)

Inkalane, Ishanelo
[0.03] [0.03] P36
Icholocholo1,6,22,29, Iphephetha1, Ishanela1,10, Ishanelo9,10,11,22, Ishayelo1,9,11, Ishayelana9,
Itiye labantu 17, itshalo 17, Itshelo10,29, (Umtshanela elikhulu4), Ishanelo elikhulu4,
(Umtshanela6,17,22,29)
Uses at Amandawe: Twigs and leaves are used is used to treat inflammation
(MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Mabogo, 1990; Roberts, 1990;
Hutchings et al. 1996; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996, Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000;
Ngwenya et al., 2004; Rampedi & Oliver, 2005; Kleinhans et al., 2017; Nchabeleng et al,
2012.
Zulu uses: A decoction of the root is used as a cough remedy and as a purgative (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). The Lobedu, the Zulu (Fox and Norwood
Young, 1982; Nchabeleng et al, 2012) and the Gcaleka use the infusion of the herb as
tea (Walker, 1996; Ngwenya et al 2003). While the Zulu and the Whites take the infusion
as a 'blood purifier' for sores, boils and the like (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996). The branchlets are tied together and used as a
broom (Walker, 1996, Ngwenya et al. 2003). Boiled bundle of leaves are taken as enema
to treat uncontrollable menstruations (Ngwenya et al., 2004).
Other uses: The Southern Sotho bathes their sore feet after scarification in the leaf
decoction with the root of Athrixia eleta (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Venda
people use it as an aphrodisiac (Gericke and van Wyk, 2000) and as an anthelmintic
(Mabogo, 1990).

43. Baphia racemosa (Hochst.) Baker (Fabaceae)

Isfithi, Isifithi esibovu, Isifithi esimnyama, Umadlozane
[0.05] [0.05] P38
(isiFithi20), Isifithi2, 20, 23, 24, Umfithi10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used medicinally, and
administered as an emetic (PHEW, MSANI)
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu use: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The timber is used for making wagon frames, hoe handles and for fighting
sticks (Boon, 2010).

143
44. Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. (Lecythidaceae)
Umwululuka
[0.92] [0.92] P39
Ibhoqo10, 22, Iboqo2, 3, 6, 18, 23, (Iliboqo3, 6), Umhululuka3, Umululuka6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The fruit is used to treat gall sickness or to empty the
overflowing gall (SGAM, JHLO, MYS, MAKAS, ZCEL, ZNK, MRMAD, TMSO, JZ, JB,
PB, PUNCH, NDU, MADL, PHEW, SHEZ, TNGW, BMKH, BKHW, NOMV, MUN,
MAMBA, ZNGD, ZADL, DSHA, BMHL, CHNDL, DLAMINI, MGOZ, REVDUM,
MAMDUMA, MBUTHO, MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gerstner, 1938); Van Wyk et
al., 2008.
Zulu uses: Tree fruits are said to make a good emetic solution against malaria (Gerstner,
1938; Van Wyk et al. 2008).
Other uses: In East Africa the bark is used for tying purposes (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). It is used as a fish poison, stupefying the fish (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Stem and root bark is used for tanning (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). In Madagascar, the seed is used as a vermifuge (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Leaves are edible after soaking it in lime to rove the bitterness (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Bark is used in tanning, fish poison and insecticide (Van Wyk et al.,
2008)

45. Berchemia zeyheri (Sond) Grubov (Rhamnaceae)

Umcaka, Umnini
Not in the matrix P321
nToyi,22, uManzimane22, Umgologoti 17, Umgologolo 6,22,28, umKhaze22, Umncaka 6,17, 22,
Umneyi 6,21,22, Umnini6,28, (Umyeni6), umNeyi22, umTimatane22
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts probably the bark, are used in the
preparation of umuthi obovu (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996; Mabogo, 1990; Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: Bark infusion treats back pains and rectal ulceration in children (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pulgrave, 1981) and also treats dysentery in adults (Hutchings
(1996). Zulu people eat the ripe fruit (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: The fruit are eaten by Swazi and Shangaan people. The Venda people use
the bark against back pains and rectal ulcers (Mabogo, 1990).

46. Berkheya bipinnatifida (Harv.) Roessler (Asteraceae)

Ubani

144
[0.41] [0.51] P40
Umdizawethafa1, 6
Uses at Amandawe: Twigs and leaves are used to treat amahlaba internal side
pains in babies (ZNGD); The leaf infusion is used to treat eye infections (MAKAS,
ZCEL, MRMAD, JZ, PUNCH, TNGW, BKHW, NOMV, MAMBA, BMHL, ZADL, PUNCH,
ZNGD, MADLAMINI, ANON, new leaf shoots are squeezed over the infected or
affected eyes MUN, PHEW); Unspecified parts of this herb are used in the
preparation umuthi omhlophe (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

47. Berkheya speciosa (DC.) O.Hoffm. (Asteraceae)

Ikhakhasi, Umalumvumba
[0.05] [0.05] P41
Ikhakhasi elikhulu1, 4, 6, (Ikhakhasana omkhulu6, 10, 22), Ikhakhasana elikhulu6, 10, 22
Umaphola10, 22, Umphola1, 4, 6
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat tonsillitis, the infusion is
administered by gargling (MYS); A root infusion is used to treat lower abdomen
problems, it is administered orally where the roots are used (BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Bryant, 1949; Hulme 1954; Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Infusions are taken or administered as enemas for abdominal disorders,
especially for pains experienced after eating (Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Root infusions are used for schistosomiasis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Warm water infusions of crushed leaves are used to bath sore eyes (Hulme, 1954). The
Zulu people use the root decoction of a Berkheya species as an enema or orally to treat
itch. Bryant (1949) says that the Zulu drink a decoction of the root of Berkheya species
for urinary troubles and pains felt after eating (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: Used traditionally to treat abdominal disorders, bilharzias and to bath sore
eyes (Pooley, 2005). Root infusion used to treat schistosomiasis (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).

48. Berkheya umbellata DC. (Asteraceae)

Ikhakhasi, Ulimi lwenkomo
[0.11] [0.14] P42
Ikhakhasana elincane1, 4, (Ikhakhasana omncane6, 10, 22) Ikhakhasana elincane6, 10, 22

145
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used treat inflammation (JZ,
TMSO); The bulb is used to treat body sores (REVDUM); A leaf infusion is used to
stop diarrhoea (REVDUM); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat gall sicknesses
or to empty the overflowing gall (MUN).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954.
Zulu uses: Infusions made from unspecified parts of this plant are used as scented body
lotions by young girls (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: It is used as a scented body lotion by girls (Walker, 1996, Pooley, 2005).

49. Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae)

Ucadolo, Uqadolo
[0.54] [0.78] P43
Amalenjane1,6,14, Isikhathula1, Ingcadolo10,22, Ucadolo10,22, Ucucuza1,10,14,22, Ugamfe1,14,24,
uGamfefe22, Umalenjane4, Umhlabangubo1,10,22, Umasisi10Umesisi1,14, Unqandolo15,
Uqadolo1,4,6,14,23,24, Ungcugcuza10,22
Uses at Amandawe: Fresh leaves are used to treat wounds and sores (JHLO,
ZCEL, JZ, BP, DZA); Fresh leaves are used to treat lice infestation (MRSMADL,
mixed with umvuthuza- Kalanchoe pinnata MADLAMINI); A leaf infusion is used
medicinally probably as a tonic and administered as enema (JB); A fresh leaf infusion
is used to treat fever in infants (PUNCH); A fresh leaf infusion is used to treat
stomach cramps in infants (MNQO, ZNGD); Leaves are used to prepare a tonic
administered as a drink to ease childbirth. It helps to gradually remove excess
water from the womb that may affect the baby during pregnancy (PHEW); Leaves
are used to heal the umbilical cord of a newborn baby (PUNCH); The leaves are
used to treat isilonda sesela and inyoni (BMKH, a leaf infusion is administered as
an enema DLAMINI); A leaf infusion is used to stop excessive vomiting in infants
MYS, NDU); Leaves are used to treat heartburn (SUKD, BKHW, leaves are chewed
MSANI); This plant is used to help raise the depressed frontal fontanels of a sick
baby. Fresh crushed leaves are mixed with a little bit of water and squeezed. The
extract is allowed to run down the forearm in the direction of the elbow, where it is
allowed to drip on the affected area (NOMV); The whole plant is used to treat
swollen feet where it is mixed with Foeniculum vulgare (BMHL); The leaves of this
herb are used as an ingredient in mixtures prepared to treat flu where it is mixed
with Spilanthes mauritiana (ZADL); The leaves are an ingredient in mixtures used
to treat a sexually transmitted infection popularly known as cauliflower (DLAMINI);
A leaf concoction made from the leaves is administered orally as a tonic (PHEW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Mabogo, 1990, Hutchings et
al., 1996; Walker, 1996; Kokwaro, 1967; Ayensu 1978; Iwu, 1993; Houghton and
Osibogun, 1993; Gurib-Fakim et al. 1993; Walker, 1996; Bryant, 1966; Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000; Pooley, 2006; De Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012; De Wet, 2013;
Naidoo et al., 2013.

146
Zulu uses: It is used to treat rheumatism (Walker, 1996, Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962; Pooley, 2006), abdominal troubles, body pains (Hutchings et al., 1996), abdominal
troubles, relief of pain (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The flower is a Zulu diarrhoea
remedy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996) and a hot infusion of the leaf
and root is a colic remedy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962; Walker, 1996), stomach
complaints (Bryant, 1966). Flowers are used for diarrhoea and ear ailments (Pooley,
2005). Cooked leaves are eaten as vegetable (Pooley, 2005; Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000). Whole plant is used to treat ringworms (De Wet, 2013). All plant parts are used in
treating a sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010), genital sires and warts (De
Wet et al., 2012). A leaf paste is used to treat ringworms while the leaf sap treats new
wounds (De Wet et al., 2013). This plant is used in treating syphilis (Naidoo et al., 2013).
Other uses: The Vhenda use it to treat excessive menstruation, promote conception and
administered to newborn babies (Mabogo, 1990).

50. Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. (Amaryllidaceae)

Inconco, Incotho, Ingcotho, Umayime
[0.14] [0.19] P44
Ibhade 1,3,10,22, Incotha11, Incotho1,4,10,22, 24, (Incotoho4) Incwadi1,3,4,10,22, iNgxotho22
Uses at Amandawe: All plant parts are used to treat lower backaches (DLAMINI);
All plant parts are used to cure fits, administered as an emetic (JZ); The stem and
the roots are it is used to treat hysteria ufufunyane ne zizwe, it is administered orally to a
person with hysteria to calm them down (SHEZ, REVDUM, BMKH, it is used together
with udakwa -Dioscorea sylvatica and uhlunguhlungu PB).
Uses in the literature: Gordon, 1947; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Guillarmod,
1971; Gelfand et al.1985; Hutchings et al., 1996; Du Plooy et al. 2001; Van Wyk, 2008.
Zulu uses: Boophone sp found to grow in the Umntwentweni in Port Shepstone is used
to treat hysteria, asthma, phthisis and other types of dyspnoea (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The Zulu woman roll snuff about the on a piece of the dried bulb scale,
which is said to improve the snuff (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). Bulb
decoctions are administered by mouth or as enemas to adults suffering for headache,
sharp chest pains and persistent bladder pains, and sometimes to hysterical adolescent
females (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is also given to patients suffering from
inkwantshu, a condition characterized by the development of cramp-like pains in the calf
muscles associated with a feeling of tightness in the fingers and toes. Bulb scales are
used as stoppers for ears after piercing (Gerstner, 1941). Cultivated as protective charms
(Cunningham, 1988). Used for medicinal and magical purposes and has toxic
characteristics (Wright, 1976). The leaves are used for diarrhoea and enteritis by the
Swazi (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: The Swazi people chew the outer bark and make a head ring of a chief of
Headman (Walker, 1996). The Sotho head boys used the scooped-out bulb as a utensil
in which to warm milk (Walker, 1996). The Xhosa people use the bulb to treat red-water
in cattle (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996) and the bulb dry scales to
nurse circumcision sores and to treat boils (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker,

147
1996). The Hottentots use it in arrow poisoning for small game hunting (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962), the Bushmen did the same with the aim of eating the kill (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaf, bulb and juice used as an arrow poison in the Cape (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is administered to patient to induce visual hallucination,
which is later interpreted (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is used medicinally for
headache, chest pains, abdominal pain and insomnia (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is
used to treat circumcision wounds, burns, reduce pain and swelling. It is applied to sores,
abscesses and boils, skin rashes and painful joints (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is
used for their poisoning effect in hunting (have fast acting cardiac glycoside) when used
as main arrow poison (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is used to plug sour milk
containers. (Pooley, 2005). Bulb used as an arrow poison by the San. It is used in
traditional medicine to treat pain, wound and as a narcotic (Pooley, 2005). Leaves striped
for fringes and decorative body ornaments (Pooley, 2005). The Manyika people apply the
scale locally for the relief of urticaria and burns and plant it outside their huts to ward evil
dreams (Walker, 1996).

51. Bowiea volubilis Harv. ex Hook.f. (Asparagaceae)

Iguleni, Ugibizisila,
Not in the matrix P433
Igibizisila6, Iguleni 6, Ugibizisila6, Ugifisila9
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb is used in treating acne and other facial problems
(ZMBHELE, VCHLZ).)
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996;
Amusan et al., 2002; Van Wyk et al., 2009; Aston Philander, 2011
Zulu uses: The bulb is used as a love charm by men and used against ascites (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), treat dropsy, and procure abortions, also to ensure easy
childbirth (Hutchings et al., 1996). The Zulu people also use it to ensure easy childbirth
(Ndawonde et al., 2007). This plant is used in treating sore eyes, skin diseases, venereal
diseases as well as a protective charm (Hutchings et al., 1996). According to Van Wyk et
al., (2009), this plants id used against asceties, sterility, cystitis, backache, mascular
pain, bladder complaints. The bulb is used for venereal diseases, ease childbirth, gastro-
intestinal, renal ailments or urinary tract, headaches, swellings, warts, haemorrhoids,
scrofula, dropsy, rashes, sores, rectal, wounds, as a hair wash, pain relief on ears, eyes
and nose (Pujol, 1990). It is also used a charm plants as for specific spiritual purpose
which is invocation of ancestors (Pujol, 1990). This plant is also used to procure abortion
(Gerstener, 1941)
Other uses: This plant is used for dropsy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), as a
purgative by Xhosa people, roasted bulb as a purgative by the Pondo, the Mfengus and
Baca people (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Swazi people used it together with
Boophone disticha to treat scabies (Amusan et al., 2002), while the Rasta people of the
Weastern Cape use it topically for rashes, blisters pimples, burns and bites (Aston
Philander, 2011).

148
52. Brachylaena discolor DC. (Asteraceae)
Iphahla, Isiduli, Isiphahluka
[0.10] [0.11] P45
(isiDulusehlathi22), (Ipahla6,26), Iphahla2,6,18,24,26, Isiphaluga6, Umduli2,6,10,22, Umphapha6,
(uMphahla20,23), Umphahla10,20,23
Uses at Amandawe: Parts of this plant are used to prevent miscarriage on
pregnant women (MBUTHO); Unspecified parts are used medicinally (TMBA, MRMAD,
SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990; Bryant, 1966;
Palmer and Pitman, 1972c; Hutchings 1996; Mabogo, 1990; Arnold et al., 2002; Corrigan
et al., 2010.
Zulu uses: Among other diseases, the Zulu people use the bark and leaves to treat
fever, bleeding stomach, chest problems and sore joints and (Pujol, 1990). Pounded
leaves are ingredients in infusions taken as purgatives against intestinal parasites
(Bryant, 1966). Leaf infusions are taken as tonics (Palmer and Pitman, 1972c). They are
also used to treat diabetes and renal conditions (Hutchings et al., 1996). Dried leaf milk
infusions are used as an anthelmintic for calves, sheep and goats (Hutchings et al.,
1996). Root infusions are administered as enemas to stop haemorrhages of the stomach
(Palmer and Pitman, 1972c). Roots are used for roundworm and chest pains while roots
and stems are used by the izangoma [diviners] to communicate with the ancestors
(Hutchings et al., 1996). The leaf is an ingredient in treating intestinal parasites (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), and the leaf is used to treat roundworm (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The plant is used to treat stomachaches, timber for building and the
leaves are carried when communicating with the ancestors (Corrigan et al., 2010). The
twigs are used to treat sores (De Wet, 2013; De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: Soap was made by the early Dutch settlers from the Cape which was
derived from the ashes of the plant (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Stems are used
as the outer rims of the Tsonga winnowing baskets (Cunningham and Terry, 2006).

53. Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. (Phyllanthaceae)

(Umhlahlandlela), Umhlalamakhwabe, Umluthu
[0.32] [0.35] P46
(iNcinci22,23), Incinci3,6,10,22,23, (Insheshe10), (inSheshe22), Insheshe10,22 Iisibangamlotha
17, (Isibumalothi 17), (Isihlalamangewibi3,6,10), Isihlalamangwebini3,6,10, Umhlale10,20,
(Umhlali-makabe3), (uMhlahle20), Umhlahle2,3,6,10,22, umHlalahlungu22,24,
Umhlalamakhwabe2,23, Umhlalamagwababa6,10,18,22, Umhlahlamangcwibi10,18,22,
Umhlalimakwaba,3,6,18, Umhlalamahubulu 18, (umHlalamagwababa20),
Umhlamagwababa6,20, Umnyelagwababa22, umhlalathi 17, umntshongi 17,
umhlalasemankangala 17 umShonga22, Umshonge2,3,6,10
Uses at Amandawe: An infusion made from the bark and other unspecified part of
this tree is administered as an emetic whereby the poison idliso is ejected orally

149
(MBUTHO, MUN); The bark is used to treat heartburn (MUN); The bark mixture is
administered as an emetic to treat coughs (MAMBA); The bark is an ingredient in
the preparation of umuthi obovu (ZNK, JZ, JB, CHNDL, ZNGD, ZADL), [The bark is
an ingredient in all medicinal mixtures (PB)]; The root decoction is administered as an
emetic for blood cleansing and purification (PHEW, MGOZ).
Uses in the literature: Dalziel, 1937; Watt& Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Palmer and Pitman,
1972b; Kokwaro, 1976; Gelfand et al., 1985; Mabogo, 1990; Boon 1990; Hutchings et al.,
1996.
Zulu uses: Bark infusions are taken as emetics (Hutchings et al., 1996). Root decoction
mixed with those of Dichrostachys species are taken or rubbed into incisions for lung pain
(Palmer and Pitman, 1972b). The Zulu people eat the ripe fruits (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: In Zimbabwe the roots are used in treating coughs in infants and the leaves
are used as abortifacients and also as a charm to liberate prisoners (Gelfand et al.,
1985).

54. Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Spreng. (Asphodelaceae)

Ibhucu
Not in the matrix P324
Ibhucu22, Iintelezane, Ishaladilentaba22, Inthelezane22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this plant are used to treat burn wounds.
Crushed leaves mixed with or without a raw egg, are applied onto the affected area
(MBHELE).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van
Wyk, 2008.
Zulu uses: The leaves are used in treating sores and cracked lips (Hutchings et al.,
1996). Tubers are used in stopping vomiting and diarrhoea and as an antispasmodic
(Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: Leaf sap is used in treating rashes, sores, and wounds and to stop bleeding
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Xhosa people use the tuber as a purge and
against scrofula while the Sotho people use it to treat burns and cracked lips. The Nguni,
Sotho, Xhosa and the Thswana use it for veterinary purposes (Hutchings et al., 1996).

55. Bulbine natalensis Baker (Asphodelaceae)

Ibhucu
Not in the matrix P325
Bhucu6, Ibucu6
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat burn wounds (ZNK, NTAKA, it is
used together with Eucomis automnalis burn wounds).

150
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Broster, 1982;
Smith, 1895; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Leaf sap is used in treating eczema and itchy conditions (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The leaves are used in treating sores and cracked lips (Hutchings et
al., 1996). Tubers are used in stopping vomiting and diarrhoea and as an antispasmodic
(Hutchings et al., 1996). Tubers sometimes used in strengthening and hastening walking
in babies (Hutchings et al., 1996). Parts of this plant used as a harmful charm by young
men against the rival lover of their unfaithful girlfriends (Bryant, 1966). Tubers are used in
treating syphilis (Gerstner, 1938). This plant is also used for purification rite by young
boys entering the adolescent stage at the same time it treats the antisocial behaviour
(Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The Xhosa people use the tuber in treating urinary complaints, dysentery,
convulsions in children and (Broster, 1982; Pujol, 1990), lumbago (Smith, 1895) and use
it to curb bleeding wounds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

56. Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims (Rubiaceae)

Utshwala benyoni
[0.05] [0.08] P48
Isiglowane2,3,4,6,10,22,23, Iqongqo23, Ithobankomo4, Umaphekamoyeni3,6, (Umavuthwa
emfuleni6,22), (Umvuthwemifuleni6,22), Umkhwakhwane6, uNcithivane22, Uqongqo2,3,4,6,22,
uThswalabezinyoni, 22, Utshwala omkhulu3, Uvuthwemfuleni2,3,6,22,23
Uses at Amandawe: The roots and the bark of this shrub are used to purify blood.
The decoction is administered as an emetic (MAMBA); Chopped branchlets and the
leaves are used in the preparation of umuthi omhlophe (it is used with Maesa
lanceolata, Hippobromus pauciflorus and Helinus integrifolius BMHL).
Uses in the literature: Batten and Bokelman, 1996.
Zulu uses: The plant is used as love charm and a philtre (Hulme, 1954; Walker, 1996),
as a protective charm against evil (Walker, 1996) and bad dreams (Hulme, 1954).

57. Callilepis laureola DC. (Asteraceae)

(Amafutha omhlaba), Impila
[0.22] [0.14] P49
Amafuthomhlaba1,3,9,25, Ihlamvu1,3,6,10,22,25, Impila1,3,4,9,6,10,23,25, (imPhila22,26)
Uses at Amandawe: This plant used for medicinal purposes (JB, it is used as an emetic
MRMAD, administered as a bath PUNCH); The roots are used in treating body sores,
administered as an enema and as a bath (BKHW); Unidentified plant parts are used
to treat ear problems (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Bryant, 1966; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972; Cunningham, 1988); Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000); Arnold et al., 2002.

151
Zulu uses: The Zulu apply the paste of the root to kill maggots in cattle (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). The Zulu who take a decoction of the root as a
vermifuge and as an infusion as a purgative enema (Walker, 1996). Powdered root
infusions are taken as purgatives, sometimes mixed with other ingredients (Bryant,
1966). Boiled roots are taken for tapeworm. Roots are sometimes an ingredient in
inembe infusion, taken regularly during pregnancy to ensure an easy childbirth, and are
also pounded to make an infusion for infertility (Gerstner, 1941; Hulme, 1954; Hutchings
et al., 1996). They are sometimes included in medicines known as isihlambezo, which
are used by traditional birth attendants to ensure the health of both mother and baby
during pregnancy (Gumede, 1990). Roots are also taken as tonics by young girls in the
early stages of menstruation (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). Ground roots of the plant known
as impila are reported to be Callilepis. laureola are taken for snakebite and are
administered as enemas and in baths to protect the children of parents who have already
lost many children (Hutchings et al., 1996). Roots are also used as protective charm to
stop bad dreams (Cunningham, 1988). Root decoction is used as a vermifuge; the leaf
infusion is used as a purgative enema (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Pounded roots
are put in cold water and used as an enema on a child that is always startles out of sleep,
and a piece of the root is also hung on the neck of the child to prevent evil spirits from
coming to him/her (Ngwenya et al., 2004). A piece of the root may also be carried with to
ward off spooks/ghosts (Ngwenya et al., 2004; Corrigan et al. 2010).
Other uses: Swati use the softened leaf as an external disinfectant (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk; 1962; Walker, 1996).

58. Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb. (Rutaceae)

Umemezi obovu, Ungqonga
[0.39] [0.43] P50
(Umbaba23), (umBhaba20,22,28), Umbhaba2,3,10,20,22,23, (Umemeze-omhlophe2,3,10,16,22,28),
(Umemezi omhlophe2,3,10,16,22)
Uses at Amandawe: A bark mixture is used medicinally and administered as an
emetic (MAMBA); The bark is used as a skin lightener, administered by the
applying the paste onto the facial skin (MYS, PHEW, PUNCH, TNGW, NDU, MUN,
JZ, BKHW, CHNDL, BMHL, DLAMINI, MAMBA, MSANI, MBUTHO, it is mixed with
umqoqongo- Clerodendrum glabrum MGOZ).
Uses in the literature: Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Xhosa used the seeds as lucky charm by binding it around their wrists when
hunting, to make game easy prey to their weapons (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk; 1962). It
is used for skin treatment (Gericke and Van Wyk; 2000).

59. Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. (Fabaceae)

Umkhiphampethu, Usifudu

152
[0.14] [0.16] P51
Impande10,22, Insiphane10,22,23, (iNsiphane enkulu22), (isiKhiphampethu20), (inSiphane-
enkulu20), Insiphane enkulu2,20,22, Umgibampethu10,22, Umhlahlambedu2,10,20,22
(umHlahlambedu20,22), Umkhiphampethu2,10, 22, (umLalandlovane20,22),
Umlalandlovane2,10,20,22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat wounds (JZ); The leaves are used
to treat the eruption of body sores umzimba omubi (BKHW); The leaves are used to
treats lice infestation, the leaf decoction is administered by body steaming (MSANI,
BKHW, DSHA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Van Wyk et al., 2008.
Zulu uses: C. subdecandra is used by the Zulu people to treat maggots in cattle sores
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves and powdered roots are used for lice and to
relieve itches (Gerstner, 1939). Unspecified parts are used to destroy maggots in sores
on cattle (Bryant, 1966).
Other uses: C.intrusa is used by the Southern Sotho to treat maggots on cattle sores
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962)

60. Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)

Igudu, Insangu, (Umthunzi wezinkukhu)
[1.00] [0.95] P52
Idaka22, Indlaka10, Inotha22, iNsinga22, Insangu11, 6,14,23,25, (Intsangu6, 23), (Intsinga6),
Uhungu10, Unotha10, uHungu22, Umunya10, 24
Uses at Amandawe: The leaf decoction is used to treat chest complaints, it is
administered as an emetic (SGAM, JHLO, MYS, ZCEL, MRMAD, JZ, TMSO), (it is
administered as a tonic JB, PHEW, PUNCH, MKHA, MADLAMINI, SHEZ, BKHW, MUN,
CHNDL, ZADLA, DLAMINI); [The aerial parts of this herb prepared with milk are used to
treat iphika shortness of breath (REVDUM)]; The leaves are used to treat ulcers
(MBUTHO); The leaf decoction is used to lower high blood pressure (MBUTHO,
BMKH, TNGW, BKHW, CHNDL, BMHL, DSHA, MAKAS, it is administered as an
emetic SGAM, it is administered as an oral tonic ZNK, PB); The leaves together with
the male bud of the banana plant are prepared to treat asthma (DZA); Unspecified plant
parts are used medicinally (MRMAD, it is administered as an enema ZNGD);
Unspecified plant parts are used in order to lose weight, people usually smoke the
leaves to achieve weight loss (TMBA); The leaves are used medicinally to cleanse
the body systems, and probably for blood purification or as an immune system
booster (SHEZ); Unspecified plant parts are administered as an emetic to get rid of
idliso (MNQO). MIND ALTERING: The leaves are the main ingredient in making what is
called dagga cakes (SUKD, BMKH); The leaves are smoked by headmen abanumzane
(KV). The leaves are smoked for pleasure (ALL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Trease and Evans, 1983;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Oliver-Bever, 1986; Van Wyk, 2008; De Wet et al., 2016.

153
Zulu uses: Warburgia salutaris bark and cannabis sativa leaves are mixed and smoked
to treat dry cough (Bryant, 1996). This plant is used to treat asthma, hypertension and
diabetes (Hutchings et al., 1996). It is used as a mind-altering drug for relaxation,
euphoria, well-being and sociability and to induce a feeling of spirituality. The leaves are
edible in the form of cookies. It is used medicinally for asthma, bronchitis, headache,
migraine, epilepsy pain, cold and flu, cough, insomnia, labour pains hypertension and
diabetes (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). This plant is used in treating hypertension by the
people of Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2016).
Other uses: The Sotho people grind up the seed and mix it with mealie-pap or bread and
administer to children during weaning (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), and the women
smoke it to stupefy themselves during childbirth (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Although its use is illegal many places, in some states in the USA it is legalised for
treating cancer (Trease and Evans, 1983).

61. Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae)

Udakane, Umvuthwamini
[0.08] [0.08] P53
(isiTobe20), (iTobho22), Isitobe2,6,20, Isiqengqane9, Ithobho10,22, Utshwala 17,
(UmVuthwamini20,22, 26), Umvuthwamini2,9,6,17,20,22,26
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used in the preparation of umuthi wamadoda used
for virility (CHNDL); Fresh leaf infusion is administered as an enema to babies
(NGWANE); A bark mixture is used for unspecified ailment, administered as an emetic
(DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Cunningham, 1988; Hutchings
et al., 1996; Arnold et al., 2002; Van Wyk et al., 2008; De Wet, 2013; De Wet et al., 2013;
Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: It is used as an ingredient to treat stomach and intestinal complaints by the
Zulus, they also used in treating dysentery and diarrhoea by orally taking the leaf infusion
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Roots are used in traditional medicine (Cunningham,
1988). Leaf infusion with milk is used to treat dysentery and diarrhoea (Hutchings et al.,
1996). The poles are used in hut building, the roots are used for induced vomiting by
trainee diviner and they may also be used as a love charm to make a man attractive as
well as a protective charm (Ngwenya et al., 2004). Fruits are eaten by people, birds and
monkeys (Ngwenya et al., 2004). The leaves and stems are used to treat acne (De Wet,
2013; De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: Xhosa people eat the fruit (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Luvale
people use leaf paste with white clay to treat small pox and use wood to make granaries,
while the root infusion makes a man strong as well as a dog medicine (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).

62. Canthium spinosum (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae)

154
Ikhanyisani, Ihlalanyosi, Isihlungu sankonka, Ubuchopho bekati, Ubuchopho
benja, Udlozini, Umhlabandlazi, Umhlalandlazi, (Ukhanya ebumnyameni)
[0.05] [0.05] P54
(IsiTobe26), Umcenyane10, 22, Umphembedu2, 1, 22, Umvuthwamini-omncane2, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used in treating sharp internal body pains
(DLAMINI); Unspecified part of this plant is an ingredient in preparing umuthi
obovu (ZCEL).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Parts of this plant are used in traditional medicine (Hutchings et al., 1996).
The fruits are eaten by the Zulu people of KwaNibela (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: Fruits are eaten by people (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982; Boon, 2010).

63. Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae)

Uphopho
Not in the matrix P327
Upopo15
Uses at Amandawe: The roots of this plant are used to treat coughs (MANGIDI,
MACEL the roots are used); The ripe fruit pulp is applied onto the face as a
poultice for anti-aging (BMHL).
Uses in the literature: Gurib-Fakim, 2006; De Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012;
Aravind, et al, 2013; Naidoo et al., 2013.
Zulu uses: Both the roots and leaves of this plant are used by the people of Maputaland
in treating a sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010), specifically gonnorhoea
(De Wet et al., 2012; Naidoo et al., 2013). This plant is also used by the same people to
treat internal sores (De Wet et al., 2012).
Other uses: Asimina spp is effective against ovarian cancer (Gurib-Fakim, 2006). This
plant is used in treating abdominal and digestive disorders (Aravind, et al, 2013)

64. Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan (Apocynaceae)

Amathungulu
[0.27] [0.14] P55
Isibethankunzi4, Umshayankunzi23, Umvusankunzi2, 4, 10, 17,22,23,24, Umvusankunzi-
omhlophe3
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to stop diarrhoea (REVDUM);
Some dried and powdered parts of this plant are used as isihlungu to treat flu,
administered by licking the powder (TMSO); Some dried parts are used as
isihlungu to relieve headache, administered by inhaling the powder (JB, MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 1993.

155
Zulu uses: Roots are used as traditional medicine (Pooley, 1993).
Other uses: Swazi paramount chief uses a switch of this tree to strike the back of a black
bull that is to be slaughtered during the annual ceremony. This makes the bull fierce,
strong and to prevent it falling an easy victim to warriors who have to overcome it with
bare hands (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Fruits are eaten in Transkei (Rose and
Guillarmod, 1974).

65. Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC. (Apocynaceae)

Amathungulu
[0.24] [0.11] P56
Umqhubankunzi10, 22, (umThungulu20, 22), Umthungulu2, 10,17,20,22
Uses at Amandawe: Roots are used medicinally, administered as an emetic
(PHEW); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat boils (MYS); Dried parts used as
isihlungu to relieve headache, administered by inhaling the powdered mixture
(MBUTHO); Unspecified parts of the plant are prepared or cooked with meat, it is
unclear how this is administered to heal a broken or fractured bone (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Fruits are edible (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982), the whole plant is used
as hedge Wehmeyer, 1976). Ripe fruits give pink dye (Gumede, 1990).

66. Carpobrotus dimidiatus (Haw.) L.Bolus (Aizoaceae)

Ibohlololo, Ubohlololo lesilungu, Impinda ebovu yasolwandle
Not in the matrix P328
Ikhambi lamabulawo8, umgongozi8
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat inflammation (PHEW, JHLO,
TMSO, MYS, BMHL, ZNK, NTAKA, MBHELE, DSHA, JZ, JB, PB, PUNCH, REVDUM,
BKHW, MSANI, BMKH, MBUTHO, MRMAD, DLAMINI, ZADL, ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Hutchings et al., 1996; De Wet et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: This plant is administered as an enema in treating baby ailments and also
used as a household remedy (Gerstner, 1938, 1941). Both the stems and leaves are
used as traditional medicine (Hutchings et al., 1996). This plant is used in treating
hypertension by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2016).
Other uses: In the Transkei it is used in treating allergies, diabetes and sore throats
(Hutchings et al., 1996). The Khoi women use the leaf infusion to ease childbirth and the
sap is applied on the infant’s head to make it nimble and strong (Hutchings et al., 1996).
The leaves are used against sore throats, diphtheria, thrush, digestive troubles, diarrhoea
and dysentery in southern Africa (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

156
67. Cassipourea flanaganii (Schinz) Alston (Rhizophoraceae)
Umemezi, Umqonga, Ungqonga
[0.56] [0.65] P57, Mhlongo 11
Isibindangulube9, Isiziba9, Umanuka9, Umemezi9, (Umemeze-obovu3, 28), (Umemezi-
obovu3), Umhlalamagwababa9, Umjuluka9, Unukaniweyiziba9
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used for skin lightening (MAKAS, ZNK, MRMAD,
ZJ, JB, PHEW, PB, BMKH, SHEZ, BKHW, MUN, KV, CHLNDL, BMHL, MBUTHO,
REVD, MGOZ, DLAMINI, PHEW, ZADL, ZNGD, DSHA, BMHL, MAMBA); the bark is
used as umuthi omhlophe (MAMDUMA).
Uses in the literature: Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Ngwenya et al., 2003; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: It is used to get rid of excess body water by steaming, the bark is used with
that of Ocotea bullata and Albizia adianthifolia to dispel a charm that causes
estrangement. The timber is used for fuel and the poles for hut building (Ngwenya et al.,
2003). The bark is used in treating umeqo omkhulu, izichitho, lice infestation together
with the barks of Ocotea bullata and Albizia adianthifolia, administered by steaming and
as an emetic and in ukukhafula by men (Ngwenya et al., 2003).
Other uses: Bark is used mostly by women as a skin lightener and for skin problem
(Boon, 2010; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

68. Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. var. verticillata (N.E.Br.) J.Lewis (Rhizophoraceae)

Umemezi
Not in the matrix P329
(iSamunyu22), (isiNukane20,22), Isinuka2,6,22,28, isnukani6, (isinukati6), umanuka6,22,
umbhovane6,2,6,22,28, umbomvana6, (umbomvane6), (umnyamanzi6), Umnyamanzi2,6,22,28,
Umjuluka2
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is use for skin lightening (CHLZ).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 1993; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: The bark is used in traditional medicine (Pooley, 1993).
Other uses: The bark is used medicinally (Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon; 2010).

69. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don (Apocynaceae)

Imbali yamathuna, Imbali yesibaya, Isona, Ubani bezwe, Umangashi
[0.19] [0.32] P58
Ikwhinini2, 6,10,15,22, Imbali 15, Isishungushlungu1, 11, 14
Uses at Amandawe: Boiled root mixture is gargled with to relieve toothache (ZNK,
ZNGD, ZCEL, DSHA, PUNCH, CHNDL); All plant parts are used to treat stomach

157
cramps (PUNCH, MBUTHO); The roots are used to treat diarrhoea (BKHW); Roots and
leaves are used as an ingredient in the making of isihlungu a powder used to treat
headache, this is either inhaled or licked (BKHW); Roots and leaves are used to
deworm humans, especially when the worms attempt to come out orally. As a
result, they are forced to come out through the anus (BMHL); The leaves are used
to lower the high blood pressure (REVDUM, leaves are cooked with beetroot
together with a can of beer and the mixture is administered as a drink BMHL); The
roots and leaves are used to treat sexually transmitted infection, especially the one
commonly known as drop (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Roberts, 1983; Bruneton,
1995; Marles & Farnsworth, 1995; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Arnold et al., 2002;
Pooley, 2006; De Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Tea made from the flowers is used for blood cleansing and the milky sap is
used for insect bites and warts. The leaf is used to treat diabetes (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). It is used to treat diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010). This plant is used in
treating hypertension by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2016).
Other uses: It is widely used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes, rheumatism and
insect bites, warts and gonorrhoea (Pooley, 2006).

70. Celtis africana Burm.f. (Cannabaceae)

(Umathekapheli), Umvumvu, Uvuvu
[0.04] [0.05] P59
(inDwanwdazane20,22,23), Indwandwazane2,6,10,20,22,23, uMvuma22, (umVumvu 20,22),
Umvumvu2,10,20,22,23, umVuvu20
Uses at Amandawe: The bark and leaves are used to treat nausea (MSANI);
Unspecified parts are used to deworm people “igobisa iziklelemu” (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Wood is used with crocodile fat as a charm against lightning (Pooley, 1993).
Other uses: It is believed that using the fork part of the plant to stir meat during cooking
will increase the livestock in the Southern Bechuanaland (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). It is used by the Lovedu people as a protective charm against witches by
hammering the sticks into the ground (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

71. Celtis gomphophylla Baker (Cannabaceae)

(Umathakapheli), Umvumvu, (Uqhoboka zavithi), Uvuvu
[0.03] [0.03] P60
Indwandwazane2, (umVumvu20), Umvumvu2, 20
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is it is used to treat acne (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: none found.

158
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The bark is used by some African tribes as a snake deterrent (Pulgrave,
1984).

72. Centella asiatica (L.) Urb (Apiaceae)

Umangobozane, Isgoba
[0.27] [0.43] P61
Icukudwane6, Icuduwane10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: All plant parts are used to stop excessive bleeding (MYS);
Whole plant it is used to ease childbirth (ZCEL); Whole plant is used to treat sores
and wounds, it is administered by pasting the crushed leaves on the affected areas
(TMSO); [All plant parts are used to treat isipatsholo a venereal disease in females
(JB, PUNCH, administered by taking cold leaf infusion orally and as an enema
MADLAMINI)], All parts of this herb are used to treat sexually transmitted infections, it is
administered by taking it orally and as an enema (MADLAMINI); Whole plant is used to
treat stomach cramps, it is administered by chewing the leaves and swallowing the
extract (PUNCH); A decoction made from all the plant parts is administered as a
hot tonic isiphungo (BMKH); All plant parts are used to treat imvilaphu the swelling
of inguinal lymphatic nodes, it is administered as an enema and orally (BKHW); All
parts of this herb are used to treat isithakathi in babies (BMHL, NOMV); The leaves
are used to treat izilonda zasendlebeni ear infection (BMHL); Whole plant is used
to treat sharp internal body pains (DLAMINI); Whole plant is used to treat body itch
mixed with uxhapozi probably Ranunculus maltifidus (MBUTHO). This plant is
mixed with uxhapozi with a yellow flower is used to treat umhlume. In this process
incisions are made on the affected area of the patient of which the blood is taken a
buried underground in a muddy puddle. Then the mixture is applied on the
incisions (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Boiteau.et al., 1949; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Martindale, 1967; Iwu, 1993; Bruneton, 1995; Pooley, 2005; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Plants are widely used for skin complaints (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: Leaves are eaten as cooked vegetable by Xhosa (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962; Fox and Norwood Young, 1982). It is used in the Cape to treat leprosy
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

73. Ceratotheca triloba (Bernh.) Hook.f. (Pedaliaceae)

Incamashele
Not in the matrix P331
Udekani19, udoncalwabathwa4,19,22, Udonqa4,8,19,23, Udonga lwzithutha4,19,22,
Udonqabathwa1,8,9,22,24, (umDonqa23)

159
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to enhances sexual
performance in men and improves sperm production (REVDUM, BHEKI, ANON);
Leaves and roots of this plants are used in treating venereal discharge in females
(MUN).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996; Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: Infusion made from the plant is used to treat painful menstruation (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), gastric complaints and intestinal problems (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: This plant is used as an abortifacient (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

74. Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. (Asteraceae)

Usandanezwe, Uwayiwayi
Not in the matrix P332
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to relieve izinseka the afterbirth pains
(BMHL).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

75. Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae)

Ulamula
Not in the matrix P333
Ulamula8, 15
Uses at Amandawe: Through steaming, the vapour from the hot infusion of fresh
leaves is used in treating particular eye problems (LKHOMO).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: This plant is used in treating respiratory problems (York et al., 2012). This
plant is used in treating hypertension by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2016).
Other uses: The Citrus lemon fruit juices are used in various foods around the world
(Goodrich, 2003).

76. Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. (Rutaceae)

Umnukambiba
Not in the matrix P334

160
Isifudu6,22, Isifundu23, Isifutho23, Isifuthu6, Umkhambiba23, Umnukambhiba6,22,23,25,
(UmNukelambiba22), Umnukelambiba6,22,23, Umsanka6, Umsaga25, Umsanga23,
(uSanga22), uMwashampunzi22,23
Uses at Amandawe: Administered as an emetic, the scented leaves and twigs are
used as ubulawu or umuthi omhlophe. One of the benefits is that it leaves a nice
smell on the person using it (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: This plant is used in treating respiratory problems (York et al., 2012). Roots
are a remedy against tapeworm (Bryant, 1966). Infusion of the leaves with other plants is
used as parasiticide and as a purgative (Hutchings et al., 1996). Wood smoke is used to
fumigate newborn babies, leaf decoction steam cleanses the body internally, treat
rheumatism, fever, deodorant and strengthen the heart (Hutchings et al., 1996). Root
decoction treats bad breath and heart problems (Pujol, 1990). Root infusion treats
illnesses brought upon by evil spirits or the ancestors (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: Xhosa use the plant to treat calves (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

77. Clematis brachiata Thunb. (Ranunculaceae)

Ikhambi lesiduli, ihlozi, Ihluzi, Umdlonzo
[0.53] [0.54] P65
Idlonzo3, Ihlalahlathi24, Ihlonzo lesduli3,22,25, Inhlabanhlanzi3,6,10,22, 25, Inhlongo3,6,
(isiFudu20), Umdlozo4,6, (umSanga20), Umdlandlasi10,22, Umdlonzo6,10,22,
Umhlabahlanzi10,25, Umhlalahlathi10, Umhlahlathi10,22, umNhlongo22, umNukambiba20
Uses at Amandawe: Twigs and leaves are used to treat fever in babies (MGOZ,
SGAM, CHNDL, DSH); Twigs and leaves are used to treat meat allergies (TMSO,
NOMV); Leaves and twigs are used for blood cleansing and purification, it is
administered as a tonic (BMHL); Leaves and twigs together with Dalbergia
obovata, are used to stop excessive menstruation (BMHL); Leaves are crushed and
inhaled to relieve congested and blocked nasals (JB, BKHW, MUN, MSANI);
Unspecified plant parts are used to treat stomach cramps (TNGW); Unspecified
parts are used to treat back problem (MSANI); Unspecified parts are used treat
body sores umzimba omubi (SHEZ, MSANI, MYS); Unspecified plant parts are used to
treat body/skin rash (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Batten and Bokelmann, 1966;
Gelfand et al., 1985; Hedberg and Staugard, 1989; Mabogo, 1990; Pooley, 2005; Walker,
1996; Pooley, 2005; Van Wyk et al., 2008; De Wet et al., 2010; York et al., 2012; Naidoo
et al., 2013.
Zulu uses: Leaf and stem infusions are taken or administered as enemas for abdominal
disorders (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Pounded leaves, mixed with red earth, are
applied to children's rashes (Hulme, 1954; Walker, 1996). The roots of this plant are used
in treating sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010). Whole plant is used in
treating a sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010), specifically syphilis

161
(Naidoo et al., 2013). This plant is used in treating respiratory problems (York et al.,
2012).
Other uses: In Botswana the smoke from the burning leaves is inhaled for blood
problems associated with itchy sores (Hedberg and Staugard, 1989). Swati and Sotho
use it as an ingredient to treat syphilis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Xhosa sniff the
bruised stem to clear the head and to treat colds, while the Pedi and in Zimbabwe the
root is sniffed for headache (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

78. Clerodendrum glabrum E.Mey. (Lamiaceae)

Umqoqongo
[0.31] [0.38] P66
Ifamu6, Ongqogqongo10, Umemezomhlophe23, Umqangazane6, Umqaqonga2,4,6,18,22,
Umqwaqwane6, umQoqongo10,20, 22, Umgogongo10,22, (Umnukelambeba6),
umNukelambeba20, Umnukambiba6, Umnukelambiba2,4,6,20,22, Uphehlecwathi2,4,6,20,22
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used to empty the overflowing gall or
treat gall sicknesses (MUN); Unspecified parts administered as an enema are used
to treat flu (ZCEL); Unspecified parts are used to treat stomach cramps (JZ, JB,
PUNCH, MNQO, TNGW, MAMBA, ZADL); Unspecified parts of this plant mixed
together with uwayiwayi-Chromolaena odorata are used to treat izinseka (BMHL);
Unspecified plant parts are used to treat hysteria, administered by body steaming
and bathing (MBUTHO); The bark is used to relieve toothache (ZNGD); Bark is used
together with Calodendrum capense for skin lightening (SIZWE, MGOZ).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Roberts, 1990; Hutchings et
al., 1996; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: It is used as a purgative for calves (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Hutchings et al., 1996). They use the leaf to treat cough and fever (Hutchings et al.,
1996). The root infusion is an ingredient in treating rheumatic problems and dropsy (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996). Roots or root infusion is used for
snakebite (Hutchings et al., 1996). Leaf infusions are used for intestinal parasites (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings; 1996; Walker, 1996). Zulu people eat the fruit as
famine food (Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: Lobedu use the plant to treat convulsion in children by putting the leaf in the
armpit and on the neck while the leaf is used as a beetle repellent (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The pounded leaves are placed in the armpit and the back of the neck
are said to induce sleep and provide a remedy for convulsions in children (Walker, 1996).
Blue-green dye is produces from the fruits (Cunningham and Terry; 2006).

79. Clivia miniata (Lindl.) Bosse (Amaryllidaceae)

Umayime
Not in the matrix P335
uBuhlungubemamba22, Ubuhlungu beyima22, Umayime 4,6,23

162
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used to treat hysteria (REVDUM); The roots are
used as intelezi that blunts and destroys ailments in one’s body (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Veale et al., 1992; Walker, 1996; Hutchings et
al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Root infusion treat wounds and snakebite (Bryant, 1966; Walker, 1996),
fever, facilitate childbirth (Hutchings et al., 1996). It is used as a tonic to ease childbirth
(Gerstner, 1941; Veale et al.1992). It is also used as a charm against evil spirits (Walker,
1996; Wright, 1976). It is taken as a tonic to ease childbirth and against febrile conditions
(Walker, 1996).
Other uses: The Xhosa people use the bulb decoction against infertility and urinary
problems (Wright, 1976).

80. Clutia ovalis Sond. (Euphorbiaceae)

Umembesa
[0.03] [0.05] P67
Ikhambi13, Ikhambi lenkosi6, 22, 24, (UmEmbesa22), Umembeza umsiphana6, (UmFiyo22, 23),
uMkhondo22, (uGwalane22), (Ungwalene23), Ungwaleni6, 22, 23, Uphumela-umkhondo6
Uses at Amandawe: Dried and powdered bark is used to treat snakebite,
administered by licking the powdered plant parts (REVDUM); The powdered leaves
are inhaled to treat blood clots on people suffering from madness. This is from the
belief that mental disturbances may be results of blood clots in the head area
(DSHA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke
and Vilakazi, 1972; Hutchings et al., 1996, Bryant, 1966.
Zulu uses: Leaf infusion is used to treat stomachache (Bryant, 1966), diarrhoea,
dysentery (Hutchings et al., 1996). The powdered plant leaves and root ash are applied
into incision to treat bone fractures and sprains (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Hutchings et al., 1996). Leaves, roots and stems infused with milk are used to treat pains
in children, and for the same purpose, the calves are drenched into the infusion
(Hutchings et al., 1996). It is used as a general household remedies including as a purge
and tying it around the ankles as a protective charm for pregnant women against
umkhondo (Gerstner, 1939; 1941). The infusions of the plant are used as a love and
protective charm used by sprinkling (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972).
Other uses: Xhosa people use the root as protective charm against lightning by hanging
the branches around the hut eaves and in the yard (Smith, 1895). In Lesotho, it is used to
thicken the milk (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

81. Coddia rudis (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Verdc. (Rubiaceae)

Isisikilinjane, Umsibilinjane, Umsikilinjane
[0.68] [0.08] P68

163
Isagogwane10,22, Isibihla6,10,22, Isibihli6, Isidindwane10, (iSidondwane22), Isikleyane10,22,
Isikwakwane6, Umdondwane2,6, Umgogwane-omncane2; Umgogwane6,10,22,
Umkwakwane omncane6,10,22, umKwenyane22, Umsilinjane6,10, Usosbihli10
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used to treat impotence (MYS, parts are
mixed with Mimusops obovata ZADL); Unspecified parts of this shrub are used before
or sometimes with umuthi omhlophe (MRSMADLALA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Hulme, 1954; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Some parts of the plant are used to treat fevers and as an emetic (Gerstner,
1939) and root decoctions’ treat impotence (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: Fruits are eaten by people (Boon, 2010). It is reported to provide wholesome
beer (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

82. Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Poaceae)

Uchwabase, Uqhwabase, Ulozisi
[0.08] [0.08] P69
Ilozisi6, (isiLozi22)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used to stop diarrhoea
(MADLAMINI, DLAMINI); Unspecified parts are used to stop diarrhoea in teething babies
(BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings 1996; Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: Used as a protective charm against teething problems in children (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Seed necklaces are worn by the infants as a protective charm;
they are also chewed up upon during teething troubles (Roberts, 1983).
Other uses: A wholesome beer is made from the glumes (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962).

83. Combretum kraussii Hochst. (Combretaceae)

(Intombi ibhincela nxanye), Umdubu, Umdubu omhlophe, Umdubu wamanzi [0.35]
[0.32] P70
Uhwabhu10, 22, (uMkhakhasi22), Umkhakhasi10, 22, Umbondwe2, Umdubuwehlanze2,
Umdubu wehlathi6, 10,20,22,24, (Umdibuwehlathi10, 24), (umDubu-wehlathi20, 22)
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used as a tonic imbiza (MBUTHO, MAMBA, it is
used alone DSHA); [Unspecified plant parts are used medicinally (SHEZ, administered
as an enema BMHL, MYS)]; Parts of this plant are used are used to clean and flush
the kidneys (REVDUM, the roots are used ZADL); A root decoction is used to clean
and treat isinye the lower abdomen, it is administered as a tonic (BKHW); The
roots are used for virility by men also known as umuthi wamadoda (MSANI,
DLAMINI), it is used as a umuthi wokuziqinisa protective/strengthening medicine

164
before a sexual intercourse and administered as a drink (CHNDL); Unspecified plant
part are used for medicinal cleansing, administered as a tonic, probably for blood
purification (NOMV); The bark is an ingredient in mixtures used to help a woman
conceive (JHLO); The bark is an ingredient in the preparation of imbiza yamanzi for
young women (ZNK-ikhipha amanzi kubantu abasha); A bark decoction is used to
prevent a miscarriage, it is administered as a tonic and as an enema (BP).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Van Wyk et al. 2008.
Zulu uses: This plant is used to treat heart problems and to stimulate appetite (Pujol,
1990). It is taken as an enema to cleanse the urinary system and to strengthen the spinal
column (Hutchings et al., 1996). Root powder is an ingredient in treating sores. It is used
on cattle and dogs (Pujol, 1990).
Other uses: As a tonic, it cleanses the urinary system, purging the kidney and
strengthens the spinal cord (Pujol, 1990). The Lobedu people drink the root decoction of
the male plant to treat a blood illness and side pains. They also use the branch as a
protective charm against witchcraft and lightning, by erecting a pole to protrude straight
up from the roof (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

84. Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.Don (Combretaceae)

Isibondwe, Umbonda, Umbondwe
[0.54] [0.62] P71
Umbondo6,15,22,28, Umbondwe2,10,20,22,26,28, (umBondwe20), Umbondwe-
omhlophe2,6,10,18,22,28
Uses at Amandawe: [Unspecified plant parts are used to clear udende phlegm in
chests (ZNK)]; [The bark and the root are used to clear a tight chest (MYS, MAMBA,
together with uhloyile Scadoxus puniceus DZA, it is administered isiphungo a hot
tonic- BMHL, DLAMINI, SHEZ, PHEW)]; [A warm bark infusion is used to treat
coughs, it is administered as an emetic (CHNDL)]; The bark is used to stop
diarrhoea (MSANI); The bark is used to treat isibhobo internal sharp body pains, it
is administered by steaming (PUNCH); A mixture made from the bark is used to
remove idliso, a poisonous substance taken orally with food (JZ, DZA, MBUTHO, it
is administered as an emetic NOMV, MRGUMEDE); Dried and powdered root is
used as isihlungu, administered as isincindo (PHEW); The bark and root are used
as ingredients in the preparation of umuthi obovu (MAKAS, JB); A bark decoction
is used to lower high blood pressure, it is administered as an emetic (DSHA); A
bark infusion is used to treat lower back pains (DLAMINI, it is administered as an
enema ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Mabogo 1990; Hedberg et al.,
1982; Gelfand et al., 1985; Van Wyk et al., 2008; Boon, 2010; Corrigan et al., 2010; De
Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012; York et al., 2012.
Zulu uses: Fresh or dry leaves are used for wound dressing, leaves and the roots are
used for snakebite, the roots alone are used for abortion and constipation (Hutchings et

165
al., 1996). The inner bark is used in an infusion to treat stomach problems, where it is
taken orally or as an enema (Hutchings et al., 1996). Unidentified parts are reported to be
used for fevers (Pooley, 1993). The leaves are used in treating chest problems and
removing worms from the body (Corrigan et al., 2010). Both the roots and the leaves of
this plant are used in treating a sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010) and
sores (De Wet et al., 2012). This plant is used in treating respiratory problems (York et
al., 2012).
Other uses: Leaves provide red dye, roots produce yellow-brown dye. It is used against
snakebite, for fertility, post-partum bleeding, fever and stomach complaints (Boon, 2010).
Roots are used to produce yellow-brown dye (Van Wyk et al. 2008).

85. Combretum woodii Dümmer (Combretaceae)

Umdubu, Umdubu wehlathi
[0.95] [0.05] P72
Umbondwe6, 10, Umdubu10, Umdubu wehlanze 18,6,10
Uses at Amandawe: The root is an ingredient used to prepare tonic for all ailments
(TMSO); Bark and roots of this plant are used in the preparation of a mixture that is
used for virility by men (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gelfand et al., 1985; Veale et
al., 1992.
Zulu uses: Tonics made from the roots are used to fatten the dogs (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: In Zimbabwe the roots are used against venereal diseases and applied onto
the vagina as an aphrodisiac to reduce the size of the vaginal orifice (Gelfand et al.
1985). The roots are used as a purgative, to treat venereal diseases and the wood
powder treats wounds. At the same time, the timber is used for furniture and household
utensils and the root is used for tanning (Van Wyk et al. 2008).

86. Commelina africana L. (Commelinaceae)

Idangabane, Idangabane lomfula, (Umafavuke)
[0.16] [0.24] P73
Ucolane 6, Ucolwane10, 22 (iDangabana) 22, Idangabane1, 6, 10, 25, Idangabane elikhulu4
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant and leaves are used to treat iphika shortness of
breath (MBUTHO); The leaves of this herb are used as a compress to treat
inflammation (JHLO, JZ, PHEW, SHEZ, BKHW, MGOZ); The leaves are used to treat
a sexually transmitted infection called “drop”, it is ground and mixed with testicles
of a dog, unkonka and a chameleon (DZA); Whole plant is used medicinally as
imbiza a tonic, it is administered orally (PB).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Wright, 1963; Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000; Arnold et al., 2002; Pooley, 2005.

166
Zulu uses: Cold infusions are used to address the issue of restless sleeps especially
children (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used to treat sterility in women (Wright,
1963).
Other uses: It is used by the Ndebele to treat venereal diseases, menstrual problems,
hip pains and bladder complaint (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

87. Commelina benghalensis L. (Commelinaceae)

Idangabane, Idangabane lentaba, (Umafavuke)
[0.19] [0.19] P74
Idambiso1, Idangabane1, 6, 22, Idemadema1, Idwangubane10, 22, Indlebendlebe1
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat inflammation: (PHEW, SHEZ,
BKHW, MGOZ, MBUTHO, inflammation caused by an injury JHLO); The leaves are
used medicinally as imbiza, it is administered as an emetic and orally (PB).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Jacot Guillarmod, 1971;
Rasoanaivo et al., 1992; Gurib-Fakim, 1993.
Zulu uses: This plant is used as poultice (Gerstner, 1938), to reduce high blood pressure
(Hutchings et al., 1996). Cooked leaves are eaten as spinach (Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: This plant is used for menstrual cramps, to facilitate conception (Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000). The leaves are used to treat burns (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Cooked leaves are eaten in Transkei (Rose and Guillamord, 1974) and in Malawi
(Williamson, 1972).

88. Commelina eckloniana Kunth (Commelinaceae)

Idangabane, Idangabane lamanzi
[0.13] [0.19] P75
Idangabane elincane1, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used as imbiza, it is administered as an enema
(PB); This plant is used to treat sexually transmitted diseases in women (MYS);
The leaves are used as a compress to treat inflammation (JZ, SHEZ, BKHW,
MBUTHO); The leaves are used to treat problematic eyes, administered by washing
the eyes with the leaves and water infusion (MNQO).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Cooked leaves are eaten as imfino (Gerstener, 1938).
Other uses: This plant is occasionally eaten as spinach (Pooley, 2005). Leaves are
eaten as imfino in the Transkei (Rose and Guillamord, 1974).

89. Commelina erecta L. (Commelinaceae)

Idanganane

167
[0.11] [0.11] P76
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat inflammation (JZ, BKHW,
MBUTHO); Whole plant is used as imbiza (PB).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used for particular charm purposes (Arnold et al., 2002).

90. Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl. (Burseraceae)

Umhlunguthwa, Umumbu
[0.16] [0.22] P77
Iminyela2,3,18, Ihlunguthi 18,20,22, Inhlunguthi2,10, Umbumbungane2,3,10, Umnyela10,20,22,
umBumbungane20,22, Umumbu10,18,22,23, Ungubiziyeweni3
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used medicinally for an undisclosed ailment (SHEZ);
The bark is used medicinally as umuthi obovu (BKHW); The bark is used to treat
uzokozela a septic wound, charred bark is powdered and applied directly onto the
affected area (NOMV); Unspecified parts of this plant are used to treat a disease of
flaking facial skin (ZADL, it is used with snake skins/moults DLAMINI); Unspecified
parts are used to treat wounds (DLAMINI, specifically burn wounds ZNGD); The
bark is used as umhlabelo which helps bone reformation or to hasten the recovery
of a fractured or a broken bone (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The wood is used to carve spoons and other household utensils (Van Wyk
et al., 2008).

91. Crabbea hirsuta Harv. (Acanthaceae)

Umusa, (Umusawakhe), Umusa omncane, (Uvelemoyeni)
[0.03] [0.05] P79
Ihlasi1, (uMunywana22), Umusa2, 6, 10, 22, Indlulamithi10
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat skin problems (ZNGD); Unspecified
plant parts are used medicinally (SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 2005; Arnold et al.,
2002.
Zulu uses: Root infusion froth is used as a charm to (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Whole plants are used as traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: The Pedi people use the powdered burnt root to treat a hydrocephalic child
by applying the powder over the body (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

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92. Crassula obovata Haw. (Crassulaceae)
Ushisizwe
Not in the matrix P339
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: All the aerial parts of this plant are used in treating lice
infestation (MYS, DSHA, MBHELE, MUN, NTAKA, MGOZ, BMHL, JB, TMSO, JHLO,
PB, MRMAD, BKWH, CHLZ, JZ, REVDUM, MBUTHO, ZMBUTHO, SIPHO, NGWANE,
MADL, ZNGD, CHNDL, DLAMIN).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature

93. Crassula sarmentosa Harv. (Crassulaceae)

Umvuthuza womfula
Not in the matrix P340
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are reported to be used in treating body lice,
probably a hot or cold water and leaf infusion or maybe the succulent leaves are
applied onto the body (MR GUMEDE).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

94. Crinum macowanii Baker (Amaryllidaceae)

Intelezi, Uguqu, Umduze
[0.39] [0.41] P80
Umduze1, 4, 6,10,11,22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to as poultice to treat inflammation (SGAM,
JZ, ZADL, MBUTHO, MNQO, SHEZ, CHNDL, ZNGD, MYS, DLAMINI); Roots and
leaves are used to treat stomach problems, it is administered as an enema
(PHEW); The root is an ingredient in mixtures used to treat body sores (BMKH);
The bulb is used as imbiza yamanzi (ZNK); The bulb decoction is used to enhance
milk production in humans (BKHW); The bulb is used to treat impotence in men
(REVDUM).

169
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Pujol, 1990;
Neuwinger, 1994; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996; Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: This plant is used for blood purification, against scrofula (Bryant, 1966), for
urinary tract problems, body swelling and pains in rheumatic fever (Hutchings et al.,
1996). It is used by the Zulu people to treat tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, kidney and
bladder diseases (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). The bulb is used for scrofula and urinary
complaints (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: In Zimbabwe it is used to treat backaches and as an emetic while among
the Southern Sotho people C. bulbispermum root taken with food to treat venereal
diseases (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

95. Croton sylvaticus Hochst. (Euphorbiaceae)

(Umahlabekufeni), Umgweba, Umzilanyoni
[0.19] [0.27] P81
Ilabele2, Idumbadlozi23, Indumbahlozi3,6,10,22,28, Inkubathi2, Isikhumaphuphu2, Iminya3,6,
(iMinya22,23), (iSendelenkawu22), Ugibeleweni3,6,10,22,23, Uhubeshane2,
Umahlabekufeni2,3,4,6,9,10,22, 23,28, Umbila10,22, Umbilu 23, Umhlalajuba3,4,6,10,22, 23,24,28,
Umhlalampethu24, (umHloshazane22), Umhloshozane3,4,6,23, Ummbila3, Umgeleweni6,
Ummbila6, Uminya10, Umzilanyoni3,9,10,22,23,28
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used medicinally (SHEZ); The
bark is used medicinally as imbiza (BMHL); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat
stroke (MBUTHO); The bark is used to treat isithakathi in babies (MBUTHO); The
bark is used to treat sharp internal body pains (REVDUM); The bark is an
ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu (MAKAS); The bark is used for
medicinal cleansing of body systems and for blood purification (TMSO); The bark
is used in the preparation of a tonic taken by pregnant women to ease childbirth. It
is administered from the seventh month of pregnancy until birth (PUNCH,
MADLAMINI); The bark is used to treat a toothache (MAKAS).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996; Ngwenya et al., 2003.
Zulu uses: It is used as a cathartic and as an eruptive irritant (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The Zulu also use the powdered bark as one of the ingredients inserted
into the uterus as a remedy for disorder of that organ (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Walker, 1996). Bark is used for abdominal disorders, internal inflammations, dropsically
swellings and uterine disorders in the same way as the bark of C. gratistimus. (Bryant,
1966). Enemas made from the bark are administered for febrile conditions (Gerstner,
1938; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Bark makes a tonic for listlessness (Hutchings
et al., 1996). Roots are used as purgatives, in enemas for fevers and for pleurisy and
indigestion (Gerstner, 1941). Some parts are known to have magical powers to kill a lover
who has committed adultery (Hutchings et al., 1996). Medicine made from the bark is
believed to go straight to the affected area, and the timber is used in carving meat

170
serving board and for fuel (Ngwenya et al., 2003). A bark infusion is used as a protective
sprinkling charm (Ngwenya et al., 2003).
Other uses: Bark and leaves used for fever, bleeding gums and respiratory ailments
despite being poisonous (Boon, 2010).

96. Cryptocarya latifolia Sond. (Lauraceae)

Umkhondweni
Not in the matrix P341
Umhlangwenya2, 28, Umkhondweni2, 28, Umngqabe2, 28, Umthungwa2, 28, Umdlangwenya28
Uses at Amandawe: The bark of this tree is used as umuthi obovu. The bark treats
an ailment called umkhondo in infants (CHLZ, MYS, SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Gerstener, 1938; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pujol, 1990;
Cunnningham, 1998

Zulu uses: The bark is used in treating chest ailments, internal pains, mascular cramps,
menstrual cramps and urinary ailments (Hutchings et al., 1996). It is used to treat
intestinal pains, uterine spams, menstrual pains and urinary tract disease (Gerstener,
1938, Cunningham, 1998, Pujol, 1990).

97. Cryptocarya myrtifolia Stapf (Lauraceae)

Umkhondweni, Umdlangwenya, Umantungwa, Intungwa
Not in the matrix P434
Igqeba6, 22, 28, Umcqabi23, Umdlangwenya19, Umkhondweni 6,19,22,28, umNgqaba22,
Umngqabe 2,6,19
Uses at Amandawe: Powdered bark is and inserted into the anus of the baby
suffering from isela (PUNCH); The bark is used to treat isipatsholo a venereal
disease in females (DLAMINI); Powdered bark is inhaled to relieve blood clots,
especially when somebody has been injured and has ipopo or ithubulela
(REVDUM); The fruit kernels are used to prepare a tonic for the babies used in
treating a sickness called umkhondo probably where the name is derived from.
The tonic found over the counter called intungwa is believed to be made from the
same kernels (BMKH, ANON).
Uses in the literature: Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Bark is use as a substitute for Octea bullata bark (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: Bark is used for both medicinal and magical purposes and as an alternative
to Octea bullata (Boon, 2010).

98. Cucumis zeyheri Sond. (Cucurbitaceae)

171
Umhlikihlo, Uthangazane, Intshungu, Umhlakahlo, Umhlakathiso, Intshungu
yezalukazi, Isendelenja
[0.14] [0.19] P84
Inhlakahlela1, Iselwa lenja1, Isende lenja3, Umaselwane10
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat fits (MBUTHO); Unspecified part of
this plant are used medicinally, administered as an enema (MADLAMINI, MYS,
CHNDL, ZCEL); Unspecified plant parts are used to prevent miscarriage (BKHW);
[The root infusion is used are used as imbiza administered orally (REVDUM)].
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Leaves are eaten as spinach (Pooley, 2005). It is used in traditional
medicine to treat chest complaints and diarrhoea (Pooley, 2005).

99. Cussonia nicholsonii Strey (Araliaceae)

Insengane, Umsenge
[0.33] [0.43] P85
Indlulamithi10, 22, Umsenge2
Uses at Amandawe: A bark mixture is administered as an emetic after eating a lot
of honey (JHLO); Unspecified parts of this plant are used to treat inflammation
(BMHL); Unspecified part of this plant are used to treat gall sickness or to empty
the overflowing gall (JHLO, MYS, DSHA, DLAMINI, MSANI, administered as an
emetic-leaves are used BMKH, new shoots are used TMSO, NOMV, CHNDL,
MRMAD); A tonic made from the bark mixture is administered as an emetic for
different ailments (SGAM, ZNK, BKHW).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

100. Cussonia spicata Thunb. (Araliaceae)

Umsenge
[0.35] [0.38] P86
Imfenge4, Umboza 18, Umsenga 17, Umsenge4, 6,10,22,24, (Umsingomzana)18
Uses at Amandawe: Different parts of this plant are used to treat gall sickness or to
empty the overflowing gall (JHLO, MYS, DSHA, MYS, BKHW, DLAMINI,
administered as an emetic CHNDL, a leaf mixture is used as an emetic BMKH, new
shoots are used MRMAD, TMSO, NOMV); A bark mixture is administered as an
emetic as a tonic for different ailments (ZNK); Unspecified parts of this plant are
used to treat inflammation (BMHL).

172
Uses in the literature: Doke and Vilakazi, 1972; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: The root is used as an antifebrile and a venereal disease remedy (Doke and
Vilakazi, 1972; Walker, 1996).
Other uses: In Tanzania it is used as fish poison (Walker, 1996). The large succulent
root is taken for food in times of drought (Walker, 1996). It is used for malaria, stomach
complaints and venereal diseases. Swollen roots are used for moisture in times of
drought (Boon, 2010). Lobedu use the cold root infusion to wash a newborn baby to
prevent pimples, skin irritation and to make the infant strong and fat (Walker, 1996). The
bark is used to treat malaria (Walker, 1996). The stem without the soft pith is used as a
water gutter (Walker, 1996).

101. Cyanotis speciosa (L.f.) Hassk. (Commelinaceae)

Iphindemuva elincane, Umakoti ugoyile, Iphindemuva, (Udabulamafu), Unkungwini
[0.11] [0.14] P87
Ingogo10, (inGongo22), Ingonga1,25, Ingongi3, Inkombo1,10,22,25, Insonga1,22, (iNsongo4),
Indabulamafu1,9,25, Isosonga25, Umakotigoyile1,3,10,22,25, (Mafinga3), (Makoti-eqoyile3,10,25),
(Udabulamafu1,25)
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used for undisclosed medicinal ailments (MRMAD,
SHEZ); Whole plant is used to treat lice infestation (MNQO); Whole plant is used to
treat gonorrhoea (MNQO); Whole plant is used to treat inflammation as a compress
(MGOZ).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker,
1996.
Zulu uses: It is administered by men to their women as a charm to cause genital
diseases if they engage in an illicit sexual intercourse (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Walker, 1996). In the Umtali district, a root decoction is for dysmenorrhoea and for
sterility (Walker, 1996). The whole plant is mixed with Adenia gummifera to send the
ailment back to the witch (Ngwenya et al., 2003). Leaves are cooked and eaten as imfino
(Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine to treat infertility and as a love and
protective charm (Pooley, 2005). The root infusion is used to treat infertility in the
Transkei (Hutchings et al., 1996). The root decoction is used to facilitate conception and
for dysmenorrhoea in Zimbabwe an in East Africa (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

102. Cymbopogon caesius (Hook. & Arn.) Stapf (Poaceae)

Imbalumbenjane, Imbanjane, Imbenjane
[0.07] [0.05] P88
Imbubu 12

173
Uses at Amandawe: Aerial parts of the grass are used medicinally, administered as
an emetic and by steaming (BMHL); A tonic made from the decoction of the roots,
stems and leaves of this grass is used to boost the immune system (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: In East Africa, this geraniol rich grass is used to treat snakebite (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

103. Cymbopogon excavatus (Hochst.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy (Poaceae)

Isiqunga
[0.26] [0.35] P89
(isiCunga22), Isicunge6, 10, Isiqunga6, 10, 22, Imbanjane10, 22, imBubu22, Ububu10
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used after the use of umuthi obovu before
umuthi omhlophe is used (MAKAS); A root infusion is used medicinally as a tonic
when one is not feeling well, administered as an emetic (SGAM, SHEZ, DZA, JHLO,
NDU, MAKAS, administered after eating a lot of honey ZNGD); An infusion of the
roots is used to treat shock or the after effect of shock, depression and anxiety
(REVDUM, DZA); A warm root infusion is administered as an emetic to empty the
overflowing gall or to treat gall sicknesses (SUKD).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Roots are used in ritual cleansing washes. Sap from cooked roots is used as
an antiemetic (Hutchings et al., 1996), Cymbopogon excavatus roots are used in ritual
cleansing washes. Root sap boiled in water is used as an anti-emetic (Hutchings et al.,
1996)
Other uses: Cymbopogon nardus used medicinally in Mozambique (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962), used as a vermifuge, febrifuge and as a remedy for treating cold in
Southern Africa (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used for thatch (Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000). It is used by Xhosas as a hut building material (Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000).

104. Cynanchum viminale (L.) L. (Apocynaceae)

Amabhelebhele, Umgontsho
[0.03] [0.03] (P90)
Igotsha6, Ingotsha17, 22, Ingotshwa1, (Kontsha6), Umbelebele1, 17, 22, Umbhelebhele1, 15, 17,
22, Umnembelele22, Umpelepele1

Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to enhance milk production
in breast feeding mothers (PUNCH, JB).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 2006; De Wet , 2010; De Wet et al., 2016.

174
Zulu uses: Stems and fruits are edible (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982; Corrigan et al.,
2010). This plant is used in treating hypertension by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et
al., 2016), while the stems are used in treating diarrhoea (De Wet, 2010).
Other uses: Swazi people eat the plant (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982). Young stems
and fruits are edible, while the plant is used for a number of ailments (Pooley, 2006).

105. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Poaceae)

Inglazi
Not in the matrix P345
Isifulwane22, Isinandi22, 23, Ungwengwe22, 23, Uqambalala22, Uqethu22
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used as an ingredient in treating lice (DLAMINI);
Whole plant is an ingredient in treating gonorrhoea (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

106. Cyperus dives Delile (Cyperaceae)

Umhlahlo, Ukati, Uluzi, Igceba, Igceba elincane
[0.86] [1.16] P92
Ikhwane1, Insikane1
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used for an undisclosed ailment (SHEZ); The
roots are used in treating izinseka (PHEW); A root infusion is administered as an
enema to treat a baby suffering from a sickness diagnosed by strange looking
faeces (MGOZ).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used to make sleeping mats (Pooley, 2005).

107. Cyperus papyrus L. (Cyperaceae)

Ibhuma, Intandelo
[0.08] [0.08] P94
Ibumi1, Ibungu10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are an ingredient in the preparation tonic (PB);
unspecified plant parts are used to treat inflammation (DLAMINI); Roots and culms
are used to prevent miscarriage in women (MYS).
Uses in the literature: none found.

175
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This sedge is used in mat making in northern Botswana (Terry, 1994).
Stems are split, dried and woven to make traditional doors (Pooley, 2005). It is also used
in making the scrolls of the emergent literate civilization (Pooley, 2005). Culms are used
to make sleeping mats (Cunningham and Terry, 2006).

108. Cyphostemma cirrhosum (Thunb.) Desc. ex Wild & R.B.Drumm. (Vitaceae)

Isidikili
Not in the matrix P346
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used to treat inflammation (MGOZ, MUN,
MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Ripe fruits of this species are edible (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

109. Dais cotinifolia L. (Thymelaeaceae)

Intozane
Not in the matrix P435
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: [Dried and charred leaves are used to dress and heal sores
and wounds (JHLO).]
Uses in the literature: Madikizela, 2012
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The bark of this plant is used in making ropes (Boon, 2010). The leaves are
used to treat diarrhoea in the area of Bizana (Mdikizela et al., 2012),

110. Dalbergia armata E. Mey. (Fabaceae)

Umhluhluwe, Umhluhlube
[0.27] [0.22] P98
Umhluhluwe2, 10, 18, 20,22,23,26, (umHluhluwe20), Uthathawe, 2, 10, 22, Umklovathi23
Uses at Amandawe: The spines are used in treating izibhobo sharp internal body
pains (MYS, ZNGD, ZADL, MADLAMINI, DLAMINI, it is an ingredient in mixtures
taken as emetic BKHW); The spines are used in treating ukubhajwa sexually
transmitted disease (DLAMINI); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat boils
(MBUTHO);

176
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Corrigan et al., 2010.
Zulu uses: Roots are an ingredient in love charm emetics (Gerstner, 1939). Paste of
charred and powdered stems are mixed with water is used for sore mouths and in infants
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). A mixture of boiled roots is gargled with to treat
toothache (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: Slender branchlets used to make muzzles to prevent calves from drinking
from cows (Boon, 2010).

111. Dalbergia obovata E.Mey. (Fabaceae)

Umzungulu, (Uzungu)
[0.26] [0.32] P99
Isimbahlube6,20, Isibandlube2,6,10,22, (iSimbahlube20) Isimbandlubu10,22, Izimbandlovu6,
Udukuduku2,6,10,20, Uphandlazi2,10,18,22,23,24, Umangcina6,22, uMangqina22,
Umanyenyana6,10, uManyenyenyane22, Umzungulu6,10,18,20,22, Uphandana10,
Uphondlana6, Umanqina10, (umZungulu20)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used as a tonic taken orally (MYS); This
plant is used to treat the symptoms of umeqo (BMKHA), Unspecified parts are
used for virility and serves as a sex stimulant and (JB); The bark is used to treat
ear ache (MNQO); The bark of this plant is the host of an unidentified fungus that is
used to treat ear aches (MNQO, PUNCH, ZNGD). This plant is used as ubulawu or
umuthi omhophe (BMKH, NOMV, ZNGD, the roots are used BMHL); A bark
decoction is administered by steaming to treat acne (CHNDL); Unspecified parts
are used to help ease childbirth, it is mixed with Strelitzia nicolai (DLAMINI). MIND-
ALTERING: [The bark is charred and mixed with other plants to make ugwayi
wamakhosi which is smoked for relaxation (MSANI)].
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996; De Wet
et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Roots are an ingredient in love charm emetics (Gerstner, 1939; Boon, 2010).
Charred stem in a paste form is used to treat sore mouths in infants and also add the ash
to snuff (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Ash from the plant is used in snuff (Hutchings
et al., 1996). People of Maputaland use a leaf paste to treat burn wounds (De Wet et al.,
2013; Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: Stems used for woven hut walls and fishing baskets in Maputaland (Boon,
2010). Bark ashes added to snuff and used to treat sore mouths in babies (Boon, 2010).

112. Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae)

Iyoli, Iloyi
[0.36] [0.35] P100
Ijoli1, Ijoye1, Iloyi elimhlophe6, Iyoli6,10, Iloyi1,6,10,11,22, Iyoyi10,22, Iloqi11,14,22, (iVooi 23)

177
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat boils (MAKAS, MRMAD,
MADLAMINI, PUNCH, BKHW, the leaves are crushed and placed on the opening of
the boil to speed up the ''ripening'' of boils ZNK, SGAM, ZNGD); Fresh leaf infusion
is administered orally to people suffering from hysteria and madness (MBUTHO); The
leaves are used to treat lice (ZADL); A leaf infusion is used to treat sores (JZ).
Crushed leaves are inserted into the baby’s anus to treat a sickness called isela
(TMSO); The fruit is used to remove maggots from wounds (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bruneton, 1995; Hutchings et
al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: Some parts probably the leaves of the plant with a Dioscorea species is used
as a hypnotic drug against hysteric fits in girls and are also smoked for the relief of
headaches and asthma (Gerstner, 1941). Leaves are laid over painful wounds and sores
and used against scrofulous swelling tumours (Bryant, 1966). Powdered leaves are
applied to human and animal bruises and wounds to draw out the inflammation and pus
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used with dossier urine and devil’s claw to treat
septic wounds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: In Angola it is used as fish poison, (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). In
Namibia, the leaf infusion is used against plant aphids (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). To enhance the intoxicating effects, the leaves are added to beer in Zimbabwe
(Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). This plant is used traditionally to treat asthma, headache,
wounds and as a diviner’s aid (Pooley, 2006).

113. Desmodium incanum DC. (Fabaceae)

Inamathela, Isinama
[0.39] [0.46] P100
Isinama1
Uses at Amandawe: The roots and leaves of this plant are used to treat heartburn,
it is administered as an emetic (JHLO); Part(s) of this plant are used to treat
stomach problems, it is administered orally and as an enema (PHEW); All plant
parts excluding the fruits are used to treat septic wounds and sores, it is
administered as a bath (DLAMINI, PHEW); The roots and leaves of this plant are
used are used to heal the umbilical cord of a newborn baby (PUNCH, BKHW,
MGOZ, CHNDL, MAMBA, MAKHOMO); A tonic made from leaves and the roots of
this plant is administered during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage (MYS); The
roots are used to treat an overflowing gall or gall sicknesses, the mixture is
administered as an emetic (MSANI, REVDUM); This plant is used medicinally for an
undisclosed ailment (MBUTHO, SHEZ); The roots of this plant together with the roots
of Eriosema species are administered orally as soup to treat impotence (JB).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

178
114. Desmodium setigerum (Poir.) DC. (Fabaceae)
Isimana, Isinama esikhulu, Umunyu
[0.13] [0.19] P101
Uses at Amandawe: Parts of this plant are used to treat stomach problems, it is
administered orally and as an enema (PHEW); All plant parts excluding the fruits
are used to treat septic wounds and sores, it is administered as a bath( PHEW);
This plant is used medicinally (MBUTHO, SHEZ); This plant is used to treat lice
infestation (CHNDL); The roots are used to treat an overflowing gall or gall
sicknesses, the root mixture is administered as an emetic (MSANI); The roots and
leaves of this plant are used are used to heal the umbilical cord (MAMBA).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used for magical purposes (Arnold et al., 2002).

115. Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. (Fabaceae)

Ugagane, Udonsuthando, Utshwala bezinja
[0.05] [0.05] P103
Isizaka10, Ugagane2,6,10,11,18,22,24,26, Ugagu10,22, (uGagu22), Ugagane6,11, (Ugagane11),
Umgagane23, Umthezane2,4,11,12, Umnukelambiba2,10,22, Uqagane4, Umsasana23,
Umsheshane10,22, Umthezane10,18,22, (umThezane20,22), Umzilazembe2,6,20,22, Usegwane6,
(uShashane26)
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat isibhobo sharp internal body pain
(JB); This plant is used to treat amahlaba internal side pains in babies (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Arnold & Gulumian, 1984;
Gelfand et al., 1985; Hedberg and Staugard, 1989; Mabogo, 1990; Walker, 1996; Von
Koenen, 2001; Boon, 2010; Corrigan et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Roots are an ingredient in a decoction taken to ease pain or rubbed onto
incisions cut over painful area (Palmer and Pitman, 1972b). Other ingredients are the
roots of Vangueria infausta and Bridelia micracantha (Hutchings et al., 1996). The pods
are boiled and removed from the water, which is later used to remove insects from the
ear by releasing droplets into the ear (Corrigan et al., 2010). The twigs are used in
combination with Canthium inerme to treat acne (De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: The leaf and bark are used to treat snakebite and scorpion-sting (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). Pedi drink the root decoction and apply the
charred root ointment to ward off the evil when a visitor has departed (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Lobedu swallow the bark juice as a cleansing ritual after visiting a dead
relative and as a prophylactic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

179
116. Digitaria eriantha Steud. (Poaceae)
Isikhonko
[0.05] [0.05] P104
Isikonko 12, 23, 24, Isikhonko10, 12,22,23,24, (Ubhethsezane10, 22), Umbhijo10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The roots, culms and leaves are used medicinally (MRMAD,
SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used in traditional medicine (Arnold et al., 2002).

117. Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T.Durand & Schinz (Dioscoreaceae)

Ingevu, Intana ebovu, Ufudu, Ufudulwehlathi, Udakwa
Not in the matrix P347
Ilabatheka1,19, (iNcola22), Ingwevu19, (isiDakwa11,19,22,23), Isithundlathundla1,19,23, Intane19,
Udakwa2,11,24, Ufudu19, (uNdiyaza1), (uNgcolo19,22), Undiyaza1,19,24, (iNgololo22)
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat sharp internal body pains (DLAMINI);
Unspecified plant parts are used to treat flu (REVDUM); the roots are used in the
preparation of a tonic (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972; Van
Wyk et al., 2009; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: It used against hysteria, convulsions, epilepsy and, scabies, acute psychosis
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Van Wyk et al., 2009). This plant is used to treat
insanity (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972).
Other uses: This plant is used in traditional medicine against insanity, fits, sores,
wounds, to ease childbirth, and as a protective charm against lightning (Pooley, 2006).

118. Diospyros lycioides Desf. (Ebenaceae)

Umnqandane
Not in the matrix P348
Impishimpishi19, Umbulwa 6, 19, 22, Umnqandane19, 22, Umnqandane wezinja 6, 19
Uses at Amandawe: Unripe fruits and leaves are used to treat diarrhoea (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 1993; Arnold and Guiliman, 1984.
Zulu uses: The Zulu people use the twigs for teeth brushing and other parts as a
purgative (Pooley, 1993).

180
Other uses: It is used by the Vhavhenda people against epilepsy (Arnold and Gulumian,
1984). Fruits are eaten in Botswana (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982), Namibia (Story,
1958) and in Zimbabwe (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982)

119. Diospyros whyteana (Hiern) P.White (Ebenaceae)

Umnqandane
Not in the matrix P351
uManzamnyama22, Umanzimane6, 20, 23, uManzimane20, Umkaza6, 22, Umkhaze6,
Umthimathane6, 23, Umtimatane6, (umNqandane20, 22, 23)
Uses at Amandawe: Unripe fruits and green leaves are used to treat diarrhoea
(ANON).
Uses in the literature: Mabogo, 1990; Fox and Norwood Young, 1982.
Zulu uses: It is used as an enema against dysmenorrhoea (Bryant, 1966).
Other uses: The Vhavenda people use the roots and leaves to treat rash (Mabogo,
1990). The seeds are used as coffee substitute (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

120. Dipcadi viride (L.) Moench (Hyacinthaceae)

Ugebizisila, Uguleni, Umakhweyana
[0.05] [0.35] P106
Ikhakhakha eliluhlaza1, 4, 6, 22, 25
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used to get rid of lice izintwala
zengulube (JHLO, SHEZ); The underground parts are used to treat STI's, it is
administered as an enema (JHLO); The roots are used to treat inyoni, isithakathi
and ukuthukeza startling in babies in babies, administered to babies as an enema
(BMHL); The roots are used as a purgative (BMHL); The bulbs are used to treat
acne, the mixture is administered by steaming MUN, BMHL, DSHA, it is also
directly applied on to the face ZADL), small incision are made on the face and then
cut bulbs are applied or rubbed on the face (MADLAMINI, CHNDL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Batten and Bokelman, 1966;
Broster, 1982; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: Bulb infusions are used as sprinkling charms against thunder (Walker, 1996;
Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: Crushed leaf infusion is sprinkled around the homestead as a protective
charm against thunderstorms (Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996). In Lesotho the bulb and the
leaves are edible (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

121. Dissotis canescens (E. Mey. ex Graham) Hook. f. (Melastomataceae)

Ismuncwane, Ulimi lwenkomo

181
[0.03] [0.03] P107
Ikhakhakha eliluhlaza10, Imfeyenkala1, 22, Imfeyesele1, 17, Uhlazifukwe oluncane1, 4
Uses at Amandawe: Unidentified parts of this plant are used in treating gall
sicknesses. (MUN).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996;
Bryant, 1966; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: An infusion made from the leaves is used as an enema to cure dysentery and
diarrhoea (Bryant, 1966; Walker, 1996). Root, stem and leaf infusion are used to treat
symptoms of new season’s mealies (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996).
Reported to be eaten by the people of Richard's Bay in KwaZulu-Natal (Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: A leaf infusion administered as an enema is used to treat diarrhoea and
dysentery Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962). This plant is eaten in Lesotho (Phillips,
1917), leaves and bulb eaten as potherb (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Guillarmod,
1966), bulbs eaten by Bushmen (Tanaka, 1976).

122. Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch. (Malvaceae)

(Umthathanduku), Unhliziyonkulu
[0.37] [0.35] P108
(Inhliziya enkulu6,28), (Isadlulambazo6,28), Isahlulambazo3,6, Unhliziyonkulu2,3,4,6,10,
11,18,20,22,28

Uses at Amandawe: The bark and wood are in the preparation of used as umuthi obovu
(JZ, MADLAMINI, ZNGD, CHNDL, MUN, DLAMINI, it is administered as an emetic and
by steaming MUN); The bark of this shrub is used to treat overflowing gall or to treat
gall sicknesses (REVDUM); This plant is used to treat acne (ZADL); This plant is
used medicinally for an undisclosed ailment (SHEZ); The bark is used for general
medicinal cleansing, probably as a tonic to boost the immune system where the
bark mixture is administered as an emetic (MGOZ); A bark decoction it is
administered as an emetic to clear the chest congestion and to clear chest phlegm
(MAMBA, DSHA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990)
Hutchings et al., 1996; Smith, 1966; Walker, 1996; Arnold et al., 2002; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Bark and wood infusions are taken orally or as an enema or even chewing
the bark to treat intestinal ulceration, (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996).
Inner bark is used for weakness of the heart (Gerstner, 1941). Bark and root decoctions
are used in treating for palpitation, nausea, especially in pregnant women as well as
dyspepsia and stomach pains (Pujol, 1990). Root decoctions are taken or administered
as enemas for dyspepsia and sharp pains in the stomach (Hutchings et al., 1996). It is
used in different medicinally ways and as intelezi (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: Bark decoction is taken orally by the Kgatla and Shangaan women during
irregular menstruation or to speed up the delayed labour (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,

182
1962; Walker, 1996). In Tanganyika leaf and root used in witchcraft, the bark is used for
rope making and the wood to make bows and spears (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

123. Dombeya tiliacea (Endl) Planch. (Malvaceae)

Iklolo, Iklolo elibovu, Iklolo elimnyama, Ibunda
[0.12] [0.11] P109
Ibunda2, 10, 20, 22, 23, 24, (iBunda20, 22, 23), Ibunga10, 22, 24, Umbovu23
Uses at Amandawe: The roots and bark are used medicinally by men, probably for
virility as umuthi wamadoda (CHNDL, REVDUM); The roots and bark are used by
men improve the quality of sperms (ZADL, REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Cold bulb infusions are warmed and used as enemas to children with
stomach problems (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: In the Transkei the bulb infusions are used to purge infants suffering the
sickness called known as ipletyi (Hutchings et al., 1996).

124. Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harv.) Sim (Salicaceae)

Umqokolo
Not in the matrix P110
Uhlabankunzi22, Umbambhane22, Umqakalo 17, (umQokolo20), (unShozi22)
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat sharp internal body pains
(MRSMADLALA).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Fruit is eaten by the Pedi people (Quin, 1959). It was once exported to other
overseas countries (Wehmeyer, 1976)

125. Dracaena aletriformis (Haw.) Bos (Ruscaceae)

Isikhothakhotha, Iskhothakhotha esikhulu, isikhothakhotha esincane, Ufayibe
[0.03] [0.35] P112
Igonsi-lehlathi2, 4,18,22,23, Isithokothoko10, Ithokothoko2, 4, 22, 23
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used medicinally for an
undiscloded ailment (SHEZ); Unspecified parts are used to treat ear infections (MYS,
MAKAS, JB, PUNCH, NDU, BKHW, BMHL, ZNGD, REVDUM, it treats ear infections
especially sores in the ears PHEW); All parts of this plant are used to treat
toothache (PHEW); Parts of this plant are used to treat inflammation (REVDUM).

183
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used for magical purposes (Arnold et al., 2002).

126. Drimia elata Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae)

Untanganazibomvana
Not in the matrix P354
Indongana-zibomvana6, 22, 25, Isiklenama6, 22, 25, Umqumba4, 6, 25
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb infusion with water is used to treat sores (ANON,
BMHL, MADLAMINI, TMSO).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996
Zulu uses: Bulb is used to relieve chest stabbing pains where it is administered by
rubbing it directly on the chest (Hutchings et al., 1996). Bulbs are an ingredient in
preparing mixtures known as intelezi used as a protective charm (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Leaves and bulbs are used in treating feverish colds (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

127. Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Amaranthaceae)

Ikhambi leslumo, Ikhambi lamahhashi, Isinuka, Isinukamasimba, Umanxiweni,
Umnukampethu, Uzansikwesibaya
[0.73] [1.08] P114
Ikhambi 15, Insukumbili6, 10, 22, Puniyi15, Umhlabampethu10, 22, (Unsukumbili10, 22),
Unukani10, 15,22,23,24
Uses at Amandawe: Fresh leaf infusion is used to treat fever in babies, it is
administered by bathing the baby (MYS); Leaves are used to treat stomach cramps
(MYS, SHEZ, BKHW, this is specifically used for babies ZNK); Aerial parts are used
to treat fever (SHEZ, BMKH, REVDUM, MSANI, TMSO, JB, MNQO, CHNDL, BMHL,
administered as an emetic MAKAS, ZCEL, MUN); Aerial parts are used to treat isela
(TNGW, administered as an emetic JZ, administered as an enema to a baby with
isela eliphula umqala NDU); The leaves are used to treat sorcery inflicted bad body
odour (TMSO, MYS, it is administered by steaming and as an emetic BMKH);
Leaves are used to deworm humans, it is administered orally (MADLAMINI, NOMV,
MAMBA, MBUTHO, PHEW, SUKD); Aerial parts are used to treat flu (SHEZ); Leaves
are used to treat sores (ZADL, the infusion is administered as an enema in babies
MGOZ); Leaves are used to treat lice infestation (BKHW, MSANI, MRSMADLALA);
Leaves are an ingredient in mixtures made to treat ukubhajwa a venereal disease,
it is mixed with Cynodon dactylon roots and Bidens pilosa and an Amaranthus
species imbuya DLAMINI); The leaves are used to treat the lower abdomen and
kidney problems, it is mixed with Cynodon dactylon roots and Bidens pilosa and

184
imbuya DLAMINI). Leaves are used to treat boils (DLAMINI); The leaves are an
ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu (BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Jenkins, 1987; Hedberg and
Staugard, 1989; Manandhar, 1991; Desta, 1993; Gurib-Fakim et al., 1993; Hutchings et
al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; De Wet et al., 2010.
Zulu uses: This plant is used as an enema for intestinal ulceration (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962) treats anaemia in sheep and goats (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Whole plant is used in treating diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010).
Other uses: Leaves are an ingredient in medicines used against madness, convulsions,
uterine pain, chest pain and fevers in infants, it is also planted as a snake repellent in
Zimbabwe (Gelfand et al., 1985). Parts of this plant are inhaled and smoked to treat
insanity and convulsions (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

128. Eclipta postrata (L.) L. (Asteraceae)

Umphamephuce
[0.08] [0.16] P115
Ikhambilakwangcolosi9, 22, Ingcolozi10, 22, Udleleni9, Umbophe2, Umphamephuce22,
Umpamephucewentaba9, Umabophe9, Umnandi-indoveshi10, Ungcolosi2, Ungikhawulani9
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used medicinally for an
unspecified ailment (SHEZ); [Unspecified parts are used for general medicinal cleansing
of the body systems (JHLO)]; Whole plant is used to treat facial skin reaction, it is
administered by bathing and steaming. The person using it should not eat
anything hot and with fat (MBUTHO); Whole plant is used by men for sexual
performance related purposes (JHLO); All plant parts are used to treat the
symptoms of izichitho (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988; Ngwenya et al., 2003.
Zulu uses: The stems and leaves are used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988).
Some parts of the plant are used as a love charm (Gerstner, 1941), if incorrectly used the
luck will later be taken away from the user (Ngwenya et al., 2003). Ground roots are used
in a charm ointment during courting as (isibambelelo) (Ngwenya et al., 2003). The leaves
are mixed with the roots of Ocotea bullata (unukani) and taken for bladder complaints
(Ngwenya et al., 2003).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine to as a love charms and to prevent lightning
(Pooley, 2006).

129. Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce (Boraginaceae)

Umklele
[0.05] [0.05] P116
Iklele 17, Ilalanyathi6, Isalanyathi2,6,10,22, Umankele2,6,10,20,22, (uMankhlele20),
(Umankhele6,10), Umcele10,22, Umgxele6, Umhlele6,10,20, 22, (umHlele20), Umklele2,6,10,1,2,27

185
Uses at Amandawe: Roots and wood infusion are used in the preparation of
ubulawu (BKHW); Roots are used as an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi
obovu (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley,
2006.
Zulu uses: It is used medicinally (Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2006). Herd boys enjoy
eating the ripe fruits (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: It is used as a hunting lucky charm by the Sotho people and is also used in
rain-making ceremonies (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Palmer and Pitman, 1972c).

130. Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. (Meliaceae)

Umnyamathi, (Umathunzi entaba), (Indodemnyama)
[0.16] [0.14] P117
Isimanaye3,6,23,28, Linyamatsi28, uMathunzi22, Umathunzini6,10,28, Umathunzi
wezintaba2,6,10,22, uMathunzi-wezintaba20,23,28, Umathunzini-wezintaba6, (umGwenya-
wezinja20,22), Umgwenya wezinja2,6,10,18,20,22,23,28, Umnyamathi2,11,6,10,23, 23, umNyamathi20,
Umthoma2,10,23, Umanaye22, Umvungu10, Uvungu2,6,20,23
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used medicinally for an undisclosed ailment (SHEZ);
Unidentified plant part is administered as an enema JHLO, it is used alone and
administered by steaming DSHA; A bark decoction is administered before umuthi
obovu is used (NOMV); A bark concoction with the roots of Cymbopogon
excavatus is used as a stress reliever after a burial and during hard times
REVDUM, a bark decoction is used to distress and strengthen the mourners
MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Pooley, 2005; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Arnold et al., 2002; Boon, 2010; York
et al., 2011.
Zulu uses: The leaves of this plant were recorded to be used by the people of
Maputaland to treat coughs, chest pains and a runny nose (York et al., 2011). Cold leaf
infusions are used for abdominal pains and as an anthelmintic (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Unspecified parts are reported to be used for swollen legs (Hutchings et al., 1996). Leaf
decoction is used as emetics to epileptic patients to prevent further fits (Hutchings et al.,
1996). The root is used for dysentery, the bark as an emetic and for tanning (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The bark and the root treat acute gastritis, hyperacidity and
heartburn (Pujol, 1990). It is further used to stop bleeding stomach, enhances charm and
sympathy in magical intelezi preparations (Pujol, 1990). The bark of this tree is used
extensively by the Zulus to treat skin disease (Pooley, 2005).
Other uses: The leaves used to treat mental problems and to wash with when the body
is itching severely, and the bark is used for purifying blood and the rest is used to treat
acne and pimples (Pujol, 1990).

186
131. Elaeodendron transvaalense (Burtt Davy) R.H.Archer (Celastraceae) Ingwavuma
Not in the flip-file
iNgwavuma 2, 22, 26, 28, iNqotha20, 22, 28, Ingwavuma6, Umgududo6, 22,28, Umgugudo6,
Umqotha6,28
Uses at Amandawe: [The bark is used to treat stomach cramps (BKHW)].
Uses in the literature: Gerstener, 1939; Palmer and Pitman, 1972b; Mabogo, 1990;
Pujol, 1990.
Zulu uses: Bark infusion treats stomachache and fevers (Gerstener, 1939; Palmer and
Pitman, 1972b). Bark decoction treats diarrhoea and intestinal cramps (Pujol, 1990). The
roots and the leaves are used as an emetic by the training ithwasa in a process to
become isangoma (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: Vhavenda use the bark against haemorrhoids, venereal diseases, different
gastric, renal problem and as an anthelmintic (Mabogo, 1990).

132. Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels (Fabaceae)

Ugweje obovu, Intolwane
Not in the matrix P356
Intolwane6, 19, 22, 24, Intolwane-enkulu6, Ugweje6, 19, 22, Umdabu 6,19,22,23
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used as an ingredient in the preparation of
umuthi obovu (REVDU); Roots of this plant are used as complexion enhancer
(REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and
Vilakazi, 1972; Bryant, 1966; Hedberg and Staugard, 1989, Pujol 1990, Hutchings et al.,
1996; De Wet, 2013, De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Root parts are used to treat dysentery and diarrhoea (Bryant, 1966), as
emetics against fever, chest and stomach problems (Gerstner, 1939). Root decoction is
used to calm down the ancestors (Hutchings et al., 1996). It is used as tonics for womb
cleansing after birth (Pujol, 1990), against peptic ulcer and rheumatic heart problems
(Hutchings et al., 1996). The bulb is used by the people of Maputaland in treating
shingles and sores (De Wet, 2013, De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: Xhosa people use the root to treat diarrhoea and dysentery in humans,
cattle and horses (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). In Botswana roots are used in
womb cleansing after abortion and in treating an early age menstruation in children
(Hedberg and Staugard, 1989). Roasted seeds are used as coffee substitute (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

133. Eleuthrine bulbosa (Mill.) O.Urb. (Iridaceae)

Ingqunda, Uhloyile, (Unozigqi)
Not in the matrix P357

187
Ababomvu 6, (Abanqonqosi 6), Abanqonqozi 6
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are boiled and used as a compress to treat
inflammation (MAKHUMALO); The cold root infusion is used to treat sharp internal
body pains. In a case where these pains are brought upon by angry ancestors,
then other alternative should be taken (NTAKA).
Uses in the literature: Quisumbing, 1951; Ayala, 1984; Vicker and Plowman, 1984;
Goldblatt and Snow, 1991.
Zulu uses: This plant is planted in the yard as a protective charm (Hutchings et al.,
1996).
Other uses: This plant is used as a diuretic in the Phillipines (Quisumbing, 1951), against
bloody diarrhoea (Ayala, 1984), as a vermifuge, haemmorrhagia (Vicker and Plowman,
1984).

134. Embelia ruminata (E.Mey. ex A.DC.) Mez (Myrsinaceae)

Ibhinini, Umvinini
[0.11] [0.22] P118
(Ibinini6), Ibhinini 6,19,22,23, (Inbhinini6), (iSamunyane22), Umoyushisa 6, 19, 22
Uses at Amandawe: Unripe fruits are used to deworm humans (REVDUM, ZNK,
MBATHA, MRMAD, JZ); The roots are used to treat acne (BHEKI, DSHA); Dried and
powdered leaves are an ingredient used in treating madness (DSHA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Bryant 1966; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: Ripe fruits, leaves and root are used against tapeworm (Bryant, 1966).
Leaves are chewed as a tonic and as refreshment (Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

135. Emex australis Steinh. (Polygonaceae)

(Ibhodwe lezinja), Umanyiwa yinkomo, Umpondontathu, Umzobe, Unginyathele,
Unkunzana
[0.27] [0.27] P119
iNkunzana22, Inkunzane 17, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat boils. It is administered as an enema
and the leaves are crushed and mixed with sugar and pasted onto the boil (MYS);
This plant is used to relieve toothache, whereby the spines are ground and boiled
gargled with (MNQO, ZNGD, ZADL); The leaves are used to treat inflammation
(PUNCH, TNGW, MAKAS, BKHW); The spiny fruits of this herb are boiled and
drunk to treat painful swelling of the body (MBUTHO); The aerial parts are charred
as used as umuthi wamadoda probably for virility, it is then administered as
izinsizi most probably licked or inserted on body incisions (DLAMINI).

188
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Brayer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: It is used to treat stomach and intestinal complaints and to relieve colic
(Bryant, 1966; Watt and Brayer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used medicinally as an enema
(Gerstner, 1939).
Other uses: The Xhosa people use the boiled leaves to boost appetite, relieve dyspepsia
and biliousness (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

136. Encephalartos natalensis R.A.Dyer & Verdoorn (Zamiaceae)

Isigqiki semfene, Isgqiki somkhovu
[0.05] [0.03] P120
Isidwaba somkhovu6, Isigqiki somkhovu2, 3,6,10, isiGqiksemkhovu20, 22, Umhlungulo2, 3,6,10,
umHungulo20
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used medicinally (JZ); Unspecified plant
parts are used to treat sharp internal pains (DLAMINI, TNGW).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Plants known as isigqiki somkhovu are used as antidotes to evil spirits
(Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

137. Encephalartos villosus Lem. (Zamiaceae)

Isgqiki somkhovu, Isgqiki semfene, Umasundwana
[0.02] [0.03] P121
Isidwaba somkhovu1, 6, 23, Isigqiki somkhovu1.23, Isikomakoma sehlathi1, UmGqabe23
Uses at Amandawe: The stem of this plant is used in treating izibhobo sharp
internal body parts (TNGW).
Uses in the literature: (Hutchings et al., 1996
Zulu uses: Stems are used in traditional medicine, and possibly as a protective charm
against evil spirit (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: It is traditionally worn in necklaces as a charm to ensure longevity (Batten
and Bokelmann, 1966). The Swazi people consider this plant as a lightning conductor
(Pooley, 2006).

138. Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D.Penn. (Sapotaceae)

Intongane, Umthongwane
[0.03] [0.05] P122

189
Umathathwangezem-be10, 22, 24, Umthongwane2, 10, 22, 23
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used to treat chest
ailments, the mixture is administered as an emetic (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: People eat the fruit (Boon, 2010; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Timber is
used for hut building (Boon, 2010).

139. Eragrostis plana Nees (Poaceae)

Umtshiki, Umsingizane
[0.03] [0.03] P123, Mhlongo 2
Idobo10, 22, (iHlongohlongo22), Ihlongohlongo10, 22, Isikhwekhwe10, 22, Umsuka10, 22,
Umthsiki 6, 10, 12, 23, (Umthskiki6), Umvithi6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: A hot root decoction it is used to get rid of idliso (BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Brayer-Brandwijk, 1962; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: It is used to treat profuse menstruation, impotency and bareness (Watt and
Brayer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: The grains are used as famine food (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Rose and
Guillarmod, 1974). This grass is used in weaving baskets, hats, bangles (Moffett, 1997;
Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

140. Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae)

Ulokhwathi
Not in the matrix P358
No names found in literature.
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used as an ingredient in
treating heart sicknesses (REVDUM, MARTIN).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: In South Africa, this plant is used against diabetes and rheumatism,
whereas in China, Japan and India it is used in treating diarrhoea and vomiting (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

141. Eriosema cordatum E.Mey. (Fabaceae)

(Isgongqwane), Ubangalala, Ugwayana, Umuthi wamadoda, Umvusankunzi
[0.50] [0.46] P124

190
Ubangalala1, 10, (Ubangalala okhulu22), Umhlambankunzi1, 6, 10, 22, Uqonsi1, Uqonsi
olukhulu6, 22, Ugqonsi olukhulu10, (uQuntsi22, 23)
Uses at Amandawe: The roots of this plant are used to treat impotence in men (SGAM,
SHEZ, DSHA, ZNGD, DLAMINI, REVDUM, MBUTHO); The roots cooked with milk are
used to give men stamina/virility during a sexual intercourse (MYS, MRMAD, JZ,
JB, PUNCH, ZADL); Whole plant is used to treat a wound resulted from a burn
(ZNK); Unspecified part are used to treat flu (MSANI); Whole plant is used as
isigezo for to enhance sexual perfomances (ZNK).
Uses in the literature: Bryant, 1966; Hulme 1954; Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker 1996;
Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Roots cooked in milk is taken by men for impotency (Hulme, 1954; Bryant,
1966; Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: Tubers are reported to be eaten by the Bushmen (Fox and Norwood Young,
1982). It is used in traditional medicine to treat impotence and to stimulate bulls in spring
(Pooley, 2006).

142. Eriosema distinctum N.E.Br. (Fabaceae)

Ubangalala, (Usiqongwqane), Ugqomfane, Umvusandoda, Umvusankunzi, Uqonsi
[0.70] [0.46] P125
Ubangalala olukhulu 1, 10, Ubangalala omkhulu 6, 22, 25
Uses at Amandawe: A root mixture with milk is used to treat impotence in men (SGAM,
SHEZ, DSHA, ZNGD, DLAMINI, REVDUM, MBUTHO, MAKAS); The roots cooked with
milk are used it is used to give men stamina/virility during a sexual intercourse
(MYS, MRMAD, JZ, JB, PUNCH, ZADL); This plant is used as isigezo (ZNK); Whole
plant is used to treat a wound resulted from a burn (ZNK); Unspecified part are
used to treat flu (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: Decoctions from pounded and boiled roots are used for urinary ailments and
for impotence (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: This plant is used in traditional medicine to treat urinary complaints (Pooley,
2005).

143. Eriosema salignum E.Mey. (Fabaceae)

Iqonsi, Ubangalala, Ugqomfane, Umvusankunzi, Uqonsi
[0.74] [0.70] 126
Iqonsi 1, 17, 6 Ubangalala1, 6, Ufisi 10, 22, Uluphondongozi 1, (uMathinta 22), Uphondomgozi
10, 22, Uqonsi 10, 23, Uqonsi oluncane6

Uses at Amandawe: A root mixture with milk is used to treat impotence in men whereby
it gives men strong and lasting erections (SGAM, JHLO, PB, PUNCH, BMKH, NOMV,

191
MAMBA, MYS, MAKAS, ZNK, JB, SHEZ, DLAMINI, ZADL, MBUTHO, ZNGD, used with
iqwaningi and ubangalala REVDUM, it is also used by women for virility MSANI); The
roots cooked with milk are used to give men stamina/virility during a sexual
intercourse (JZ, BMKH, NOMV, DSHA, TMSO, CHNDL, PHEW, BKHW, BMHL).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Pooley, 2005; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: It is used to treat impotence in men, Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: The root is used as an expectorant and as a diuretics (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).

144. Eriospermum mackenii (Hook.f.) Baker (Ruscaceae)

Insulansula
[0.60] [0.14] P127
Insulansula1, 4, 6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The tuber is used medicinally and administered as an emetic
(SHEZ, SGAM, JHLO, MYS); The bulb infusion used to treat stomach cramps, and it
is administered as an enema (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Ground and dried tubers are mixed with animal fat to make protective charms
against lightning and hail (Walker, 1996; Hulme, 1954). The tuber is used as a protective
charm from death and any disaster by a healer (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: The dried tubers are ground and mixed with fat of an animal and kept in a
horn tightly corked. When a storm is brewing sharpened stems are dipped into this
mixture and thrust into the thatch on the outside of the huts, pointing in the direction of
the storm, to ward off lightning and hail (Walker, 1996)

145. Erucastrum austroafricanum Al-Shehbaz & Warwick (Brassicaceae)

Iklabishana, Isiqoshombe, Ukhuphekhuphe, Uqange
[0.15] [0.03] P128
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: This herb is an ingredient in other medicinal mixtures (JB).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

146. Erythrina caffra Thunb. (Fabaceae)

Umsinsi, Umnsinsi

192
[0.54] [0.86] P129
Umsinsi2,4,10,15,20,26,22,26,28, (umSinsi20,26,28), (Umnsintsi6,23)
Uses at Amandawe: The bark of this plant is an ingredient in the preparation
umhlabelo which is used for bone repair or to hasten bone repair, that is if the
bone has been broken or fractured (MSANI); The bark is used to treat earache
(SHEZ, TNGW, a bark decoction is used ZADL, MAKAS, MGOZ, it is mixed with an
unidentified parasitic fungi that is found on the stems of the Dalbergia obovata
PUNCH, it is mixed with the urine of a young boy MADLAM); The bark is used in
treating ear infections especially when an ear of a baby is dripping of pus-bark is
used MAMBA); A bark infusion is used on newborn babies for various medicinal
reasons (it is administered to newborn as a drink to get rid of ujengezi/udende-
thick saliva to in order to facilitate breathing and breast feeding ZNK); The infusion
of unspecified plant parts is administered orally to a newborn before breast
feeding commences (PUNCH, ZNGD); The bark infusion is used to treat ailments
experienced in the lower abdomen (PUNCH, TMSO, it is administered as a tonic
NOMV); The bark infusion is administered warm and gargled with to treat
toothache (ZCEL, MRMAD, CHNDL, MAMBA); Unspecified plant part are used to
treat diarrhoea (REVDUM); The bark infusion is used to treat a baby that cannot
defecate and urinate (DZA); The bark is used in treating isolo sepleti probably
jaundice (BMHL, PUNCH, KV); A bark decoction is administered as a tonic to
lowers high blood pressure (PB, MADLAMINI); A bark decoction is administered as
a tonic to facilitate easy childbirth (BMKH, it is drunk when labour pains are
experienced BMHL); This plant is used to treat skin infection resulting in an outbreak of
sores (MADLAMINI); [Unspecified plant parts are used to treat bilharzias (PUNCH)].
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000; Boon, 2010; De Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012; De Wet et al., 2012.
Zulu uses: Leaves are part of a paste used as poultice applied to the bladder in urinary
complaints known as iqondo and venereal disease (Bryant, 1966). Drops of hot crushed
leaf decoction are used for earache (Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).
Leaf infusions are used for the treatment of urinary complaints (Hulme, 1954). Topically
applied to treat sores, wounds, abscesses and arthritis (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).
The seeds are used in making necklaces as well as a protective charm against thieves
(Corrigan et al., 2010). The roots of this plant are used in treating sexually transmitted
diseases (De Wet et al., 2010), genital warts (De Wet et al., 2012). People of Maputaland
use the leaves to treat chest pains, fever and blocked nose (York et al., 2011). This plant
is used in treating respiratory problems (York et al., 2012).
Other uses: The Vhavenda use it for toothache (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Seeds
used as necklaces and lucky beans (Boon, 2010). Leaves and bark used medicinally
(Boon, 2010). Wood used as a fishing net float (Boon, 2010).

147. Erythrina humeana Spreng. (Fabaceae)

Inyathelo, Umsinsi, Umsinsana
[0.10] [0.11] P130

193
Ikati4, 10, 22, Umsinsana2, 4, 10, 22, 23, 26, (Umsitsana23)
Uses at Amandawe: This shrub is used medicinally (BMHL, DSHA); Unspecified
parts are used to treat the symptoms of umeqo (ZADL); the infusion of a ground
bark is used to treat isela/isilonda in babies, the infusion is administered as an
enema (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Boon, 2010; Walker, 1996; De Wet and Ngubane, 2014.
Zulu uses: A cutting from this plant is planted in the yard as a protective charm (Corrigan
et al., 2010). Roots and leaves are used by the people of Maputaland in treating
gynaecological and obstetrics ailments (De Wet and Ngubane, 2014).
Other uses: In Pondoland the hollowed-out tree trunks were used as milking through
(Walker, 1996). Bark and root used medicinally (Boon, 2010). Leaves are used for urinary
complaints, venereal diseases and for earache (Walker, 1996). There is a superstitious
belief among Africans that burning this tree will attract lightning (Walker, 1996). A
powdered burnt bark is applied to the umbilical cord of newborn babies. Root extract is
used externally as a hot fomentation applied to sprains and is also taken internally for the
treatment of tuberculosis, bronchitis and other chest complaints (Walker, 1996).

148. Erythrina latissima E.Mey. (Fabaceae)

Ubhumlanda, Ukhakhasi, Umkhakhasi, Umgcwabagcwaba, Umgqinsila,
Umgqwabagqwaba, Umnqwane, Umvusankunzi
[0.10] [0.11] P131
umKhakhasi13,10, Umgqwabagqwaba2,4,6,10,20,22, (umGqwabagqwaba20), Umqonqazi6,10,
Umqongqazi2,20,22, (umQongqazi20,22)
Uses at Amandawe: The bark infusion is used to treat wounds by washing the
affected area with this infusion (MBUTHO); A bark decoction is administered orally
as a drink to treat impotence in men (SHEZ, PB); The bark is used in treating
umzimba omubi an infestation of body sores eruption (BMKH).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: Bark is used a purgative (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: A powdered burnt bark is used to treat open wounds (Walker, 1996).

149. Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. (Fabaceae)

Umsinsi, Umsinsi wehlathi
[0.49] [0.81] P132
Umloka2, Umnsinsi6, 10, 22, Umsinsi2, 4,6,18, 20, (umSinsi20)
Uses at Amandawe: The bark of this plant is an ingredient in the preparation
umhlabelo which is used for bone repair or to hasten bone repair, that is if the
bone has been broken or fractured (MSANI); The bark is used to treat earache
(SHEZ, TNGW, a bark decoction is used ZADL, MAKAS, MGOZ, it is mixed with an

194
unidentified parasitic fungi that is found on the stems of the Dalbergia obovata
PUNCH, MNQO, ZNGD, it is mixed with the urine of a young boy MADLAMINI); The
bark is used in treating ear infections especially for infected ear of a child dripping
of pus-bark is used MAMBA); A bark infusion is used on newborn babies for
various medicinal reasons (it is administered orally to newborn babies to get rid of
ujengezi/udende-thick saliva in order to facilitate breathing and breast feeding
ZNK); The infusion of unspecified plant parts is regularly administered orally to a
newborn babies before breast feeding commences (PUNCH, ZNGD); The bark
infusion is used to treat a baby that cannot defecate and urinate (DZA); The bark
infusion is used to treat ailments experienced in the lower abdomen (PUNCH,
TMSO, it is administered as a tonic NOMV); The bark infusion is administered
warm and gargled with to treat toothache (ZCEL, MRMAD, CHINDL, MAMBA);
Unspecified plant part are used to treat diarrhoea (REVDUM); The bark is used in
treating isifo sepleti probably jaundice (BMHL, PUNCH, KV); A bark decoction is
administered as a tonic to lower high blood pressure (PB, MADL); A bark
decoction is administered as a tonic to facilitate easy childbirth (BMKH, it is drunk
when labour pains are experienced BMHL); Unspecified plant parts are used to
treat bilharzias (PUNCH); A bark infusion is administered as an emetic to treat
isela/isilonda in babies (DLAMINI); The bark is used to treat skin related disease
and umzimba omubi (MADLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Palmer and Pitman, 1972a; Mabogo, 1990; Pujol, 1990; Walker,
1996; Coates Palgrave, 2002; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Bark is used as poultice for swellings and abscesses (Pujol, 1990).
Other uses: Crushed leaves are applied to suppurating sores, while the open wounds
are treated with powdered burnt bark (Walker, 1996). Leaf infusions are used as drops to
treat earache, a root decoction is applied to sprains as fomentation and the chief uses the
bark mixture as a charm to be respected (Walker, 1996).

150. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae)

Ugamthrini, Ugamthrini omhlophe
[0.92] [0.78] P133
Eucalyptus species: Impiskayihlangulwa6, Umdlavusa6, 22, Umdlebe6
Uses at Amandawe: A hot leaf infusion is inhaled in treating congested chest
(MAMBA); The bark is used to stop diarrhoea (MGOZ); The bark infusion is gargled
with to treat toothache (MKH); A hot leaf infusion is used to treat inflammation
(JHLO); Unspecified parts are used to lowers blood pressure (PB); A hot leaf
infusion is administered by steaming, ensuring that the steam is inhaled in order to
treat flu (SGAM, MYS, ZNK, ZCEL, MRMAD, TMSO, PHEW, PUNCH, MNQO, SHEZ,
TMGWN, NDU, BKHW, NOMV, KV, CHNDL, MAMBA, BMHL, DSHA, ZNGD,
MAMDUMA, MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.

195
Other uses: The timber is used for carving as a replacement of Trichilia emetica in KZN
(Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is grown for timber, shelter, shade firewood and a honey
source (Boon, 2010).

151. Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill (Myrtaceae)

Ugamthrini, Ugamthrini obovu
[0.57] [0.62] P134
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: A hot leaf infusion is administered by steaming in treating flu
(SGAM, JHLO, MYS, MAKAS, ZNK, MRMAD, TMBA, JZ, JB, PB, PUNCH, SUKD,
MNQO, NDU, MAMBA, BMHL, DSHA, DLAMINI, MBUTHO, MSANI, REVDUM,
MBUTHO, DZA).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and Vilakazi, 1971;
Hutchings et al., 1996; York et al., 2011; York et al., 2012.
Zulu uses: Green leaves of an unidentified Eucalyptus species are burnt as a mosquito
repellent (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The bark of Eucalyptus sp known as
umdlebe and umdlavusa are used medicinally (Hutchings et al., 1996). Bark of
unidentified Eucalyptus species is used in washes for pimples (Hutchings et al., 1996).
This plant is used in treating respiratory problems (York et al., 2012). Other ailments
treated by the people of Maputaland are chills, coughs, runny nose, headache, chest
pains, tonsillitis, sore throat, fatique, fever and blocked nose (York et al., 2011)
Other uses: Timber is used for carving as a replacement of Trichilia emetica in KZN (Van
Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

152. Euclea natalensis A.DC. (Ebenaceae)

Umshekisane
Not in the matrix P359
Ichithamuzi6,20,22, (iChithamuzi20,22), Idungamuzi6,8,20,22, (iDungamuzi20,22), (iNkaza22),
Inkunzane6,22, Inkunzi ebomvana22, (inKunzi-emnyama6, 22), Intungamuzi8, Isinzimane6,8,
(isiZimane6,8,20,22), (ilizamane6), (Mzaka8), (uManyathi22,24), Umhlalanyamazane6,
Umshekisane6,8,20, (umThsekisane20), Umtsikisane22, Umzimane6,8
Uses at Amandawe: A decoction made from the roots of this plant together with the
roots of Merwilla plumbea and Eucomis automnalis is used to treat the lower abdominal
complications (CHNDL, CHLZ).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990;
Hutchings et al., 1996; De Wet and Ngubane, 2014.
Zulu uses: People of Maputaland use the roots in treating gynaecological and obstetrics
ailments (De Wet and Ngubane, 2014). Root bark is used in treating scrofulous swellings
(Bryant, 1966), blood purification and pleurisy (Hutchings et al., 1996). Bark is used as an
ingredient in treating urinary tract infection, venereal diseases, susceptibility to sores and

196
schistomasis (Hutchings et al., 1996). Bark infusion is used as a protective charm
(Hutchings et al., 1996) and to treat venereal disease known as drop and dysmenorrhoea
(Pujol, 1990). The plant is used to treat scrofula and abdominal problems (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Fresh roots treat stomach problems, malaria, ulcers and as an anthelmintic
(Kokwaro, 1976)

153. Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. (Hyacinthaceae)

Ukhwali, Umathunga, Umathunga obovu, (Unxangisuka)
[0.32] [0.54] P136
Ukhokho1,6, (uMakhahndakansele22), Umakhandakansele1,6,22, Umakhondle1,22,25,
Umakhunda10,22, uMnqunduwenkunzi22, Umathunga1,11,6,22,25
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb is used to treat isibhobo sharp internal body pains
(TNGW); The bulb is used to treat back pains (DLAMINI); This plant is used to treat
izilalo body pains experiences by aged people (REVDUM); The bulb is used to heal
wounds (TMSO, MBUTHO); This plant is used to treat what is called internal
wounds, probably the ulcers. It is administered as enema (PB); This plant is used
to treat “umzimb’omubi” a skin related disease resulting in an outbreak of sores all
over the body (BMKH); The bulb is used as a tonic as specially as an immune
booster and a blood purifier, it is mixed with sea water and administered as an
enema (BKHW); The bulb is used to enhance faster healing of medical operation, it
is mixed with Senecio serratuloides and administered orally and as a bath (NOMV);
The bulb is used to treat various baby ailments, it is administered as an enema to
babies (MUN); The bulb is used as a tonic to treat various ailments (ZNGD,
MBUTHO, DZA); The bulb infusion is used to cleanse and flush the kidneys and the
bladder (ZADL, CHNDL, CHLZ); Bulb decoction is used to treat venereal disease called
ukubhajwa (MUN); A bulb decoction is mixed with the roots of Merwilla plumbea and
Euclea natalensis is used to treat the lower abdomen (CHNDL).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and
Vilakazi, 1972; Bryant, 1966; Cunningham, 1988; Roberts, 1990; Bruneton, 1995;
Hutchings.et al., 1996; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: Bulbs are widely used in decoctions administered as enemas (Cunningham,
1988). They are used to treat the urinary problems and fevers as emetics and enemas
respectively. It is also used during pregnancy to facilitate childbirth (Gerstner, 1941;
Bryant, 1966).
Other uses: The Tswana people use the bulb shavings or roots with milk or water for
colic, flatulence and abdominal problems (Roberts, 1990).

154. Eulophia angolensis (Rchb.f.) Summerh. (Orchidaceae)

Umabelejongosi
Not in the matrix P360

197
Umabelejongosi6, 22
Uses at Amandawe: A mixture made from the pseudo bulbs of this plant are used
as a tonic, administered as an enema (ANON, DSHA, MYS, NTAKA, MKHIZE).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Young men use the tubers in the preparation of love charm (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

155. Euphorbia cupularis Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae)

Ibunga, Umdlebe, Uvuthane
[0.05] [0.11] P137
Ibunga3, (Umbalele22,23), Umbulele3,6,10,22,23, Umdlebe2,3,10,22,23, Umdletshane2,3,6,10,22,
Umdleba omncane6,10,22, (Umzilanyone6), umzilanyoni6
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (TMSO); A
paste made from the bark is used to treat burn wounds by direct application onto
the wound. A plant species called umahedeni as well as umdlethsane serves the
same purpose (REVDUM); This plant is used to treat coughs (BMKH); [This plant is
used as an ingredient in most tonics (BMKH)].
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Mabogo, 1990;
Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: The Zulu people treat headache by inhaling the pungent smell from crushed
leaves (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Crushed leaves to relieve headaches
associated with influenza and catarrh (Bryant, 1996). Leaves may be pounded with
leaves of Ranunculus species, mixed with a little water, and drawn into the nose. Bark is
used to make a powerful sorcery catarrh (Watt, 1967).
Other uses: Latex application is used to treat painful teeth with cavities by the Sotho
from the Eastern Transvaal (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Swati use the latex
externally only to treat embrocation (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Sotho
people treat asthma by chewing a dry leaf (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

156. Euphorbia ingens E.Mey. ex Boiss. (Euphorbiaceae)

(Abaphaphi), Umnhlonhlo, Umphapha
[0.16] [0.19] P138
Abaphaphi10,22, Umahetheni6,10,22, uMahetheni20,28, Umhlonhlo6,10,18,20,22,26,
(umHlonhlo20,26,28), Umphapha2,18,23
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used to empty the overflowing gall or
treat gall sicknesses (ZCEL); Sap dried and kept for six months and then mixed
with fermented porridge, this mixture is then drunk as a tonic (MKP); This plant is
used for undisclosed medicinal purpose (SHEZ); Parts of this plant are used to treat
inflammation. Probably the dried material is applied into the incisions in the

198
swollen area, (DLAMINI); The sap is used to remove warts (MYS, DSHA); This tree
produces umafumbuka-Hydnora africana which is used to treat acne (MYS), stop
diarhhoea (NOMV).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gelfand et al.
1985; Mabogo, 1990; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: The latex is taken in small doses as a purgative (Gerstner, 1939). Also used
against warts and cancer (Pooley, 1993). Timber is used for making doors and boats in
Zululand, and as purgative (Boon, 2010). A tree cutting is planted in the yard as a
protective charm (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: It is burnt and inhaled for asthma and taken for bronchitis and as a purge in
Zimbabwe (Gelfand et al. 1985). Latex is used by Sotho to treat dipsomania and to treat
cancer (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

157. Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Umsululu
[0.22] [0.24] P139
uDuze20, Umdusi10, (uMunde20,22,23), Umunde10,22,23, (umDde-wehlathi20),
Umnduze2,3,6,10,15,22, Umsululu2,3,6,10,20,22, (umSululu20)
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used for an undisclosed medicinal purpose (SHEZ);
The sap from this plant it is used to cure and rid off the warts (MYS, ZCEL, DSHA,
NOMV, MBUTHO, MSANI); Unidentified plant parts are used to healing body sores.
They are is used with chicken droppings and applied directly to the sores (JB); A
bark mixture is administered as an enema to cure boils (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Gelfand et al. 1962; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Mabogo,
1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2006; De Wet et al., 2010; York et al., 2012; De
Wet, 2013; De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: This plant is used as traditional medicine (Pooley, 1993). The stem of this
plant are used in treating a sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010). People of
Maputaland use the stem in treating ear ache (York et al., 2011) and gonnorhoea (De
Wet et al., 2012). This plant is used in treating respiratory problems (York et al., 2012).
The stem parts are used to treat sores (De Wet, 2013; De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al.,
2016).
Other uses: The tree is planted as a protective by many Africans by planting the trees
around homesteads as a protective charm against marauders (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). In Tanganyika the sap of this plant is used to treat sexual impotence
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Sap used to make rubber and the plant planted to
keep moles away (Boon, 2010).

158. Euphorbia triangularis Desf. ex A.Berger (Euphorbiaceae)

Uhambanaye, Umalilisa, Umnhlonhlo, Umhlonhlo omncane, Umphumeleli,
Umhlonhlwane

199
[0.05] [0.05] P140
iNhlehle22, Inhlonhlwane10, 22, Isiphapha2, 10, 22, Umahetheni22, Umhlonhlo22,
Umhlonhlwane2, Umphapha6
Uses at Amandawe: The sap from this plant is used to treat and remove warts
(DSHA); The roots of this plant are used in the preparation of umhlabelo which
helps a sprained or broken bone to heal faster. The dried material together with
other ingredients are made into powder or a paste, which is rubbed into the
incision on the swollen area (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: It is used as a lucky charm, by burning it on the fields to ensure a good crop
(Pooley, 1993).
Other uses: Traditionally planted outside huts after the birth of twins to protect them, and
also burnt on fields to ensure good crops (Boon, 2010).

159. Felicia erigeroides DC. (Asteraceae)

Ufoshela, Uqhwashu, Ikhambi lakwaNgcobo
[0.11] [0.11] P141
Ifoshela4, 10, Ikhambi lenyoka4, (isiTelelo23), Isithelelo1, 6, 1,20,22,23, Ixhaphozi1, 6, 22,
Uxhaphozi10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: All plant part s are used in the preparation of umuthi
wamakhala. It is administered through the nostrils (SHEZ, PUNCH); This plant is
used to prevent miscarriages, probably administered as a tonic (MBUTHO); This
plant is used to treat an ailment called isela (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Bryant, 1966; Walker, 1996; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: The Zulu people inject an infusion of the dry leaf as an enema (Walker,
1996). Hot leaf infusions are administered as enemas for intestinal parasites and
abdominal pain and also as purgative (Bryant, 1966). Root infusions are administered as
enemas for intestinal parasites in children (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: Leaf infusion is used as an emetic by a person who has been bitten by a
snake to remove the dangerous foam in the throat (Walker, 1996).

160. Ficus glumosa Delile (Moraceae)

Isgonswane, Umgonswane
[0.37] [0.51] P142
iKhokhokho22, Inkokhokho2, Ukhokhokho10, Isigondwane2, (uMdende22), Umdende2, 22,
Umdende- omnyama2, 10, 22, Undenda10,
Uses at Amandawe: The bark decoction is administered as an emetic to empty the
overflowing gall (MYS); The bark decoction is administered as an emetic to treat

200
acne (BMKH); This plant is used as umuthi obovu (MAKAS, MGOZ); A decoction of
Ficus glumosa, Erythrina caffra or Erythrina lysistemon and Commiphora harveyi
all together is used as a tonic to cleanse the body system and to purify blood
(ZADL); The bark is used in treating a condition where one defecates bloody
stools, it is administered as an enema (DSHA); The bark is an ingredient in the
parparation of umuthi obovu (MAKAS, MGOZ); A bark mixture is used to stop
diarhhoea (ZCEL, ZNGD, MAMBA, MUN); The bark decoction is administered as an
emetic when one is not feeling well (JZ); This plant is used to treat listleness and to
regain strength and vigour (ZNK); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat a
particular skin condition called "ikhambi-ukuvokomala kobuso umuntu
anyanyeke" (PHEW); The bark decoction it is used to treat various chest
complaints (MBUTHO); The bark is used to get rid of izidende from the chest, it is
administered as a hot tonic (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used in making cloth in Tanganyika (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962)
and the roots together with Sporobulus indicus is used to treat snakebite (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), while the root alone treats colic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Unspecified parts of this plant is used to ease childbirth, treat influenza, induce
lactation and as a poultice for skin problems (Boon, 2010).

161. Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae)

Umanyala, Umkhiwane
[0.03] [0.03] P143
Inkokhokho2,17, inKokhokho20,22,25, isiGondwane20,22,25, Isigonswane24,28, Umdende2,20,
umDende20, umDende-obomvu2,20,25,28, Umgonswane2,22,25, Umkhonswane 17
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified partsof the plant are used to treat internal sharp
body pains (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Fruits are edible (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

162. Ficus natalensis Hochst. (Moraceae)

Umthombe, Umthombo
Not in the matrix P363
Idende6, isiHlamfane6, 20, 22, 28, (Isihlamfane6), Uluzi6, Umbombe6, (uMdenda22),
(umDende20), Umdende6, 20, (umThombi20), Umthombe6, 8, 22, 23, 24
Uses at Amandawe: The aerial roots are used is used to treat womb cancer. Only the
roots that twine themselves around the tree trunk are used (REVDUM, GNGC, ANON);

201
Unspecified plant parts are used to treat chest problems (ANON); Unspecified plant parts
are used to ease childbirth (PUNCH).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990;
Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Bark infusion is used to ease childbirth (Gerstener, 1941). Raw root infusion
is used for blood purification (Pujol, 1990). Leaves are used in treating wounds, boils,
carbuncles, warts and other growths (Hutchings et al., 1996). Bark strips are used to
make mats and ropes (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Bark decoction is used to
enhance the cow milk production and to treat anaemia in humans (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: The roots in Tanzania treat colic and snakebite and the bark is used as a
galactagogue and influenza Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962).

163. Ficus sur Forssk. (Moraceae)

Umkhiwa, Ukhiwane
[0.19] [0.16] P144
Ingobozweni2,3,6,1,220,23, Intombi-kayibhinci2,3,10,22,23, Umkhiwane3,6,10,18,22,23,
(Umkhuwa10,22), Umkhiwa10,22
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used as an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi
obovu, which is administered as an emetic (MYS, PHEW, BMKH); This plant is used
in treating the symptoms of amalumbo (DLAMINI); Unspecified plant parts are used
in treating diarhhoea (MUN). REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Ayensu, 1978; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: Root and bark decoctions are used for 'ulceration of the lung' possibly
pulmonary tuberculosis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaf and bark infusions are
used as milk production stimulant in bovines (Hutchings et al., 1996). Fruits are eaten
fresh or dried, especially by children (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is used to treat
infertility, uterine pain, prevent abortion and as an anti-emetic taken by both male and
female (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is used to increase lactation, treats nose bleeds,
constipation in humans and stock (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It treats sore throat,
painful eyes, skin rashes (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). The bark is used to treat sores
(De Wet, 2013, De Wet et al., 2013).
Other uses: The Vhenda use the root stop diarrhoea, remove retained placenta in cows
and the fruit is used against tuberculosis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Mabogo,
1990).

164. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae)

Imbozisa, Imbozisa enkulu
[0.32] [0.51] P146

202
iMbozisa22, Imbozisa6,14, (iMbozosa eluhlaza22), Imboziso1,2,21, Imboziso1,2,21, Imboziso
eluhlaza6,10,22, I(li) beka6,10,22
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to help eject idliso lentando taken in with
food. The infusion is administered as an emetic whereby idliso is ejected orally
(MYS, ZCEL, NDU, MGOZ); An infusion made from all the plant parts are used to
neutralize idliso. It administered as a as a drink (JHLO, MUN, TMSO, NDU,
MBUTHO, NOMV, DLAMINI, JZ); Unspecified parts of this plant are used to treat
toothache described as ushiyane-ukushisa kwezinyo (MNQO); Whole plant is
administered as a compress to treat inflamation (DLAMINI); The infusion made
from all the plant parts is used to used to destroy various ailments in one's body.
This basically works like a disinfectant and an antimicrobial mixture applied as a bath,
should one be suspicious of unexplained ailments (MSANI, MBUTHO); Whole plant is
used together with Cymbopogon excavates to treat anxiety (REVDUM); Whole
plant is administered by steaming to rid off lice and flees (BMHL, MAMBA).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Cunningham, 1988; Bruneton,
1995; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Leaves and stems are used as traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988).
Infusions are used as protective charms against evil spirits and as love charm emetics
(Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The roots are edible and cooked leaves are eaten as herbs (Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000).

165. Furcraea foetida (L.) Haw. (Asparagaceae)

Isitaluka, Ubhumlane, Ufayibe
[0.05] [0.05] P147
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used to treat inflammation
(SHEZ, JHLO).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It planted for the use of its fibre in Tanganyika (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). The plant is used to make ropes, strings, tablemats, floor mats and in weaving
(Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

166. Gazania krebsiana Less. (Asteraceae)

Ubendle, Umasonga
[0.06] [0.08] P149
Impephotshani1, Isiphephane1, Ubendle1, 10, 25

203
Uses at Amandawe: All plant parts are used medicinally and administered as an enema
as a tonic (JZ); This plant is used to treat amahlaba internal side pains in babies
(NOMV); Unspecified parts of this plant are used to treat ear problems
administered with cooking oils (BMKH).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988.
Zulu uses: Whole plant is used in traditional medicines (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: Flowers are eaten raw (Pooley, 2006). In Lesotho the leaves are rolled into
twines to make (Pooley, 2005). Used traditionally to treat sickly babies, earache and
sterility in women (Pooley, 2006).

167. Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae)

Imbune yentaba, Ubani, Ugqamhloshane, Uhlunguhlungu, Umoyawezwe,
Umpikayboni
[0.15] [0.19] P150
Indlebe-yemithe4, Indlebeyempithi1,3,6,10,22,25, Ihlambihloshane6, Iqwa6, Ucabazane6,
(Uhlango ilimpofu1,3,4,10,22,25), [Uhlangolumpofu1,3,4,10,22,25], Uhlinguloshana6,
(Umhlosbazana6), (Umlimi-lwenkomo6), Ulimi-lwenkomo6, Umoya wezwe1,3,4,10,22,25
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to ease childbirth (ZCEL); This plant works
like ikhathazo Alepidea cordifolia (REVDUM); Whole plant is used as a compress to
treat inflamation (TMSO, it is used specifically for swollen feet MSANI); The
infusion of this plant is administered as an enema to an infants during the transion
of being breast fed to eating solid foods (PHEW); Whole plant is used in wound for
healing (SHEZ); This plant is administered through the noistrils to a person
suffering from hysteria/madness (BMHL).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996;
Arnold et al., 2002; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: The root infusion mixed with human urine is administered to the affected ear
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996). Strained leaf
infusions are used against tapeworm (Hulme, 1954; Walker, 1996).
Other uses: Root decoction is used by the Sotho to treat earaches and mixed with milk
to treat chest complaints. (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). They also fumigate the hut
of a person suffering from a cold (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Floral parts are
eaten raw as salad or cocked as potherb and children enjoy the nectar (Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982).

168. Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel (Iridaceae)

Isidwa, Isiqunga sikatikoloshe, Umabelejongosi, Umasendenja, Umlunge,
Undwendweni, (Uthenga kumina)
[0.10] [0.11] P151

204
Isidwi esibovu1, 10, 22, 25, (Udwendweni1, 25), Uhlakahle1, 25, Uhlakazi10, Umhlakaza10, 22,
uMhlakazi22, Undwendweni1, 10, 22, 25
Uses at Amandawe: The root is cooked with milk and administered as a drink to
treat impotence (BKHW); The leaves and roots are used together to treat back
problems (REVDU); This plant is used medicinally, and administered as an enema
(DSHA); [Unspecified plant parts are an angredient in most medicines (MBUTHO)].
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Hulme, 1954; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: Root decoctions are used to treat sterility in women and the corms are used
as lucky charm to ensure a good harvest (Gerstner, 1941). Corm infusions are used to
treat chest ailments believed to be caused by sorcery and the corms are used as emetics
for love charm (Hulme, 1954). An infusion from a pounded bulb is used by men when
courting (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: Children use the corm as spinning tops (Pooley, 2006).

169. Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm. (Iridaceae)

Ibuthe, Isidwa, Incwincwi, Umabelejongosi, Umlunge
[0.05] [0.05] P152
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The corm is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment
(SHEZ); The leaves together with the corm are used to treat back problems
(REVDU).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 2006, 2013.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The Sotho people use the corm decoction to treat rheumatic pain (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Corms eaten raw or cooked (Pooley, 2005). It is used
traditionally to treat rheumatic pain (Pooley, 2006, 2013).

170. Gloriosa modesta (Hook.) J.C.Manning & Vinn. (Colchicaceae)

Ihlamvu
Not in the matrix P367
Ilamvu lehlathi1; Uhlamvu lwentombazane1, 22, Uhlamvulwabafana22, Isimiselelo22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used in inducing the conception of the desired
sex of a foetus (SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used medicinally to treat infertility in women and to facilitate the
conception of a desired sex (Pooley, 2005), as an aphrodisiac (Gerstner, 1939), a love

205
charm emetic used by young men to cause an indifferent girl to appear pregnant (Hulme,
1954) and also used to treat girls thus affects (Hutchings et al., 1996)

171. Gloriosa superba L. (Colchicaceae)

Ihlamvu, Idangabane lasolwandle
Not in the matrix P367
Ihlamvu 4,19,23,24, Ihlamvu labafana 6,4,22, Ihlamvulomfananentombazane22, Ihlamvu
labafana namantombazane6, Ilhamvu lasenhla19, Isikhawli sasolwandle 6, 19, Isimiselo19,
Uhlamvu4, Uhlamvu lwabafana4
Uses at Amandawe: The roots of this plant are used modify the conception for a desires
sex of the foetus, and also to facilitate the conception of twins, the mixture is drunk
as a tonic (REVDUM); The leaves are used to treat wounds and sores (NTAKA,
ZNK).
Uses in the literature: Doke and Vilakazi, 1972; 1927; Broster, 1982; Bryant, 1966;
Gelfand et al. 1985; Roberts, 1990; Kala et al., 2004; Haroon et al., 2008.
Zulu uses: Powdered root parts are used to treat impotency and barrenness and used to
insure desired sex of a child (Bryant, 1966; Walker, 1996). It is used as an aphrodisiac
and as a charm to make an indifferent girl to appear pregnant until she returns his
affection (Gerstner, 1939; Hulme, 1954). The corms are used to treat skin eruption, tick
infection, kill lice and screwworms on cattle (Gerstener, 1939; Roberts; 1990).
Other uses: Xhosa people use the corm against barrenness and impotency (Broster,
1982), while the Tswana and Masai use the sap for skin eruption and pimples (Roberts,
1990). In Zimbabwe, it is used to disinfect wounds (Gelfand et al. 1985).

172. Gomphocarpus physocarpus E.Mey. (Apocynaceae)

Usinga, Uqhumane, Usingalwesalukazi, Usipha lwesalukazi
[0.53] [0.65] P153
Usinga lwesalukazi1, Umangwazane1, Umqumbuqumbu1, Uphuphuma1
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used to neutralize or to blunt idliso a poisonous
substance taken in with food (PHEW); This plant is used to treat a swollen stomach
(MYS); A leaf and root infusion is administered as an enema to treat isithakathi in
babies (ZNGD, BKHW, ZNK, SUKD, MADLAMINI, mixed with milk is TNGW, MAKAS,
MAMBA, JZ, TNGW); The leaves are used to treat common sicknesses in babies
(MRMAD, NDU); This plant is used to treat inflammation (PUNCH); Unspecified
plant parts are dried and administered by licking the powdered material to treat
snakebite (CHNDL), as isihlunguit is administered by inhaling the powdered plant
material made from the unspecified plant parts (BKHW); This plant is used to treat
amahlaba internal side pains in babies (BMHL); Powdered plant material is
administered by inhaling it to treat headache (DSHA; Dried leaves are used in wound
healing (REVDUM); This plant is used to treat izizwe in females (MRGUMEDE);
Unspecified parts of this plant are administered with milk to babies during the

206
transition of being breast fed to eating solid food (ZNGD); [This plant is an ingredient
in other medicines (SHEZ, ZADL).]
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: Leaves are snuffed to treat headache (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: Leaf infusions are used as an enema for newborn infants (Hulme, 1954).
Stripped green bark is tied around the waist of a newborn infant for urinary problem
(Hutchings et al., 1996).

173. Grewia occidentalis L. (Malvaceae)

Iklolo, Iklolo elimhlophe, Ilalanyathi
[0.14] [0.22] P156
Ilalanyathi2,6,10,18,22,23,24, Imanhlele2,6,10, Iklolo2,4,6,10,13,18,22, Umnqabazi6, umJiwana10,13,22,
(Umlalanyathi6,10)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used by males as a tonic to
cleanse their genital organs, sometimes as an extended treatment of sexually
transmitted infection. It is administered as adrink and as an enema (MRGUMEDE);
This plant is used is used medicinally and administered as an emetic (JB, MYS);This
plant is used medicinally by men (the root is used BKHW, the roots are ground and
mixed with sugar and taken approximately 2 days after the mixture has fermented
and administered orally CHNDL). The bark and root decoction is used as imbiza
(MBUTHO); A root decotion is used by men to produce good quality sperms
(ZADL); Crushed leaves or leaf infusion is used to treat head sores that form scabs
of fungus- umuna (SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Walker, 1996; Boon, 2010; De Wet and Ngubane, 2014.
Zulu uses: In Maputaland, people use the roots in treating gynaecological and obstetrics
ailments (De Wet and Ngubane, 2014). Bruised bark is used to dress wounds and the
decoction is used to facilitate childbirth, treat impotence and barrenness (Walker, 1996).
Roots are used in medicines taken to facilitate or procure delivery (Bryant, 1966). Root
bark is for bladder ailments and infusions administered as enemas (Gerstner, 1939).
Bruised bark soaked in hot water is and used to dress wounds (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Pounded bark is used to make soap for washing head and believed to
prevent hair from going grey (Hulme, 1954). Fruits are eaten in KwaZulu-Natal (Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: Bushmen use it to fashion their bows (Walker, 1996).

174. Gunnera perpensa L. (Gunneraceae)

Izibu, Ugobho
[0.82] [0.78] P157
Imfeyesele1,6,10,2,252, Ugobhe 17,22, Ugobho1,6,9,10,17, 23,25, Uklenya1,6,13,22,25, Uxobo6

207
Uses at Amandawe: [The toots are used for medicinal cleansing after childbirth (ZNGD,
ZADL, MYS, MAKAS, ZCEL, JZ, BKHW, CHNDL, JB, PUNCH, MSANI, MADLAMINI, it is
administered as a hot tonic TNGW, mixed with isinwazi MBUTHO, BMHL, also used after
a miscarriage DSHA)]; A root decoction is administered as a drink to treat stomuch
cramps (MAKAS); [The root is used to treat izinseka the afterbirth pains experienced by
women (ZNK)]; The roots are used to stop exessive menstruation (MRMAD); A tonic
made from the roots, is used for blood purification (PHEW, MUN, MGOZ, DZA); The
roots are the main ingredient in a tonic used in treating the swelling of the whole
body (PHEW); The roots are used to treat isinye lower abdomen problems in men and
women (CHNDL, DLAMINI); A root mixture is used to treat ukubhajwa a sexually
transmitted infections in men (CHNDL, DLAMINI); The roots are used to enhance milk
production in women (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972; Pujol,
1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000, Ngwenya et al., 2004; Van
Wyk, 2008; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: Zulu people eat it raw (Gerstener, 1939). It is used to treat cystitis, stricture of
the bladder (Bryant, 1966), rheumatic fever, ease childbirth, to facilitate the expulsion of
the afterbirth in women and animals (Gerstner, 1939; Hutchings et al., 1996). It is used
for urinary tract problems, to facilitate embryo development, to eject placenta after birth,
calm afterbirth bleeding, treat menstrual pains, the burning on urination, cystitis (Pujol,
1990), purpose of cleansing, enhancing milk production in both women and cows. It may
also be used for protection (Ngwenya et. al. 2004).
Other uses: Together with Acorus calamus it is used to for male impotence (Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000). It is used against tick bites and other parasites affecting cattle Pujol
(1990). Stems and roots peeled and eaten raw and also used to make beer (Pooley,
2005). Stems are eaten raw by the Basotho from Lesotho (Fox and Norwood Young,
1982), used in beer making in Swaziland (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982). Root
infusions are taken for swellings of the body and applied externally for cancerous sores
(Hutchings et al., 1996).

175. Gymnanthemum corymbosum (L.f.) H.Rob. (Asteraceae)

Uhlunguhlungu
Not in the matrix
Uhlunguhlungu6, (Uhlungu-lungu6), Uhlunguhlungu6, 19, uhlunguhlunguomhlophe6,
(Umhlunguhlungu6), (Umhlunguhlungo omhlophe6), Umzane-welathi6, 19
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used as umuthi obandayo (CHNDL); This plant
is used to treat hysteria ukuhlanya kwezizwe not schizophrenia, probably as a
sedative so that the patient can be treated (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Mabogo,
1990.
Zulu uses: Roots are used treat in treating stomach pain, hysteria, to procure abortion
and treating sick calves (Gerstner, 1939). A tonic made from the root is taken to ease

208
childbirth (Gerstner, 1941). Roots are an ingredient in treating irregular menstruations
and as an abortifacient (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: The Swazi people use the leaves to treat epilepsy (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962), while the Venda use the leaves as an anthelmintic for domestic
animals (Mabogo, 1990).

176. Gymnosporia rubra (Harv.) Loes. (Celastraceae)

Ihlinzanyoka, Ithethe
[0.26] [0.24] P158
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are dried, powdered and administered by licking the
powdered plant material to treat snakebite (DSHA, JHLO, DLAMINI, MSANI, BMKH,
TNGW); This plant is also used to treat inflammation where the dried and
powdered root material is licked (DLAMINI); This plant is used to treat izibhobo
sharp internal body pains (MYS, JB).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988.
Zulu uses: Roots are used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

177. Haemanthus albiflos Jacq. (Amaryllidaceae)

Uzeneke, Umayime intelezi, Ulimi lwenkomo, Insulansula yegcaki
[0.14] [0.14] P159
Uzeneke1, 3, 6, 4,10,22,23
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally it is used as an emetic (ZCEL, SHEZ,
ZNGD, BMKH); the root is used as imbiza (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Broster, 1982; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Broster, 1982;
Cunningham, 1988; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: Bulbs are used in traditional medicine as emetics (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine to treat chronic coughs and as protective
charm against lightning (Pooley, 2006).

178. Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. (Anacardiaceae)

Umgwenya
[0.95] [0.62] P160
Umgwenye 18, Umgwenya2, 3,11,6,10,17,20, 22, 28, (umGwenya20)

209
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is one of the main ingredients in the preparationof
umuthi obovu (MYS, MGOZ, TNGW, ZNK, ZCEL, TMSO, MBUTHO, PB, NDU,
DLAMINI, NOMV, TMSO, CHNDL, MAMBA, DSHA, BMHL, ZNGD, ZADL, BMKH,
MGOZ); A bark decoction is used medicinally and administered as an emetic (MRMAD,
MADLAMINI, MNQO); A root mixture is used to stop diarrhoea (MYS); A root and
bark decoction is administered as an emetic and as an enema to treat back
problems (BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: A bark decoction is used to purify blood (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Bark decoctions are taken as drinks or as emetics to purify the blood and for skin
problems, such as acne and eczema (Pujol, 1990). Powdered burnt bark is rubbed into
scarification around sprains and fractures and other various skin complaints (Hutchings et
al., 1996). Ripe fruits are eaten (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: It is used to purify blood that manifests as pimples on the face (Hutchings et
al., 1996). In Transkei, the root decoctions are used to treat paralysis thought to have
been contracted from walking over an area that has been poisoned or polluted through
sorcery (Hutchings et al., 1996). Bark is used to produce pink dye (Cunningham and
Terry, 2006).

179. Helichrysum acutatum DC. (Asteraceae)

Uzangume
Not in the flip-file
Uzangume6, 22, 25
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used medicinally and administered as an emetic
(DLAMINI). CAUTION: No fatty foods should be eaten during the treatment period
(MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Roots are used medicinally (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

180. Helichrysum auronitens Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae)

Impepho, Intungwa
[0.05] [0.08] P161
(iKondhlwane23), Inkondlwane10, 22, 23, Umgilane10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: A warm infusion of the aerial parts is gargled with to relieve
the toothache inflicted by the ancestors (MNQO); The twigs are used as a
compress to treat inflamtion (MNQO); This plant is used to stops persistant nose
bleed “umangozima”, it is administered as a tonic (MAKAS).

210
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al. 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used for spiritual purpose to invoke the goodwill of the ancestors (Van
Wyk and Gericke, 2000). The sedative smoke is inhaled by healers in KwaZulu-Natal to
induce trance (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

181. Helichrysum cymosum (L.) D.Don (Asteraceae)

Impepho, Impepho emhlophe, Impepho enkulu, Impepho yezangoma, Impepho
yamaRoma, Impepho yamawele
[0.03] [0.03] P162
Impepho-emhlophe4, 6, Inkonldwane4, 6, (Inkondwane6), Indondokazane6
Uses at Amandawe: Aerial plant parts are used as ingredients in most baby
remedies believed to be brought upon by the ancestors (MSANI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Leaves and stems are burnt to invoke the goodwill of the ancestors
(Cunningham, 1988), it is also used by izangoma [diviners] to induce trances (Hutchings
et al., 1996).
Other uses: Used to treat bed-wetting in children (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

182. Helichrysum luteoalbum (L.) Rchb. (Asteraceae)

Impepho, Impepho emhlophe enkulu, Impepho emnyama, Impepho yamakholwa,
Impepho yamawele, Impepho yesizulu, Inkondlwane
[0.05] [0.08] P163
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: A hot infusion of the twigs is used as a compress to treat
inflamtion (ZNK); This plant is used to treat flu (PUNCH); An infusion of the twigs is
used to treat stomuch cramps (PUNCH).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used for spiritual purpose to invoke the goodwill of the ancestors and
inhaled by healers in KwaZulu-Natal to induce trance (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

183. Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) Sweet (Asteraceae)

Impepho
[0.03] [0.03] P164
Impepho6, 10, 22, Ingqunsa10, 22

211
Uses at Amandawe: The twig infusion is taken orally as a tonic (MAKAS).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used for spiritual purpose to invoke the goodwill of the ancestors and
inhaled by healers in KZN to induce trance (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

184. Helinus integrifolius (Lam.) Kuntze (Rhamnaceae)

Ubhubhubhu, Ugubhugubhu, Uxubhugwegwe
[0.03] [0.03] P165
Bhupuphu23, Ubhubhubhu3, 4, 10, 22, Ibubu10, 22, Uxubhugwegwe9
Uses at Amandawe: All parts of this plant are used as a companion medicinal
ingredient in other medicines (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Smith, 1966; Hedberg and Staugard, 1989; Pujol, 1990.
Zulu uses: Roots are used as an emetic to treat hysteria mixed with other plants (Bryant,
1966). Emetics from the roots are also taken for bile and as blood tonics (Pujol, 1990). It
is also used as a love charm emetic (Gerstner, 1938). The whole plant is used for good
luck charm as an emetic, the leaves are used to bathe a newborn baby (Hutchings et al.,
1996). Helinus ovate is used by the Zulu to treat hysteria (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962; Hutchings et al., 1996). Helinus species is used to treat hysteria and the leaf juice
is used to soothe the irritation caused by the sandworm (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: This plant is used as soap (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Leaves are used
against sandworm and gonorrhoea (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962; Hedberg and
Staugard, 1989). It is also used as soap substitute, medicinally as prophylactic medicine
and a remedy for black quarter (blackleg) in cattle (Smith 1966).

185. Hesperantha baurii Baker (Iridaceae)

Ukhukazane
[0.05] [0.03] P166
Isidwa6, 10, 22, Isidwi6, Isidwi esimpofana4, Ukhukazane1
Uses at Amandawe: The corm is used for an undisclosed medicinal purpose (SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Walker 1996; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: A corm infusion is used to treat stomach disorders (Walker, 1996). Corms are
placed in the seed-gourds as fertility charm to ensure a good harvest (Gerstner, 1941).
Pounded corm infusions are used as emetics for chest complaints (Pooley, 2005).
Other uses: Corms are eaten by children (Pooley, 2006). Roots are eaten by people of
Lesotho (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

212
186. Heteropyxis natalensis Harv. (Myrtaceae)
Umkhuze, Umkluza
[0.49] [0.57] P167
Inkunzi2,4,6,10,11,20,22, Inkuzwa2,4,6,10,13, (iNkunzwa22), Uhuzu6,10,11,22, Ukhuze10, Umlahleni3,
Umkhuze2,4,22, (umKhuzwa13,22), Umkhushwa6,11
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used medicinally (the bark decoction is administerd as
an emetic MRMAD, SHEZ, CHNDL, MYS, ZADL, MSANI, BMKH), (it is used as umuthi
obovu DSHA, ZNGD); The bark mixture is administered as an enema to purify
blood and cleanse the various body systems (DLAMINI, BMKH); A bark decotion
administered as an enema to babies to treat various ailments (MGOZ); A decoction
made from unspecified plant parts is used to get rid of idliso, it is administered as
an emetic. The poisonous substance is ejected orally (NOMV, TMSO); Unspecified
plant parts are used to stop diarhhoea (ZNGD, ZCEL, MUN, MBUTHO); The bark is
used to treat stomach cramps, a decoction is administered as an enema
MADLAMINI, the powdered barks of both Heteropyxis natalense and Eleodendron
transvaalense are administered by inhaling and licking the powdered mixture
BKHW); A bark decodtion is administered as an enema to treat lower back
problems (ZCEL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Mabogo, 1990; Walker, 1996;
Hutchings et al. 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: A brewed liquid of the twigs and the leaves is used as a mouthwash and to
treat toothache and gum infections (Walker, 1996). It is used as medicinal tea, perfume
and fence poles (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Gerstner, 1939). Certain plant parts
of this tree are used as a traditional tea (Gerstner, 1939). Powdered leaves are used in a
drench for stock animals (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962). Bark is used to treat
impotence and as an aphrodisiac (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: This plant is used for nose bleeding, bleeding gums and excessive
menstruations (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Traditional tea may be prepared from
leaves (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

187. Hippobromus pauciflorus Radlk. (Sapindaceae)

Isiqhume, (Umfazi othethayo), Uqhume
[0.41] [0.08] P168
Udwiya10,22, Iphahluka10, (isiPhahluka20), Isiphahluka2,6,20,22, Itiye6,10,22, Umfazi
othethayo6,10,22,24, Uqhume2,6,10,20,22, (uQhume20)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat internal side pains
(MYS); This plant is used medicinally and administered as an emetic (MUN, BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Hutchings; 1996;
Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Roots pounded in little water are drawn up into the nostril for headache
associated to influenza and catarrh (Bryant, 1966). Roots are also used for diarrhoea,

213
dysentery, as a love charm, for hysterical fits and by diviners to induce trances (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves of this plant are used in the treatment of psychiatric
disturbances (Hutchings et al., 1996). Leaf and root infusions are used to clear mucus
from the noses of sheep and goats (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al.,
1996). The root is used to treat dysentery and diarrhoea. Crushed leaf vapour is used to
treat headache (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Froth is used by inyanga before
entering trance and the bark is used to treat headache and hysterical fits (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Hard timber has been used to make wagons and other purposes (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Xhosa use the leaf juice to treat eye inflammation for humans
and beasts and also treats for corneal opacities (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Bark,
leaves and roots widely used for coughs, diarrhoea, headaches, eye problems and
hysteria (Boon, 2010).

188. Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae)

Umafumbuka
Not in the flip-file
uMafumbuka22, Umavumbuka6, 19
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat acne (MYS, ZNK). This parasitic
plant is used to treat diarrhoea (NOMV).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988.
Zulu uses: Tubers are used to treat diarrhoea (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: In Tanzania it is used to treat inflamed throats and as a preserve for fish
nets (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

189. Hyparrhenia tamba (Hochst. ex Steud.) Andersson ex Stapf (Poaceae)

Uhlonga, Umuhlwa, Uthongathi
[0.03] [0.03] P169
Uhlonga10, Uqunga 12
Uses at Amandawe: The roots and the lower culms are an ingredient in tonics used
to ease childbirth (MYS).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

190. Hypoxis colchicifolia Baker (Hypoxidaceae)

Ilabatheka, Ilabatheka elikhulu

214
Not in the matrix P372
Iguda22, Igudu1, 6, 22, Ilabatheka1, 6, Ilabatheka-elimnyama6, 22, Ingcobo1, 6, 22, Inkomfe1
Uses at Amandawe: The corm of this plant is used medicinally for an undisclosed
ailment (SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: The corms are used to treat impotence and bareness (Bryant, 1966), bad
dreams caused by a weak heart, a diuretic and psychiatric problems (Hutchings et al.,
1996). Administered as an emetic, the corm is used as a love charm and treats hysterical
fits (Gerstner, 1939). The corm is also used to remove small vermin in the food and used
to trap snakes by putting it in a snake hole (Bryant, 1966; Gerstner, 1939).
Other uses: The corm is used for impotence, bad dreams, barrenness and as a love
charm (Pooley, 2005).

191. Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. (Hypoxidaceae)

Inkomfe
[0.80] [0.76] P171
Inkomfe 11, 6, 10, 15, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The corm is used to clear and flush childrens stomachs, it is
administered as an enema (ZNGD); The corm is used as an immune system
booster (ZADL, the bulb is cooked like idumbe and eaten this helps to strenghten
the body (REDUMA); The corm is used to treat back pains (DLAMINI); The whole
plant is used to treat sharp internal body pains (DLAMINI);The corm is used to
lowers high blood pressure (MYS, MAKAS, BMHL, MSANI); This plant is used to
treats athritis amathambo (JHLO); A corm decoction used medicinally as imbiza
(DSHA); The corm is used to treat persistant and septic wounds and sores.The sap
extracted from the corm is applied onto the wound (TMSO); A decoction made
from the corm is administered as an enema when one is not feeling well (JZ); The
corm is used to cure boils (MADLAMINI); This plant is used to treat umuna head
sores in babies. The corm is charred/burnt in coals, ground into powder, made into
an ointment and applied onto the sores (GNGC); This plant is used to it is used to
treat all ailments (PUNCH, BMKH); The corm is used medicinally for unspecified ailments
(SHEZ, ZADL, PHEW); The corm is used to cure a wound incured from an injury
(BKHW); The corm cures body sores MBUTHO, it treats sores and scabies where it
is administered orally by drinking (MUN); The corm extract is applied onto a wound
incured from a burn (MGOZ); The corm infusion is administered as an enema to
children suffering from a sickness called isela (MAMBA); This plant is used as a
tonic to ease childbirth (KV); The corm is used to cleanse and flush the lower
abdomen isinye (KV); This plant is used to treat teething associated ailments in
toddlers (ZADL); The corm is used to cure ulcers (MUN).

215
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Cunningham, 1988; Pujol,
1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Ncube et al., 2012; (De Wet, 2013; De Wet et al., 2013;
Naidoo et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016; De Wet and Ngubane, 2014; De Wet et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: People of Maputaland use the roots in treating gynaecological and obstetrics
ailments (De Wet and Ngubane, 2014). The corm is used by the people of Maputaland to
treat sores and sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet, 2013), gonorrhoea, internal and
external sores, genital warts, HIV-AIDS related ailments (De Wet et al., 2012), urinary
tract related ailments (Naidoo et al., 2013), ring worm, boils and body sores (De Wet et
al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016). The leaves are used to treat sores and boils (De Wet, 2013).
The corm is used in infusion taken as an emetic to treat dizziness and mental disorders
(Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: In Transkei ground corm decoctions, taken orally or as an enema to treat
patients who cannot speak, possibly because of shock (Hutchings et al., 1996). Tswana
and Kwena people administer the decoction as a tonic to weakly children (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

192. Hypoxis multiceps Buchinger ex Baker (Hypoxidaceae)

Undonqo
P373
Inkomfe1, 13, 22, 25
Uses at Amandawe: This plant it used to treat the symptoms of amalumbo (ZNK);
The roots are used to relieve constipation in babies, it is administered as an enema
(ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: In Basotholand it is used as a protective charm against lightning, mixed with
Ipomoea oblongata, it is smeared on pegs that are placed on the ground (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used as a protective charm against lightning (Pooley,
2006).

193. Hypoxis rigidula Baker (Hypoxidaceae)

Ilabatheka, Inkomfe, Umhungulo
[0.64] [0.59] P172
Inkomfe1, 10,13,22,25, Inongwe10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: [The corm is used medicinally (SHEZ, ZADL, it is administered as
an emetic and enema JZ)]; The corms is used to treat sharp internal body pains
(DLAMINI); The corm is used for general body pains (REVDUM); The corm is used
to treat arthritis (JHLO); The corm is used to boost and strengthen the immune
system (CHNDL); The corm is used to heal sores (ZNK); The corm is used to treat
persistant sores and septic wounds (body sores MUN, the corm sap is applied

216
onto the wound TMSO, it is administered by frequent application of the sap onto
the affected area and by bathing in the water infused with the corm extract BKHW);
This plant is used to treat all ailments and it is administered as imbiza (PHEW,
PUNCH, BMKH, PB); The corm is used to treat scabies (MUN, it is administered as
a tonic DSHA); The corm is used in treating the symptoms of umeqo (MBUTHO);
The corm is used in treating ulcers, it is administered orally by drinking the
mixture (MUN); The corm is used to treat a sickness called isela in children
administered as an enema MAMBA); This plant is used in the preparation of a a
tonic used to ease childbirth (KV); The corm is used to cleanse and flush the lower
abdomen isinye (KV); This plant is used to treat teething associated ailments in
toddlers (ZADL); The corm is used to purify blood (DZA); The corm is used to
regenerate blood when one has lost a lot of blood through an injury (DZA); A tonic
made from the corm is used to treat or to curb HIV viral load, probably to
strengthen the immune system (PB).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: The bulb is eaten by the people (Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: This plant is used to make a strong rope from the leaf by the Sotho people
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962; Walker, 1996). Leaves are used to make strong lasting
ropes (Pooley, 2005). It is used in traditional medicine (Pooley, 2006). In Lesotho, a raw
rootstock is eaten (Guillarmod, 1966).

194. Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae)

Umthente, Umathoyana
[0.11] [0.03] P173
Umthenta6, 10, Umthente1, 12, 22, 24
Uses at Amandawe: This grass is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (MAKAS).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Jenkins, 1987; De Wet et al.,
2010; Keshava et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Crushed root infusions are taken for hiccups (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk
1962; Bryant, 1966).
Other uses: It is used for children's chest colds by the Sotho people (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Roots are eaten by the herd boys in Lesotho (Fox and Norwood
Young, 1982).

195. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (Convolvulaceae)

Ubhatata
Not in the matrix P374
Amazambane17, Inyeza elibomvu17, Inyeza elimhlophe17, Ubhatata15, 17

217
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this plant are used to treat bad body odour
(MSANI).
Uses in the literature: De Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012
Zulu uses: The leaves are used in Maputaland to treat sexually transmitted diseases (De
Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012).
Other uses: Roots parts are edible (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

196. Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet (Convolvulaceae)

Ijalamu, Ingcingolo
[0.32] [0.32] P174
Ihlamba10, Ihlambe1, 6, 22, Ijalamu1, 22, Ijalambu 6, 10, Intana1, Umaholwana1, 6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: Roots and leaves are used to treat persistant body sores
(PHEW); This plant is used to treat amahlaba body side pains experienced around
the rib cage (ZNGD); All plant parts are used as a purgative (PUNCH, MUN, MGOZ,
DLAMINI, MBUTHO, MSANI, the infusion is administered as an emetic NOMV, KV);
This plant is used to flush and cleanse the stomach (PUNCH, MAMBA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Cunningham,
1988.
Zulu uses: The Zulu people use a mixture of crushed leaves to treat febrile rashes (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), used for purification rites after a funeral and as a purgative
(Gerstner, 1939) and used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988). People of
Maputaland use the leaves to treat gonorrhoea (De Wet et al., 2012).

197. Ipomoea crassipes Hook. (Convolvulaceae)

Ijalamu, Uvimbukhalo
[0.13] [0.05] P175
Uboqo6, Ubhoqo1, 10, Umaholwana4, Uvimbukhalo1, 6, 10
Uses at Amandawe: The roots it is used to empty the overflowing gall (PUNCH); A hot
infusion of the leaves and the roots is used as a compress to treat inflammation
(MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley,
2006.
Zulu uses: Roots are used in enemas administered treat dysentery (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962, Walker, 1996). It is used as a protective charm for cattle against people
who interferes with cattle (Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996). Roots are also used as
love charm emetics, as protective or fertility charms by smoking fields and as protective
charms against lightning (Gerstner, 1939). The roots and stems are used to treat blood
and skin diseases such as syphilis (Pujol, 1990). It is also used to induce vomiting in

218
case of over excretion of bile and to calm pain of the womb caused by the gynaecological
diseases (Pujol, 1990).
Other uses: The root is used by the Manyika people as a love and good luck charm
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Walker, 1996). Roots are eaten raw (Pooley, 2006). It
is used to treat dysentery, sores, hiccups and as a charm against lightning (Pooley,
2006).

198. Ipomoea pellita Hallier f. (Convolvulaceae)

Uvimbukhalo
[0.16] [0.05] P176
Ibhoqo10, 22, Uboqo6, Ubhoqo1
Uses at Amandawe: The tubers are used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (SHEZ);
unspecified plant parts are used to treat impotence (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: Tubers are used as a love charm emetic, fertility or protective charm by
smoking fields and as protective charm against lightning (Gerstner, 1939).
Other uses: It is used in South Africa to treat coughs (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
It is a famine food (Pooley, 2006). It is used as a love and protective charm against
lightning (Pooley, 2006).

199. Jasminum multipartitum Hochst. (Oleaceae)

Umalala, Untumbana
[0.41] [0.54] P177
Ihlolenkosazane1, 6, 10, 22, Imfohlafohlane1, 10, 22, Isandla senkosikazi1, 6,10,22,23,
Isilonkosikazi10, uSwazi22
Uses at Amandawe: The twigs and leaves infusion is used to put a crying baby to
sleep. The infusion is administered as a bath and as an enema (JZ, NOMV,
MRMAD, ZNK, MYS, PUCH, MADLAMINI, NDU, MAKAS, ZCEL, PUNCH, SHEZ,
BMHL, ZNGD, MAMBA, BKHW, MKH); The infusion of the leaves and twigs is taken
as a bath after having perfomed ukugcaba, probably works as an antiseptic for the
freshly made body incisions (MRMAD); The leaves of this plant are crushed and
applied on the opening of the boils to hasten the ripening of boil. After the boil has
fully ripened, it is then squeezed until all the pus especially the blackish brown
material comes out. Failure to get this material will lead to the boils spreading all
over the body (MSANI); This plant is used medicinally and administered by steaming for
an unspecified ailment (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: The roots are an ingredient in love charm emetic (Hulme, 1954). Fruits are
eaten (Gerstner, 1938).

219
Other uses: Fruits eaten as famine food (Pooley, 2006). It is used as a love charm
emetic and to make a fragrant bath and a pot-pourri (Pooley, 2006).

200. Juncus effusus L. (Juncaceae)

Incema, Inxopho
[0.05] [0.05] P178, Mhlongo 4
Icena22, Umcema10
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are an ingredient in the mixtures prepared to ease
childbirth (JZ); The roots and the lower parts of the culms are used to treat
sexually transmitted diseses in females (NDU).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used by the Malay to treat venereal problems (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).

201. Juncus krausii Hochst. (Juncaceae)

Incema
Not in the matrix P376
Incema1, 7, 30
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are an ingredient in the mixtures prepared to ease
childbirth (JZ); The roots and the lower parts of the culms are used to treats
sexually transmitted diseses in females (NDU).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Zulu people weave sleeping mats from these plants (Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000).
Other uses: This plant is used in weaving beer strainers, mats and making twine
(Pooley, 2005; Cunningham and Terry, 2006).

202. Juncus lomatophyllus Spreng. (Juncacae)

No names recorded
Not in the matrix P377
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat venereal diseases, especially
discharge in females (ANON, ANON).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.

220
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

203. Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. (Crassulaceae)

Inyathelo, Umvuthuza
[0.76] [0.73] P180
Umvuthuza3, 15
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this succulent plant are used as a poultice to
treat inflammation on swollen feet (MYS, ZNK, CHNDL); The leaves are used to
treat lice infestation (JHLO, MAKAS, MRMAD, JZ, ZADL, TMSO, JB, PHEW, PUNCH,
PB, SHEZ, TNGW, BMKH, BKHW, NOMV, MUN, DLAMINI, MBUTHO, MSANI,
REVDUM, the leaf decoction is administered as an emetic and by steaming NDU);
The leaves are used to treat socery inflicted lice. It is mixed with ucadolo- Bidens
pilosa, nsangwana, ubhici Lantana camara, intuma enkulu-Solanum aculeastrum,
Nicotiana tabacum leaves and camphor block (ZNGD); [This plant is used to treat the
symptoms of amalumbo (ZNGD)]; This plant is used to treat toothache (MAKAS).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; De Wet et al., 2012; De Wet et
al., 2013.
Zulu uses: The people of Maputaland use the leaves of this plant together with the
leaves of Senecio serratuloides to treat shingles (De Wet et al., 2013), gonnorhoea (De
Wet et al., 2012).
Other uses: The Sotho chew raw root or snuff powdered root to treat colds (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

204. Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae)

Umvongose, Umvongothi
[0.03] [0.03] P183
Ibelelendlovu2,3,6,10,23, iBelendlovu20,22, uMbhongoyi22, Umvongothi2,3,6,10,20,22,26,
umFingothi22, umFongote23, Umfongothi6,10,11,22, Umbongothi2,6, Umvungutha2,3,
Umvunguta6,10,20, (umVunguta20), (umVongothi20,22), Umzingula6, umzungulu 23
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat swollen testicles
(MYS).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Hulme, 1954; Palmer and Pitman, 1972b;
Pooley, 1993; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon, 2010; Corrigan
et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012; De Wet, 2013; De Wet and Ngubane, 2014; Nciki et al.,
2016
Zulu uses: Powdered dried fruit is used as a dressing for ulcers, syphilis and rheumatism
(Palmer and Pitman, 1972b). Fruit is also used to treat acne (Pooley, 1993). Fruit and
ground bark decoction are administered as enemas to children with stomach ailments
(Hutchings et al., 1996). Fruit infusions were traditionally used as protective war charm
(Hulme, 1954). Unspecified parts are used as purgatives (Gerstner, 1938; Boon, 2010)

221
and in cosmetic (Boon, 2010), to treat sores and ulcers (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).
Fruits are used to syphilis, ulcers and sores (Boon, 2010). Roots used to give bright
yellow dye (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). The tree is used as a protective charm against
evil spirits and the fruit of a growing tree is used for penis enlargement (Corrigan et al.,
2010). The bark is used to treat sores and sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al.,
2012; De Wet, 2013). The bark and fruits are used in treating ringworms and for
cicatrisation of new surgical incisions (De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016). People of
Maputaland use the bark in treating gynaecological and obstetrics ailments (De Wet and
Ngubane, 2014).
Other uses: Vhavhenda use the fruit for penis enlargement (Mabogo, 1990). Roots
produce yellow dye (Cunningham and Terry, 2006).

205. Lagenaria sphaerica (Sond.) Naudin (Cucurbitaceae)

Inthsungu, Iselwa lentaba
Not in the matrix P379
Iselwa-lamakhosi6, 19, 22, Uselwa4, 6, 19, 22, Uthangazane6, 22, Uthangazane olukhulu6, 19
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to sedate patients (MYS);
Unspecified plant parts are used to lower the high blood pressure (BMKH).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Bryant, 1966; Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: Leaf infusion together with those of Bidens pilosa are used to treat stomach
pains (Bryant, 1966; Walker, 1996). Root decoction treat swelling believed to be the
results of blood disorders (Hulme, 1954). Fruits are used in ceremonies after the death of
the chief (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The Xhosa use the fruit as an ingredient in treating glandular swellings
(Hutchings, 1989).

206. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)

Izimbici zesalukazi, Ubhici
[0.11] [0.11] P184
Ubukhwebezane1, 10, Uguguvama10, Umphema10, Uthswalabentaba10, 14
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used to treat isithakathi in
babies. The infusion is administered as an enema (MYS, BMHL, PB) This plant is
an ingredient in treating lice reputed to be inflicted through socery (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Parts of this plant are used to treat colds and coughs in West Africa (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Reputed to be toxic to stock and children after eating it
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is grown for ornamental purpose and as hedge
(Boon, 2010).

222
207. Lantana rugosa Thunb. (Verbenaceae)
Ubukhwebezane
[0.11] [0.24] P185
(Impema1), Iphema17, Ubukhwebezane1,6,17,22, Ubukwelezane 17, Ubungungundwane1,17,
Uguguvama1,6,17,22, Umkhukhuthwane1, Umphema1,6,22, Umqhebezane 17, Utshwala
benyoni1, (uThswalabentaka22)
Uses at Amandawe: The roots of this shrub are used in the preparation of umuthi
omhlophe which is used after umuthi obovu (JB, ZNK, MYS, MRGUMEDE, ANON);
A warm leaf infusion is used to treat fever in babies. It is administered as an enema
and as a bath (BKHW); The roots of this plant are an ingredient in the preparation
of umhlabelo which is administered to help speed up the bone reformation incase
of a broken or fractured bone (MBUTHO, MRMAD); The root mixture is used to rid
off idliso lentando -a love portion administered with food. The mixture is
administered as an emetic and the idliso is ejected through the mouth (MYS); The
roots are used to treat heartburn (MRS MADLALA).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: Edible fruits are used as famine food by the Zulu people (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). In order to treat abdominal problems in young children, a powdered
root infused with milk is administered as an enema (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Powdered root milk infusions are administered to young children as enema for abdominal
complaints (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: The Pedi people use it to treat coryza by snuffing crushed leaves or by
using a cold leaf infusion as a nasal douche (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The
Kwenas and Tswana people use it to treat ovarian problems by taking a root decoction
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Xhosa use it to treat sore eyes using a leaf paste and
festering sores using as a paste made from the leaf and stem (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Basotho from Basutoland use it as a charm to enhance crops to ripen
early, by burning the early fruiting trees the smoke is believed to ripen the fruits (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Fruits are mixed with sour milk by the Swazi people and eaten
by children in the Transkei (Rose and Guillarmod, 1974), the Bushmen (Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982) and as famine food in Malawi (Williamson, 1972).

208. Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt Davy var. kraussianus (Thymelaeaceae)

Impevu, Umsila wengwe, Umsilawengwe obovu, Umahedeni
[0.49] [0.43] P186
Imfukuzane1,22,25, Imfuzane1,4,6,11,6,25, Imvuzane 6, Inhlashane6,25, Isidikili1,11,6,25,
Umsilawengwe4,11,6,22,25, Usondelangange24
Uses at Amandawe: Roots and leaves are used to improve fertility and sexual
perfomance in men, it is administered as an enema (REVDUM); Roots and leaves
are used to treat impeshwana pinworms. It is administered as an enema (MSANI);

223
[This plant is used medicinally and administered as an enema when one is not feeling
well (CHNDL, JZ, BKHW, NOMV, JHLO, DSHA, ZADL)]; A root infusion is used to treat
lower back problems by administering it as an enema (ZNK); [A root decoction is
administered as an emetic to boost immune sytem and to clear the stomach (ZNGD)]; A
root decoction is administered as an enema to treat lower back problems as well
as cleansing the back (BMKH, REVDUM, DLAMINI, MBUTHO); This plant is used as
umhlabelo to facilitate bone recovery (MUN, it is mixed with beef and its gravy
umhluzi and administered as soup ZNGD); The roots are used to remove idliso
(MYS, it is cooked with milk and drank frequently in small portions and then
through induced vomiting the poison is ejected orally MAKAS); Roots and leaves
are used to flush the stomachs of babies suspected to have a lot of undigested
milk in their stomachs. It is admimintered as an enema (ZCEL).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938;1941; Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962; Gelfand, et al., 1985; Cunningham, 1988; Veale, et al., 1992; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: Strong enemas made from root extracts are administered for stomach
complaints and scrofula (Gerstner, 1938). It is used as an ingredient in the infusion used
to ease childbirth (Gerstner, 1941). Root decoctions or infusions are taken for chest
complaints, lumbago, sore throat, and snakebite (Gerstner, 1939, Hulme, 1954). Roots
are taken for bile and in milk decoctions for backache and stomach sores (Cunningham,
1988). Root bark decoction is used by the Zulu and the Swati people for blood purification
and to treat boils (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: Crushed rhizome used as fish poison in Zimbabwe, Malawi and further north
(Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is used during pregnancy to ensure easy childbirth as
well as to treat, chest and stomach complaints, lumbago, toothache, fractured limb and
snakebite (Pooley, 2005).

209. Ledebouria floribunda (Baker) Jessop (Hyacinthaceae)

Ikhambi lezingane, Iscociso, Umababaza, Umbola, Umbola wentaba,
Umayihlandlana, Unhlangothi wentaba, Untanganazibomvana, Uthangazane
[0.61] [0.78] P187
Icubudwana4, Isikholokotho1
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb is used to treat skin problems (REVDUM); [This plant
is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (MYS, ZCEL, it is administered as an
emetic and by steaming MAMBA)]; The root decoction is used as a tonic taken orally
by a pregnant women whose date of giving birth has passed (TMSO); The bulb is
used to help the umbilical cord heal faster (PHEW); A bulb decoction is
administered to newborn babies as a drink to get rid of the thick saliva injengezime
(NOMV); The bulb decoction is administered to children with diarrhoea (MNQO);
This plant is used as an anthelmintic and administered as an enema (MAMBA); The
bulb is used to treat a babies sickness called isithakathi (NDU, MSANI, JZ, BMHL,
SGAM, ZNK, “ingane ezelwe ikhipha intambo” MAKAS); The bulb is used to heal a
babies sickness called inyoni (BMHL, DSHA); A bulb decoction is used as a tonic

224
for children (ZNGD, SHEZ, MBUTHO, PUNCH, BMKH); The bulb decoction is used
to relieve abnormal abdominal problems and swellings in children ibhudluza
izingane (TNGW); This plant is used to destroy or neutralize poison that has been
taken in with food (DLAMINI); This plant is used to calm down iqunga the temper
on people who have probably used intelezi that works as ikhubalo and did not
cleanse it off (MBUTHO); The decoction of the bulb is used as an imbiza, it is
administered as an enema (MUN); This plant is used to treat amahlaba internal
body pains in babies (BMHL, a bulb decoction is administered to children orally as
a tonic BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 2005; Walker 1996.
Zulu uses: The bulb infusion is used to promote good growth for a pregnant mother and
baby (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine (Pooley, 2006).

210. Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop (Hyacinthaceae)

Ikhambi lezingane, Imbiza yezingane, Intelezi, Umababaza, Umayihlandlana,
Umbola, Unhlangothi wentaba, Untangana zibomvana
[0.61] [0.65] P188
Icubudwana1, 6, 10, Untangana ombomvu22, 25, Untangana zibomvu1, 6, 10, 25
Uses at Amandawe: [This plant is used medicinally for unspecified ailment (MYS,
ZCEL)]; The root decoction is used as a tonic taken orally by a pregnant women
whose date of giving birth has passed (TMSO); The bulb is used to help the
umbilical cord heal faster (PHEW); A bulb decoction is administered to newborn
babies as a drink to get rid of the thick saliva injengezime (NOMV); The bulb
decoction is administered to children with diarrhoea (MNQO); This plant is used as
an anthelmintic and administered as an enema (MAMBA); The bulb is used to treat
a babies sickness called isithakathi (NDU, MSANI, JZ, JB, “ingane ezelwe ikhipha
intambo” MAKAS); The bulb is used to heal a babies sickness called inyoni (BMHL,
ZNK, DSHA); A bulb decoction is used as a tonic for children (ZNGD, SHEZ,
MBUTHO, PUNCH, BMKH); The bulb decoction is used to relieve abnormal
abdominal problems and swellings in children ibhudluza izingane (TNGW); This
plant is used to destroy or neutralize poison that has been taken in with food
(DLAMINI); The decoction of the bulb is used as imbiza, it is administered as an enema
(MUN); This plant is used to treat amahlaba internal body pains in babies (BMHL, a
bulb decoction is administered to children orally as a tonic BKHW “pheka
izinhlamvu phuzisa ingane iphunge”).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: The bulbs are used in enemas for gastro-enteritis and in medicines for
influenza and backache or rubbed on female breasts at puberty to make them grow
(Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine to treat flu, diarrhoea and backache
(Pooley, 2006).

225
211. Ledebouria petiolata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt (Hyacinthaceae)
Ikhambi lezingane, Imbiza yezingane, Umayihlandlana, Umbola, U-anyanisi
[0.55] [0.76] P189
Injobo6, 23, Ucibicibane6, 10, 22, 23
Uses at Amandawe: A bulb infusion is administered orally to newborn babies as a tonic
after birth (MYS, MAKAS, ZNK, ZNGD)]; A bulb infusion is administered to babies as an
enema for an unspecified ailment (ZCEL); A hot bulb infusion is used as an anti-
inflammatory (MSANI); A bulb infusion is used to treat isela, isilonda, isithakathi
(PB, MNQO, SHEZ, TNGW, BMKH, BKHW, NOMV, DSHA, MBUTHO, PUNCH, ZCEL);
A bulb infusion is used to ease childbirth (TMSO).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Cold bulb infusions are warmed and used as enemas to children with
stomach problems (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: In the Transkei the bulb infusions are used to purge infants suffering the
sickness called ipletyi (Hutchings et al., 1996)

212. Ledebouria revoluta (L. f.) Jessop (Hyacinthaceae)

Ikhambi lezingane, (Unhlangothi wabafo)
[0.66] [0.49] P190
Icubudwane1, 5, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb is used medicinally (SHEZ), The bulb is used
medicinally and administered as an emetic (ZADL, MUN, MNQO); The bulb is used
to treat various baby sicknesses especially raised body temperature (it is
administered as an enema MYS, JB, JZ, BMHL, BKHW, a bulb decoction is
administered orally MKH, DSHA); The bulb is used to treat sickness called isilonda
in babies (TNGW); The bulb is used to treat a sickness that affects babies called
isithakathi, the mixture is administered orally (ZNK, NDU, PUNCH, ZNGD); The bulb
used to destroy or neutralize poison that has been taken in with food (DLAMINI,
NOMV).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988, Pooley, 2006; De Wet, 2013; De Wet et al.,
2013.
Zulu uses: Medicine made from the bulb is used as an enema to treat children
(Cunningham, 1988). The bulb is used to treat ringworms (De Wet, 2013). The bulb used
together with the bulb of Hypoxis hemerocallidea, it is used to treat ringworm (De Wet et
al., 2013).
Other uses: Sotho people use it as a charm against lightning and lumbago, while the
Xhosa use it to treat gall sickness in animals and the Tswana use it for skin problems like
wounds and wounds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Pooley, 2006).

226
213. Leobordea corymbosa (E.Mey.) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. (Fabaceae)
Umhlambululo
Not in the matrix P380
Imamatheka 6,19, Incinci 4,6,19,22, Inhlamvusenhla6,19,22 Umabelebuce 6,19,22,24,
Umamatheka 6,19,22, Umhlambuluka, (UmHlambululi22), (uMhloboluku22),
Umhlambululo6,19, (Sinini sentaba4)
Uses at Amandawe: The root has an appetising effect, which is a benefit of eating
it (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: The Zulu people dry the whole plant into powder mixing it with corn and
maize seeds during sowing as a charm to ensure healthy crops (Walker, 1996). Roots
are used for women who have lost their suckling babies (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). It is
also used as a love charm (Hutchings et al., 1996), and in traditional medicine
(Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

214. Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. (Lamiaceae)

Umunyane, Utshwala benyoni, Utshwala bencwincwi, Uthswala benyoni obuncane
[0.08] [0.14] P190
Imfincamfincane10,22, Imunyamunyane10,23,25, Imunyane2,10,11, Isichathabantwana9,
Umfincamfincane2,25, Umcwili2,10,25,22, Utshwala-bezinyoni2,10,22,23,25, Umunyane4,6,9,22,
Umunyamunya6
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to clear congested nasals (MYS, PUNCH);
Unspecified plant parts are used as a purgative to empty the overflowing gall and
administered as a hot tonic (MYS); This plant is used to treat coughs (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996; Forbes, 1986;
Smith, 1966; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Pooley, 2006; Rood,
2008; Van Wyk, 2008; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: It is used medicinally as an enema on children (Cunningham, 1988). Stem
and leaf infusion is used to treat coughs and colds in humans and in stock administered
orally or as an enema (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). Aerial parts are
used to treat indigestion (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), the roots treat snakebite
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), and a cold leaf infusion is administered into the nasal
to relieve feverish headache (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Decoction is sprinkled
around the kraal to prevent snakes (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Zulu and Xhosa
use the leaf to treat snakebite (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Walker, 1996) and the
cold leaf infusion as a nasal douche to treat headache and fever (Walker, 1996).
Other uses: Xhosa people use the leaf infusion with Clutia hirsuta to treat gall sickness
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Europeans use the plant heads decoction to

227
relieve cardiac asthma and it is smoked to treat epilepsy (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). In Natal, it is used to treat green and yellow diarrhoea in fowls (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The Khoi-San people use this plant to treat snakebite (Van Wyk, 2008).

215. Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. (Lamiaceae)

Umagumede
[1.00] [1.30] P191
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: An infusion of the aerial parts is used to treat nasal
congestion, it is administered as drops into the nasals (SGAM, it is administered
as an emetic MAMBA); Leaves and twigs are used to treat stomuch cramps (it is
administered as an enema/taken orally/as an emetic MADLAMINI, it is administered
as an emetic MNQO, MAMBA); Leaves and twigs are used to treat fever (SGAM, KV,
MYS, MSANI, DLAMINI, REVDUM, MBUTHO, MAMDUMA); Leaves and twigs are
used to treat a babies sickness called isela/umkhondo (it is administered as an
enema JHLO, TNGW, MGOZ, CHNDL, it is administered as an metic/enema BMHL),
(it is administered as an enema DSHA), it is administered as a hot tonic MRS
MADLALA); This plant is used to treat feverish flu (MYS, ZNK, TMBA, PHEW, SHEZ,
TNGW, NDU, BKHW, NOMV, MGOZ, CHNDL, BMHL). This plant is used to treat all
ailments (MAKAS); This plant is used to treat chest ulcers (ZNK, JZ, ZADL); This
plant is used to relieve headache (MRMAD, TMBA); This plant is used to treat
whooping cough umpenge (JZ); This plant is used to treat lethargy/drowsiness
(JB); This herb is used to relieve backaches (PHEW, SUKD, ZNGD); The leaves and
twigs are used to treat gall sickness (BMHL, MSANI); This plant is used as a tonic
to cleanse some of the body systems (ZADL); This plant is used to treat a sickness
diagnosed by deficating loose watery stools especially in babies (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

216. Linum thunbergii Eckl. & Zeyh. (Linaceae)

Umashiqolo
Not in the matrix P436
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: [A warm infusion made from the whole plant it is used to
empty overflowing gall or treat gall sicknesses, it is administered as an emetic
(BMHL, MYS, PB, ZNK, LBHE, JABULANI, NUNUZA, STHEMBISO)].
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: This plant is used for blood purification (Hulme, 1954; Hutchings et al., 1996).

228
Other uses: The Sotho people use this plant in treating pains, snakebite, fever, as a
blood purifier as well as a protective charm for the homestead (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon, 2010).

217. Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. (Verbenaceae)

Umsuzwane
[0.96] [0.32] P192
Impishimpishi9, Insuzwane10,20,22, (inSuzwane20,22), (umSozwane20), Umswazi1,3,6,
Umsuzwane1,3,8,11,6,15,17,20
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat eye-related problems (NOMV); [The
leaves are used to relieve congested nasals, they are crushed and inhaled (JZ)];
Unspecified plant parts are an ingredient in mixtures made to treat wounds (PB);
This plant is used to treat the symptoms of umeqo (JB); A hot infusion made from the
leaves and twigs is used to treat inflamation (BMHL); This plant is used in treating
flu (REVDUM); Unspecified parts of this shrub are used as a mild sedative for
“hysteria/shock” after a death of a family member (REVDUM); Unspecified plant
parts are used medicinally as an emetic (DSHA, BKHW); Crushed leaves are inhaled to
treat headache, probably the fresh leaves (MNQO, JB, ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Smith, 1966; Doke and
Vilakazi, 1972; Gelfand et al., 1985; Roberts, 1990; Hutchings and Van Staden, 1994;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2006; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000;
Ngwenya et al. 2004; Van Wyk et al., 2009; De Wet et al., 2010; York et al., 2012; De
Wet, 2013; De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: The leaves used to gather with other plants are used to treat sores (De Wet
et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016). This plant is used in treating respiratory problems (York et
al., 2012). The leaves are used to treat diarrhoea and sores (De Wet et al., 2010; De
Wet, 2013). The leaves are used in treating hypertention by the people of Maputaland
(De Wet et al., 2016). Leaves and roots relieve colds and flu symptoms, coughs, painful
muscles, fever, sore throat, tonsillitis, runny nose, chest pains, blocked nose, fatique, ear
ache and sleeplessness (York et al., 2011). Hot leaf infusions are used for coughs and
colds, administered by steaming and by drinking (Hutchings et al., 1996). Leaves are also
used to treat febrile rashes and as protection against dogs and crocodiles (Doke and
Vilakazi, 1972), they are also used as washes and poultices for chest ailments (Roberts,
1990). Poultices from the leaves are also applied to warm up the lower limbs (Hutchings
et al., 1996). Leaf infusion taken orally to treat gangrenous recites, measles, urticaria and
rashes (Hutchings et al., 1996). The leaves are used for cleansing during grave digging
and after attending the funeral, they are rubbed and inhaled to treat headache and the
whole plant is used as a protective charm against evil by sprinkling the (Ngwenya et al.,
2004). Leaves are chewed and spat around the body for protection against lightning,
while the branch is placed inside the hut against lightning (Ngwenya et al., 2004). The
whole plant is used medicinally administered as an enema and as an emetic (Ngwenya et
al., 2004). The smoke of burnt leaves is used as a mosquito repellent (Corrigan et al.,
2010).

229
Other uses: The Xhosa use it to disinfect anthrax-infected meat (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The Masai make a red ointment used to decorate the body (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Lobedu stuff the nose with crumpled leaf to stop nasal
haemorrhage and colds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The leaves and stems are
used as tea by the Xhosa people and the people from Transkei (Rose and Guillarmod,
1974).

218. Loxostylis alata A.Spreng. ex Rchb. (Anacardiaceae)

Umphenduli, Umpendulo
Not in the matrix P437
Isibhara2, 28, Ufutho2, 28, Ufuthu2, 28
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used in treating various skin problems (REVDUM);
The bark is an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu (MYS, VCHLZ)
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Both the bark and leaves are used medicinally (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The bark and leaves are both used to ease childbirth (Hutchings et al.,
1996) and to boost the immune system (Boon, 2010).

219. Macaranga capensis (Baill.) Sim (Euphorbiaceae)

Umphumeleli, (Umpumelelo)
Not in the matrix P381
Iphubane6,1,29,22, Iphumela6,19, Umbhongabhonga6,22, Umfongamfomga6.19,
Imfongomfongo6, (iPhumela20), (uBhangubhangu22), (uMbhengele22), (umFongafonga22),
(umFongomfongo20), (Umompumelelo6,22), (Umphumelela6), Umphumelele6,19,22
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used medicinally for an unspecified
ailment (CHNDL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990.
Zulu uses: Bark is used for skin diseases that include sunburn (Pujol, 1990).
Other use: In Tanganyika, the plant is used in treating bilharzias (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).

220. Maesa lanceolata Forssk. (Maesaceae)

Isidende, (Uguqu)
[0.22] [0.24] P193
inHlamvubele23, Ihlamvubele22, Indende2,3,10,22, Isidende23, Isidenda2,9,6,22, Isithende6,
Umaguqu 2,9,10,23,28, Ubhoqobhoqo3,6, Uhlamvubele3,6,28, Uphongaphonga2, 3,6,20,22,

230
Umalunguzalazikakhona2,9, (Uqupu6, 10,22), Uququ6,10,22, Umaququ6,22,28,
Uphophopho6,10,22, Uphongaphongo10, uPongaponga23,28, uPopopo 23
Uses at Amandawe: The fruits of this plant are used to deworm humans (MYS, TMSO,
ZADL, REVDUM the pips mixed with ugobho- Gunnera perpensa and benzene ZNGD);
This shrub is used to treat human inflicted worms contracted from umeqo. The
flower is cooked, strained and the mixture is drunk as isphungo a hot tonic ZNK);
A root decoction administered as an emetic with the aim to purify blood
(REVDUM); This plant is an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu
(MAKAS); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat inflammation as a compress
(MSANI); This plant is used to treat a sickness called isela in babies where it is
administered as an enema (MNQO).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Powdered whole fruit or seed are used as an anthelmitic (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Root decoction is used as emetic to treat biliousness (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996) and the fruit as an anthelmintic for both animals
and humans (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Fruits are ground, mixed with milk and
given to a child to remove ringworms and the roots are used for steaming and induced
vomiting to remove pimples (Ngwenya et al., 2004). The roots are used as an emetic to
clear phlegm izindede, acne, pimples and also used in mixtures for pleading the idlozi to
focus on the user. (Ngwenya et al. 2004).
Other uses: Xhosa use it as a taenifuge (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Ripe fruit is
used to treat guinea worm (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), sore throat, cramps in the
abdomen and the root treats jaundice (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Masai use the
bark to make a simulative beverage (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

221. Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke (Malvaceae)

Uvemvane
Not in the matrix P383
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are crushed, infused with water and used aas a
headwash to remove dendruff (JHLO, MYS, REVDUM, PHEW, BMHL, BKHW,
MSANI, THOBE, MYS, MADLAMINI, MBUTHO, MNQO, PB, ZNK, NDU, ZADL,
PUNCH, CHND, NINI, MANGIDI, SPHIWE, MUN, ZCEL); The roots stems and leaves
are used to treat heartburn (REVDUM, BMHL, PHEW, BKHW); The roots are used to
improve the sperm quality (REVDUM, PUNCH); The leaves are cooked and eaten by
men to replenish and enhance sperm production (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

222. Mangifera indica L (Anacardiaceae)

Umango

231
Not in the matrix P384
Umango15
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant is used to get rid of idliso, it is
administered as an emetics (BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Masud Parvez, 2016
Zulu uses: The leaves of this plant are used by the people of Maputaland to treat
diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010).
Other uses: All plant parts are used medicinally to treat the following: (inflammation,
constipation, calonorrhagia, pneumorrhagia, syphilis, wounds, vomiting, menorrhoea,
bleeding piles and diarrhoea), (dried ashed leaves are used against throat diseases,
chronic dysentery dyspepsia, anaemia, heartburn and ulcers among other ailments
(Masud Parvez, 2016). Mango is one of the prominent commercially important fruit
(Tharanathan et al, 2006).

223. Maytenus peduncularis Loes (Celastraceae)

Inqayi, Inqayi elimnyama
[0.03] [0.03] P194
(InQai23), [inqayi 23], Inqayi elimnyama2, 22, Umnqayi2, 20, 23, 25, (umNqayi20, 22, 23)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used medicinally and
administered as a tonic (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002; Pooley, 2013.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The wood is used to make fighting stick and other household utensils (Boon,
2010; Pooley, 2013).

224. Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae)

Umsilinga, Umhlambandlozi
[0.68] [0.30] P196
Umsilinga6, 10,14,15,22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used as an insecticide to repell mosquitos.
Some people say that the leaves attracts the mosquitos. So the branch is placed
not too far from where one is sleeping whether it is indoors or oudoords and the
mosquitos would rather sit on the leaves (ZNK, MRMAD, JZ, SGAM, ZCEL, ZNG,
PHEW, MGOZ, ZNGD, ZADL, MADLAMINI, MNQO, TNGW, NDU, the leaf infusion
may be administered as a body wash NOMV); This plant is used as a repellent
against flies and the branches are placed over meat (NOMV, SKHULUSE,
MRSMHLONGO, MKHULUSE); The cold leaf infusion is taken orally to treat various
stomuch problems (MYS, MAKAS, MSANI, REVDUM) ; The leaves are is used to stop

232
diarrhoea (TMSO); This plant is used to treat stomach cramps. The leaf infusion is
administered as an enema DLAMINI, the bark is used MUN, it is administered to
babies as an enema MAMBA); The leaves are used to deworm people. In the case
where worms come out orally, the leaf infusion is drunk to force the worms to come out
through the anus or rectally (DLAMINI, MSANI, PUNCH, BMKH, BMHL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Singh and Maheshwari, 1983;
Oliver-Bever, 1986; Johns et al., 1990; Manandhar, 1991; Rasoanaivo et al. 1992;
Russo,1992; Hutchings et al., 1996; De Wet et al., 2010.
Zulu uses: A cold leaf infusion is used for abdominal pains, as an anthelmintic, as an
anti-inflammatory and for epileptic patients (Hutchings et al., 1996). The leaves are used
to treat diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010).
Other uses: Bark paste and leaves are used as an anthelmitic, against rheumatism, the
leaves are used as diuretics, emmenagogues against gout while the flower poultices are
used for lice and skin diseases in Nepal (Singh and Maheshwari, 1983; Manandhar,
1991). Cooked leaves are eaten for headaches by the Quichua of the Ecuadorian
Amazon (Russo, 1992).

225. Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta (Hyacinthaceae)

Ichile, Ichiya, Inguduza, Untabosizi, Untangana zibomvana
[0.18] [0.30] P197
Ichitha1,6,10,25, Imbizenkulu1,6,10,22,25, Inguduza1,4,6,10,22,25, Ubulika1,6,25
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb is used medicinally as imbiza (SHEZ, MYS, MBUTHO);
The bulb is used as a protective charm intelezi which destroys any foreign
substances in the body, it is administered as an enema (BKHW); The bulb infusion
is used for general cleansing of the body systems, and administered as an enema
(PB); The bulb is boiled with milk and administered as an enema to treat impotence
(DLAMINI); The bulb decoction is used to help relax stiff muscles, it administered
as an enema (REVDUM); The bulb is used to treat a sickness called inyoni that
affects babies (BMKH); The bulb is used to treat lower abdominal problems. (The
concoction of the bulb together the bulb of Crinum maccowani is used DZA), (The
concoction includes the roots of Euclea sp umshekisane CHLZ); The bulb used
together with Albizia adianthifolia, Searsia species, Elephantorrhiza elephantina
and Hypoxis hemerocallidea are used for blood regeneration after one has lost
blood or is in need of blood (DZA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Gerstner, 1941; Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings, 1989; Hutchings.et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996;
Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: Bulb decoctions are used as enemas for children and adults and are
administered orally to cattle (Gerstner, 1938). They are also used as purgatives and as
ingredients in infusions taken during pregnancy to facilitate easy delivery (Gerstner,
1941). Dried ground leaves are given to a child who is late in walking (Hulme, 1954). The

233
bulb is believed to be used by the umthakathi (sorcerer's familiars) to produce strife in the
kraal or family (Gerstener, 1939).
Other uses: Powdered bulb used by the Sotho to treat scarification over sprains and
fractures (Walker, 1996) while the Tswana use it as a protective charm against witchcraft
by rubbing it on the back and joints (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

226. Mesembryanthemum cordifolium L.f. (Mesembryanthemaceae)

Ibohlololo
[0.92] [0.95] P198
Ibohlolo22, Ibohlololo6, 22, umjuluka6, 22, ungcolozi6, 22, uncolozi-omncane6, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat a venereal ailment called ukubhajwa
(DLAMINI, MYS); The aerial parts of this plant are to treat inflamation and are
administered as a compress (MYS, JHLO, MAKAS, ZNK, ZCEL, TMSO, JZ, PUNCH, JB,
PB, SUKD, MADL, SHEZ, TNGW, BMKH, NDU, BKHW, NOMV, MUN, MGOZ, CHNDL,
MAMBA, BMHL, DSHA, ZNGD, ZADL, PHEW, DLAMINI, REVD, MSANI, MBUTHO);
This plant is used medicinally and the infusion is administered as an emetic (TMBA);
Crushed leaves are applied onto the freshly made body incisions made for imithi
yamadoda, it probably works as an antiseptic (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962; Vilakazi, 1972; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: This plant is used as a poultice and as an enema for babies (Gerstner, 1938),
as love charm, as a protective charm against sorcery and counteracts perspiration
(Gerstner, 1941; Vilakazi, 1972). The leaves are used in treating inflammation, painful
joints (Hutchings et al., 1996)
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

227. Microglossa mespilifolia (Less.) B.L.Rob. (Asteraceae)

Ikhambi lesduli, Ikhambi elimhlophe, Umazambezi
[0.80] [1.32] P199
Ikhambi lwentwala1,6,10,22, Ikhambi lesiduli1,4,10,22, Indlondlo1,4,6,10,22, Umdlonzo6,10,22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat back related problems (ZNK), it is
also used to treat back pains and administered as an enema (MSANI); Leaves and
twigs are used to treat stomach cramps (DLAMINI); An infusion of the leaves and
twigs is used to treat measles and body rash in children (it is administerd to
children as a bath BMHL, CHNDL, SGAM, JHLO, NDU, BKHW, NOMV, KV, MRMAD,
JB), (it is administered as an emetic and mixed with red clay soil ibovu it is applied
on the body PHEW, MRMAD, JB), (it is administered as an enema PUNCH, NDU), (it
is administerd as an enema when mixed with Catharanthus roseus MADL), (it is
mixed with anthill soil and applied all over the body MBUTHO), (it is mixed with
goat droppings and applied directly on to the body JZ); This plant is used to treat

234
sores umzib'omubi (the infusion is administered as a bath PUNCH, BKHW, MYS,
ZNGD), (it is administered as an enema to children with sores ZADL), (it is
administered as an enema JZ); The leaves and twigs are used to treat measeles
(MYS, REVDUM, SUKD, KV); This plant is used to treat chickenpox (JB); The leaves
are used to treat fever in children and administerd as an enema (MGOZ, MSANI); The
leaves are used to treat a sickness called isithakathi in babies (NOMV); A leaf
infusion is used to treat bodyitch umbabane (MNQO); A leaf infusion is used to
treat scabies (MNQO); A hot leaf infusion is administered by steaming as a skin
cleanser (ZNK); The leaves are used to relieve constipation in babies and children
(TMSO); The leaves are crushed and inhaled to relieve congested nasals (BKHW,
MUN); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat impotence (MSANI); A leaf infusion
is used to treat “drop“a venereal disese in men. The penis is washed with the cold
leaf infusion and some droplets are released into the urethra (MSANI); The infusion
made from the leaves and twigs is oftenly administered as an enema to purify and
cleanse the blood and at anytime when one feels unwell (DSHA, BMKH, JZ); This
plant is used medicinally for an undisclosed ailment (SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: Leaf and stem infusions are used to treat feverishness, lumps in the female
genital system (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). Infusions are used as
tonics for stock animals (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine to treat fever and as a tonic for stock animal
(Pooley, 2005).

228. Mikania natalensis DC. (Asteraceae)

Ihlozi
Not in the matrix P387
Ihlozi elimhlophe1, Ikhambi lesduli1, Umdlonzo6, 22, umhlonzo22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this plant are used to treat headaches, nasal
congestion and flu (REVDU. BKHW, MBUTHO, MBHELE, JHLO, MRSNKOMO).
Uses in the literature: Bryant, 1966; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: This plant is used to treat urinary complaints, headaches, backache, head
cold and horse sickness (Hutchings et al., 1996), venereal diseases and influenza
(Bryant, 1966).
Other uses: This plant is used to treat urinary complaints, headaches, backache, head
cold and horse sickness (Pooley, 2005).

229. Millettia grandis (E.Mey.) Skeels (Fabaceae)

Ubobolwehlathi, (Umahlaledliwa, Umfanawekhishi), Umsimbithi
[0.03] [0.03] P200
Umsimbithwa2,6,10,22,28, Umsimbithi2,6,10,18,20,22,23,28, (umSimbithi20), Umzimbiti 23

235
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used to treat flu (SGAM).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: The root with those of a Croton species, lion fat, lion bone and python fat is
burnt in the hut as a tranquilliser to dispel worries (Palmer and Pitman, 1972b).
Other uses: The Mpondo people used the beans to deworm humans (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The wood was used to make spokes, sticks and implements (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The plant has been used as fish and arrow poison (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).

230. Mimosa pudica L. (Fabaceae)

Imbune, Ulalagogo, Umalala, (Ungofanini), Uyifa
[0.05] [0.03] P201
Imbuna1, (imBhune22), Imbune6, 10, 22, Umazifisa1
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (SHEZ,
MRMAD).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988.
Zulu uses: Whole plants are used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

231. Mimusops caffra E.Mey. ex A.DC. (Sapotaceae)

Umasethole, Umasethole wasolwandle
[0.24] [0.24] P202
Idakamfene24, Umakayi17, Umagayi10, Umasethole2,10,20,22, (uMasethole20,22),
Umdakamfene10,1,22,24, Umhayihayi10,17,22,23, Umhlalankwazi10,22, Ukhakhayi10,22,28,
Umkhakhayi 18,22, uHayihayi20,28, (uMsethole22), Umnqambo2, Umnweba 17, Umnweba
wentaba6; Umnole10,22,28, Umthunzi10,17,20,22, Umyakayi 17,23, Umyagiya17, Umyagayi10,22
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu
(MYS, MAMBA, BMHL, ZNGD); A bark decoction is used medicinally and
administered as an emetic (TNGW, MSANI, DLAMINI); This plant is used to treat the
symptoms of umeqo (MBUTHO); A root mixture is administered as a tonic by men
for virility and enhanced sexual performance (ZADL).
Uses in the literature: Palmer and Pitman, 1972c; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon,
2010; De Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012.
Zulu uses: Root bark decoctions are administered as powerful enemas for back pain
(Palmer and Pitman, 1972c). The roots of this plant are used in treating sexually
transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010), gonorrhoea (De Wet et al., 2012).

236
Other uses: Roots are used medicinally and the fruits are edible (Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000). Roots used medicinally (Boon, 2010) and the timber is used for hut building
(Boon, 2010).

232. Mimusops obovata Sond. (Sapotaceae)

Umasethole
[0.11] [0.14] P203
isiPandane23, Umasethole wehathi2,22,28, Umasethole abomvu6,28, (Umasetola8 ,23),
Umhlalankwazi6; Umnole2,22,28, umNqambo20, umNweba22, Umpandane8,
Umphumbulu2,22,28, uMsethole8,22,23
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is an ingredient in preparation of “umuthi obovu”
(ZADL); The bark is used to get rid of chest phlegm. The bark decoction is mixed
with milk and water and administered as an emetic (MSANI); Unpsecified plant
parts are used to treat diarrhoea (MSANI); This plant is used to treat the symptoms
of umeqo (MBUTHO); Unspecified parts are used in the preparation of umuthi
omhlophe (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Bark infusion is used as an emetic (Hutchings, 1996).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

233. Momordica balsamina L. (Cucurbitaceae)

Intshungu
[0.76] [0.73] P204
iNshungwana1, 22, intsungu1, intshungwana yehlathi1, (inTshungu22),
(inShunguyehlathi22), umkaka1, 15
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat lower back problems, the leaf
infusion is administered as an enema (ZCEL); The leaves of this plant are used to
lower the high blood pressure (MAKAS, MRMAD, JZ, PHEW, PUNCH, BMKH, SHEZ,
TNGW, NDU, BKHW, NOMV, MUN, KV, CHNDL, MAMBA, DSHA, BMHL, ZNGD,
ZADL, JB, ZNK, TMSO, MSANI); The leaves are used to boost the immune system.
The leaf infusion is administered orally as a drink or mixed with other coocked
herbs (REVDUM); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat the sypmtoms of umeqo
where it is administered as an enema (ANON).
Uses in the literature: De Wet et al., 2013; De Wet et al., 2016; Nciki et al., 2016
Zulu uses: It is cooked as a vegetable (Gerstner, 1938; Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
This plant is used in treating hypertention by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et al.,
2016). Macerated leaves and leaf paste are used in northern Zululand to treat body rash
and ringworm infection (De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016).

237
Other uses: Sotho and Shangaan people eat the cooked leaves as spinach, while the
Thonga and the Shangaan eat both the fruit and the leaves (Fox and Norwood Young,
1982).

234. Momordica foetida Schumach. (Cucurbitaceae)

Intshungu, Intshungu yehlathi, Intshungu yezalukazi
Not in the matrix (P438)
Intshungu6, itshungu6
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this plant are used to lower the high blood pressure
(MAKAS, MRMAD, JZ, PHEW, PUNCH, BMKH, SHEZ, TNGW, NDU, BKHW, NOMV,
MUN, KV, CHNDL, MAMBA, DSHA, BMHL, ZNGD, ZADL, JB, ZNK, TMSO, MSANI);
The leaves are used to boost the immune system. The leaf infusion is administered
orally as a drink or mixed with other coocked herbs (REVDUM); Unspecified plant
parts are used to treat the sypmtoms of umeqo where it is administered as an
enema (ANON).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Watt and Breyer-Branwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: It is used in treating stomach problems (Bryant, 1966), while the roots and
leaves treat boils (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The leaves and stem treat high
blood pressure and diabetes (Hutchings et al., 1996). This plant is used as a poultice for
burns (Gerstner 1938).
Other uses: The Tonga people eat this plant (Gerstner 1938).

235. Monanthotaxis caffra Verdc. (Annonaceae)

Umadwabe, Umalidwabe, Umazwenda
[0.08] [0.19] P205
Inkonjane10,22, Isidwaba17, Ithunganhlanzi2,6,10,22, Ivumba10, Mkonjane6, Umazivenda17,
Umavumba2,6, Umaluswembe2,6,22, Umazwenda-omhlophe2,10,17,22, Umalidwabe9,
Umazwenda9,6,22, Umaliswembe10, Umazwende10, (uManzwande22), (Umgoqi
wezinhlanya22), Umgogiwezinhlanya6,9,10 Umgogowezinhlanya2,9,10,22,
(Umgoguwezinhlanya10,22), Umkhonjwane2,
Uses at Amandawe: The aromatic roots are an ingredient in the preparation of
umuthi omhlophe (PUNCH, PHEW, REVDUM, MBUTHO, CHNDL, BMHL, DLAMIN).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972.
Zulu uses: Roots are smoked for hysteria and administered as emetics for bad dreams
(Gerstner, 1941; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). Stems and roots are widely used as emetics
and used as protective charm in cattle kraals to keep cattle strong and fat (Hutchings et
al., 1996). Emetics are used as protective charms to counteract the effects of bad dreams
and as a love charm by young men used in courting (Gerstner, 1939). It is used in
treating an insane person, and the twigs are buried at the entrance of a cattle kraal to

238
protect the cattle from evil spirits (Ngwenya et.al, 2004). It is also believed that stick
made from this plant should not be used to hit a cow because it will never bear calves
and the same act will prevent any children from maturing when the time comes (Ngwenya
et.al, 2004). Fruits are eaten by the people of Ubombo in Northern KwaZulu-Natal (Fox
and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: Ripe fruits are edible (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Stems are used for
binding poles, baskets, for hut building, thatching and also used for Kosi Palm raft binding
(Boon, 2010).

236. Mondia whitei (Hook.f.) Skeels (Apocynaceae)

Umondo, Umondi
Not in the matrix P388
Umondi6, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are eaten raw to boost appetite (ZNK, SHEZ, MYS,
JHLO); The leaves are eaten to treat constipations and a bloated stomach (ZNK).
Uses in the literature: Bryant, 1941; Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Gelfand, 1985; Crouch et al., 1998; Aremu et al., 2011.
Zulu uses: The root is an ingredient in beer making (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
The roots used in stimulating appetite, treat flatulence, indigestion and stomachache
(Gerstner, 1941; Bryant, 1996).
Other uses: The Hay people use this plant as a uterine stimulant during childbirth, while
the Shambala people use it in treating fits in children (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

237. Morella serrata (Lam.) Killick (Myricaceae)

Ilethi
Not in the matrix P389
Ulethi25, Umakhuthula25, Iyethi25
Uses at Amandawe: This bitter tasting plant is used to treat ulcers.The bark
infusion with cold water is left to stand in the sun or next to the fire and
administered as a tonic (PUNCH).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The wax extracted from the plant is used to make candles, soap and floor
polish. It is reported to be eaten by the Khoi people (Pooley, 2005; 2006).

238. Musa acuminata Colla (Musaceae)

Ubhanana

239
Not in the matrix P390
Inhliziyo15, Ubhanana15
Uses at Amandawe: The dried peels of the ripe fruit are ground and sprinkled onto
septic wounds (BMHL, ZCEL, MYS, NDU, ANON); The male flower bud is an
ingredient in a remedy used in treating asthma (DZA); [A boiled male flower bud
with other plants is used to treat an undisclosed ailment (SHEZ).]
Uses in the literature: De Wet et al., 2010; De Wet et al., 2012; De Wet et al., 2016;
Mathew and Negi, 2017
Zulu uses: The roots of this plant are used in treating sexually transmitted diseases (De
Wet et al., 2010). This plant is used in treating hypertention by the people of Maputaland
(De Wet et al., 2016), HIV-AIDS related ailments especially internal and external sores
(De Wet et al., 2012).
Other uses: All plant parts are used in traditional medicine in treating various ailment
which include (Mathew and Negi, 2017)

239. Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw. (Myrothamnaceae)

Uvuka kwabafuleyo
Not in the matrix
Uvukakwabafileyo22
Uses at Amandawe: [The roots used to treat chronic diseases (REVDUM)].
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gelfand et al., 1985; Mabogo,
1990; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Leaves and stems are used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: Pedi people smoke or inhale smoke from the leaves to relive chest pains
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Vhavenda use the whole plant against colds,
respiratory problems, nosebleed and fainting (Mabogo, 1990). This plant was recorded to
be exported to India, by the Indian people from Tanganyika area in east Africa (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

240. Mystacidium capense (L.f.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae)

Iphakama
Not in the matrix P386
Iphamba6, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used for an undisclosed ailment (MYS).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Infusion made from the plant is used as a love charm emetic (Hutchings et
al., 1996).

240
Other uses: The plant is used for love charm purposes (Pooley, 2005)

241. Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae)

Umdloti
Not in the matrix P392
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are of this plant are an ingredient in treating lice
(ZNGD).
MIND ALTERING: The dried leaves are an ingredient in the making snuff which is
smoked for relaxation (Pers.exp, ZNK, ZADL, BMHL, PHEW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The Xhosa people are reported to smoke this plant by dipping (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

242. Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f. (Nymphaeaceae)

Izibu, iziba, Ugobho (?)
Not in the matrix P393
Amazibu24, Izibu4, 6
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an undisclosed ailment (DSHA);
This plant works just like ugobho where it is used after birth to cleanse the
abdominal area (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Gelfand et al. 1985; Mabogo, 1990; Roberts, 1990; Hutchings et
al., 1996; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: Roots are used as a love charm (Hutchings et al., 1996) stems and rhizomes
treat coughs, cold and stop a runny nose (Roberts, 1990). Flower decoction treats
mucous infestation in the chest accompanied by cough (Hutchings, 1990).
Other uses: The Vhavenda use the leaves to prevent the conception of twins, while the
roots treat infertility (Mabogo, 1990).

243. Nymphoides thunbergiana (Griseb.) Kuntze (Menyanthaceae)

Umagushana, Umahogo
Not in the matrix
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat hysteria “ufufunyane lentombi
ephosiwe” (JZ); A cold infusion is administered as an enema and as a bath to treat
body rash (MBUTHO).

241
CAUTION: No fatty foods should be eaten during the treatment process.
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

244. Obetia tenax Friis (Urticaceae)

Imbabazane, (Imbabazane emahaqa), Imbati yomfula, Imbatimbati, Imbongozeme,
Uluzi, Uzi
[0.11] [0.11] P208
Imbati2, 10, 22, Imbati enkulu6, Imbati6, Imbokozembe22, Imbongozembe10,
Impongozembe2, 10, 22, Uluzi2, 6, Umdadi-omkhulu2, 6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally (SHEZ); This plant is it is used to
treat allergies or allergy symptoms (ZADL); Unspecified plant parts are used as an
ingredient in imbiza used to treat sores (MBUTHO); This plant is used as umuthi
wamadoda probably for virility (NGWANE).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: This plant is used as traditional medicine probably for impotency in men or as
sexual irritants for cattle (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: Bark produces strong fibre, which is probably used for a particular reason
(Boon, 2010).

245. Ocotea bullata (Burch.) Baill. (Lauraceae)

Unukani
Not in the matrix P440
Umnugani2, 6, 8, Umnukani2, 6, 8, Unukani2, 6, 8
Uses at Amandawe: The bark of this tree is used in treating bad body odour, probably
administered by body steaming (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 196; Hutchings et al., 1996, Boon,
2010.
Zulu uses: The bark of Ocotea bullata together with Umahlabekufeni are used in treating
urinary complaints (Hutchings et al., 1996). It is also used alongside other plant species
to treat a spinal disease, while the bark alone treats headaches (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). According to Hutchings et al., (1996), the bark is used as a charm to
make an enemy smelly or unporpular.
Other uses: This plant is used for various ailments which include headache, chest
problems, urinary and nervous system, diarrhoea (Boon, 2010).

242
246. Olea woodiana Knobl (Oleaceae)
Umnquma
[0.03] [0.05] P210
Isadlulambazo28, iSahlulambazo20,22,28, Ishlulambazo2,10,23,28, umHlebe23,
Umhlwazimamba10,22,23,28, umNcumo20, Umnquma2,10,18,22,23,28, umnqumo28
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used as a galactagogue for
breastfeeding mothers (MSANI, ANON).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 2006; Boon, 2010; Arnold et al., 2002; Grace et al, 2003.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Bark is used to boost appetite and as a nerve tonic, wood is used for sticks
(Grace et al, 2003; Boon, 2010).

247. Olinia radiata J. Hofmeyr & Phill. (Oliniaceae)

Umzaneno, Umzane
[0.03] [0.03] P211
Umzaneno2, 10, 22, Umphanzi2
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an undisclosed ailment
(SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The fruit is eaten by people as well as birds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Timber has been used for wagon-making and other purposes (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Fruits, leaves and bark smell of almonds when crushed and reputed to
stain the water blue-black (Boon, 2010).

248. Osteospermum monilifera L. (Asteraceae)

Igwababa, Ikhambi lenyongo, Imbozisa yasolwandle, Isifulwane, Ithenanja,
Ugudlulwandle, Ugudlumfula, Ulimi lwenkomo, Unkuphunyane
[0.60] [0.68] P212
Inkuphuyane6, 25, Itholonja2, 6,10,22,25, Umtholombe2, 6,10,20,22, 25, (umTholombe20),
(Umtholombi6)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used to lower high blood pressure
(PHEW); Leaf infusion with lukewarm water is used to treat gall sicknesses, it is
administered as an emetic (BP, MSANI, JHLO, REVDUM, MBUTHO, PUNCH,
MADLAMINI, TNGW, KV, MAMBA, BMHL, DSHA, ZNGD, BMKH, ZADL, SGAM, MYS,
ZNK, ZCEL, TMSO, SUKD, JB, DLAMINI, BKHW).

243
Uses in the literature: Jacot and Guillarmod, 1971; Plamer and Pitmab, 1972c; Roberts,
1990; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Infusion from the leaves is administered as enemas for feverish condition
(Palmer and Pitman, 1972c). The juice from the fruits is administered by the Zulu, Xhosa
or Sotho as blood strengtheners and purifiers to men suffering from impotence or
weakened by intestinal ailments (Roberts, 1990).
Other uses: The branch with its leaves is burnt in inside the huts to cure madness in
Lesotho (Jacot and Guillarmod, 1971).

249. Osyridicarpos schimperianus (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) A. DC. (Santalaceae)

Inhlanhlemhlophe, Inhlanhlemhlophe yehlathi, Umalala
[0.03] [0.03] P213
Umalala 1, 4, 22, Umalale6 Umayime1, (Umulale22)
Uses at Amandawe: Chopped stems are an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi
obovu (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: It is used to ward off lightning (Gerstner, 1941). Leaves and stem are used
together to calm people and to stop crying babies and put them to sleep (Hutchings et al.,
1996).
Other uses: It is used as a protective charm (Pooley, 2006).

250. Oxalis latifolia Kunth (Oxalidaceae)

Isimuncwane, Umswempe, Umswenya, (Uncamnce), Ungcangishane
[0.03] [0.03] P215
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat isela in babies (ZNK).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Oxalis leaves are sometimes used by the Zulu people as a salt substitute in
cooking (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

251. Panicum sp. (Poaceae)

Umuhlwa
Not in the matrix
Uses at Amandawe: This grass infusion is administered as an enema to newborn
babies (ZNK).

244
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature for this genus.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

252. Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh. (Sapindaceae)

Umvuma, Uvuma obovu
Not in the matrix P397
Ilitshe8,22, Indaba6,22, (Muliwampango8), Umgqogqa6,28, Umgqogqo17,22,
Umgqongqongo17,28, Umkhokhwane6,17, Umqhokwane6,20,22, (umQhokwane20,28),
Umqhoqho6,22, (umQokolo26), Umvuma22,28, (Uvuma –ebomvu6,22,28)
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used as umuthi obovu (SHEZ, MYS, MBHELE,
MAKAS, MRGUMEDE, DLAMINI, MBUTHO, ZADL, BKHW, JB, MAMBA, MUN, PHEW,
BHEKI, ZNK, PB).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Bark and roots used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988). It is used
medicinally for calves (Gerster, 1939). Ripe fruits are eaten by the people (Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: Ndebele people use it to treat sore eyes and the root infusion as an enema
for purging cattle (Hutchings et al., 1996). In Botswana the bark treats venereal diseases
and used as a protective charm (Hedberg and Staugard, 1989). Masai worriers use the
bark infusion and decoction to gain courage, as blood strengthening tonics and as
aphrodisiacs (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

253. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae)

Ugrayindeni
Not in the matrix P398
Umnyamawempunzi6, Umsuthuza4
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat earache and ear infection (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Ripe fruits are sold commercially and used in various foods and beverages
(Kuete, 2017).

254. Passiflora suberosa L. (Passifloraceae)

Unyawo lenkukhu, Inhlanhla emhlophe
[0.35] [0.43] P216

245
Inhlanhlemhlophe3
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat isithakathi in infants (BKHW); The
leaves and trailing stems are used to treat a sickness that affects babies called
inyoni, the infusion is administered as an enema (MYS); This plant is used
medicinally and administered to babies as an enema in a form of a tonic (MAKAS,
NOMV, MAMBA, ZADL); This plant is used to treat diabetes (JHLO); A cold infusion
of the leaves is used to treat stomach cramps including other stomach problems, it
is administered as an enema and orally (MGOZ, CHNDL); This plant is used to
relieve constipation (PHEW); A baby that is struggling to walk is treated with this
plant to strenghten the knees. The mixture is administered as an enema (TNGW,
PUNCH); This plant is used to treat flu (MSANI); An infusion made from the leaves
is administered as an enema to treat lower backpains (MSANI); This plant is
administered as tonic when one is not feeling well, half a cup of this infusion is
taken as a drink. It also gives one vigour and strength (BKHW); This plant is used
to treat body sores; The leaves and stems are administered orally to treat ulcers
(DLAMNI).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used in traditional medicine (Arnold et al., 2002).

255. Pavetta lanceolata Eckl. (Rubiaceae)

Ufiyane, Umsunuwembuzi
[0.09] [0.11] P217
Igololembuzi2, 4,10,20,22, (iGololembuzi20, 22), Sampasu8, Umdleza2, 4, 22, umDleza 20,
Umdlezi10, 22, Umhleza23, Umsunuwembuzi10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used to treat the symptoms of isichitho (MYS);
This plant is an ingredient used in the preparation of tonics (NOMV); Unspecified
plant parts are used to treat gall sickesses or to used empty an overflowing gall
(PHEW, MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Boon, 2010; Mabogo, 1990.
Zulu uses: It is not used by the Zulu people either medicinally or eaten as fruit (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves are chewed as a tonic (Gerstner, 1938). Roots are used
in a preparation aimed at bringing harmony among family members (Hulme, 1954). The
infusion is believed to have the powers to kill the enemy’s children (Hutchings et al.,
1996).
Other uses: Venda people use the root as an anti-emetic (Mabogo, 1990; Boon, 2010).
The leaves are edible and said to taste like watercress (Palmer and Pitman, 1972a).

256. Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet (Geraniaceae)

Unyawo lwenkukhu, Uvendle

246
[0.10] [0.11] P218
Inkonkulu10, Inyonkulu1,6, Inyonkuku4,22, Iphaxa10,22, Iphaqa1,22, (Isandla sonwabu6),
Isandlasonwabu1,4,6, Ishaqa2,11,6, Ishwaqa6, Umsongelo1,10,22, (Unyawo lwenkikhu1),
Unyawo lwenkukhu1, Uvendle1,11,6,22, (uRendle22), (Shubiso10, 22)
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used for blood purification (ZADL); The roots are
used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (MBUTHO and administered by
steaming MAMBA); Both the roots and leaves are used to treat diarhhoea (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Forbes, 1986;
Roberts, 1990; Hutchings, et al., 1996; Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996; Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000; Pooley, 2006; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: The root and leaf infusion are used to treat diarrhoea and scours in the calf,
powdered roots are used in treating dysentery, colic and fever (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Leaf infusions are administered to sick calves (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Infusions of leaves, stems and roots are taken for colic, nausea and vomiting and also to
reduce fever (Roberts, 1990). Powdered dried roots, mixed with hippopotamus or python
fat, are used by young men as courting charms, rubbed in the face (Hulme, 1954). Root
or leaf infusion is used to treat diarrhoea in cattle and dried powdered root is used for
dysentery (Walker, 1996). The plant is eaten raw or as a vegetable (Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: It is used to treat colic and fever (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker,
1996). It is used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000)). It is
eaten raw as a vegetable (Pooley, 2006). It is used as a traditional medicine to treat
dysentery, nausea, vomiting, fever, sick calves and as a love charm (Pooley, 2006).

257. Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch) Walp. (Rubiaceae)

Icishamlilo, Icishamlilo elikhulu
[0.68] [0.78] P219
Icimamlilo1,6,9,10,11,22,23, Icimamlilo elincane4,6, Icishamlilo1,6,10, (iCitshumlilo23), Idlaso10,22,
Incishamlilo22, Isibunde1,25, Ucwaka9, Umakuphole1,6,10,22,25, Umazithule9
Uses at Amandawe: The roots of this plant are used medicinally and administered as an
emetic for an unspecified ailment (MNQO), [The medicinal use of this plant reduces
the effects of ailments ZNK, MADLAMINI, DLAMINI)]; The root decoction is used to
treat body sores whereby it is administered by steaming (ZCEL); [The dried and
powdered roots are administered as isincindo (PHEW, ZADL)]; The root decoction
is used to treat idliso, the poisonous substance administered with food to an
unsuspecting person. The decoction is administered as a tonic to neutralise this
substance as well as other internal ailments (BKHW); This plant is used to relieve
body aches. The roots are mixed with the roots of ilabatheka Senecio coronatus
and administered as an emetic (MUN); The root decoction is administered as a
compress to treat inflammation (SGAM, MYS, JHLO, JB, JZ, PUNCH, SHEZ, BMKH,
NOMV, KV, MUN, MGOZ, MAMBA, BMHL, DSHA, ZADL, MSANI, REVDUM, MBUTHO,
DLAMINI).

247
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Bryant, 1966; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000; Ngwenya et al., 2004; Pooley, 2005; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: It is used in a number of ailments that include treating burn injuries,
inflammation, sprains, forcing retained placenta, stomach pains, piles, haemorrhoids,
gangrenous rectitis, snakebite, chest pains, itching and blood impurities (Gerstner, 1941;
Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Pujol, 1990; Walker, 1996;
Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The Sotho people of Basotholand use it as a protective charm to prevent a
sorcerer from finding the door to the hut (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The root is
also used by the Xhosas to treat sore joints and swellings or sprained articulations; it is
also used for womb cleaning (Pujol, 1990).

258. Persicaria lapathifolia (L) Delarbre (Polygonaceae)

Uxhaphozana, Uxhaphozi
[0.16] [0.27] P220
Idololenkonyane10, 22, 25, Umancibilika10, 22, 25, Umancubikela 14, 25
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally to cleanse the systems by
administering it as an enema (MYS); Unspecified plant parts are mixed with milk
and used to treat flu (MSANI); The aerial plant parts are used to treat wounds
(JHLO); The leaves are used to treat burn wounds. Fresh leaves are plastered
directly onto the wound (MSANI); A leaf infusion is used to treat lower back
ailments, it is administered as an enema (MAKAS); The leaves are used to treat a
baby with isilonda sesela (MADLAMINI, it is administered as an enena CHNDL,
MSANI); This plant works as uxhaphozi, umuthi wamadoda probably for virility
(CHNDL).
Uses in the literature: Gerstener, 1941; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: Unspecified parts are ingredients with a substance known as 'white stone',
'blue stone' and umesisweni in a medicine used to treat syphilis (Gerstner, 1941).
Other uses: It is used traditionally to treat venereal disease (Pooley, 2005).

259. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (Arecaceae)

Isundu, Usundu
[1.00] [0.14] P221
Idama2,10,20,22, (iDama20,22), Isandu10,22, Isundu2,10,18,20,22, (iSundu20), Usundu10,22,23,24
Uses at Amandawe: The spines are used in treating sharp internal body pains. The
spines are first dipped into the medicine and then used in lightly stabbing/poking the
painful area (MYS, DLAMINI); A root decoction is used to treat tootache, probably
gargled with the warm mixture (JB); The root decoction is used medicinally as an
emetic (MBUTHO); This plant is used in treating internal side pains (PUNCH).

248
Uses in the literature: Bryant, 1966; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000.
Zulu uses: The thorns together with other plant parts are used to treat respiratory and
other chest problems (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962) treat patient with pleurodynia
and pleurisy (Bryant, 1966). The painful area is stabbed with the awl which has been
dipped into the decoction and steam is blown into the wound by inyanga (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996). Zulu people use the stem sap to make
fermented drink and also eat ripe fruits (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: Fibres form the stem are used to make brooms, leaf midribs are used for hut
walls and fish kraals, midrib base is for household implements and leaflets for baskets
(Boon, 2010). Leaves are used to make small baskets (Cunningham and Terry, 2006).
The Xhosa and the Sotho people eat the ripe fruits (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

260. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Poaceae)

Umhlanga, Umhlanga omncane
[0.08] [0.11] P222
Ingqulwane10, 22, Umhlanga10, 12, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The root decoction administered as an emetic is when one has
lost his or her voice as well as for voice clarity (JB); The root decoction is used as
umuthi omhlophe (SIZWE); The ash from charred leaves of this reed is used to heal
the umbilical cord of a newborn baby (MBUTHO, MRSCEL).
Uses in the literature: Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used as an arrow as well as Grewia flava, Catophractes
alexandri and Rhus species (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). The culms are used in
winnowing large grain storage baskets in Botswana (Terry, 1994). As source of starch,
the rhizomes are edible, the culm are used for musical instruments and also to smoke
tobacco. Medicinally the roots are used as diuretic and diaphoretic, while sap form the
culms is edible and treats pneumonia and pains (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is used
for building walls, bomas and fencing. The culms are used for arrow shafts, musical
instruments. In Botswana they are used for traditional sitting mats as well as baskets
(Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Culms and stems are used to make mats, fences and
walls (Cunningham and Terry, 2006).

261. Phragmites mauritianus Kunth (Poaceae)

Ukhwiphini, Umhlanga omncane
[0.08] [0.08] P223
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The ash from charred leaves of this reed is used to heal the
umbilical cord of a newborn baby (MBUTHO, MRSCEL); The root decoction is

249
administered as an emetic when one has lost his or voice as well as for voice
clarity (JB).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

262. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene var. rosea (D.Don) Moldenke (Verbenaceae)
No names recorded
Not in the matrix P400
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used in treating lice infestation (MKP).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

263. Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae)

Ugqumgumu
Not in the matrix P401
Ugqumgqumu17, Umquzumbele17
Uses at Amandawe: [A fresh leaf infusion is administered to babies as an enema to
treat isithakathi (ZNK, SUKD)].
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: The Zulu people eat the ripe fruits (Rose and Guillarmod, 1974). Fresh leaves
are used in treating stomach problems in children (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Cooked leaves are eaten by Xhosa and Fingo people, while fruits are eaten
in the Transkei and Lesotho (Rose and Guillarmod, 1974). This plant is used medicinally
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

264. Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims (Pittosporaceae)

Umkhwenkwe, Umfusamfu
[1.00] [1.03] P224
(Umfusamfu2,3), Umfusamvu 2,3,5,11,6,22,23,25,28, (Umvusamu6,20), umVusamvu20,20,
(Umkwenkwe 6, 23,25), Umkhwenkwe2,3,6,10,20,22,23,25,28, (umKhwenkwe20,22,28)

250
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to empty the overflowing gall or
treat gall sicknesses (ALL); This plant is used as an anthelmintic, forcing the worms
to come out through the anus (ZNK).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gelfand et al. 1985; Hutchings
et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Bark decoctions as an emetic or as an enema are used for febrile complaints
(Bryant, 1966). Bark decoctions are used as emetics or enemas for stomach troubles,
particularly those connected with bile (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Such
decoctions are also taken in the mornings to purify the blood (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962; Hutchings et al., 1996), purify blood, ease the pain and produce restfulness (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Sotho use the root infusion as a protective charm against witchcraft and to
give accuracy in the in the divining bones (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

265. Platycarpha glomerata (Thunb.) Less. (Asteraceae)

Imbozisa, Imbozisa encane, Imbozisa yentaba, Isiphahluka, Ubani, Ubani olukhulu,
Ukhula, Umabopha, Umbola, Umkhwibi ompofu, (Usigcawu)
[0.23] [0.24] P225
Imbozisa6, 10, 22, Isiphahluka10, 22, 24, Usiphahluka1, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat side pains better known as
amahlaba in babies (PB); The leaves and the roots are used as a compress to treat
inflammation (BMKH, SHEZ, TNGW, BKHW); An infusion of the roots and leaves is
used to treat excessive and irregular menstruations. It is administered by drinking
the infusion and by steaming with the decoction (NDU); The leaf extract is used to
treat painful eyes (MYS); This plant is used to treat sweaty and smelly feet (ZCEL);
The leaves and the roots are used to treat isipatsholo a venereal disease known to
affect females (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Plant infusions are used as sprinkling protective charms against evil spirits
and lightning (Gerstner, 1938; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

266. Plectranthus ambiguus (Bolus) Codd (Lamiaceae)

Iboza, Iboza elincane, Ibozane, Imbatatane, (Umahlokomane)
[0.45] [0.68] P226
Iboza elincane1, 6, 10, 22, Unkungwini4
Uses at Amandawe: A cold leaf infusion is taken orally as a drink to treat fever
(SGAM, PUNCH); A leaf infusion is administered as an enema to treat back
problems (SGAM); The leaf infusion is used to treat coughs (MAKAS, KV); The leaf

251
infusion it is used to treat sores, it is administered as an enema (MAKAS, MNQO);
The leaf infusion is used to treat flu and it is administered orally as a drink and as
an emetic (MAMBA, MAKAS, BMHL, MNQO, PB ,NOMV, TMSO, PUNCH, SHEZ,
MBUTHO, SUKD); The leaf infusion is used to treat throat sores which include
tonsillitis and other throat infections, it is administered by gargling (REVDUM,
MNQ); A warm leaf infusion is used to clear the chest of izidende/izikhwehlela, it is
administered as an emetic and as a drink onwards (PHEW); The leaves are used
medicinally for an unspecified ailment where it is administered as an emetic (BMKH,
SUKD); A leaf infusion is used to treat stomach cramps (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Leaf infusions are taken orally for colds (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine to treat colds (Pooley, 2005). It is used
medicinally (Walker, 1996).

267. Plectranthus ciliatus E.Mey. (Lamiaceae)

Ikhambi lamehlo
Not in the matrix P402
Ithethe19, Uchwasha6
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat eye related problems. A cold or
warm leaf infusion is used to wash the affected or infected eyes (MRGUMEDE,
BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: Leaves are used in treating bleeding gums and as a mouth wash (Walker,
1996). Roots are used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

268. Plumbago auriculata Lam. (Plumbaginaceae)

Ubani, Umashwilishwili, (Ungibonephi)
[0.08] [0.08] P227
Umashelele1,6, Umasheleshele10,22, Umaswelisweli1,6, Umatshwilitshwili1,22,
Umantshintshine6,22, Umashwilishwili6,10,22, Umantshwilinthswili10, Umthiwamadoda10,22,
Untshilintshili11,6
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used medicinally and
administered as an emetic (SHEZ, JHLO); This plant is used to treat sharp internal
body pains (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Batten and Bokelmann, 1966; Desta, 1993; Hutchings and Staden, 1994; Hutchings et
al., 1996; Pooley, 2005; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.

252
Zulu uses: Powdered root is snuffed to treat headache (Gerstner, 1941; Hutchings et al.,
1996). Root decoction is used as an emetic to dispel bad dreams (Hulme, 1954). This
plant is also used as a protective charm (Gerstner, 1941).
Other uses: Xhosa people snuff the powdered root and use it to remove warts (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

269. Portulaca quadrifida L. (Portulacaceae)

Ushisizwe, Usompungane
[0.78] [0.59] P229
(Amalenyane 14, 17), Ilanjane10, 22, Umalenjane3, 6, 14, 17, Umahenyane10, 22, Ushisizwe3,
Uphunyu10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (JB);
Whole plant is used to get rid of lice infestation (MYS, MRMAD, PHEW, PUNCH,
MADL, JB, SHEZ, TNGW, BMKH, BKHW, MUN, MGOZ, CHNDL, MAMBA, BMHL,
ZADL, DLAMINI, REVDUM, MSANI, MBUTHO). This plant is used to get rid of
human inflicted lice izintwala zelumbo (JZ, ZNGD); Whole plant it is used to treat
sores (JHLO).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Samuelson et al., 1993;
Kokwaro, 1976; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Infusions are taken as emetics (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk., 1962). Leaves
are cooked and eaten by the people of Kwa Nongoma (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: This plant is used to treat mastitis in Tanzania (Samuelson et al., 1993),
kidney, bladder, and skin and lung disease in India and applied topically for headache in
Egypt (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

270. Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae)

Inhluthe, Isifuce, Uzinhla
[0.72] [0.78] P230
Isifice2,6,10,20,22,23, isifico 17,22, Isifico-sehlathi3,6,10,13,22, (IsiFuce23), (isiGcene13),
Inhluthe2,6,22, Ihluzi10, Intshawu10,22, Umhlangothi10,22 Umhluthi3,6,10,18,20,22, Umhluthi
wehlathi6, (umHluthi20,23), Umkhomiso3,6, (UmKhomizo10,13,22,23), Umuthi obovu3,6,10,22,
Unhlangothi2,6,18,20, (uNhlangothi20)
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used as umuthi obovu (MSANI, PUNCH, PB,
MNQO, SGAM, MAKAS, ZNK, BKHW, NOMV, CHNDL, MAMBA, BMHL, DSHA,
ZNGD, ZADL, MSANI, DLAMINI, MAMDUM, REVDUM, MBUTHO, SHEZ); [The bark is
used as a general cleanser of the body systems and as a blood purifier where the
decoction is administered as an emetic (NGWANE, JZ, PHEW)]; This plant is used
to cure and remove warts, the mixture should not be made too strong (MYS); This
plant is used to treat the inability to urinate and defecate, it is administered as a

253
emetic (JB); The bark is used to empty the overflowing gall or treat gall sicknesses
(MAKAS, ZCEL).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Pujol, 1990; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Pulverised bark is injected to cure hemiplegic paralysis believed to be caused
by witchcraft, and to strengthen the heart (Gerstner, 1941). Bark is also reputed to be
used to cause the condition. Bark decoctions are taken as emetics to relieve heartburn
and bleeding from the stomach (Pujol, 1990). Gum and latex are used as depilatories
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The latex is used for hair removal, the gum from the
bark is used to attach and join the assegai blade and the handle (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Powdered bark is used medicinally as umuthi obomvu (Boon, 2010). In
Mozambique, boiled leaves are an emergency food (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

271. Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman (Rosaceae)

Inyazangoma
Not in the matrix P441
Inyazangoma elimnyama2, 28, Umdumezulu2, 28, Umdumizula2, 28, Umkhakhazi2, 28,
Unguboziyeweni2, 28
Uses at Amandawe: The bark of this tree is used as umuthi obovu (MYS, CVHLZ).
Uses in the literature: Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: The bark is used in treating intercostal pain (Pujol, 1990), while the fruits are
used as a charm for sorcery (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The bark of this plant is used medicinally for prostatic hypertrophy (Boon,
2010).

272. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. (Rosaceae)

Umpethsisi
[0.22] [0.22] P231
Idolo lenkonyane 6, Umancibileka6
Uses at Amandawe: A cold leaf infusion is used as an anthelmintic gobisa
iziklelemu (NDU); The bark decoction is administered as an emetic to cleanse the
body systems (BKHW); A cold leaf infusion is used to stop diarrhoea (DLAMINI,
REVDUM, MBUTHO); A cold leaf infusion is used to treat stomach cramps (SUKD,
MNQO, NOMV).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: In Transvaal the leaf infusion is used for girls whose inception of
menstruation is delayed (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaf infusion is used to treat

254
stomach problems and as a vermifuge while the leaf and bark decoction is used as a
purgative for children (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Among the Afrikaans and the
people of the Eastern Province it is used to treat anaemia, listleness and to bring on the
menses (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Fruit edible (Boon, 2010).

273. Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae)

Ugwava, Umgwava
[0.30] [0.51] P232
Ugwava10, 11,12,15,22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are mixed with tomato plant leaves, Lantana
camara and an unidentified herb with red stems and yellow flowers to treat nausea,
especially in infants (MYS); A cold leaf infusion is used to treat stomach cramps
(SUKD, ZNK, MRMAD, PHEW); A cold leaf infusion is used to stop diarrhoea (MGOZ,
BKHW, ZCEL, NDU, MBUTHO); Unspecified parts are an ingredient in umuthi obovu
(MAKAS); Crushed leaves are applied onto the face to treat oily skin (PUNCH,
MKHULUSE, ZNK, BMHL, NDU, ZCEL, TNGW, SUKD).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gelfand et al., 1985; Mabogo,
1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Hutchings.et al., 1996; Van Wyk et al., 2009; De Wet et al.,
2010; York et al., 2011; De Wet et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Leaf infusions are used against diarrhoea (Hutchings et al., 1996; De Wet et
al., 2010). Parts of this plant are used in treating respiratory problems (York et al., 2012).
The leaves are used in Maputaland in treating coughs, fever, chills, sore throat, and
blocked nose and runny nose (York et al., 2011). This plant is used in treating
hypertention by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2016).
Other uses. Roots are used by the Vhenda people to treat venereal diseases (Mabogo,
1990). In Zimbabwe, leaf decoctions are used to treat fevers, coughs, boils and the root
decoction is used for infertility (Gelfand et al., 1985).

274. Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke (Rubiaceae)

Umdubu wehlathi
Not in the matrix P407
iBiqongo23, Isibiqongo, Isithithibala2,4,6,23, (isiThithibala20), (iZele20,22,23), Izele2,4,6,20,22,23,
Umanyanya6,22,23, Umgongono6,22, Unomazele22, Usinga lwamadoda6,23
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat stomach problems
(MRGUMEDE).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 1993; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Walker, 1996; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Roots are used medicinally and administered as emetics Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). It is used for gastric complaints (Pooley, 1993; Walker, 1996; Boon,
2010).

255
Other uses: It is used to treat gastric problems (Boon, 2010).

275. Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk. (Rutaceae)

Ithatha, (Umthatheni), Umthathi, Umzane (?), Uthathi
[0.16] [0.19] P233
(uBhaqa20,22), Ubhaqa2,10,18,20,22,23,28, Umbhaqa3,6,10, Umsango15
Umthathe2,3,11,6,18,20,22,24,23, (umThathe20,24,28)
Uses at Amandawe: [This plant is used medicinally for an undisclosed ailment (SHEZ)];
The bark is an ingredient in mixtures used to cleanse the body systems and purify
blood, it is administered as an emetic (JZ); The bark is an ingredient of a mixture
called umuthi omhlophe administered after umuthi obovu (PHEW); The powder
made from the bark is used in treating snakebites. This powder is administered by
inhaling or licking it (BKHW, MRGUMEDE); The bark powder is used to treat
headache. The powder is administered through inhalation (ZADL).
Uses in the literature: Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Part(s) of this tree are used in treating rheumatism, arthritis, heart problems
and the wood treats headache (Van Wyk et al., 2009). This plant is used in treating
hypertention by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2016).

276. Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. (Ranunculaceae)

Uxhaphozi
Not in the matrix P408
Ishashakazane19, 25, Isishokashakazane6, 8, 22, Isijojokazane 6,19,22,25, (isijojokokazane, 22,
25), Uxhaphozi 6,15,19,25

Uses at Amandawe: The leaf infusion of this plant is used to treat eye infections, it
is administered by washing the infected eyes (JB); A cold leaf infusion is used to
treat sores by washing the sores (MAMBA, PUNCH); The leaves are used to treat
piles (PUNCH); The leaves are used to treat gonorrhoea in females (PUNCH).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Guillarmod,
1971; Kokwaro, 1976; Roberts, 1983; Savage and Hutchings, 1987; Desta, 1993;
Hutchings et al., 1996; De Wet et al., 2012; De Wet, 2013; De Wet and Ngubane, 2014;
Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: People of Maputaland use the whole plant to treating gynaecological and
obstetrics ailments and sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2012; De Wet and
Ngubane, 2014). Whole plant is used to treat sores (De Wet, 2013). Whole plant is used
with other plants to treat shingles and sores by the people of Mputaland (De Wet et al.,
2013; Nciki et al., 2016). Leaf infusion is used to treat coughs (Bryant, 1966). Leaves are
an ingredient in treating urinary tract problems, venereal diseases in men (Hutchings et
al., 1996) and syphilis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

256
Other uses: People in the Transkei administer roots to newborn babies as a purification
of impurities passed on by mothers (Savage and Hutchings, 1987). Sotho people inhale
the smoke to treat headache and the sap is used to make the tattoo immovable (Jacot
Guillarmod, 1971).

277. Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez (Myrsinaceae)

Umaphipha, Umaphipha igxolo, Umaphipha ikhubalo
Not in the matrix P409
Ihluze22, Ikhubalwane 6,18,19,22,23, Inhluthe 6,19,23, (Inkubalwane22), Ishashakazane1,
Isicalabi 6,19,22, Isijojokazane1, isigwane sehlathi22,23, Isiqalaba22, Isiqalaba sehlathi6,22,
isiqulabahloti23, Umaphipha 18,22,23,25,28, Umaphipha-ikhubalo 6,19,22, Umhluthiwentaba22,
Umhluthe wentaba 6,19,22, Uvukwabafileyo22
Uses at Amandawe: A bark mixture is used as a blood purifier (REVDUM); the bark
is used to cleanse and clear chest problems (MRGUMEDE); Dried and powdered
bark is used in ukuphumputha to treat isela, a process where the powder is
inserted into the inflamed rectal area (PUNCH).
Uses in the literature: (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gerstner, 1939; 1941; Pujol,
1990).
Zulu uses: The bark is used for heart strengthening (Gerstener, 1941), acidity, stomach
and muscular pain, fevers and as a protective charm against lightning (Gerstner, 1939;
Pujol, 1990). Bark decoction is used as an expectorant (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962).
Other uses: In the Transkei, the roots and the bark are used in treating heart palpitations
(Hutchings et al., 1996).

278. Rauvolfia caffra Sond. (Apocynaceae)

Umhlambamanzi
[0.32] [0.49] P234
Umhlambamanzi2,11,6,20,22,23,24, Umhlambamasi6,24, (umHlambamanzi20,22), Umjele6,22,23,
Umkangaza22, Umkhabamasi6,22, (umKhadluvungu2,20,22,23), (Umkhandluvungu2),
(Umkhahlavungu23), Umthundisa23
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used to treat and cleanse the kidneys (MSANI);
The bark is used against amanzi epleti, probably jaundice as explained by other
participants in the interviews (MSANI); The bark is used to treat bad body odour,
the bark decoction is administered by steaming for a couple of days (MSANI); This
plant is used medicinally and administered alone by steaming (SHEZ, DSHA); The bark
is used as umuthi obovu (MAKAS, TNGW, MADLAMINI); A tonic made from the
bark is used to cleanse the body systems when one is not feeling well (BMHL,
NOMV); This plant is used to treat skin problem (ZNGD); A bark decoction is used
to treat internal side pains in babies. It is administered by using the spines of
Phoenix reclinata which are boiled with the bark together and then used to gently

257
poke the painful areas (BKHW); The bark mixture is used to boost or enhance
appetite. It is administered as an emetic (BKHW); A warm bark infusion is gargled
with to relieve toothache (BKHW); This plant is used to treat the problems of not
being able to urinate and defecate. It is administered as an emetic (JB);
Unspecified plant parts are used as a purgative (REVDUM); This plant it is used to
treat various sicknesses that affect babies (ZNK).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939;1941; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972; Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962; Watt, 1976; Bryant, 1966; Palmer and Pitman, 1972c; Kokwaro, 1976;
Broster, 1981; Gelfand et al.,1985; Mabogo, 1990; Pujol, 1990; Iwu, 1993; Omino and
Kokwaro, 1993; Neuwinger, 1994; Hutchings et al., 1996; Hutchings, et al.,1996; Van
Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Root bark is mixed with other root barks and bulbs for blood purification and
treating scrofula (Bryant, 1966). Barks are used for treating measles, urticuria, rashes
and also taken as an emetics for fevers (Bryant, 1966; Gerstner, 1939). Bark is used for
coughs and uterine complaints (Palmer and Pitman, 1972c; Pujol, 1990). Unspecified
parts are used in preparations to ease childbirth (Gerstner, 1941). Latex is used as an
emetic for abdominal complaints (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Bark of a plant
known as umhlambamanzi and reported to be Rauvolfia caffra is used in medicines for
abdominal pain, as a diuretic and also in warding off evil spirits (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: Bark decoctions are used as anti-inflammatory and against both rheumatism
and pneumonia in Kenya and the leaves are used to help the newly circumcised boys to
sleep (Kokwaro, 1976). Stems are used in beer making and in treating rashes (Omino
and Kokwaro, 1993).

279. Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Muell.) Stearn (Cactaceae)

Ugebeleweni
Not in the matrix P410
Ugebela 6, 19, 22, Ugebeleweni1, 6, 19, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used together with Gunnera perpensa to help
women conceive (BHEKI); A decoction of this plant is administered as a drink to
enhance milk production in females (NTAKA, BHEKI); The infusion of the aerial
plant parts is administered as intelezi to destroy any ailments in the body (NTAKA,
ZCEL).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: Infusion made from the plant parts is used to treat chest complaints
(Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine to treat chest problems (Pooley, 2005).

280. Rhoicissus tomentosa (Lam.) Wild & R.B. Drumm. (Vitaceae)

Amagrebhisi enyoka, Isende lengulube, Isinwazi, Insema

258
[0.16] [0.46] P235
Inqaningi23, Unthsilo23, Isinwazi2, 6, 22 ,23, 26, Umjela10, Umthwazi2,6,23, Umkangaza10,
Umkhabamasi10, Umkhandluvungu10,20, (umKhadluvungu20), Unungwane6,23,
Umhlambamanzi10
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used for blood purification (REVDUM); [This plant
is used to treat inembe in pregnant women (REVDUM); This plant is used to draw excess
water from the body of a pregnant woman (MBUTHO)]; Unspecified plant parts are used
in the preparation of a tonic taken to ease childbirth (MYS, it is taken as a drink every
time she feels thirsty REVDUM) [The use of this plant ensures that there is extra comfort
inside the womb for the baby (REVDUM)]; This plant is used in ukuthombisa
hastening maturation in both young girls and boys and it believed to be a sperm
generator for both (REVDUM); This plant is used as umafumuka. It is administered
to children entering an adolescent stage (ZNK). The decoction made from the roots
is used to treat isidina the over production of sebum on the face especially around
the nose area (ZNK); The root decoction is used to treat acne and other facial skin
related problems. It is administered by steaming (ZNK, MADLAMINI); [The roots are
used as an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu (DSHA)]; Unspecified plant
parts are used medicinally as an emetic when one is not feeling well (ZADL); Powdered
leaf material is inhaled to cleanse the nasals (REVDUM); Powdered leaves are
inhaled to treat chronic headache (REVDUM); Unspecified parts are used to treat
all ailments (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gerstner, 1941; Pujol, 1990.
Zulu uses: Root and milk decoction is administered as anthelmintic to calves (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). They are also used during pregnancy to ensure a safe delivery
(Gerstner, 1941). Tubers are used for renal complaints, sterility and cattle diseases
(Pujol, 1941). Ripe fruits are eaten by the people of KwaZulu-Natal (Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: Fruits are edible (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon, 2010). Fruits are used
to make jelly, jam, vinegar and wine (Boon, 2010).

281. Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae)

Uhlakuva, Umhlakuva, (Umhla ufa)
[0.30] [0.65] P236
Ihlakuva22, Inhlakuva6, 10, Udlatshana6, 10, 22, Umhlakuva2, 6, 11,14,22,23
Uses at Amandawe: Charred leaves are used to treat swollen testicles in men
(DZA); This plant is used to treat fever in babies (MBUTHO); This plant is used to
help hasten teething in babies (MBUTHO); The roots are used to boost appetite in
human (MSANI); Unspecified plant parts are used for blood purification (JHLO);
This plant is used as imbiza (DLAMINI); This plant is used as a purgative, probably the
seeds/pips are used (DZA, REVDUM); The seeds are ground are used to treat sores,
they are ground and applied directly onto the sores (REVDUM); This plant is used to
treat stomach complaints (MAKAS, MRMAD); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat
inflammation (ZNGD); Unspecified parts are used to treat skin problems (SHEZ);

259
This plant is used to treat kidney problems (MYS, BKHW, BMHL); The leaves are
used to clean the lower abdomen in humans (MYS); Fresh leaves are pounded,
infused with water to treat baby sicknesses experienced during teething. The
infusion is administered as an enema (GNGC); The seeds are used in preparing the
tonic administered as a drink to ease childbirth (MAKHOMO); Unspecified plant
parts are used to promote weight loss (ZCEL); Oil extracted from the seeds is used
as a body ointment by young girls (JB); This plant is used to treat toothache (PHEW,
PUNCH, the roots are used SIZWE, ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Iwu, 1993;
Hutchings. et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Van Wyk, 2008; Van Wyk et al.,
2009; De Wet et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: A leaf infusion is used to treat stomachache (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962; Gerstner, 1939), the root paste is used to treat toothache (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962) and leaf poultices are applied to boils (Gerstner, 1939). Pounded root
paste is applied to painful teeth (Bryant, 1966). Seeds used as a purgative (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). This plant is used in treating hypertention by the people of
Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2016).
Other uses: The oil is commonly used as a purgative, as an emollient, in creams,
ointments, clear soaps and lipsticks (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). The powdered seed is
placed on the tongue of a calf that refuses to suckle (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
The bark is used in Southern Rhodesia by African people to stitch and dress wounds and
sores (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

282. Rubus rigidus Sm. (Rosaceae)

Amajikijolo, Amabhimbi
[0.40] [0.62] P237
Ijikijolo1, 4, Ijingijolo6, 10,17,22,23, Ivendle4, Ugagane1, Ulucumence 17
Uses at Amandawe: A root decoction is administered as an emetic used to treat
heartburn (MAKAS, JZ, JB, ZNK, MRMAD, BKHW, MSANI, REVDUM, PUNCH,
MBUTHO, MRSMADL, MADLAMINI, NOMV, BMHL, PHEW, ZADL, DLAMINI); The
root is used to treat toothache (MUN); The roots are used to treat fits (PHEW); This
plant is used to treat itchiness of the body (MSANI); This plant is used to treat
sharp internal body pains (DLAMINI); The root decoction is taken as an enema to
treat impotence (REVDUM); The roots are part of umhlabelo which is used to speed
up bone recovery after it had been fractured or sprained (MRS MADLALA, PHEW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Kokwaro, 1976; Pooley, 2005;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: The roots of this plant are used to treat diarrhoea and dysentery,
administered as root decoction (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Hutchings et al., 1996,
Walker, 1996). The leaves are used in tea making and the fruits are edible (Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982).

260
Other uses: Xhosa people soak the leaves in water that is later used to treat eyes
affected by euphorbia latex (Walker, 1996).

283. Rumex lanceolatus Thunb (Polygonaceae)

Idolo lenkonyane, Ixhaphozi, (Umatholempini)
[0.03] [0.03] P238
Idololenkonyane1, 6,10,17,22, Idolonya11
Uses at Amandawe: The infusion of the stems and leaves is administered as an
enema to treat stomach cramps (MADLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Rood, 2008; Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: A cold root infusions are used for tapeworm (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Roots of a plant known as idolo lenkonyane are reported to be Rumex lanceolatus
is used in the treatment of infantile diarrhoea (Hutchings et al., 1996).
Other uses: The rhizome are mixed with milk and drunk to remove tapeworm by Xhosa
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used to treat wounds as styptics, internal
bleeding and vascular diseases also applied to boils and abscesses (Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000). Leaves are cooked and eaten (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

284. Sansevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. (Asparagaceae)

Uphondo lukabhejane, (Uhlabazihlangane)
Not in the matrix P415
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: A freshly cut stem in cross section is placed over the newly
made body incisions. This probably works as an antiseptic (MANKOMO).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

285. Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce (Ruscaceae)

Iskhothakhotha, Isqunga sehlathi
[0.35] [0.59] P239
Intelezi22, Isikholokotho1, 6, 10, 11,22,23,26, Isikhwendle1, 6, (Isitokotoko1, 10), Isikhothokhotho1,
10

Uses at Amandawe: [A decoction made from the leaves is gargled with to relieve
toothache (SUKD, PHEW)]; [This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified
ailment (SHEZ)]. Warm sap from the leaves that are directly heated over the fire is used

261
to treat ear infections, the warm extract is released into the infected ear (SGAM, BKHW,
MYS, MAKAS, ZNK, ZCEL, TMSO, PUNCH, MADLAMINI, BMKH, NDU, MGOZ, KV,
SUKD, CHNDL, DLAMINI, MSANI, REVDUM, PHEW).
Uses in the literature: Bryant, 1966; Pujol. 1990; Hutchings.et al., 1996; Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000; Rood, 2008; Van Wyk, 2008.
Zulu uses: Warmed leaf sap is used for earache (Bryant, 1966). Cold root infusions are
taken, as protective charm for the victims of lightning strikes and after one has been
bewitched (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Roberts, 1990). The boiled root is used to
treat toothache (Corrigan et al., 2010). This plant is used in treating respiratory problems
(York et al., 2012). Leaves are heated and used to treat ear problem (York et al., 2011).
Other uses: Xhosa use it to treat haemorrhoids, intestinal worms and to prevent
miscarriages (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962) Leaves are used as twines
(Cunningham and Terry, 2006). Rhizome are a source of water in Namibia (Story, 1958).

286. Scabiosa columbaria L. (Dipsacaceae)

(Ibhekaminangedwa), Upelepelane
[0.05] [0.08] P240
Ibheka1,4,11,6,10,22, Igwalaza6,10,22, Ubucubele1,10,22, Udoloqina1,10,22, Umpikayiboni10,22,
Uxhaphozi1
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat lower back problems (ZNK); The
roots are used treat skin problems and for other cosmetic purposes as isimonyo
(REVDUM); The roots are used as imbiza, that is administered as an emetic (ZADL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Cunningham, 1988; Hutchings,
1989; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Hutchings et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996;
Von Koenen, 2001; Rood, 2008.
Zulu uses taken as love charm emetic (Gerstner, 1939). Whole plant is used as
traditional medicine by the Zulu people (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: A root decoction is used by the southern Sotho people to treat colic (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). This plant is used traditionally to treat
sterility, colic, venereal sores, painful menstruation, sore eyes and to ease childbirth
(Pooley, 2005).

287. Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal (Amaryllidaceae)

Idumbe likahloyile, (Isangoma), Uhloyile, Umphompo
[0.32] [0.49] P241
iDembe lehlathi26, idumbelentaba1,3,22,23, Idumbe likahloyile1,3,6,10,22,23,25, Isiphompo1,23,
(Udumbelentaba1,3,22,23), Ugola23, Uhloyile10, Umgola1,3, Umphompo3,4,6,10,22,24
Uses at Amandawe: The bulb is used to treat congested chests in babies, it is not
clear how it is administered (BMHL); The bulb infusion is used to get rid of idliso a

262
poisonous substance eaten with food (PB); A warm bulb infusion is used to empty
the overflowing gall, it is administered as an emetic (CHNDL, ZNGD, NOMV); This
plant is used to treat fits (CHNDL, MRMAD); The bulb is used for blood purification
(PHEW, MBUTHO); The bulb mixture is used to clean isinye lower abdominal parts
of human body, where it works like ugobho Gunnera perpensa (PHEW); This plant
is used to get rid of the lice infestation especially those believed to be inflicted by
witchcraft, the bulb mixture is administered as an enema (PUNCH); This plant is
used to treat various children sicknesses (MRMAD); A warm bulb infusion is
gargled with to relieve a painful tooth (MYS); The bulb decoction is used to treat
and flush the kidneys, probably administered as a tonic (DLAMINI); A warm bulb
decoction is administered a an emetic to get rid of udende-“kuyazibuyela” phlegm
or mucus in the chest (NOMV); The bulb is used to treat iphika the shortness of
breath, it is administered as an emetic over a couple of days (ZNGD); This plant is
used to treat high fever uqhuqho (REVDUM); This plant is used to treat malaria
(REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Pappe, 1857; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Bryant, 1966; Hutchings et al., 1989; Walker, 1996; Corrigan et al., 2010; York et al.,
2011.
Zulu uses: The bulb mixed with other plant species is administered as imbiza or a
draught or as an enema to treat gastro intestinal problems (Walker, 1996). Root
decoction is taken as emetic for coughs (Bryant, 1966). The bulb is used by the people of
Maputaland in treating chest pains, fever and blocked nose (York et al., 2011).
Unspecified parts are ingredients in the infusions taken during pregnancy to ensure safe
delivery (Gerstner, 1939; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). The ash of a burnt plant is applied on
the red spot on the back of a baby (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: It is used in traditional medicine to treat coughs, headaches, stomach
ailments, poisoning and as a poultice (Pooley, 2005).

288. Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell. (Asteraceae)

Unsakansakane, Umanxiweni
[0.64] [0.81] P242
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: Cold infusion of the aerial parts is used to treat stomach
cramps (KV, MYS, ZCEL, JZ, BMKH, SHEZ, MBUTHO, NOMV, REVDUM, (it is
administered orally ZNK), it is administered as an enema BKHW, MAKAS, the roots
are used MUN); The presence of this plant in the vegetable garden serves as an
insect repellent in (MSANI); Cold infusion of the aerial parts is used medicinally
and administered as an enema to babies that defecate loose watery and strange
looking stools “khipha amahlengehlenge” a sign of raised body temperature in
babies (PHEW, TMS, TNGW, NDU, MGOZ); The leaf infusion is used to deworm
humans (MBUTHO); This plant is used to treat diarrhoea. The infusion of leaves
mixed with the leaves of Lantana camara, Psidium guajava and Solanum
lycopersicum leaves and taken as enema as well as orally (MYS); This plant is

263
used to treat teething related ailments in babies (MYS); The plant is used to stop
recurring vomiting, the infusion is drunk slowly in small sips (MYS); This plant is
used to treat fever in babies (KV, PHEW, TMS, TNGW, NDU, (it is administered as
an enema MGOZ, it is administered as an enema, orally REVDUM); This plant is
used to cure a sickness called isela (DSHA, ZADL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Rose and Guillarmod, 1972;
Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The plant is used as an abortifacient and as an oral contraceptive (Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000). It is used to treat malaria, flu and colds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). It was recorded as being edible in Transkei (Rose and Guillarmod, 1972).

289. Schoenoplectus scirpoides (Schrad.) Browning, (Cyperaceae)

Igceba, Incema, Incema yamadoda, Induma, Ingqumba, Ingcingolo, Ingqumbe
[0.05] [0.05] P243
Ingqumbe1
Uses at Amandawe: The roots decoction is administered as a tonic to ease
childbirth (MYS); The roots are used for blood purification whereby it serves a
similar purpose as ugobho- Gunnera perpensa (PHEW).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used to make mats (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is also
used in making of fish traps (Pooley, 2005).

290. Schotia brachypetala Sond. (Fabaceae)

Ihluze, Ingwavuma
[0.73] [0.84] P244
Ihlusi 6, Ihluze 3,6,10,11,18,20,22,28 (iHluze20,22), Umgxama23, (umGxamu20,26,28),
Umgxanu2,3,6,10,15, 18,22, Uvovovo2,3,6,10,17,20,22, (uVovovo20,22)
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used as umuthi obovu (SHEZ, BKHW, NOMV, MUN,
CHLNDL, DSHA, ZADL, MAKAS, ZCEL, JZ, to strengthen the body DLAMINI, SGAM,
it is administered as an emetic MYS, MAKAS, ZCEL, PHEW, BMKHA, MAMBA,
TMBA, REVDUM, MSANI, MBUTHO, ZNK, PB, JB); The bark decoction is used for
blood cells regeneration after one has lost a lot of blood. It is prepared together
with Albizia adianthifolia, Searsia species, Elephantorrhiza elephantina, Hypoxis
species and Merwellia plumbea collectively known as “umuthi owakha igazi”. The
bark should be harvested while the tree is in flower DZA); Unspecified plant parts are
used to treat flu, administered as an emetic (JHLO); The bark mixture administered as
an emetic helps recover voice loss (JHLO); The bark decoction administered as an

264
emetic for blood purification (MGOZ, BMHL); The bark is used to treat various skin
problems (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Netshiungani,
1981; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al.,1996; Bryant, 1966; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000;
Boon, 2010; Corrigan et al., 2010; De Wet, 2010; De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Together with the bark of Sclerocarya birrea, the bark is used by the people
of Mputaland to treat sores both for children and adults (De Wet et al., 2013; Nciki et al.,
2016). Bark is used in red bark mixtures known as ikhubalo to ward off the evil or to cure
unspecified ailments (Hutchings et al., 1996). It is used in purification after funerals of
(Hutchings et al., 1996). Part(s) of this plant, probably the bark is also used to strengthen
the body and to steam the face (Pujol, 1990). Bark infusion are taken as emetics for
pimples (Hulme, 1954). Bark decoction decoctions are administered for heartburn and
after too much beer drinking and also to treat diarrhoea (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Roots are used for dysentery and diarrhoea (Bryant, 1966). The bark is used to
treat flu (Corrigan et al., 2010). People of Maputaland use the bark to treat diarrhoea (De
Wet, 2010).
Other uses: It is used to treat heartburn, hangovers and nervous conditions (Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000). Bark and root used for heartburn, hangover, diarrhoea and to purify
blood (Boon, 2010). Bark is used to tan leather, as dye and in Tembe fishing nets (Boon,
2010). Bark is a source of red-brown dye used by the people (Cunningham and Terry,
2006). Roasted seeds were eaten by the Voortrekers, while the Hottentots ate the peeled
and pounded seeds (Palmer and Pitman, 1972a)

291. Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst. (Anacardiaceae)

(Umaganikhehla, Umgane), Umganu
[0.41] [0.86] P245
Umcane10,22, (Umgamu10,22), Umganu2,3,10,11,15,18,22,24,26,28
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally and administered as an emetic
(JHLO); The bark is used to stop diarrhoea (JB); This plant is used to treat mumps
(SGAM, MYS, MAKAS, PHEW, SUKD, TNGW, NDU, NOMV, MUN, BMHL, DSHA,
SGAM, MYS, MAKAS, PHEW, SUKD, TNGW, NDU, NOMV, MUN, BMHL, ZADL,
DLAMINI); The bark is used as umuthi obovu, it is administered by body steaming
and as an emetic (ZNK, MAKAS, TMBA, MYS, PB, TMSO, MADLAMINI, BKHW,
MNQO, SHEZ, NOMV, ZADL, MGOZ, BHEKI); Unspecified plant parts are used in a
tonic prepared to boost the immune system and flush toxins out of the body. The
mixture is admininistered as an enema (PHEW); This plant is used to treat stomach
problems, where the mixture is administered as an enema and orally as a drink
each time the complications are experienced (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Palmer and Pitman, 1972a;
Kokwaro, 1976; Gelfand et.al, 1985; Hutchings, 1989; Rasoaniavo et.al., 1992; Iwu,
1993; Pujol, 1993; Hutchings et al., 1996; Hutchings.et al., 1996; Coates Palgrave, 2002;
Boon, 2010; Corrigan et al., 2010; De Wet et al, 2010; De Wet et al., 2012; York et al.,
2012; De Wet and Ngubane, 2014.

265
Zulu uses: People of Maputaland use the bark in treating gynaecological and obstetrics
ailments (De Wet and Ngubane, 2014). Bark decoctions are used as enemas for malaria
and diarrhoea, used as tea to strengthen the heart and as blood-cleansing emetic before
marriage (Gerstner, 1938; Pujol, 1990). Fruit is used for destruction of ticks (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Hutchings et al., 1996). Newly born baby girls and their mother
are washed in waters heated on fire made from the twigs so that the baby may be
endued with fertility, softness, tenderness and early maturity (Palmer and Pitman,
1972b). Bark decoctions is used against gangrenous rectitis (Bryant, 1966). Medicine
known as umganu appears to be widely used for abdominal pain (Hutchings et al., 1996).
People of Maputaland use the bark and the leaves in treating sexually transmitted
diseases (De Wet et al, 2010), while bark or leaves treat gonorrhoea (De Wet et al.,
2012). Leaves are used to treat diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010). The bark produces
brown dye (Cunningham and Terry, 2006). Beer is made from the fruits while the bark
treats dysentery (Corrigan et al., 2010). This plant is used in treating respiratory problems
(York et al., 2012). The bark is used together with the bark of Syzygium cordatum to treat
burns and with Schotia brachypetala bark to treat sores, while the bark alone treats
inflammation on boils (De Wet et al., 2013). The twigs are used to treat sores, boils and
burns (De Wet, 2013; Nciki et al., 2016). The bark is used to treat dry coughs, fever and
runny nose (York et al., 2011).
Other uses: The Venda people use the seed oil to preserve meat, while the Pedi use the
leaves as relish (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982). It is used by some Africans to remove
defilement after eating at a funeral, administered by steaming and drinking a bark
decoction (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Pedi eat the porridge made from the kernel
together with uncrushed embryo and the leaf (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The
Venda use the bark of the tree to regulate the desired sex of an unborn child, using a
bark from a male tree for a boy and from a female tree for a girl a, powdered bark is
administered to pregnant women (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Fruit is edible (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962), also makes different types of beverages (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The juice is of importance in some Shangaan religious ceremonies.
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Thonga use the branch in funeral ritual Thonga
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

292. Sclerocroton integerrimus Hochst. (Euphorbiaceae)

Umgudlampuzi, Umshampunzi, Umshayampunzi, Umvumampuzi
[0.08] [0.08] P246
Umdlampunzi2, Umhlalampunzi24, Umhlepha2
Uses at Amandawe: [This plant is used medicinally as an emetic (MYS, MAKAS)];
Unspecified parts are used to treat a baby that cries abnormally, probably as a
sedative. It is administered to the baby as bath outside the yard of the homestead
after which the baby calms down. (BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.

266
Other uses: It was used to make ink in the past and it also has medicinal uses (Boon,
2010). Wood is used for furniture and hut building (Boon, 2010).

293. Searsia chirindensis (Baker f.) Moffett (Anacardiaceae)

Inhlakoshane, Inyazangoma, Inyazangoma elimhlophe, Isihlakothana, Isihlakothi,
Isihlakothi esimhlophe, Ishlakothi sehlathi, Uvethe
[0.16] [0.19] P247
No names found in literature
(iKhathabane20), (Ikhathabane6,20), Ikhathabane2,6,20,10,22,23, (Inhloboshiyane9),
Inhlokoshiyane enkulu2,6,9,10,18,20,22,23, (iNhlokoshiyane-enkulu20,22), Inhlokoshiyane
yehlathi6,10,22, Inyazangoma elibovu3,6,22, Isibanda6, Udwendwelencuba6,10 2,3,9,6,10,22,23,
(Umdwendwe lengcuba2,3,9,6,10,22,23), Umhlabamvubati6, Umhlakothi 18,
Umhlabamvubu2,6,10,22,23, Undwendweni9, Unyazangomolumhlophe9, (Umnyazangoma-
embovu6), Umhlabankonkoni10,22, Umhlabankunzi10,22, Uphephelelangeni9
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally (it is administered as isincindo MYS),
(it is administered as an emetic PUNCH, MSANI), (it is administered by ukugcaba MYS);
The bark is used as umuthi obovu (ZNK); The bark is used to treat sharp internal
body pains (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Pujol, 1990; Arnold et al., 2002; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: This plant is used by the herbalists in treating heart problems (Gerstner,
1938). Bark is used to strengthen the body, stimulate circulation and against rheumatism
(Pujol, 1990). Bark decoction is used as a protective charm against evil spirits,
administered as an emetic and by steaming. It is also used by diviners probably for
communicating with their ancestors (Ngwenya et al., 2004).
Other uses: Wood used for furniture and the sap is used for heart complaints (Boon,
2010).

294. Searsia rehmanniana Engl. (Anacardiaceae)

Inyazangoma elibovu, Isihlakothi, Isihlakothi esibovu
[0.19] [0.35] P249
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The bark decoction is an ingredient in umuthi obovu (it is
administered as an emetic ZADL, CHNDL, JHLO, CHNDL, MSANI, MAMBA, it is
administered by steaming MAKAS, DLAMINI, MNQO, it is used as a tonic to
cleanse the body systems BMHL, DSHA); This plant is used to treat acne (NOMV);
This plant is used to treat umndondo which is the type of thick saliva/phlegm that
can suffocate the patient to death (ZNGD)
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Fruits are edible (Gerstner, 1938).

267
Other uses: Wood is used as fence poles (Boon, 2010).

295. Secamone alpini Schult. (Apocynaceae)

Iphophoma
Not in the matrix P417
Umbondwe wehlathi22, ihlaphu elincane22
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts of this climbing that exudes white
milky sap, are used as umuthi omhlophe (MRGUMEDE, SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

296. Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv (Asteraceae)

Ubulibazi, Ikhohlwa, Imbiza yezingane
[0.07] [0.08] P250
(Inzizonkozonko6), (Inzinzikizozonko10, 22), Inzonkozonko6, 10, 22, Izonkozonko2, 22, 25,
Ubulibazi2, 6,10,22,25
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used medicinally, and administered as an enema
(MAKAS); The roots are used together with milk in order to get rid of idliso, a
poisonous substance taken orally with food. The mixture is usually administered
as an emetic, thereby ejecting the poisonous stuff (BMKH); Unspecified parts are
used to treat a sickness called isela. Probably the root parts which include the
lower stems are used (PB).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972;
Gelfand et al., 1985; Savage and Hutchings, 1987; Cunningham, 1988; Pooley, 2005.
Zulu uses: Unspecified parts are used as poultices (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972). Whole
plant is used as traditional medicines (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: In Zimbabwe the roots are used in treating fontanel depression, abdominal
pains, dysmenorrhoea, sore eyes and as a lucky charm (Gelfand et al.1985)

297. Senecio serratuloides DC. (Asteraceae)

Unsukumbili, Unsukumbili wehlathi
[0.81] [1.08] P251
Insukumbili22, umahanya4, 9, 10, (Insukumbili-uma-hanya 6, 22), Umaphozisa umkutelo6, 10,
22, Unsukumbili10, 15

Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (SHEZ,
PHEW, it is administered orally and as an enema PB); The aerial parts are used to treat

268
sores (SGAM, MYS, MRMAD, JB, JZ, ZCEL, PUNCH, MNQO, DSHA, ZNGD, CHNDL,
NOMV, KV, JHLO, ZNK, MSANI, MBUTHO, BKHW, the leaves are dried, charred on a
metal plate and applied directly to the sores MAMBA, BMHL, fresh leaves are crushed
and placed onto the sores or wounds TMSO, the leaf infusion is administered as an
enema MADLAMINI, MGOZ, hot infusion is administered by steaming JZ, a leaf mixture
is administered as a bath MAKAS, TMSO, it is added to all medicinal mixtures used to
treat sores and other skin related problems ZNK); The infusion is used as imbiza for
umzimba omubi a condition of characterized by the eruption of body sores (ZADL); This
plant is used to treat sexually transmitted infections, it is administered as an
enema and orally (PUNCH); [This plant is used to help the operations heal faster
(NOMV)]; A hot leaf infusion is used as a compress to treat inflammation (JZ,
MAKAS); Unidentified parts are dried, powdered and licked to relieve body pains
(MBUTHO); Fresh leaves mixed with water is used in helping raise the depressed
fontanelles in infants (ZNK), ANNY).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1993; Hutchings & Van
Staden, 1994; Walker, 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Arnold et al., 2002; Ngwenya
et al., 2004; De Wet et al., 2010; York et al., 2012; De Wet, 2013; De Wet and Ngubane,
2014; De Wet et al., 2016; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: A leaf decoction is taken orally to purify blood and to treat skin eruption (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Walker, 1996), powdered leaf is used to treat sores while
charred powdered root treat burns (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Walker, 1996).
Mixed with a Combretaceous plant, it is used to treat swollen gums and chest pains (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996). It is used by the Zulu people for
treating wounds (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). The whole plant is burnt and the pork fat
is mixed with it and then applied onto the sore (Ngwenya et al., 2004). This plant is used
in treating respiratory problems (York et al., 2012). The leaves are used to treat sores,
abrasions, burns, burns, cuts, rash and open wound (De Wet, 2013; Nciki et al., 2016).
People of Maputaland use the leaves to treat chest pains, fever, sore throat and runny
nose (York et al., 2011). The leaves, the roots or the whole plant are used by the people
of Maputaland to treat hypertention, gynaecological and obstetrics ailments (De Wet et
al., 2010; De Wet and Ngubane, 2014; De Wet et al., 2016) and gonorrhoea (De Wet et
al., 2012).
Other uses: Treats septic sores draw boils and ripen abscesses and burns (Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000).

298. Senegal caffra (Thunb.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. (Fabaceae)

Isakhamuzi, Umthole, (Uzula’zayithole)
[0.32] [0.38] P252
Umngamazi17, Umthole6, 20, Umtholo2, 6, 10, 17,18,22,24
Uses at Amandawe: The bark decoction is used in preparing umuthi obovu (SGAM,
MYS, MAKAS, MGOZ, CHNDL, DSHA, ZADL, PB, DZA, REVDUM); The bark
decoction administered by steaming, is used as a complexion enhancer or skin
lightener (REVDUM); The bark decoction administered by steaming and as an

269
emetic is used to keep the skin healthy, soft and moist especially during the dry
winter months (BKHW); The bark decoction administered as an emetic, is used to
treat tight chest and to relieve chest congestion (MRS MADLALA); The bark
decoction is used in the preparation of a medicinal mixtures called umuthi omhlophe
(DZA).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Van Wyk et al., 2008.
Zulu uses: Bark infusion is used for blood cleansing and administered as emetics (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Enemas made from milk and leaf infusions are
administered for infantile abdominal disorders and infants may be made to chew and
swallow the leaf (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Love charm emetics are made from
the roots (Palmer and Pitman, 1972b). Gum is edible (Fox and Norwood, 1982).
Other uses: The Xhosa used the wood to make tobacco-smoking pipes (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves are reported to be eaten by the black people of
Rustenburg (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

299. Sesbania punicea (Cav) Benth. (Fabaceae)

Ujikanelanga, Ukhehlekhehle
Not in the matrix P419
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts of this plant are used together with Maesa
lanceolata to deworm humans (ZNGD).
Uses in the literature: Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: This plant is used in traditional medicine (Boon, 2010).

300. Setaria megaphylla (Steud.) T.Durand &Schinz (Poaceae)

Ubabe, Ubani, Ugobuvalo, Uhashahasha, Utshani behlathi
[0.14] [0.19] P253, Mhlongo 6
Ubabe olukhulu6, 10, 22, Uhashawehlathi10, 22, Uhlongohlonga 12, Uhlongohlongo6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The plant is used medicinally (SHEZ, it is administered as a n
emetic MAKAS); The roots are used as an ingredient in umuthi obovu (MYS); The
plant infusion is used to treat coughs, it is administered as an emetic (PHEW);
Unspecified plant parts are used to empty the gall or to treat gall sicknesses
(PHEW, MSANI, REVDUM); The root it is used by men for sexually related
enhancement probably for virility, the infusion is administered as an emetic
(CHNDL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.

270
Zulu uses: Crushed unspecified plant parts, moistened with water, are applied to bruises
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

301. Sida dregei Burtt Davy (Malvaceae)

Uvemvane
[0.03] [0.03] P254
Umdiza wethafa1, 6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used as umuthi wamadoda probably for virility
(DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Arnold et al.,
2002; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: Leaf paste is applied to sores (Gerstner, 1938).
Other uses: It is used by the Mfengu people as a paste from dry leaf to treat sores (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

302. Sideroxylon inerme L. (Sapotaceae)

Amasethole, Ibhinini, Ibhinini lehlathi, (Umakhwelafingqane), Uvuma obovu
[0.27] [0.30] P255
(Amasethole-amhlophe2,6,28), (uMakhwela-afingqane20), Umakhwela fingqane2,6,10,18,20,22,
Umasethole10,18,22,26, uMasethole-amhlophe2,20,6, Umbobe6,28, Umhlahle6,10,22,
umGqwashu23, umHlala 23, Umqhwashu10,22, Umnuma10,22, umNweba23, Umphipha6,28
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used medicinally and administered as an emetic
(JHLO, SHEZ, PHEW, PB, MYS, MNQ). The bark decoction is used to deworm
humans (BMKH, MUN); The bark decoction is used to get rid of idliso. It
administered as an emetic and the idliso is ejected orally (PUNCH); The bark is
used as umuthi omhlophe (PHEW, BMKH).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 1993; Cunningham,
1988; Gerstener, 1941; Palmer and Pitman, 1972c; Chhabra et al., 1993; Corrigan et al.,
2010.
Zulu uses: Bark infusion is used to stop bad dreams (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962)
and in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988). They also administer a tonic made from
the bark to stock (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Root bark decoction administered
as an enema produces drastic perspiration (Gerstner, 1941). Powdered root is used to
heal broken bones by rubbing it into incisions on a broken limb (Palmer and Pitman,
1972c). The bark is used as a suppository to treat flu (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: In Tanzania dried powdered roots are mixed and eaten with porridge to treat
conjunctivitis, hernia, coughs and paralysis (Chhabra et al., 1993).

271
303. Silene burchellii Otth ex DC. (Caryophyllaceae)
Ikhambi lezingane, Umnyamawempunzi, Umshekisane
[0.05] [0.05] P256
Igwayintombi elincane1,4,6,10,22,25, Injunju1,6,1013,22,25, Umthusi1,25
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat isthakathi in babies, the infusion is
administered as an enema (ZNK); [This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified
ailment (SHEZ)].
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Guillarmod, 1971; Walker,
1996; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Root infusions are taken as love charm emetic (Hulme, 1954; Walker, 1996).
Other uses: This plant is used by some Africans as a tonic bath after a serious illness
and to combat sleepiness (Walker, 1996).

304. Solanum aculeastrum Dunal (Solanaceae)

Intuma, Intuma enkulu, Intumayezibaya, (Ugagalezintaba), Uthuma, Untumane
[0.76] [0.42] P257
Intuma3, uthuma6, 10, uthuma olukhulu6, 10, (Umthuma6, 10), (Umthuma omkhulu10)
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is administered as an enema to treat the symptoms
of umeqo (BMKH, JZ, MADLAMINI); The fruit decoction is used to treat frequent muscle
cramps where the infusion is administered as an enema (ZCEL, JB); The fruit decoction
is used to treat sore joints, it is administered as an enema (PUNCH); The fruit decoction
is used to cure backaches iqolo, it is administered as an enema (MRMAD, PHEW,
BKHW, CHNDL, MGOZ, ZADL, BMKH, NDU); The fruit decoction it is used to cure lower
back problems which includes the pelvic girdle area isinqe. Usually when one's lower
back feels heavy and painful (JZ, PHEW, MAKAS, MAMBA); The fruit is used to cure
stroke. The fruit decoction is administered as enema and the dried and powdered
fruit is then charred on a metal plate. This powder is applied into the incisions
made on the body (PB); Amampondo people administer it as an enema to anyone who
has committed theft as a punishment PUNCH); The fruit decoction is used medicinally as
imbiza administered as enema (MNQO, DSHA, SHEZ, BKHW, JHLO, MAKAS,
MBUTHO, MYS, ZNGD, ZADL, iyadonsa kushise ikhanda MYS, the mixture must not be
too strong mixed with umdubu- Combretum species bark BMHL); The fruit is used as
umhlabelo to facilitate a faster bone repair. After a bone has sprained a fruit is
heated and applied into the incisions which then draws out the bad blood out
(BMKH, ZNK); Charred fruits are used to treat inflammation, specifically for a swollen
knee area. The fruit is charred and rubbed into the incisions (NOMV); The fruit is used to
treat toothache. It is burnt and the smoke is directed to the infected tooth as a result a
worm(s) that are believed to cause the pain comes out (MUN, PHEW, MGOZ); The fruit
is used to treat sores and wounds (KV); The fruit decoction is used to treat and

272
clean kidneys, administered as an enema (DLAMINI); The powdered dry fruit is
licked to relieve body pains (RVDUMA).
CAUTION: The seeds from the fruit should be avoided when the mixture is administered
as an enema, otherwise this may be fatal; The fruit is dangerous and should not to be
eaten TMBA); it can only be used as an enema by males only MRS MADLALA.
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Cunningham,
1988; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon, 2010; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Arnold et
al., 2002.
Zulu uses: Ashed fruit is applied over the knees or rubbed into scarification to treat
rheumatism (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). Boiled fruit pulp, from which seeds have
been carefully removed, is administered as powerful enema (Cunningham, 1988).
Unspecified parts are used for toothache and are also placed in the wound after tooth
extraction (Gerstner, 1939).
Other uses: Fruit is used to treat ringworm in cattle and horses (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Used throughout the southern Africa to treat toothache (Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000).

305. Solanum incanum L. (Solanaceae)

Intuma, Intuma encane, (Ucalakalithethwa), Umagangeni
[0.81] [0.89] P258
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The ripe fruits have their seed removed and the infusion is
administered as an enema to treat and cleanse the back area iqolo (BKEKI); The
fruit infusion is used to treat ukubhajwa which is a sexually transmitted infection,
the infusion is administered an enema (DZA, TMSO); Unspecified parts are used to
treat fever (SGAM); Unspecified parts are used medicinally as an emetic (SGAM, MGOZ,
MAKAS, ZNK, TMBA); The fruits are used for wound healing (ZCEL, MSANI, in
treating burn wounds the fruit is ground and applied to the affected area REVDUM,
the fruit is an ingredient in other mixtures used for the wound dressings
MAMDUMA, a paste made from the burnt fruit is applied directly onto the
sores/wound DLAMINI); The fruits help heal the umbilical cord of a newborn
(PHEW, ZCEL); The fruits is an ingredient in treating patients suffering from stroke
(PB); The fruit is used to treat toothache. It is burnt and the smoke is directed to
the infected tooth and as a result a worm that are believed to cause the pain comes
out (PUNCH, MUN, MAMBA, ZNGD, MADLAMINI, MNQO, TNGW, NDU, MBUTHO);
Unspecified plant parts are used to treat barrenness by cleaning and preparing the
womb area in females (MBUTHO); The fruit is one of the main ingredients used for
the bone recovery/reformation (BKHW, powdered fruit is applied on the incisions
in the affected area BMHL); Unspecified plant parts are administered as a tonic
(BKHW); A decoction made from the fruit with the seeds removed is administered
as an enema to relieve the lower backaches (MADL, JZ, ZADL, TMSO).

273
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Kokwaro, 1976; Sawhney et.al,
1978; Gelfand et al., 1985; Pooley, 2006; Dakone and Guadie, 2016.
Zulu uses: Zulu people from Durban use the plant juice to treat ringworm (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: This plant is used in arrow poison in Northern Nigeria (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Pedi people use it as a decoction to treat chest problem, pleurisy and
pneumonia (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Southern Sotho people use it to treat
toothache and sore throat (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves and flowers are
used as traditional cure for ear problems and treats swelling in South Africa, Tanzania
and Uganda (Dakone and Guadie, 2016). It is used to relieve toothache (Gelfand et
al.1985; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Pooley, 2005), venereal diseases (Gelfand et
al., 1985; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962, Kokwaro, 1976). The fruit juice has been
used to coagulate milk and as a stomachic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962) and used
in cheese preparation in West Africa and East Asia (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

306. Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae)

Utamatisi, Utametisi, Udamede
Not in the matrix P420
Uboqo6, Ugwayana6, Umtotovane6
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves of this plant together with the leaves of Bidens
pilosa are used to treat nausea (MYS).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

307. Solanum marginatum L. f. (Solanaceae)

Intuma, (Ucalakalithethwa)
[0.29] [0.35] P259
No names found in literature.
Uses at Amandawe: The fruit is used to facilitates a faster healing of the umbilical
cord (ZNK, ZCEL, PHEW); Unspecified plant part is used as umhlabelo to facilitate
a faster bone repair of a fractured or broken bone (ZNK, BKHW); This plant is used
medicinally and administered as an enema for an unspecified ailment (ZADL); The fruit
is used to help women conceive if they have a difficulty with conceiving
(MBUTHO); The fruit it is used to treat a sexually transmitted infection called
ukubhajwa (ZJ); The fruit decoction is used to cleanse the body systems, it is
administered as an enema (PB); The fruit is used to treat toothache. It is burnt and
the smoke is directed to the infected tooth and as a result a worm(s) that are
believed to cause the pain come out (MAMBA, MUN), (A warm root infusion is
gargled with ZNGD); The fruit is used to treat inflammation around the sprained

274
area. Cut fruit is applied on incisions made on the swollen areas which is said to
draw out the bad blood or the clots from the affected area (BMHL).
CAUTION: This fruit is not to be eaten by people, because it is poisonous (TMBA).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

308. Solanum mauritianum Scop (Solanaceae)

Umbhangabhanga, Ugwayana
Not in the matrix P421
Ibhoqo22, Ugwayana22, Umbhongabhonga22, Umthothovane22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat eye problems (SKHULUSE); This
plant is used to treat ear problems (SKHULUSE).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Jenkins, 1987;
Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Roots are an ingredient in treating excessive menstruation (Hutchings et al.,
1996). Unspecified plant parts are used medicinally as an emetic (Gerstner, 1939).
Other uses: In Mauritius the leaf sap is used to treat manioc poison (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk 1962). Seeds are used for rheumatism, while the leaf is used against
haemorrhoids (Hutchings et al., 1996).

309. Solanum nodiflorum Jacq. (Solanaceae)

Ubhici lwenyoka, Ugqumgqumu, Umsobo
[0.03] [0.03] P260
No names found in literature.
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally to treat an unspecified baby
ailment, it is administered as an enema (BMHL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: Unspecified plant parts are used as a dressing on abscesses, ulceration,
swollen glands, furnacles and carbuncles by the Swahili (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Leaf is used as a poultice for ulcers in central Africa (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962), plant used to treat respiratory tract problems, skin problems, cuts, wounds and
trachoma (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Plant used as food in tropical Africa (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

310. Solanum panduriforme E. Mey. (Solanaceae)

275
Intuma encane
[0.32] [0.32] P261
Intuma encane10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The fruit is used to facilitates a faster healing of the umbilical
cord (ZNK, PHEW); The fruit is used as umhlabelo to facilitate a faster bone repair
(ZNK, BKHW); The fruit it is used to treat a sexually transmitted infection called
ukubhajwa (ZJ); The fruit decoction is used to cleanse the body systems, it is
administered as an enema (PB); The fruit is used to treat toothache. It is burnt and
the smoke is directed to the affected tooth and as a result the worms that are
believed to cause the pain come out (MAMBA, MUN, MSANI, MBUTHO, DLAMINI,
MAMDUMA). The fruit is used to treat inflammation around the sprained area. Cut
fruit is applied on incisions made on the swollen areas, which is said to draw out
the bad blood or the clots from the affected area (BMHL).
CAUTION: This fruit is not to be eaten by people, because it is poisonous (TMBA).
Uses in the literature: Nciki et al., 2016
Zulu uses: The people of Maputaland in northern KwaZulu-Natal use the fruits in treating
warts (Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

311. Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. (Asteraceae)

Isendelengulube, Isikhabasengulube, Ucange, Uhabe, Uklwabuklwabu,
Ukhuphekhuphe, Uqange, Uqhoshombe, U-two minute, Uvelemampondweni
[0.30] [0.03] P262
Ihahehabe10,17,22, Ihogwe10,22, Igaba10,22, Igabe10,22, Iklaba 17, (IKlabeklabe13),
Iklabeklabe10,13,22, Iklabhuklabhu10,22, Iklebe17, Indangamane17, Ixhada17, Umahogo10,
Xabexabe17
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat diabetes (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used against liver problems, jaundice, to purify blood and the juice is
used as an eye drop (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The root is used as a vermifuge
by the Pare people of Tanganyika by eating it raw or boiled with banana (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Leaves are cooked and eaten in Lesotho (Fox and Norwood
Young, 1982).

312. Spilanthes mauritiana (A.Rich. ex Pers.) DC. (Asteraceae)

Isishoshokazane, Isisinini
[1.00] [1.62] P264

276
Isisilili1, 4, 6, 10, 22, Isisinini1, 4, 6, 10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used in treating venereal infections (DLAMINI,
especially the discharge in females MYS); A cold leaf infusion is used to treat
pinworms which are called impeshwana (ZCEL); This plant is used medicinally
(TMBA); A tonic made from the leaves is taken as a drink to lower the high blood
pressure (MGOZ); A cold leaf infusion is gargled with to treat sores in the mouth/
mouth ulcers also known as amalonda (MAKAS, PUNCH, REVDUM, MBUTHO,
SUKD, MAMBA, MADLAMINI, DSHA, ZADL, ZCEL, NDU, CHNDL, BMHL, KV, SHEZ,
MNQO, NDU, TMSO, BKHW, MYS, LMUS); The leaf infusion is used to treat body
sores (MYS, ZNK, DLAMINI, PHEW, ZNGD, JZ, it is administered as an enema), it is
used to treat umzimba omubi body sores eruption (MUN); The leaves are used to
treat coughs (SGAM, TMSO, BKHW, BMHL, MAMBA); A leaf infusion is used to
treat flu, it is administered orally as a drink (MGOZ, MSANI, MBUTHO, ZNK, PHEW,
ZNGD), it is administered as enema and drops into nasals JC, TNGW, it is
administered as enema and by chewing the leaves and swallow them TNGW). A
warm leaf infusion is gargled with to relieve toothache JHLO, NDU, pounded leaves are
inserted into the painful tooth cavity or kept next to it MRMAD); Leaf infusion is
administered as an enema to treat a sickness called isela (MUN); This plant is an
ingredient in mixtures used to treat various baby sicknesses, it is administered as
an enema and taken orally as a drink (PB, BKHW); A leaf infusion is taken orally as
a drink and as an enema to treat ulcers (REVDUM, BMKH, NOMV, MBUTHO,
CHNDL); The leaves are used to treat tonsillitis, they are administered by dipping
ukupolomba whereby leaves are chewed and kept around the gums (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972;
Kokwaro, 1976; Jenkins, 1987; Johns et al., 1990; Walker, 1996; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: Leaves are chewed to relieve toothache (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972).
Moistened powdered leaves are applied to hollow tooth to relieve the pain and also
rubbed on children's sore lips and gums (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Walker,
1996).
Other uses: The flower is edible in West Africa (Walker, 1996). This plant is used to treat
snakebite in Cameroon (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Walker, 1996) and used
against rheumatism (Walker, 1996).

313. Spirostachys africana Sond. (Euphorbiaceae)

Umfece, Umthombothi
[0.14] [0.27] P265
Injuqu3,6,28, Ubande3, Ubanda6,28, umFubu20, Umthombothi 3,2,6,13,10,18,22,23,24, 26,28
Uses at Amandawe: [Unspecified plant parts are used to make tonics for all ailments
(administered as an emetic BMKH, MAMBA, ZADL, SHEZ, administered orally
MBUTHO)]; Powdered bark is used to treat snakebite (BKHW); The bark of tthis
plant is mixed with the bark of Dalbergia armata where both are used to treat lice
infestation (BKHW); Unspecified plant parts are used to neutralize idliso a

277
poisonous substance that has been orally ingested (MBUTHO); A tonic made from
the bark decoction is used to promote weight loss (MKP).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Palmer and Pitman, 1972b;
Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Mabogo, 1990; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon,
2010; Corrigan et al., 2010.
Zulu uses: Powdered bark decoction are taken for stomach ulcers and acute gastritis
(Pujol, 1990). Boiled root and bark infusions are used for stomach ulcers and as eye
washes (Palmer and Pitman, 1972b). Slightly burnt wood is put in the nose to relieve
headaches and dry bark is used in embrocation for rashes in babies. Sap is applied to
boils and also used on cattle sores to kill maggots (Hutchings et al., 1996). Timber is
used for hut building, the bark for wound healing and the tree sap is applied onto the bait
used in hunting (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: The Shangaan people use the bark as a purgative (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962) and reported to have caused deaths (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Bark decoction is used as and emetic by the Sotho and the bark as fish poison in
Southern Rhodesia (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Xhosa and Mpondo people
wear the charm of the wood as charm (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962) Fresh latex is
used to treat toothache (Mabogo, 1990; Von Koenen, 1996). Piece of wood used as
insect repellent (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). It is used as an arrow and fish poison in
Namibia (Von Koenen, 1996), Zimbabwe (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). It is used as
hunting poison (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Seed collected by children for fun (Boon,
2010). Freshly cut branches used to find stingless bee nests, bees are attracted to sap
and flight path is followed. Roots and barks and sap used for a variety of medicinal
purposes (Boon, 1996).

314. Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill. (Zamiaceae)

Imfingo, Umafinga
[0.05] [0.08] P266
Imfingo1, 6, 22, 23, (imFingo23), Umgingwana10
Uses at Amandawe: The root decoction is administered by steaming and as an
emetic to treat sharp internal body pains (DLAMINI); This plant is used to treat fits
(MBUTHO); The root decoction is a tonic that is administered orally (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Broster, 1982; Pooley, 2006;
Osborne et al., 1994; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000.
Zulu uses: A tuberous root of a particular Stangeria sp is used medicinally and the
underground stem used as a purgative (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used as a
sprinkling protective charm to prevent abathakathi from entering the homestead
(Gerstner, 1938; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972; Cunningham, 1988). Ash from the plant is
used as a protective charm for warring travellers (Hutchings et al., 1996). Tuber infusion
is taken as an emetic for cleansing and protection against harmful spirits (Osborne et al.,
1994). Tubers are used to dispel bad dreams (Hutchings et al., 1996), the burnt
powdered tubers are snuffed to treat headache (Hutchings et al., 1996), treat congestion

278
in infants and to reduce high blood pressure in adults (Osborne and Grove, 1992).
Tubers are used as purgative for flatulence and for painful bones (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990).
Other uses: Xhosa people use the tubers and seeds as purgatives and to induce
vomiting in children who have eaten something poisonous (Batten and Bokelmann,
1966), tubers are also worn by mothers with young infants as a protective charm
(Hutchings et al., 1996).

315. Strelitzia nicolai Regel & K.Koch (Strelitziaceae)

Isigude, Inkalvasi, Inkamanga
[0.05] [0.11] P267
(iGceba20), Igceba2, Ikhamanga22, Ingceba22, Inkamanga2,10,4,20,22, (iNkamanga20,22),
Isagude10,17,18,22, Isidabane22, Isigceba 17, 23, Isgude2,4,10,17,18,20,22, (isiGude20,22)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used to treat heart problem and high
blood pressure. The male flower bud of the banana plant is mixed with unspecified
loquat parts and Cannabis sativa plant parts (REVDUM); This plant is used as a
tonic to treat tiredness and listlessness thereby giving vigour and strength to the
sick (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Bryant, 1966; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: The stem juice is used to sober up a person very quickly (Walker, 1996). Leaf
stalks are used as binding material for hut building and fish traps (Walker, 1996). Seeds
are used as food by the Zulu people (Palmer and Pitman, 1972a).
Other uses: The root is used to make tonic, taken as a stimulant for seediness or
depression, caused by febrile conditions known as "umkhuhlane" (cold/fever/influenza)
(Bryant, 1966). The plant is used as a protective charm (Gerstner, 1938). Petioles are
used as twines (Cunningham and Terry, 2006).

316. Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg (Loganiaceae)

Umqalothi
Not in the matrix (P268)
Inama6,28, iNkazankulu26, Uhlalale22, Umahalala22, Umgangele6, Umhlalane22,
Umhlamahlala6, Umlahlankosi2,6,22,28, Umkhombazulu6, Umkhangala2,6,22,23
umKhombazulu6,20,22, Umkwakwa15, (umPathawenkosi20), Umphathawenkosi6,20,
Umphathawenkosi-omhlophe2,6,22,28
Uses at Amandawe: The bitter tasting leaves are used to treat snakebite, the dried
and powdered bark is also used for the similar purpose. In the case of an
emergency the leaves are chewed and the extract is swallowed (MRGUMEDE).
Uses in the literature: Palmer and Pitman, 1972c; Mabogo, 1990; Pooley, 1993;
Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon 2010; Corrigan et al., 2010.

279
Zulu uses: Root bark scrapings are taken as snuff and mixed with water to treat stomach
gripes and cramps (Palmer and Pitman, 1972c). Unspecified parts are traditionally used
with crocodile fat against lightning (Pooley, 1993). Sticks made from this tree are used for
a particular Zulu ceremony (Koopman, 2015). The roots are used as a protective charm
against thunderstorms sent by isangoma (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: The Vhavhenda use the root for snakebite and the powdered material is
sprinkled around the homestead against snake invasion (Mabogo, 1990). Fruits are
edible (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

317. Strychnos henningsii Gilg (Loganiaceae)

Umqalothi
[0.11] [0.24] P270, Mhlongo 8
(uManana20), Umanana6,10,20,22, Umdunye6,10,22,28, Umnono10,22,23,28, (Umqaloti6),
Umqalothi6,10,15,20,22,23, (umQalothi20,28), (uNqonjo26)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat nausea and persistent
vomiting in babies (MYS); Unspecified parts are used to deworm humans (MYS, ZNK);
Powdered bark is licked to treat stomach cramp (MSANI); This plant is used medicinally
for an unspecified ailment (SHEZ); The bark is used to treat snakebite (MSANI,
ANON); The bark powder is licked to relieve body pains (MYS, ZNK).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Doke and
Vilakazi, 1972; De Wet et al., 2010; Jurg et al., 1991; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk et
al., 2009; Wumbugu et al., 2011.
Zulu uses: The fruits are eaten by the people of KwaNibela (Corrigan et al., 2010). The
bark is used in treating diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010). Roots are used for stomach
problems (Hutchings et al., 1996) and bark is also used for stomach complaints (Doke
and Vilakazi, 1972), dysmenorrhoea (Hutchings et al., 1996) and nausea (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Unspecified parts of the plant are used against tapeworm
(Bryant, 1966).
Other uses: It is used against malaria in Mozambique (Jurg et al., 1991). Unripe fruit and
root bark are used to treat snakebite (Van Wyk et al., 2009). In Kenya it is used to treat
chronic painful joints (Wumbugu et al., 2011). In eastern Pondoland the bark is used as
an appetiser (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

318. Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. (Loganiaceae)

Amagulukungqa, Amangola, Itshelemfene, Umgulukuza, (Ungquluzemfene)
[0.08] [0.11] P271
Umguliguhla10, Umgulugudu17, Umgulugulu10, Umgulukunqa10, Umgulukuza2,22, Umhlala
17, Umhlalane10,22, Umhlalale22, Uhlalale10, Umkwakwa2,10,15,2022,26, (umKwakwa20,22),

Umnconjwa2,10,20,22, (umNcojwa20,22), Umqalothi10

280
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used for virility, better known as
umuthi wamadoda (CHNDL); The powder from the charred fruit is rubbed into the
incisions to treat swollen testicles (DLAMINI); Unspecified parts are used to treat
high blood pressure (MSANI); Dry leaves are used to treat excessive and irregular
menstruations (MGOZ).
Uses in the literature: Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 1993; Maroyi, 2011; De Wet et
al., 2010; De Wet, 2013; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: The fruits are edible, seeds pounded to make a drink amahewu and also
used to treat diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010). It is used as an anthelmintic, bark powder
used against nausea while root is used for rheumatic pains together with Turraea
floribunda root (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The fruit pulp is eaten by the Zulu
people and the seeds are dried and pounded into edible powder (Fox and Norwood
Young, 1982). The people of KwaNibela eat the fruits and the pulp is mixed with mealie
meal to make porridge (Corrigan et al., 2010). People of Maputaland use the root, bark
and leaves to treat diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010). The leaves are used to treat sores
(De Wet, 2013; Nciki et al., 2016), while the leaves alone treat burns, sores and
ringworms (Nciki et al., 2016). This plant is used in treating hypertention by the people of
Maputaland (De Wet et al., 2016).
Other uses: Fruit is used in treating Tunga penetrants (Pooley, 2003). It is used to treat
sore eyes by the Neman people of Zimbabwe (Maroyi, 2011). It is used by the Pondo
people as a bitter appetiser (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The bark is used as a
purgative and for colic (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

319. Strychnos spinosa Lam. (Loganiaceae)

Amahlala, Igulukungqa, Igulukuza, Ingola, (Unquluzemfene)
[0.14] [0.14] P272
Amahlala 17, Umhla3,6,10, Umhlala2,3,4,6,10,17,22,23, umHlala20,24, (Umhlala (fruits) 17),
Umhlalankolontshe2,6,10,22, Umhlahlawehlathi3,6
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used for virility, better known as
umuthi wamadoda (CHNDL); The powder from the charred fruit is rubbed into the
incisions to treat swollen testicles (DLAMINI); Unspecified parts are used to treat
high blood pressure (MSANI); Dry leaves are used to treat excessive and irregular
menstruations (MGOZ, MAMDUMA).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1939; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966);
Oliver–Bever, 1986; Jenkins, 1987; Mabogo, 1990; Walker, 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: The leaves are used to treat sores (De Wet, 2013). The people of
Maputaland use the fruit to treat warts (Nciki et al., 2016). The pulp of a ripe fruit is eaten
by people (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982; Walker, 1996). Hot roots or green fruit
infusion together with the roots of Leonotis leonurus and other plants are taken to treat
snakebites (Bryant, 1966). Crushed seeds are also used as a snakebite antidote

281
(Gerstner, 1939). Roots or green fruit are used for fevers, as emetics and for sore eyes
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Tonga people use this plant in death rites (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Leaves are used for scabies in Madagascar (Jenkins, 1987). The Vhenda people
treat the post-parturition pain by taking the fruit infusion with porridge (Mabogo, 1990).

320. Strychnos usambarensis Gilg ex Engl. (Loganiaceae)

(Ubulaluyise), Umkhangala, (Umnqamlamakhanda), (UmthikaShaka)
[0.03] [0.03] P273, Mhlongo 9
Indlununye6, 22, (inDlunge20), Umanana10, Umdunye10, (umKhangala23),
Umphathawenkosi-omnyama6, 22, (umPhathawenkosi6, 20, 22), Umnono10, Umqalothi10, 15
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an undisclosed ailment (SHEZ).
CAUTION: Nobody should use it as a fighting stick while his father is still alive, because it
may result in his father's death SHEZ.
Uses in the literature: Iwu, 1993; Pooley, 1993.
Zulu uses: Parts of the plant are used to treat gastric problems (Pooley, 1993).
Other uses: The bark of the tree is used to treat pains, general weakness and as a tonic
(Iwu, 1993). The Banyambo tribe use both the roots and leaves as ingredients in
preparing arrow poison (Tits et al., 1984; Frederich et al., 2003).

321. Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex Krauss (Myrtaceae)

Izindoni, Umdoni
[0.92] [0.73] P274
Ingozi 17, Umdoni2,6,10,11,15,17,22,24, 26,28, Umhlukazi22, Umkhethunge10,22, Umuswi10,22,
Unhlukazi10
Uses at Amandawe: [The bark is one of the ingredient in the preparation of umuthi
obovu (SGAM, MYS, MAKAS, JZ, TMSO, SHEZ, TNGW, NOMV, MUN, MAMBA,
BMHL, ZNGD, MSANI, DLAMINI)]; The bark decoction is it used to treat stomach
cramps (DLAMINI);The bark is used medicinally (it is administered as an emetic TMBA,
MADLAMINI, JHLO, it is administered by body steaming ZCEL, MRMAD, it is
administered as an enema JZ, it is administered by body steaming and as an emetic
PHEW, JB); Unspecified plant parts are used to treat flu (REVDUM); The bark
decoction is used to treat facial skin problems especially excessive sebum
secretion around the nose area isidina. It is administered by steaming and as an
emetic (BKHW, NDU); This plant is used to stop diarrhoea (MUN, CHNDL, DZA).
Note: The study area of Amandawe falls in the Umdoni Municipality which was named
after the popular and the abundant Syzygium cordatum better known as uMdoni in isiZulu
language.

282
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Cunningham, 1988; Hutchings,
1989; Mabogo, 1990; Iwu, 1993; Pooley, 1993; Hutchings, et al., 1996; Van Wyk and
Gericke, 2000; York et al., 2011; Cock and van Vuuren, 2013; De Wet, 2013; Nciki et al.,
2016.
Zulu uses: The bark and leaf mixture is gargled with to treat mouth wounds (Corrigan et
al., 2010). The Zulu people use the bark to treat tuberculosis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Bark is used as traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988). Unspecified parts are
used for respiratory ailments, tuberculosis, stomach complaints and as emetics (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 1993). Bark and leaves are used to treat diarrhoea (De
Wet et al., 2010). Zulu people eat the ripe fruit (Gerstner, 1938; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972;
Fox and Norwood Young, 1982). The bark and the leaves are used by the people of
Maputaland to treat sexually transmitted diseases (De Wet et al., 2010), burns and sores
(Nciki et al., 2016) and gonorrhoea (De Wet et al., 2012). Parts of this tree are used to
treat sores (De Wet, 2013). The bark is used by the people of Maputaland to treat
coughs, sleepless nights and runny or blocked nose (York et al., 2011).
Other uses: It is used by the Bhemba people to treat diarrhoea, stomach problems, to
enhance milk production and as a fish poison (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is
used by the pregnant Chewa women as a charm to prevent infant deformity when their
husband has committed adultery (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

322. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae)

Umdoni, Umdoni wesilungu, Umdoni omnyama
[0.05] [0.03] P275
Umdoni 11, uMdoni20
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu
(MBUTHO, MSANI).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The tree is grown for ornamental purposes & fruits are edible (Boon, 2010).

323. Syzygium gerrardii (Harv. ex Hook.f.) Burtt Davy (Myrtaceae)

Indonyana, Umdoni, Umdoni omhlophe
[0.65] [0.59] P276
Isifecane6, (Umdlumuthwa6), Umdoni wehlathi6,10,22,23,24, Umdoni 18, Umdoni wamanzi2,
Umdonivungu2, Umdunywa6,22, Umdunywana10,22,23,24,28 umKhethunge13,
Umdlulamuthwa6,10,22,23, (Umhlumuthwa23), (Umdlulamuthwa22), (Undunywana22)
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used as an ingredient of umuthi obovu (MYS, PB,
MNQO, NOMV, DSHA, ZNGD, ZADL, MAKAS, JB, TMSO); The bark decoction is used
to treat diarrhoea (ZNK, PHEW, SUKD, MUN, ZCEL, REVDUM); The bark is used
medicinally (TMBA, it is administered as an enema JZ); A bark mixture is used to treat

283
a sickness called isela, the mixture is administered as an enema (MADLAMINI,
BMKH); The roots are used in treating a venereal disease called ukubhajwa
(DLAMINI); The bark decoction is used to treat facial skin problems known as
isidina, especially excessive sebum secretion around the nose area. It is
administered by steaming and as an emetic (NDU).
Uses in the literature: Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon, 2010.
Zulu uses: Ripe fruits are eaten by the Zulu people (Gerstner, 1938; Fox and Norwood
Young, 1982). Bark infusion is taken orally to treat lung tuberculosis, chronic chest
problems and diarrhoea (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Fruit are eaten by people (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used in
treating respiratory complaints (Boon, 2010).

324. Tabernaemontana ventricosa Hochst. ex A.DC. (Apocynaceae)

Amasende enkawu, Indokonde, Isende lenkawu
Not in the matrix P425
Umcikimanzi22, Umkhahlu22, Umhlahlu2, (Ukhakhamasane2, 28), Ukhamamasane2, 4,6,22,
Umkhadlu3, 28, Umkhahlwana3, 20, (umKhahlwana20), (umKhandlu20), Umkhathu3,
Umondane22, Unokhahlu22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (MRMAD);
This plant is used is used to treat sexually transmitted infection called ukubhajwa.
The roots are ground up burnt over a metal plate and licked (JZ).
Uses in the literature: Pooley, 1993; Walker, 1996.
Zulu uses: The Zulu people use the fruit to speed up milk curdling (Walker, 1996): The
bark is used for fevers (Pooley, 1993, Walker, 1996).
Other uses: White sap is used as birdlime, bark used for fever (Boon, 2010). Latex from
the green fruit is used to make lime and glue (Walker, 1996), it is also used externally to
treat and dress wounds and sore eyes in Kenya (Omino and Kokwaro, 1993). South
Africans eat the orange pulp from the seed casing (Walker, 1996).

325. Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae)

Ikhambi lempaka, Insangu katikoloshe, Usangwana
[0.35] [0.32] P277
Insangwana10, 14, Umavelegoli10, 22, Umansankwana10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (SHEZ);
The leaves are an ingredient in medicinal mixtures administered as an emetic
(ZNK); A decoction made from the leaves is used medicinally and administered by
steaming (ZCEL); A leaf decoction is used to treat bad body odour, administered
by drinking it as a tonic over a long period of time (PHEW); The leaves of Tagetes
minuta together with the leaves of ubhatata Ipomoea batatas are used to treat

284
stomach cramps (PUNCH); Crushed leaves are inserted into the tooth cavity to
relieve toothache (MNQO); The leaf infusion is administered as an emetic to treat
flu (NOMV, MBUTHO); This plant is used medicinally, probably as some kind of a
precautionary tonic to strengthen the body every time when seasons of the year
change. It is administered as an enema (ZNGD); Charred leaves are applied onto
the sores (DLAMINI); This plant together with inyathelo, probably Vernonia
adoensis is used in treating impehlwa (REVDUM); Lightly bruised leaves are used
to prevent and rid of maggots on human wounds and sores (MYS).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: It is used as an insect repellent (Smith, 1966). Flower heads are used for
gold, olive, sienna, green-grey, lemon yellow, maroon ochre brick red colours (Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000). It is used to treat nematode infestation, fleas on dogs and in the
perfume industry (Pooley, 2005).

326. Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach (Bignoniaceae)

Umunyana, Uthswala benyoni
[0.68] [1.22] P278
(iLozane22), (isiDamvulu22), Isidamvulu10,22, Isikhwali10,22, Incwincwi1, (Lungana6,
Uchacha1,10,22,26, (uChacha26), Uchahacha6, Udodo1, Umunyana wasehlathini22,
umunyane1,2, Umunyawehalthi10, Ungcanga1,10,22, (Ununyane6), umunyane6
Uthswalabezinyoni10,22
Uses at Amandawe: The cold leaf infusion is used to treat flu (it is administered
orally BMKH, ZNGD, BKHW, SGAM, JHLO, ZNK, ZCEL, SHEZ, JZ, PHEW, PUNCH,
MSANI, REVDUM, MBUTHO, drops are released into the eyes and ears MGOZ,
MADL, it is administered as an enema as well as drops into the nasals MAMBA, PB,
it treats flu that results in a runny nose BMHL); The leaf infusion is administered as
an enema, is used to treat fever (SGAM, DLAMINI, BMKH, ZNGD, BKHW, SGAM, JHLO,
ZNK, ZCEL, SHEZ, JZ, PHEW, PUNCH, MSANI, REVDUM, MBUTHO); Unspecified
plant parts used to treat backaches by administering the mixture as an enema
(SGAM); The leaf infusion is used to empty the overflowing gall or treat gall
sicknesses (MYS, MAKAS, it is used as a purgative by drinking the infusion
SUKD); Fresh leaves are crushed and inhaled to treat sinus problems (MRMAD); A
strong extract from the leaf infusion is administered as drops directly into the
nostrils of females with hysteria ufufunyane. This could probably be a sedative as
explained (JB, PB); The cold leaf infusion is administered as droplets into the
nasals to relieve congested nasals (ZNGD, PHEW, JZ, MNQ); Unspecified plant
parts are used in treating isela and administered by ukuphumputha (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Roberts, 1990; Pooley, 2005;
Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon, 2010.

285
Zulu uses: Dried powdered bark infusions are taken for fevers, pain, sleeplessness,
chest ailments, diarrhoea, dysentery and stomach pains Roberts, 1990). The sweet
nectar from the flowers is sucked (Corrigan et al., 2010).
Other uses: Powdered bark is used by the Sotho people of Northern Transvaal to treat
pneumonia and high fever (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used to treat fever,
pain, insomnia, chest ailments, dysentery, bleeding gums and to promote flow of milk in
feeding mothers (Boon, 2010).

327. Tephrosia macropoda (E.Mey.) Harv. (Fabaceae)

Isinama, (Umlomo omnandi), (Umnandinoveshe), (Uncinci langena idlozi), (Uncinci
wafika dade), (Uthongami)
[0.05] [0.03] P279
Ilozane1, 22, Iklozane4, Ithethe4, Ugwengu1, 22, uHlozane22, Uqwengu4, 22, Umuthiwesifuba4
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to treat impotence (ZADL).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner; 1941; Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962;
Bryant, 1966; Pooley, 2005; Walker, 1996; Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: The root is used for stupefying fish, as an insecticide (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962, Hutchings et al., 1996), as an anthelminthic in cattle, vermin killer,
treating sores, and as a parasiticide (Hutchings et al., 1996). Leaf infusion is used for
blood cleansing, stomach problems, chest complaints, to stupefy fish, as a parasiticide
(Walker, 1996), typhoid, fevers and febrile complaints (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
This plant is also used as an anthelmintic, insecticide (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Root or stem infusion is sprayed as an insecticide especially against mealie borers (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Root infusions are used for chest ailments (Hulme, 1954).
Roots and seeds are used for killing vermin for both humans and cattle on man
(Gerstner, 1941).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

328. Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (Lamiaceae)

Iboza, Iboza elincane
[0.97] [1.84] P280
Iboza1,2,4,11,6,10,22, Ibozane1,2,4,6,15
Uses at Amandawe: A cold leaf infusion is used to treat flu (it is administered
orally as a drink JB, CHNDL, SGAM, DZA, MBUTHO, MAMBA, MYS, REVDUM, ZNK,
ZCEL, TMBA, JZ, PHEW, PB, PUNCH, SUKD, BMKH, MGOZ, MNQO, DSHA, ZADL,
JHLO, MSANI, TNGW, BMHL, MAKAS, it is administered through the nasals
MRMAD); A cold leaf infusion is used to treat fever (it is administered orally as a
drink JB, CHNDL, SGAM, DZA, MBUTHO, MAMBA, MYS, REVDUM, ZNK, ZCEL,
TMBA, JZ, PHEW, PB, PUNCH, SUKD, BMKH, MGOZ, MNQO, DSHA, ZADL, JHLO,
MSANI, TNGW, BMHL, MAKAS, it is administered through the nasals MRMAD); A

286
warm leaf infusion is gargled with to treat throat infection and a painful throat (MNQO); A
cold leaf infusion is taken orally as a drink to treat coughs (NDU, MUN, KV, MADLAMINI,
MAKAS); This plant is used to treat snakebite (JB); The leaf infusion is
administered as an enema to treat back problem (MAMBA); The leaf infusion
administered as an enema to treat body sores (MNQO, DLAMINI, MAKAS);
Unspecified plant parts are used to treat chest ulcers (BMHL, MADLAMINI); A cold or
warm leaf infusion is administered as an enema to treat a sickness called isela
(REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966; Hutchings, 1989;
Roberts, 1990; Hakizamungu et al.,1992; Githinji and Kokwaro, 1993; Hutchings and Van
Staden, 1994; Hutchings et al., 1996; Hutchings. et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005; Walker,
1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Boon, 2010; York et al., 2011; York et al., 2012; De
Wet et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: This plant is used in treating hypertension by the people of Maputaland (De
Wet et al., 2016). Leaf decoction is used to treat coughs, sore throats, as a stomachic
(Hutchings et al., 1996), chronic coughs (Bryant, 1966) and to treat malaria (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962), leaves are chewed for gall sickness and for fevers in cattle
(Hutchings et al., 1996), and roots are used in emetics for dropsy of lower limbs
(Hutchings et al., 1996). Infusions are used against coughs, respiratory problems and
dropsy, as an emetic to clear phlegm (Walker, 1996). The Zulu also chew the leaf for
dengue fever (Walker, 1996). The leaves of this plant are used by the people of
Mputaland to treat coughs, fever, sore throat, runny nose, chest pains, headache,
shortness of breath, chills, sleepless night and tiredness (York et al., 2011). This plant is
used in treating respiratory problems (York et al., 2012).
Other uses: In some areas of Southern Africa, unspecified parts are used for diarrhoea
and haemoptysis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

329. Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze (Aizoaceae)

Ibohlololo elimhlophe, Imfino, I spinach sehlathi, Isipinashi somgwaqo, U two
minutes
[0.03] [0.03] P281
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves are used to treat inflammation. It is not clear
whether it is administered as a compressor as poultice (MAMBA).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: This plant is probably eaten or has some use by the Zulu people of KwaZulu-
Natal (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

330. Thunbergia atriplicifolia E. Mey. ex Nees (Acanthaceae)

(Umatshinguphondo), Isiphondo, (Umhlonishwa)

287
[0.25] [0.35] P282
Isiphondo4, 6,10,22,23, Isiphondo esincane1
Uses at Amandawe: The infusion made from this plant is administered as an
enema to treat a babies sickness called uphondo which is described the fontanel
depression (MYS); This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (it is
administered by steaming and as an emetic ZNK), (it is administered as an emetic
BMKH); This plant is used to treat children sicknesses experienced during teething
(the infusion is administered orally and as an enema BKHW, NOMV, TNGW,
crushed leaves are rubbed on the gums ZNGD); The infusion of the plant parts is
administered as an enema to stop diarrhoea in babies (DSHA); This plant is used
to treat a sickness called inyoni in babies (DSHA, BKHW, MAKAS, MSANI one of
the symptoms of this ailment is the inflammation on the pallet of the mouth an
under the tongue MSANI).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: It is used as a hair wash (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996). A
leaf infusion mixed with other species of this genus is given to newborn babies as an
enema to treat ciperse a skin disease (Walker, 1996). Pounded leaf infusions are
administered as ritual cleansing enemas to newly born infants (Hulme, 1954). Parts of
this plant are used as soap (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972).
Other uses: This plant is used in traditional medicine as a love portion (Batten and
Bokelmann, 1966; Walker, 1996; Pooley, 2006) and the green fruit is used as a hair wash
(Pooley, 2006).

331. Thunbergia natalensis Hook. (Acanthaceae)

Umakhweyana, (Matshinguphondo), Umgunya
Not in the matrix P427
Isiphondo esikhulu1, 3, isiPondo 23, Unohlonoshwayo1, 3, 4,6,22
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to help raise depressed fontanels in babies,
it is administered as an enema (MYS).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: Root infusions are taken as emetics by brides, usually on the wedding day, to
ensure happy marriage (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: It is used as a charm to ensure happy marriage (Pooley, 2006).

332. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray (Asteraceae)

Ugudlumngeni, Ugudlumfula, Umanthsoboza
Not in the matrix P428
Umwelele kweliphesheya6

288
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat stomach cramps
(warm infusion JZ, GNGCOBO, ANON, NOMV); This plant used to treat a common
sickness in babies called isela (ANON); A cold leaf infusion is taken orally to treat
food poisoning (NTAKA).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

333. Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R Hunt (Commelinaceae)

Idangabane elibovu
Not in the matrix P429
No names found in literature
Uses at Amandawe: The fresh leaves are used to treat burn wounds, they are
probably crushed and applied directly onto the affected area (NTAKA).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

334. Tragia glabrata var. hispida Radcl.-Sm. (Euphorbiaceae)

Imbabazane, Imbati, Imbati yehlathi, Imbati enkulu, Imbati yentaba, Imvabazane
[0.08] [0.08] P283
Imbabazane3
Uses at Amandawe: Cooked leaves are mixed with cow dung and applied onto a
body of a baby with body rash (MSANI); The roots of this plant is used to treat
allergy symptoms, it is administered as a hot tonic and as isincindo made from a
dried, pounded and charred root on a metal plate (PHEW); This plant is used
medicinally for an unspecified ailment (SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: none found.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

335. Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae)

Ubhatini
[0.26] [0.24] P284
Ifamu2,6,10,20,23, (iFamu2,220, 23), Iphubane2,6,20,22,23, (iPhubane20,23), (isiKhwelamfene20,23),
Isikhwelamfene2,6,10,20,22,23 , Isiphubane10, Ubathini6,20,22,23, (uBathini20,22), (Ubatini23,28),

289
Ubhatini2,10,23, Ufatekamati10,22, uBhokhangabokhanga20,22, Umbengebenge 18,
Umbhantini10,22, Umbengele 18, 23,, Umcabakazane2,6,10,20,22,23, (Umcebekhazana2,6,23),
(Umcebagazane 23), (uMcebekhazana20,22), Umdindwa2,6,10,20,22,23, (umDindwa20,22)
Umdindwa10,23, Umbhangabhanga2,6,10,18,22,23,28, Umbhengabhenga22,
Umbokhangabikhanga2,6,10, Umbhongabhonga22, (Umsekemseke2,6,18,22), Umpangazi 23,
Upengapenga 23, Umsekeseke2,6,10,18,22,23, (umVangazi20,23), Umvangazi2,6,20,22,23
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment (SHEZ,
MYS); The bark is used to empty the overflowing gall or gall sicknesses (PUNCH);
The bark decoction is used as a tonic for cleansing the body systems, it is
administered by steaming and as an emetic (BMKH, MSANI); The bark decoction
administered as an emetic to get rid of idliso, which is ejected through the mouth
(CHNDL); This plant is used to treat lice infestation (DSHA); Together with Bridelia
micrantha, it is used to treat iphika which is described as the shortness of breath
(ZNGD); This plant is used to treat coughs (ZADL); A tonic made from the bark is
administered as a hot drink for a couple of days to treat a painful chest and other
various chest problems (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Ayensu, 1978; Jenkins, 1987;
Akendengue, 1992; Rasoanaivo et al. 1992; Hutchings et al., 1996; Boon, 2010;
Adnortey et al., 2015.
Zulu uses: Roots are used as an ingredient in a traditional medicine, which is taken as
an emetic (Hutchings et al., 1996). Leaves are eaten as spinach by the Zulu people
(Palmer and Pitman, 1972a).
Other uses: Leaves are eaten as spinach (Boon, 2010). Bark is used as an inhalant for
chest disease in Guinea (Ayensu, 1978).

336. Trichilia dregeana Sond. (Meliaceae)

Igxolo, Umkhuhlu
[0.76] [1.05] P285
(Ixolo6,10,22), Igxolo6,10,22,28, Umagudla23, Umkhuhlu2,6,10,18,20,22,23, (umKhuhlu20,23),
umfuhla6 (Umkhfuhla6), Umathunzini2,6,10,18,22,23
Uses at Amandawe: A bark decoction is used to treat the backache and lower back
problems, whereby it is administered as an enema (ZNK, JHLO, MRMAD, SGAM, TMSO,
PHEW, JZ, JB, PB, PUNCH, MACEL, MAMDUMA, DSHA, KV, ZNGD, BKHWL, SHEZ,
DLAMINI, BMKH, BMHL, CHNDL, NOMV, MBUT, MBUTHO, ZADL, (it is used with the
alarm stone DZA), (it can be fatal if the decoction or infusion is too strong REVDUM, JZ);
The bark decoction is used as tonic known as imbiza yokuziklina, it is
administered as an enema. It cleanses the back and lower back drawing out waste
which includes bad blood, after which a person feels refreshed, light and
invigorated (DLAMINI, MSANI, SHEZ); The bark is used to treat a baby sickness
called inyoni (MSANI, the bark is mixed with milk and the bark of isithobothi PB);
Unspecified plant part is used to treat toothache (BMKHA); The bark is used
medicinally and administered as an emetic (MUN, KV); A bark decoction is used to

290
treat isilonda sesela (MAMBA); A bark decoction is used as umuthi obovu and
administered by steaming (MAMDUMA).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Coates Palgrave, 1981;
Cunningham, 1988; Pooley, 1993 Boon, 2010; De Wet, 2012; De Wet et al., 2012.
Zulu uses: Unspecified plant parts are used for stomach complaints and backache
(Coates Palgrave, 1981). Unspecified medicinal usage of the bark and other parts of the
plant (Cunningham, 1988; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Powdered root and bark of
an unidentified Trichilia species is rubbed into the incisions on a breast of a woman
secreting too much milk (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Bark or leaf infusion is used
for sore back, heat pains in the back, for lumbago and for rectal ulceration in children
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). People in Maputaland use the leaves to treat sexually
transmitted diseases (De Wet, 2012), syphilis (De Wet et al., 2012).
Other uses: Unspecified plant parts are used as fish poison. The wood is the most
important source of timber for carving in southern Africa (Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000).
Fruits are eaten by people and also produce oil used for soap making (Boon, 2010).
Seed, oil, bark, leaves, root used medicinally (Boon, 2010). Timber is used for furniture,
implements, carvings also used to repair ships in Durban in the 1800s (Boon, 2010).
Cooking oil is extracted from the seeds (Palmer and Pitman, 1972a).

337. Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. (Salicaceae)

Idlebe lendlovu, Ilukuluku
[0.11] [0.11] P286
Idlebe lendlovu2, 10, 18, 20,22,23,25, (iDlebelendlovu20, 23), (Idlebeyendlovu22), Igqabile10, 22
Uses at Amandawe: The bark and twigs are used in the preparation of ubulawu and
umuthi omhlophe (JB, MSANI); This plant is used as a sedative to calm patients so
that they can be treated medicinally (MYS); Unspecified plant parts are used to
treat a baby’s sickness called inyoni babies and it is administered as an enema
(NOMV).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley, 2013.
Zulu uses: It is used as an ingredient in preparations for abdominal problems (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Timber is used in the making of yokes (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Bark and wood strips are used to make twine and beer strainers (Cunningham and Terry,
2006).

338. Triumfetta pilosa Roth (Malvaceae)

Intabane, Ugwababa, Uxhaphozi, Uvemvane, Uvemvane olukhulu
[0.20] [0.30] P287
Uvemvane1, 6, 10, 22

291
Uses at Amandawe: [This plant is used medicinally for an unspecified ailment
(ZNK, BMHL, DLAMINI, SHEZ)]; In the event of treating scabies, crushed leaves are
rubbed directly onto the body with (MSANI); The leaves are mixed with the leaves
of Bidens pilosa and paraffin to treat or to get rid of the lice infestation (NDU); This
plant it is used to treat eye infections. The infusion of the leaves and the water is
squeezed and the extract is released as drops into the infected eyes (JB); The
leaves are used to treat heartburn (REVDUM, MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Walker, 1996; Pooley, 2006.
Zulu uses: The twigs and leaves are used for washing and treating hair (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk 1962; Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996, Pooley, 2006) and the
stems are used in twining (Pooley, 2006).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

339. Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae)

Itsweli lezinyoka, Isivimbampunzi, ishalati lezinyoka, Itsweli
[0.51] [0.19] P288
Ishaqa11, Isenene10, Isihaka10, 22, Isikhwa 17, Isikwa 17, Itsweli lenyoka6, (Sishaka10)
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used medicinally (SHEZ MGOZ administered as an
enema); Whole plant is used in ukuphumputha/ukuphuphutha (MSANI); An infusion
made from the whole plant is administered as an enema and orally to treat coughs
(JB); This plant is used to treat flu (ZNGD); This plant is used to lower the high
blood pressure (BP, NOMV).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk; 1962; Batten and
Bokelmann, 1966; Burton, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000; Arnold et al., 2002; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: Zulu people of Kwa Nongoma eat both the flowers and the leaves as spinach
(Fox and Norwood Young, 1982). It is planted in the yard to keep snakes away (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Tuber infusions are taken as love charm emetics. Pounded
tuber decoctions are administered as enemas for stomach ailments (Hulme, 1954). The
leaves and flowers are eaten as spinach, the green parts are used as a hot condiment
with meat and the bulb is used medicinally (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: It is used to treat fever, asthma and constipation (Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000). Leaves are rubbed on the face to treat sinus, headache and the infusion is used
for colic, wind and restlessness in young children (Batten and Bokelmann, 1966). The
leaves are cooked and eaten by the Swazi people (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).

340. Turraea floribunda Hochst. (Meliaceae)

Isifithi sezangoma, Ifidi lezangoma, Umadlozane
Not in the matrix P289

292
Ikhambi lomsinga22, Inkunzane22, Inkunzi22, Ubhugulo22, Ubhukulo, Umadlozane1, 20, 22, 23,
Umbovane22, Umlulama22, umLulama-omcane20, Umhlatholana22, Uvuma22, 23
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used medicinally and administered as
an emetic (PHEW).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966;
Pujol, 1990.
Zulu uses: Bark mixture is taken as an emetic against dreams that are believed to
indicate a weak heart (Bryant, 1966). Parts of the plant are used in mixtures used to
strengthen people who have lost a family member (Gerstner, 1941). Roots are used by
the diviners probably to sharpen their divining powers (Hutchings et al., 1996). Root
infusions are used to treat dropsy, heart problems and rheumatism (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Root decoctions treat swollen and painful joints (Pujol, 1990).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

341. Typha capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br. (Typhaceae)

Ibhuma, Imbombo
[0.24] [0.35] P290
Ibhuma1, 3,4,10,11,14,22, (Ibuma1)
Uses at Amandawe: The root decoction is used to treat a condition called umzimba
omubi which is an outbreak of body sores (JB, it is administered as a bath and as a
drink REVDUM, it is administered as a tonic taken orally PHEW); A root mixture is
administered as a drink to stops excessive menstruation in women (BKHW); A
mixture made from the rhizomes prepares and enables the womb to conceive (BKHW); A
tonic made from the roots decoction is taken orally to ensure easy childbirth (BMHL); A
rhizome decoction is administered as a tonic to strengthen and cleanse the body
systems, more especially for blood purification (MBUTHO, PB, ZADL); Unspecified
parts of the plant are used to heal umbilical cord (REVDUM); This plant is used to
treat an ear infection especially an ear that is dripping of pus (REVDUM); The
rhizomes are used to treat a venereal disease called ukubhajwa (DLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990;
Roberts, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Walker, 1996; Hutchings.et al., 1996; Van Wyk
and Gericke, 2000; Pooley, 2006; Van Wyk et al., 2009.
Zulu uses: Root decoctions are used for venereal problems (Pujol, 1990; Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962, Walker, 1996). Rhizomes are used in facilitating easy childbirth
(Gerstner, 1941) and to clean fallopian tubes improving chances of conceiving in women
(Pujol, 1990). It is used to remove the afterbirth in humans and animals (Roberts, 1990).
The Zulus use the rhizome to treat the circulation problem that affects the genitals (Pujol,
1990).
Other uses: The woolly inflorescence is used by the Tshwana to staunch bleeding
wounds and also as an absorbent pad during menstruation by various groups in southern

293
Africa (Roberts, 1990). Leaves are used make mats (Cunningham and Terry, 2006). The
roots are edible (Story, 1958).

342. Uvaria caffra E. Mey. ex Sond. (Annonaceae)

Umalizwende, Umazwenda, Unozende
[0.03] [0.05] P291
iDwaba20, Inkonjane2, 22 Umazwenda2, 23, uMalizwenda-omnyama20, 22, uMaluvumba26,
umazwenda omnyama2, Umazwenda omhlophe22
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are an ingredient in the preparation of
umuthi omhlophe (ANON); This plant is used to treat a form of hysteria that is
referred to as ukuhlanya kwezizwe not schizophrenia (REVDUM); The roots of this
climber are used together with umayime Haemanthus albiflos to treat hysteria,
probably as a sedative (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Cunningham, 1988; Mabogo, 1990.
Zulu uses: The roots are used as a love charm emetic (Corrigan et al., 2010). Stems are
used in traditional medicine (Cunningham, 1988).
Other uses: The Venda people use the roots treat coughs (Mabogo, 1990).

343. Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso (Fabaceae)

Ingamazi, Ingamazi elincane, Umunga Umantungane, Usidlodlo
[0.19] [0.14] P292
Isikhombe6,22, 28, isiNga26, U(lu)Faba22, U(lu)Gagu22, Umfaba10, Umgagu10, Umkhombe10,
Umunga2,6,10,11,17,18,20, 22,26,28
Uses at Amandawe: The bark decoction is administered as an emetic and as an
enema to treat dysentery (JZ, BKHW); The spines of this tree are used in a mixture
prepared to treat sharp internal body pains (DLAMINI); The spines of this tree are
used in medicinal mixtures prepared to treat undisclosed ailment (ZADL).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et
al., 1996; Smith, 1996; Grace et al., 2003; Van Wyk et al., 2008; Van Wyk et al., 2009;
Boon, 2010; Moffett, 2010.
Zulu uses: Zulu people use bark decoctions as an emetic to get rid of any ailments
believed to be caused by witchcraft (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). A stringent
medicine is made from the bark (Gerstner, 1941). Gum from the tree is edible (Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982). Bark mixture is sprinkled as a snake repellent (Corrigan et al.,
2010).
Other uses: Exude which forms gum is used in cooking as sugar (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Stems are used as twine and the bark for dye (Cunningham and Terry,
2006). The tree produces edible gum, seeds as coffee substitute (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962).

294
344. Vachellia natalitia (E.Mey.) & Kyal. & Boatwr. (Fabaceae)
Isambulela, Isingqawe, Isinqawe, Umnqawe
[0.03] [0.03] P293
Isishoba22, Umnqawe2, 10
Uses at Amandawe: The tree spines are used in treating sharp internal body pains
“izibhobo” (MADLAMINI).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Van Wyk et al., 2008; Boon,
2010.
Zulu uses: Bark decoctions are taken for dry coughs and are reported to loosen phlegm
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: The pod case is used for tanning (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The
root is used by the Tonga to treat tuberculosis. The pods give bright shades of brown
(Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000). Gum is edible and makes good glue (Boon, 2010). Barks
and pods have a high tannin content Boon (2010). Pods produce yellow and red dye
depending on the age of the pods (Boon, 2010). Timber is used for furniture poles and
fuel (Boon, 2010). Bark, leaves and roots are used medicinally, mainly for respiratory
complaints (Boon, 2010). Spines are used to remove thorns, for sewing and for ear
piercing (Boon, 2010).

345. Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb. subsp. kraussiana (Benth) Kyal. &
Boatwr. (Fabaceae)
Isingqawe, Isinqawe, Umunga;
[0.03] [0.03] P294
Isishoba10, Ubobe6, Ubombe6, (Umqawe6), Umnqawe2, 6, 22, (UmNqawe22)
Uses at Amandawe: The tree spines are somehow involved in treating sharp
internal body pains izibhobo (MYS).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Kokwaro, 1976; Sawney et.al
1978.
Zulu uses: Bark decoctions are taken for dry coughs and are reported to loosen phlegm
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: The flower has been used to induce menstruation, the flower as an ointment
and the fruit as a remedy for diarrhoea and gynaecological conditions (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). The wood is used in treating smallpox in the African Italian colonies
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

346. Vachellia sieberiana (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. var. woodii (Burtt Davy) Kyal. & Boatwr.
(Fabaceae)

295
Isinqawe esimhlophe, Umkhamba, Uselephe
[0.11] [0.11] P295
Likhiya28, Umkhamba2,3,6,10,18,20, 22, Umkhambathi 2,6,10,22, 28, (Umkhambati6), Umkhaya3,10,
22,28

Uses at Amandawe: Part(s) of this tree probably the bark is used medicinally for an
undisclosed ailment (SHEZ); Part(s) of this tree is an ingredient in the preparation of
umuthi obovu (MBUTHO); Leaves of this tree are used in treating sharp internal
body pains (DLAMINI); The bark decoction is administered as a tonic to lower the
high blood pressure (PB).
Uses in the literature: Gelfand et al., 1985; Kokwaro, 1976; Ayensu, 1978; Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962.
Zulu uses: Bark infusions are administered as enemas for back pains (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Women also use bark infusion for chafing the genital area (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: Pods are used to produce brown dye which is used dye certain craft
products (Cunningham and Terry, 2006).

347. Vangueria infausta Burch. (Rubiaceae)

Amaviyo, Umtulwa
[0.19] [0.27] P297
Amatulwa 17, (iDulumuthwa23), Isantuluntshwana22, Isidulumuthwa22,23,
Inkabayomntwana22, (Imiviyo 17), (Iviyo 17), Umfilwa22, Umsunuwengane22,
(Umthulwa2,8,18), (umThulwa20), Umtulwa 2,8,17,18,20,22, Umkhandlu10, Umhlambamanzi10,
(Umvili2), Umvili2,6,20,22, (umVili20,22), Umvilo15 Umviyo2,6,15,17,18,20,22,23,24,26,
(Umviyo6,15,17,18), (umViyo20,22,23)
Uses at Amandawe: The roots are used medicinally (DZA); This plant is used in
treating a venereal diseases called ukubhajwa and cauliflower (DLAMINI); The
leaves are used in stopping excessive menstruation (NOMV, MSANI, the leaf
infusion is administered as an emetic, and the back wash is ejected into a hole dug
on the ground MAKAS, in addition to that a leaf is used in wiping the vagina
PUNCH); This plant is used to treat internal side pains called amahlaba in babies
(NOMV); The bark is used to stop diarrhoea (ZNGD); Unspecified parts of this plant
used together with the roots of Grewia occidentalis, is used to hasten maturity in
young girls (REVDUM).
CAUTION: (The fruit should never be eaten or the leaves used as toilet paper before a
sexual intercourse because this may lead to impotence or a low sperm production in men
ZADL).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Arnold and Gulumian, 1984;
Gelfand et al., 1985; Hedberg and Staugard, 1989; Mabogo, 1990; De Wet et al., 2010;
De Wet et al., 2016.

296
Zulu uses: Roots and leaves are used against malaria and chest complaints (Pooley,
1993). Decoctions are sometimes taken as aphrodisiacs (Hutchings et al., 1996). Root
and bark are used to treat diarrhoea (De Wet et al., 2010). The Zulu people in some parts
of KwaZulu-Natal including those from Ingwavuma eat the ripe fruits (Wehemeyer, 1976).
Ripe fruits are eaten and also used to make an edible dish called amasi (Corrigan et al.,
2010). This plant is used in treating hypertension by the people of Maputaland (De Wet et
al., 2016).
Other uses: Vhavhenda use the root bark mixture to enhance fertility in women and the
sticks are used as protective charm for the homestead (Mabogo, 1990). In Botswana, the
root decoction is taken for a strong heartbeat in adults and children (Hedberg and
Staugard, 1989).

348. Vangueria lasiantha (Sond.) Sond. (Rubiaceae)

Umviyo, Amatulwa ehlathi, Umtulwabathwa, Umviyo wehlathi
Not in the matrix P298, Mhlongo 7
(iDulumuthwa23), Isibangabulonga6,22, Isipilogojwane2,6, Isithobe2,6,22, Udulamuthwa22,26,
Umpilogojwana22, Umtulu2,6,22, Umtulwa2,22, Umvilotshwana6,22 Umviyoshwane2,22,26,
(umViyothojane26)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used as umuthi omhlophe (SIZWE).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings, 1996.
Zulu uses: Leaves are dried, powdered and used against diarrhoea and dysentery (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings, 1996). The Zulu people of KwaNibela eat the
fruit (Corrigan et.al. 2010).

349. Vepris lanceolata G. Don; (Rutaceae)

Umzane, Umozane
Not in the matrix P431
Isutha6, 19, 23, iSutha20, 23, Ubekenyakatho6, 19, Umozane6, 19, 22, Umzane6, 19, 20, umZane20
Uses at Amandawe: The dried and powdered bark is used in treating snakebite
where it is administered by licking the powdered bark (MRGUMEDE).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Gurib-Fakim et al., 1993.
Zulu uses: Parts of the tree are used as a protective charm against umkhovu, which is
sorcery-associated spirits (Gerstner, 1938). Roots are used against colic and influenza
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).
Other uses: In the Transkei the leaves are burnt to drive away bad spirits, while fruits are
used as an adulterant or a substitute for cubes (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). In
Mauritius, it is used as an astringent and to treat amenorrhoea (Gurib-Fakim et al., 1993).

297
350. Vitellariopsis marginata (N.E.Br.) Aubrév. (Sapotaceae)
Umphumbulu
Not in the matrix P431
Amasethole6, uMasethole6, 20, 22, Umnqambomabele6, 20, 22, (umNqambomabele20),
Umphumbulu6
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat impotence in men
(CHNDL); The roots are used in treating a sickness called isela (MRGUMEDE).
Uses in the literature: Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996.
Zulu uses: Roots are used in treating indigestion and blood poisoning (Pujol, 1990).
Roots and leaves are used to purify blood, give strength and as sex stimulants
(Hutchings et al., 1996). Roots infusion is taken as a tonic to treat idliso (Hutchings et al.,
1996).
Other uses: No use record found in literature.

351. Voacanga thouarsii Roem. & Schult. (Apocynaceae)

Ihlala laselwandle, Isende lenja, Inomfi, Uthangana
[0.03] [0.05] P301
Inomfi2,4,17, Umfomamasi22, Umkhahla23, Umkhandlu2,10,22, umKhandlu20,22, Unokhahlu22,
Umhahlu17, Umhlambamanzi2,10, (umHlambamas 23), Inomfe3, (Indlabayoi3)
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is used to cure witchcraft-inflicted ailments better
known as amalumbo (ZNK); Charred plant parts of this tree are used to treat blood
clots especially when a person is injured. Powdered plant material is administered
by inhaling through the nostrils (REVDUM).
Uses in the literature: Arnold et al., 2002.
Zulu uses: No use record found in literature.
Other uses: The Shambala use the plant latex to make birdlime (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Seeds are an important staple food (Pooley, 2006). Tubers on roots
are edible as well as the leaves eaten as spinach (Pooley, 2006). It is used traditionally to
treat fever and as a love charm (Pooley, 2006). Fruits are eaten by people and sap used
for birdlime, poles used for hut building (Boon, 2010).

352. Watsonia densiflora Baker (Iridaceae)

Isqunga sikatikoloshe, Ufayibe wehlathi, Umasina, Umlunge
[0.11] [0.08] P302
Ikwaciba22, Imbimbithwa10,22, Incembuzane1, Intshumo1,4,6,10, Intshumu22, Isidwa1,6,10,22,
Umlunge1,4,6,10,22
Uses at Amandawe: The leaves and the corm are used to treat back problems
(REVDUM, MBUTHO); This plant is used for an undisclosed medicinal ailment (SHEZ).

298
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pooley 1996.
Zulu uses: The hollow flower stalk is used by dagga smokers in a competition of making
artistic smoke-filled (Walker, 1990). Corms are used to treat diarrhoea and are also
placed in seed-gourd as fertility charms to ensure good harvest (Gerstner, 1941). Flower
stalks are used for smoking dagga (Hulme, 1954).
Other uses: Used by the Southern Sotho people to treat diarrhoea in the calf (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Corms are edible (Pooley, 2005).

353. Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae)

Impathampatha, Ubuvimba, Ubuvumba, (Undukuzempi, Unginakile)
[0.16] [0.14] P303
(Ibuvimba6,10), Impathampatha1,3, Ubulibazi10,22,24, Umaqhunsula10,22, Ubuvimbo6,10,22,
Ubuvimba1,3,11,6,10,22,23, 24, Umqhunsula1,3,6, (Uvimbokhulu10,22))
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is an ingredient in the preparation of umuthi obovu
(MYS); A hot leaf infusion is used to treat inflammation (TMSO); This plant is used to
treat head sores (SHEZ); Unspecified plant parts are used as a protective charm
(PHEW, MSANI); The water infused with leaves are used to wash a baby that has
been delivered quite so that it cries, this is probably based on a certain belief that a
baby on delivery should cry (DLAMINI); This plant is used medicinally (SHEZ).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1941; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Watt, 1967;
Pujol, 1990; Iwu, 1993; Hutchings and Van Staden, 1994; Bruneton, 1995; Hutchings et
al., 1996; Hutchings.et al., 1996; Pooley, 2005; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000; Van Wyk et
al., 2009; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: A root decoction is used to treat fever in infants and the infusion of with
Pentanasia variabilis treats gangrenous rectitis and syphilis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Roots are used for gangrenous rectitis and syphilis (Bryant, 1966). The leaves are
used to heal sores (Hutchings et al., 1996). Powdered roots, mixed with the fat of a
python or a crocodile, are also used as ointment for infected sores and abscesses (Pujol,
1990). Unspecified parts are used to stimulate milk production in cows (Gerstner, 1941).
The people of Maputaland use the roots to treat shingles (Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: This plant is used to tone the uterus in women who habitually miscarry (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Pedi and Xhosa people use the plant to treat anthrax-
affected meat (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The leaf juice is used by the Masai to
treat pink eyes and conjunctivitis (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962).

354. Ximenia caffra Sond. (Olacaceae)

Umthunduluka
[0.11] [0.54] P304
Amatimbolubi 17, Amanumbilo 17, Amathunduluka6,17, Umalala10, Umanumbhalo10,
Umatimdobulu10,23, Umanumbalo23, Umalala22, Umatimdolubu22, Umgwenya6,10,22,23,

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(UmGwenye23), Umkolotshane 17, Umkholotshwana2, Umthunduluka 6,10,13,15,17, 20,22,23,26,
(umThunduluka 20,23), Umthunduluka obomvu10,20,22, (umThunduluka-obomvu20),
(Umthunduluka 6,10,13,22), Umthunduluka-omncane6
Uses at Amandawe: This plant is an ingredient in mixtures prepared to ease
childbirth (ZNGD); The roots are used in treating chests complaints and clearing
the chest, it is administered as an emetic (BKHW); The bark is used is used to
empty the overflowing gall or to treat gall sicknesses (JZ); The roots and the bark
are used as a tonic for cleansing the body systems and to purify the blood (NOMV,
administered as an emetic-root is can be used alone BKHW).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Cunningham, 1988; Hedberg
and Staugard, 1989; Bossard, 1993; Hutchings et al., 1996; Van Wyk and Gericke, 2000;
De Wet, 2012; De Wet et al., 2012; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Oil from the seed kernel is used to soften the leather skirts and cold leaf
infusions are applied to inflamed eyes (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962). Roots are
used as traditional medicine for unspecified purpose (Cunningham, 1988). Ripe fruits are
eaten by the Zulu people and the juice is sometimes mixed with kaffir corn meal to make
sour porridge (Fox and Norwood Young, 1982). The fruits are eaten by the Zulu people of
KwaNibela (Corrigan et al., 2010). The roots are used to treat sexually transmitted
diseases (De Wet, 2012), gonorrhoea (De Wet et al., 2012), while the twigs treat sores
(Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: Plant decoction is used by the Kgatla during cattle fertility rite (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). It is used by the Venda people to treat bleeding mouth and
nose by smoking the powdered root together with horn shavings using a maize-cob pipe
(Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Ndebele people use the powdered root with cow
dung as floor polish, which serves as a protective charm against witches (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Bushmen, Barotse and Kwangali people eat the fruit and
sometimes swallow the pips (Tanaka, 1976).

355. Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) W.T.Aiton (Apocynaceae)

Ishongwe, Indonya
[0.19] [0.22] P305
Ishinga6, 22, 25, Ishongwe 1, 17, 25, Ishongwe elimpofu6, Ishongwe elincane6
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified parts are used to treat inflammation (SHEZ, MYS);
This plant is used as umuthi wamakhala, probably as a sedative (MSANI); This
plant is used in treating swollen, bloated and painful stomach (MYS); Unspecified
plant parts are used for virility and other sexually related purposes by men (ZNGD),
it is used to give men stamina during a sexual intercourse (ZADL); This plant is
used to treat body sores (REVDUM); This plant is used as a tonic taken for
strength and vigour (MBUTHO).
Uses in the literature: Hulme, 1954; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and
Vilakazi, 1972; Gelfand et al., 1985; Forbes, (ed.). 1986; Hutchings, 1989; Pujol, 1990;
Roberts, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Arnold et al., 2002; Van Wyk, 2008; Moffet, 2010.

300
Zulu uses: The stem infusion is used as an emetic against poisoning and powdered root
is sprinkled on skins and hides to prevent dogs from gnawing them. (Watt and Breyer-
Brandwijk, 1962). Root parts are used against headaches, dysentery, diarrhoea and
stomach problems (Pujol, 1990; Roberts, 1990). Dried root pieces are chewed and spat
as a protective charm against storms (Hulme, 1954). Tuber infusions are administered to
dogs’ mouths to make them keen hunters (Hutchings et al., 1996). Flowers are used
against colic (Roberts, 1990). Cooked leaves are eaten by Zulu people from Nongoma
(Fox and Norwood Young, 1982).
Other uses: The Xhosa people use this plant against headache and hysteria (Hutchings,
1989). The Xhosa people use it to treat colic, abdominal trouble, to prevent maggot
infestation in (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Sotho people use it against colds
(Hutchings et al., 1996). Sotho people use the roots as a vermifuge for children,
decongestant, the leaves as potherb among other things (Moffet, 2010). The Nguni tribes
and the Tswana use it to treat sores and wounds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). In
Zimbabwe it is used as an aphrodisiac and against uterine pain (Gelfand et al., 1985)

356. Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. (Araceae)

Ingquthuyengane, Intebe
[0.05] [0.03] P306
(Idumbikanhloyile10,22), idumbelikahloyile10,22, Ihlukwe1,10,22,25, InJininka10,13,22,
Intebe1,3,4,10,11,23,25, Untebe emhlophe22
Uses at Amandawe: Whole plant is used to treat inflammation (JB).
CAUTION: This plant is believed/known to attract lightning, therefore it should not be
eaten in summer (SUKD, MYS, BKHW, MGOZ, MUNTU, ZIYALILE)
Uses in the literature: Pappe, 1857; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Pujol, 1990;
Pooley, 2005; Arnold et al., 2002; Rood, 2008.
Zulu uses: The young leaves are used as a vegetable or imfino by the Zulus (Walker,
1996) and the ripe berries are roasted and eaten as famine food (Gerstner, 1938). The
Zulus use the leaves to treat insect bites and stings from bees (Pujol, 1990).
Other uses: The root is used by the Xhosa people to induce vomiting and to treat
bladder disorders (Pujol, 1990). Xhosa people and South African Europeans use the
fresh leaf to treat boils and sores and also insect bites (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Leaves are said to give wool various shades of yellow (Van Wyk and Gericke,
2000).

357. Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv. (Rutaceae)

Umabelejongosi, Umnungumabele
[0.80] [1.11] P307
amaBele26, Amabelentombi2,6,10,22,28, Amabelezinthsingezi2,6,10,22, Isimungumabele6,
Isinungwane6, Umlungumabele6,10,22 Umnungumabele2,11,6,10,18,20,23,

301
(umNungumabele20,23), umNungwane20, Umnungwane omncane2,6,18,22, (Umnungwane
omncane22), Unhlangothi22
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used as umuthi omhlophe, which is administered
by steaming (SGAM); The bark is used as a tonic called imbiza (MBUTHO); The
bark is used as umuthi obovu (MAKAS, it is administered as an enema and as a hot
tonic PHEW, MAKAS, ZNGD, it is administered as emetic PHEW); Unspecified plant
parts are used to deworm humans (DSHA); The bark is used for teeth removal (SGAM,
JHLO, PB, PUNCH, MAMBA, MADLA, TNGW, MYS, MADLAMINI, ZNK, CHINDL, ZCEL,
MBUTHO, MSANI, JZ (powdered bark is mixed with water is gargled with MUN, JZ),
(powdered bark is inserted into the tooth cavity PHEW, ZNGD, BMKH, DLAMINI);
Powdered bark mixed with water is gargled with to remove the worm believed to cause
pain in a painful and decaying tooth (stem bark is used REVDUM, root bark is used
BMHL, BKHW; This plant is used to treat stomach cramps (SHEZ); The bark is used to
treat and remove warts, it is administered as an enema and as hot tonic (PHEW,
ZADL, MAKAS); A powdered bark is used as to relieve body pains, it is
administered by licking the powder followed by drinking water (REVDUM); The
bark is used to treat boils. (Part of the bark is charred and applied onto the boil
opening and the other part is cooked and administered as an enema ZNK),
(Powdered bark is applied onto the boil, the bark is also boiled and administered
as an emetic MYS); The root bark and the stem bark are used against the meat
allergies, the powdered bark is taken orally with water or licked (ZNK); The bark is
an ingredient in a tonic called uzifozonke taken as a drink to treat all ailments
(TMSO).
Uses in the literature: Gerstner, 1938; Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Watt, 1967;
Boon, 1990; Pujol, 1990; Hutchings et al., 1996; Corrigan et al., 2010; Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: The bark together with thorns is used to treat ibhande and toothache
(Corrigan et al., 2010). It is used for various diseases, which include influenza, colds,
diseases of the gums, constipation of intestinal obstruction, kidney and blood cleansing
(Pujol, 1990). The leaves are used in treating colds and influenza (Pujol, 1990), for
gastric problems and intestinal parasites. Leaves are an ingredient in cold infusions used
for stomach complaints and pleurisy (Hutchings et al., 1996). Root mixture is used for
infertility, impotency, and for snakebite (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Hutchings et
al., 1996), sharp chest pains (Gerstner, 1938). Root bark decoction is taken orally for
blood purification, to treat scrofula, toothache (Hutchings et al., 1996) and for chronic
coughs (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Bryant, 1966). Powdered bark is used to treat
paralysed limbs and bark decoction treats the affected joints (Hutchings et al., 1996). The
roots are used in treating new wounds by the people of Maputaland (Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: The amaMpondo people administer the bark decoction to cattle for gall
sickness while the powdered root is taken orally for pimples and blood poisoning (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962). The AmaMpondo people use the powdered bark to treat
toothache and to remove problematic tooth, while the Xhosa use the inner stem bark and
the Zulu use powdered bark as well as the root bark for a similar purpose (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Roots are used to produce yellow dye (Cunningham and Terry,
2006).

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358. Zanthoxylum davyi Waterm. (Rutaceae)
Umnungumabele
[0.57] [0.86] P308
Isinungwane6, Isimungumabele6, Umlungumabele2,6,10,22, Umnungwane omkhulu2,10,
Umnungwane10,20,22, Umnungumabele omkhulu2,6,22,28, Umnungumabele2,9,10,22,28,
umNungumabele20).
Uses at Amandawe: The bark is used as umuthi obovu (MAKAS); Unspecified part
is used medicinally and administered as an emetic (PHEW); The bark is used as
umuthi omhlophe administered by steaming (SGAM, ZNGD); The bark is an
ingredient in a tonic called uzifozonke taken as a drink to treat all ailments (TMSO);
The bark and the root bark are used to remove a troublesome tooth (SGAM, JHLO,
MYS, ZNK, MUN, CHNDL, ZCEL, ZNGD, PHEW, PB, PUNCH, MAMBA, TNGW)
(powdered bark is administered by gargling JZ), (powdered bark is inserted into
the tooth cavity BMKH, PUNCH), (the root bark are used MADLAMINI, BMHL), (the
bark is cooked with meat BKHW); The bark is used to treat boils. Part of the bark is
charred and applied onto the boil opening and the other part is cooked and
administered as an enema ZNK); The root bark and the stem bark are used against
the meat allergies, it is not clear whether the powdered bark is licked before eating
the meat or administered after (ZNK); This tree is believed to treat mumps in an
unexplained use (SUKD, MUN, PHEW); This plant is used to treat stomach cramps
(SHEZ); The bark is used to treat and remove warts (ZADL, it is administered as an
enema and as hot tonic PHEW); This plant is used to deworm humans (DSHA).
Uses in the literature: Boon, 2010; Cunningham, 1988; Mabogo, 1990; Hutchings et al.,
1996; Ngwenya et al., 2004.
Zulu uses: Bark is used to treat severe coughs and colds (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk,
1962). Roots are used in traditional medicines (Cunningham, 1988) and used as tonics
for humans and animals (Hutchings et al., 1996). The roots powder relieves toothache
(Ngwenya et al., 2004). Boiled root taken as a tonic to treat fits and the bark is used to
treat ilumbo and ugcusula (Ngwenya et al., 2004).
Other uses: Vhavhenda use the leaves for chest pains, thorns for infected wounds, roots
for sore throats, ulcers, venereal diseases, as an, the bark for snakebite, chronic coughs,
boils, toothache and pleurisy (Mabogo, 1990).

359. Ziziphus mucronata Willd. (Rhamnaceae)

Umlahlankosi, Umphafa
[0.35] [0.14] P309
Isilahla3,6,28 Isilahlankosi 18, Imbufa10,22,23, (Imbhufa22), Umkhobonga3, Umkhobolonga3,6,
Umpafa6,10, Umlahlabantu2,3,6,10,22, Umlahlankosi2,3,11,10,17,18,20,22,23,26,28, (Umlalabantu3,6),
(umLahlankosi20), Umphafa2,3,6,17,18,20,23,24, (umPhafa 20,23,24)
Uses at Amandawe: Unspecified plant parts are used to treat sharp internal body
pains (BKHW, DLAMINI, administered as an emetic JHLO, MUN, administered as an

303
emetic and by body steaming ZADL, TMBA, JZ, TMSO); Root bark is used as
umuthi obovu (TMSO, PB); Crushed leaves are used to speed up the pus formation
in boils or speed up boil ripening “vuthiswa ithumba” (SGAM, ZCEL, ZNGD,
MBUTHO); Crushed leaves are used to treat sores (MSANI).
CAUTION: Timber should not be uses as firewood inside the hut (MAMDUMA); boys
whose fathers are still alive should never make fighting sticks out of it (ZNK).
Uses in the literature: Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962; Doke and Vilakazi, 1972;
Palmer and Pitman, 1972b; Mabogo, 1990; Boon, 2010; Cock and van Vuuren, 2013;
Nciki et al., 2016.
Zulu uses: Powdered leaf and bark infusion is used as an emetic to treat chest
complaints (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Hot infusion is used for coughs (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Hot bark infusion is used in to purify complexion by steaming
(Palmer and Pitman, 1972b). Roots are used for toothache, scrofula while the leaf paste
is used for boils and glandular swellings (Doke and Vilakazi, 1972; Palmer and Pitman,
1972b). Branches are used in moving the spirits of the ancestors (Corrigan et al., 2010),
they are placed on the graves of chiefs and head of kraals after burial and fed to the
cattle that evening so that the cattle will imbibe the spirit of their departed owner
(Hutchings et al., 1996). The Zulu people use the fruit as a famine food (Fox and
Norwood Young, 1982). The fruit is edible (Corrigan et al., 2010). The leaves are used by
the people of Mputaland to treat boils (Nciki et al., 2016).
Other uses: Bechuanas use root infusion for dysentery, the Tongas swallow root juice
for dysentery (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Xhosa people use it to treat
tubercular glandular swelling and administered as a decoction for lumbago and
scrofulous swelling (Smith, 1996). It is used in preparing porridge as well as coffee (Watt
and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). The Vhavhenda use the leaves and roots for pains while
the roots are used for infertility and purification (Mabogo, 1990). The Africans in
Bechuanaland believes that it has magical protective powers against lightning (Watt and
Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). This plant is used by Swati for burial purposes, where a branch
is used (Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk, 1962). Branches used for cattle kraals and in rituals
to return the spirits of the dead (Boon, 2010).

304
305
 Appendix 2. Matrix of the medicinal plants of the Amandawe area, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, as recorded during
the interviews with 37 participants, using the matrix method. The age of each participant is given in brackets. Female
participants: Cele, Zethu B (ZCEL); Cele, Punch (PUNCH); Dlomo, Nondumiso (NDU); Duma, V.T. (MAMDUM); Identity
withheld (NOMV); Identity withheld (TNGWN); Madiba, Eunice L (MYS); Mbhele, Zibuyile (MADL); Mbili, Tholakele (MAMBA);
Mgozi, Cecelia (MGOZ); Mhlongo, Barbara S. (BMHL); Mkhabela, Bonisile (BMKH); Msomi, Khale (KV); Msomi, Munuza
(MUN); Ngidi, Zibuyile (ZNGD); Ngwane, Thembisile (MAKAS); Sukude, Ntombifuthi (SUKD); Zanele, Emmerentia Nkomo
(ZNK).
Male participants: Bhengu, Phinda P (PB); Dlamini, Mr (DLAMINI); Dlamini, Z. (ZADL); Duma Khuphuka (REVDUM);
Gambushe, Shenge L. (SGAM); Hlongwa, Mandlenkosi (JHLO); Identity withheld (BKHW); Identity withheld (CHNDL); Identity
withheld (DSHA); Identity withheld (SHEZ); Identity withheld (TMSO); Madlala, E.T. (MRMAD); Mbatha, Thamsanqa (TMBA);
Mbutho, Amos (MBUTHO); Mbutho, J. (JB); Msani, Velaphi (MSAN); Ngidi, Mnqobi (MNQO); Phewa, Mr (PHEW); Zungu,
Jonah (JZ).

The response of each participant to each of the 310 species presented in the flip-file of images is scored in the following way:
the participant recognises the plant but does not know its name or use(s) = 1; the participant recognises the plant and has one
or more names for it, but no use(s) = 3 (1+2=3); the participant recognises the plant, knows one or more names and one or
more use(s) = 6 (1+2+3=6); less often, the participant knows the species and its use(s) but cannot recall a name = 4
(1+0+3=4). The Ethnobotanical Knowledge Index values are given in the last three rows (to be read as 0.16, 0.07, 0.12 and so
on).

Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Abrus precatorius 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.19
Abutilon sonneratianum 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 6 6 1 0 6 0 3 6 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0.32
Acacia dealbata 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.24
Acacia mearnsii 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.24

306
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Acalypha glabrata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11
Acalypha glandulifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Acokanthera oblongifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.22
Acokanthera oppositifolia 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 3 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 0.61
Acorus calamus 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0.79
Acridocarpus natalitius 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Adenia gummifera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Afroaster hispida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 3 0.28
Albizia adianthifolia 6 6 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0.84
Albuca bracteata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.14
Albuca virens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Albuca setosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.05
Aloe arborescens 0 4 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0.67
Aloidendron barberae 0 0 6 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 3 0 6 0.32
Aloe ferox 6 4 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0.94
Aloe maculata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0.38
Aloe thraskii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.05
Alsophila dregei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.11
Amaranthus deflexus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Amaranthus hybridus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Amaranthus spinosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08
Amaranthus thunbergii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Amaranthus viridis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Anastrabe integerrima 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Aneilema aequinoctiale 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.13
Antidesma venosum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.19
Artabotrys monteiroae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.05
Arundo donax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Asclepias gibba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Athrixia phylicoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Baphia racemosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Barringtonia racemosa 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0.92
307
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Berkheya bipinnatifida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0.41
Berkheya speciosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Berkheya umbellata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.11
Bidens pilosa 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.54
Boophone disticha 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.14
Brachylaena discolor 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.10
Bridelia micrantha 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.32
Burchellia bubalina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Callilepis laureola 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.22
Calodendrum capense 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0.39
Calpurnia aurea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14
Cannabis sativa 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1.00
Canthium inerme 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.08
Canthium spinosum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.05
Carissa bispinosa 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0.27
Carissa macrocarpa 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0.24
Cassipourea malosana 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 4 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 0.56
Catharanthus roseus 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0.19
Celtis africana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.04
Celtis gomphophylla 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Centella asiatica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 4 6 0 0 6 0 4 6 0 0 0 4 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.27
Clematis brachiata 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 3 6 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 0.53
Clerodendrum glabrum 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.31
Clutia ovalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.03
Coddia rudis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Coix lacryma-jobi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.08
Combretum kraussii 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0.35
Combretum molle 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0.54
308
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Combretum woodii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.05
Commelina africana 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.16
Commelina benghalensis 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.19
Commelina eckloniana 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.13
Commelina erecta 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11
Commiphora harveyi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.16
Crabbea hirsuta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Crinum macowanii 4 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.39
Croton sylvaticus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.19
Cucumis zeyheri 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.14
Cussonia nicholsonii 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 1 0 6 0.33
Cussonia spicata 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0.35
Cyanotis speciosa 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0.11
Cymbopogon caesius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.07
Cymbopogon excavatus 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 6 0 0 6 0 0 3 0.26
Cynanchum viminale 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Cyperus dives 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.08
Cyperus papyrus 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.08
Dalbergia armata 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 3 0.27
Dalbergia obovata 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 6 0 6 0 3 0.26
Datura stramonium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.30
Desmodium incanum 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 3 3 6 0 6 6 0 6 3 0.39
Desmodium sagittatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.13
Dichrostachys cinerea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Digitaria eriantha 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.05
Dipcadi viride 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.05
Dissotis canescens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Dombeya rotundifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 6 4 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.37
Dombeya tiliacea 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.12
Dracaena aletriformis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Dysphania ambrosioides 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 0.73
Eclipta prostrata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.08
309
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Ehretia rigida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Ekebergia capensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 0.16
Embelia ruminata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0.11
Emex australis 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.27
Encephalartos natalensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.05
Encephalartos villosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.02
Englerophytum natalense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Eragrostis plana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Eriosema cordatum 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 4 4 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 4 6 6 0 0 6 4 0 0 6 4 6 6 6 0 3 6 0 0 4 0.50
Eriosema distinctum 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 4 4 6 0 6 6 3 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0.70
Eriosema salignum 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 4 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 4 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0.74
Eriospermum mackenii 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 3 6 6 0 0 3 6 6 0 0 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 3 0 4 0.60
Erucastrum austroafricanum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.15
Erythrina caffra 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 0.54
Erythrina humeana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.10
Erythrina latissima 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11
Erythrina lysistemon 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 0.49
Eucalyptus camaldulensis 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0.92
Eucalyptus grandis 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0.57
Eucomis autumnalis 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0.32
Euphorbia cupularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.05
Euphorbia ingens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.16
Euphorbia tirucalli 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.22
Euphorbia triangularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.05
Felicia erigeroides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11
Ficus glumosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 4 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0.37
Ficus ingens 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Ficus sur 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.19
Foeniculum vulgare 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 0.32
Furcraea foetida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Gazania krebsiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.06
Gerbera piloselloides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.15
310
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Gladiolus dalenii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.10
Gladiolus ecklonii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.05
Gomphocarpus physocarpus 0 0 4 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0.53
Grewia occidentalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14
Gunnera perpensa 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0.82
Gymnosporia rubra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.26
Haemanthus albiflos 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.14
Harpephyllum caffrum 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0.95
Helichrysum auronitens 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Helichrysum cymosum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Helichrysum luteoalbum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Helichrysum odoratissimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Helinus integrifolius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Hesperantha baurii 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Heteropyxis natalensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 0.49
Hippobromus pauciflorus 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.41
Hyparrhenia tamba 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Hypoxis hemerocallidea 3 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0.80
Hypoxis rigidula 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 0.64
Imperata cylindrica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0.11
Ipomoea cairica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 0.32
Ipomoea crassipes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.13
Ipomoea pellita 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.16
Jasminum multipartitum 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0.41
Juncus effusus 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Kalanchoe pinnata 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0.76
Kigelia africana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Lantana camara 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11
Lantana rugosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.11
Lasiosiphon kraussianus 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 0.49
Ledebouria floribunda 6 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0.61
Ledebouria ovatifolia 6 0 6 0 4 0 0 0 6 0 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0.61
311
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Ledebouria petiolata 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 0 4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 3 0.55
Ledebouria revoluta 6 0 6 0 4 4 0 6 6 0 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0.66
Leonotis leonurus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08
Leucas lavandulifolia 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1.00
Lippia javanica 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0.27
Maesa lanceolata 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.22
Maytenus peduncularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Melia azedarach 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 0.68
Merwilla plumbea 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.18
Mesembryanthemum cordifolium 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0.92
Microglossa mespilifolia 4 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0.80
Millettia grandis 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Mimosa pudica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.05
Mimusops caffra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.24
Mimusops obovata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.11
Momordica balsamina 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 4 0.76
Monanthotaxis caffra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.08
Obetia tenax 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11
Olea woodiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Olinia radiata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Osteospermum monilifera 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 4 4 4 0 0 6 4 6 6 4 6 0 4 6 4 6 6 3 3 6 6 6 3 6 6 0 0 0 0.60
Osyridicarpos schimperianus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Oxalis latifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Passiflora suberosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 0.35
Pavetta lanceolata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0.09
Pelargonium luridum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.10
Pentanisia prunelloides 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0.68
Persicaria lapathifolia 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16
Phoenix reclinata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.11
Phragmites australis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08
Phragmites mauritianus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08
Pittosporum viridiflorum 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1.00
312
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Platycarpha glomerata 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.23
Plectranthus ambiguus 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 0 0 0.45
Plumbago auriculata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.08
Portulaca quadrifida 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0.78
Protorhus longifolia 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 4 6 0 0 0.72
Prunus persica 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0.22
Psidium guajava 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0.30
Ptaeroxylon obliquum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.16
Rauvolfia caffra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0.32
Rhoicissus tomentosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.16
Ricinus communis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.30
Rubus rigidus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 0.41
Rumex lanceolatus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Sansevieria hyacinthoides 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.35
Scabiosa columbaria 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.05
Scadoxus puniceus 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 0.32
Schkuhria pinnata 6 0 4 4 6 4 0 4 3 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 6 0 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 0 4 0 0 6 4 4 # 4 6 0 0.64
Schoenoplectus scirpoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 #
0 0 0 0 0.05
Schotia brachypetala 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 0.73
Sclerocarya birrea 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0.41
Sclerocroton integerrimus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08
Searsia chirindensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.16
Searsia rehmanniana 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.19
Senecio coronatus 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07
Senecio serratuloides 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0.81
Setaria megaphylla 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.14
Sida dregei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.03
Sideroxylon inerme 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.27
Silene burchellii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Solanum aculeastrum 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0.76
Solanum incanum 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0.81
Solanum marginatum 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 6 6 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.29
313
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Solanum nodiflorum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Solanum panduriforme 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.32
Sonchus oleraceus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.03
Spilanthes mauritiana 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1.00
Spirostachys africana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.14
Stangeria eriopus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.05
Strelitzia nicolai 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.05
Strychnos henningsii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11
Strychnos madagascariensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0.08
Strychnos spinosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0.14
Strychnos usambarensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Syzygium cordatum 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0.92
Syzygium cumini 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Syzygium gerrardii 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0.65
Tagetes minuta 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0.35
Tecomaria capensis 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0.68
Tephrosia macropoda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Tetradenia riparia 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0.97
Tetragonia tetragonioides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Thunbergia atriplicifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.25
Tragia glabrata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.08
Trema orientalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 4 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.26
Trichilia dregeana 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 0.76
Trimeria grandifolia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.11
Triumfetta pilosa 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.20
Tulbaghia violacea 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0.51
Typha capensis 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0.24
Uvaria caffra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.03
Vachellia karoo 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0.32
Vachellia natalitia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Vachellia nilotica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Vachellia sieberiana 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11
314
 Species Popularity
MAMDUM (64)
MBUTHO (58)

REVDUM (73)

MR MAD (81)

Index (SPI)
MAMBA (62)
TNGWN (53)
MAKAS (48)

PUNCH (54)
MNQO (15)

CHNDL (40)

NOMV (74)
MGOZ (75)
BKHW (60)
BMKH (46)

MSAN (55)
SGAM (38)

PHEW (64)
TMBA (23)

MADL (67)

DLAM (70)
TMSO (41)

BMHL (57)
ZNGD (45)

DSHA (55)
SUKD (34)

MUN (56)
ZADL (45)

SHEZ (50)
NDU (28)

ZCEL (46)

MYS (51)

HLO (68)
ZNK (60)

KV (68)
PB (39)

JB (54)

JZ (63)
Vangueria infausta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0.19
Vigna unguiculata 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Voacanga thouarsii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.03
Watsonia densiflora 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.11
Withania somnifera 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.16
Ximenia caffra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0.11
Xysmalobium undulatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0.19
Zantedeschia aethiopica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05
Zanthoxylum capense 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 6 0.80
Zanthoxylum davyi 0 0 0 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.57
Ziziphus mucronata 0 6 0 0 6 0 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 6 6 6 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0.35
Ethnobotanical Knowledge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.26
Index (EKI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 0 1 0 1 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 4 4 1 2 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 4 4 2 1 2
6 7 2 9 7 4 5 9 5 7 2 5 4 0 4 6 3 8 3 0 5 7 6 0 7 3 7 6 7 6 6 9 0 1 6 9 3

315
Appendix 3: Participants in ethnobotanical interviews at Amandawe. Only 37 of
these participants took part in the formal interviews, as listed in Appendix 2.

Female participants

Nondumiso Dlomo Ntombifuthi Sukude Zibuyile Ngidi

(NDU) (SUKD) (ZNGD)

Zethu Cele Bonisile Mkhabela Thembilsile

(ZCEL) (BMKH) Ngwane
(MAKAS)

Eunice Madiba Punch Cele Sbongile Mhlongo

(MYS) (PUNCH) (BMHL)
316
 Female participants

Munuza Msomi Zanele Nkomo Tholakele Mbili

(MUN) (ZNK) (MAMBA)

VT Duma Zibuyile Mbhele KV Msomi

(MAMDUM) (MADL) (KV)

Photo not provided Photo not provided

Cecelia Mgozi T Ngwane T Nomvethe

(MGOZ) (TNGW)
317 (NOMV)
 Male participants

Mqobi Ngidi Lwazi Moosa Thami Mbatha

(MNQO) (LWAZ) (TMBA)

Shenge Gambushe Phinda Bhengu Bheki Hlongwa

(SGAM) (PB) (BHEKI)

Z Dlamini Munuza Msomi

318 Velaphi Msani
(ZADL) (MUN) (MSANI)
 Male participants

Jonah Zungu Johannes Hlongwa Phewa

(JZ) (JHLO) (PHEW)

Khuphuka Duma Dlamini Amos Mbutho

(REVDUM) (DLAMINI) (MBUTHO)

E Madlala Dumani Zama Identity withheld

(MRMAD) (DZA) (TMSO)
319
 Male participants

Identity withheld Identity withheld Identity withheld

(CHNDL) (SHEZ) (DSHA)

Identity withheld
(BKHW)

320