Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies-

Technical Campus

Media Research Lab

(Paper Code: 353)

Topic: The detrimental as well as positive effects

of the usage of online dating platforms on body
image: The Effect of the Usage of Online Dating
Platforms on Body Image Among Youth in Delhi

Submitted as Partial fulfillment of the

requirement of
Bachelor of Journalism and Mass Communication
(Batch:2021-24)

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Jayati Grover: 07129802421 Dr. Anuradha Mishra
Hitesh Handa: 09429802421 Faculty Incharge
Anshika Jain: 10029802421

Accredited Grade “A++” by NAAC, Recognized under Section 2(f) of UGC,

Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University,
Recognized by the Bar Council of India, Approved BY AICTE, ISO 9001:2015
AU Block, Outer Ring Road, Pitampura, Delhi - 110034

1
 CERTIFICATE

We, certify that the Media Research on The Effects of the Usage of Online Dating
Platforms on Body Image is completed by us and it is an authentic work carried out by
us during the course of the 5th semester. The matter embodied has not been submitted
earlier for the award of any degree or diploma to the best of our knowledge and belief.

DATE : SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENTS

Certified that Jayati Grover, Hitesh Handa and Anshika Jain, students of Bachelors
of Journalism and Mass Communication, Vivekananda Institute of Professional Studies,
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, enrolled for the batch 2021-24, has
completed their research project entitled, The Effects of the Usage of Online Dating
Platforms on Body Image as part of her MEDIA RESEARCH LAB (BJMC-353) under
my supervision and is genuine work produced by her. I have no objection to the research
project produced by her.

DATE: FACULTY-IN-CHARGE

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our gratitude to our guide Dr. Anuradha Mishra, who gave us
the opportunity to work in a department of my interest, which also helped us in doing a
lot of research and we came to know about so many new things for which we are
thankful to her.

We want to express our heartfelt gratitude to Prof Dr. Charu Lata Singh for providing
us with resources to manage studies in these testing times and all the people behind
this report. Starting with our family whose unconditional love and support has always
been of great importance boosting our spirits and urging us to farewell in my career. It
has been a period full of challenges and new learning opportunities that made us aware
of the professional world and taught us to positively grow.

Jayati Grover: 07129802421

Hitesh Handa: 09429802421

Anshika Jain: 10029802421

3
 Index
S. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Abstract
4. Introduction
5. Review of Literature
6. Research Methodology
7. Data Collection
8. Data Analysis
9. Findings, Limitations & Suggestion
10. Conclusion
11. Bibliography
12. Annexure

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 ABSTRACT
The abstract for the provided text would focus on the multifaceted aspects of online
dating, encompassing its historical development, psychological impacts, types of
platforms, and inherent risks.

Online dating has evolved significantly since its inception in the 1960s with "Operation
Match" to the proliferation of diverse platforms like Tinder, Bumble, and OkCupid.
This surge in online dating popularity, particularly among millennials, has fostered a
culture of convenient, technology-driven romantic and social interactions. However,
this convenience comes with psychological ramifications. Research highlights the
impact of swipe-based dating apps on body image and self-esteem, with users often
experiencing psychological distress. These platforms, emphasizing physical
attractiveness, have led to concerns over body image, particularly among men from
sexual minority groups, and have been linked to unhealthy behaviors and increased
aggression.

Moreover, the risks associated with online dating, such as dehumanisation, self-esteem
issues, and exposure to unsolicited content, are significant. The platforms, while
facilitating connections, also present challenges like ghosting, bread-crumbing, and a
potential for heightened rejection rates. Time consumption and decreased productivity
are other concerns, with users spending substantial amounts of time swiping and
interacting on these apps.

In summary, while online dating platforms have revolutionised the way individuals
connect and form relationships, they also pose complex psychological and social
challenges. This research aims to delve deeper into these aspects, providing insights
into the effects of online dating on individual well-being and social dynamics.

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 Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
The world is continuously changing its conventional mindset when it comes to online
dating. Millennials are all about change and revolution, and so is the millennial dating
culture. Despite the huge popularity of dating apps - and the millions of success stories
worldwide - many users report that some apps make them feel low and they experience
self-doubt. Based on the research, we will be able to study the relationship between
swipe-based online dating applications psychological distress and lower self-esteem.

These applications, focusing on appearance and physical attractiveness, can promote

excessive concerns about body image, as well as various negative consequences
associated with it (e.g., unhealthy weight management behaviours, low satisfaction and
high shame about the body, more comparisons with appearance). These risks have been
more closely associated with men than with women, perhaps because of the standards of
physical attractiveness prevalent among men of sexual minorities, which have been the
most studied collective. These risks have highlighted body image, aggression, and the
performance of risky sexual behaviours. Apps represent a contemporary environment
that based on appearance and physical attractiveness, is associated with several negative
pressures and perceptions about the body, which can have detrimental consequences for
the physical and mental health of the individual. As for assaults, there is a growing
literature alerting us to the increasing amount of sexual harassment and abuse related to
dating apps, especially in more vulnerable groups, such as women, or among people of
sexual minorities.

Some of the most popular dating apps are OkCupid, Tinder, Bumble, Hinge and Grindr.
According to hypotheses, they are leading the market currently.

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 Statement of Problem

The statement of my problem is “The detrimental as well as positive effects of the usage
of online dating platforms on body image”. The research is conducted in the month of
November 2023.

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 History
The online trend of dating is increasing every day. The history of online dating origins
from the time before the first newspaper had even been published in the U.S. The history
of dating apps started in the USA in 1965, when two young, enterprising Harvard
students used an IBM 1401 computer to create the very first computer-based
matchmaking service in the United States and it was called ‘operation Match’. They
created a 75 questions long survey for all the singles looking out for their matches online.
The love-hungry applicants would mail in their questionnaires (along with a $3 fee) and
receive a list of computer-generated matches in return. By 1966, they claimed to have
matched 90,000 people using their services.

In 1995, the world’s first online dating website Match.com was launched. 1870. In the
same year, Silicon Valley published the first newspaper for singles in the U.S, allowing
ladies to post for free while men forked up a cool 25 cents a post. Finally, in 1995 a
website where one can find a relationship, pursue jobs, and seek out rental apartments
was launched by Craigslist known as free personal ads. As the dating trend grew in 1998,
Yahoo launched a matchmaking service in the U.S., U.K., and Australia, with 10
international partnering sites.

When Grindr was introduced in 2009, it sparked a sexual revolution within the gay
community. Not only was Grindr the first gay dating app, but the first dating app of its
kind to use geolocation technology. Tinder in 2012, revolution dating, for the first-time
users used their intuition and location to find potential matches. The swipe and double
opt-in were born, and a new era of dating came into existence.

Dating culture in India started when for the first-time dating app, Tinder came to India
in 2013, since then it has tripled the base and it has been found that an average millennial
spends 10 hours in a week using dating apps. By 2010, different dating sites came into
existence in every city, sexual orientation, religion, race and almost every hobby, making
it easier to find matches online. Since the past few years, dating apps have fundamentally
changed the way interaction, dating and even marriage is happening. Since, Tinder came
into India,dozens of other dating apps have like Bumble, OkCupid, Hinge..etc emerged
in India over the past couple of years, Since, Tinder came into India,dozens of other

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dating apps have like Bumble, OkCupid, Hinder..etc emerged in India over the past
couple of years.

Online Dating Platforms

Online dating (or Internet dating) is a system that enables people to find and introduce
themselves to potential connections over the Internet, usually with the goal of developing
personal, romantic, or sexual relationships. An online dating service is a company that
provides specific mechanisms (generally websites or software applications) for online
dating through the use of Internet-connected personal computers or mobile devices. Such
companies offer a wide variety of unmoderated matchmaking services, most of which
are profile-based.

Online dating services allow users to become "members" by creating a profile and
uploading personal information including (but not limited to) age, gender, sexual
orientation, location, and appearance. Most services also encourage members to add
photos or videos to their profile. Once a profile has been created, members can view the
profiles of other members of the service, using the visible profile information to decide
whether or not to initiate contact. Most services offer digital messaging, while others
provide additional services such as webcasts, online chat, telephone chat (VOIP), and
message boards. Members can constrain their interactions to the online space, or they
can arrange a date to meet in person.

A great diversity of online dating services currently exists. (See comparison of online
dating services.) Some have a broad membership base of diverse users looking for many
different types of relationships. Other sites target highly specific demographics based on
features like shared interests, location, religion, sexual orientation or relationship type.
Online dating services also differ widely in their revenue streams. Some sites are
completely free and depend on advertising for revenue. Others utilize the freemium
revenue model, offering free registration and use, with optional, paid, premium services.
Still others rely solely on paid membership subscriptions.

Opinions and usage of online dating services also differ widely. A 2005 study of data
collected by the Pew Internet & American Life Project found that individuals are more

9
likely to use an online dating service if they use the Internet for a greater number of
tasks, and less likely to use such a service if they are trusting of others. It is possible that
the mode of online dating resonates with some participants' conceptual orientation
towards the process of finding a romantic partner. That is, online dating sites use the
conceptual framework of a "marketplace metaphor" to help people find potential
matches, with layouts and functionalities that make it easy to quickly browse and select
profiles in a manner similar to how one might browse an online store. Under this
metaphor, members of a given service can both "shop" for potential relationship partners
and "sell" themselves in hopes of finding a successful match.

Attitudes towards online dating improved visibly between 2005 and 2015, the Pew
Research Center found. In particular, the number of people who thought that online
dating was a good way to meet people rose from 44% in 2005 to 59% in 2015 whereas
those who believed that people to use online dating services were desperate fell from
29% to 23% during the same period. Although only a negligible number of people dated
online in 2005, that rose to 11% in 2013 and then 15% in 2015. In particular, the number
of American adults who had used an online dating site went from 9% in 2013 to 12% in
2015 while those who used an online dating software application on their mobile phones
jumped from 3% to 9% during the same period. This increase was driven mainly by
people aged 18 to 24, for whom usage almost tripled. At the same time, usage among
those between the ages of 55 and 64 doubled. People in their mid-30s to mid-50s all saw
noticeable increases in usage, but people aged 25 to 34 saw no change. Nevertheless,
only one in three had actually gone out on a date with someone they met online. About
one in five, especially women, at 30%, compared to 16% for men, asked for help with
their online profile. Only five out of a hundred said they were married to or in a
committed long-term relationship with someone they met online. For comparison, 88%
of Americans who were with their current spouse or partner for no more than five years
said they met their mates offline.

Online daters may have more liberal social attitudes compared to the general population
in the United States. According to a 2015 study by the Pew Research Center, people who
had used online dating services had a higher opinion of such services than those who had
not. 80% of the users said that online dating sites are a good way to meet potential
partners, compared to 55% of non-users. In addition, online daters felt that online dating
is easier and more efficient than other methods (61%), and gives access to a larger pool

10
of potential partners (62%), compared to 44% and 50% of non-users, respectively.
Meanwhile, 60% of non-users thought that online dating was a more dangerous way of
meeting people and 24% deemed people who dated online were desperate, compared to
45% and 16% of online daters, respectively. Nevertheless, a similar number of online
daters (31%) and non-users (32%) agreed that online dating kept people from settling
down. In all, there was little difference among the sexes with regards to their opinions
on online dating. Safety was, however, the exception, with 53% of women and only 38%
of men expressing concern.

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 Types of Online Dating Platforms

Tinder: Yes – premium users get unlimited swipes, can undo a no-swipe, can browse in
other locations, in addition to some other preferences and features. Tinder may have
brought on "hookup culture," but it’s still one of the top dating apps in the current online
dating scenario, according to this research. It has millions of users in India, the most of
any other dating app. That means you have a pretty solid chance of eventually matching
with someone who piques your interest—even if it takes a lot of left-swiping to get there.
The app is free, but you can access premium features starting at $14.49 a month.

Bumble: Bumble set itself apart from all the other dating services crowding the app store
by requiring women to make the first move once a match is made. You also only get 24
hours to send a message, unless you invest in a Boost membership, which starts at 450
rupees a month. Women love the app because it cuts down on the number of unsolicited
messages, and men love it because it takes some of the pressure off initiating
conversations. this study implies it to be the 2nd most popular platform.

OkCupid: OKCupid’s algorithm uses a series of questions to determine what

“percentage” you’ll match with any of its five million users. That compatibility-driven
focus is especially appealing to women, who made up 58 percent of the respondents who
preferred this app in PCMag’s poll. It’s also super inclusive, offering 12 gender identities
and 20 sexual orientations so you can define yourself however you want and match with
exactly who you’re looking for. A close 3rd to Bumble.

Hinge: After filling in the app’s questionnaire and prompts, Hinge will start matching
you with users who share common interests. The algorithm also serves you with your
“Most Compatible” matches—who you’re eight times more likely to go out with, they
say. And not only does the app show you how many people have liked you, it also tells
you what they liked about you, making it easy to start a conversation.

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Grindr: The USP: It really works. If you happen to be gay, bisexual or curious. It has
an easy UI, easy and efficient to use, you can find a match within minutes. It is
notoriously 'glitchy', with messages disappearing and some functions not working
properly. The app that started it all, Grindr is more preferred by men and started off in
2009. It is mostly known to have a good non heterosexual following.

Online Dating Dangers

Online Dating Can Be Dehumanizing - According to the Association of Psychological
Science people use online dating apps as shopping platforms. They swipe through photos
looking for the perfect mate often rejecting someone more quickly than they would have
had they first met the person face-to-face. The researchers in the study claimed that
online dating can make you picky and judgmental.

Dating apps may hurt self-esteem - A 2016 study claimed that Tinder users were found
to have lower self-esteem and more body image issues than non-users. The co-author
Trent Petrie, a professor of psychology at the University of North Texas, said that these
issues are a risk for users of any social media network that prompts “evaluative”
behaviours.

Dating may set you up for self-rejection and may increase your anxiety levels: The
study published in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships that online dating
apps, loneliness and social anxiety (i.e., if they were constantly nervous around other
people) can be a bad match. In another study, users of a dating app reported that they
were less satisfied with their looks and body type than non-users.

Online dating apps may expose you to unsolicited content- A 2017 survey from
YouGov found that more than half of all millennial women on online dating platforms
received an explicit image, and that more than 75 percent of these recipients had not
sought them out. (Less than 25 percent of men surveyed admitted to having sent such
photos.)

Dating apps may set you up for rejection - Research claims that people act differently
online than in person, which likely contributes to potentially hurtful behaviours like

13
ghosting) and bread-crumbing and may set you up on rejection. A study also claimed
that online daters tend to pursue people 25% “more desirable” than themselves, which
may hurt your chances of getting a meaningful response.

Dating platforms can be time-consuming and may decrease your overall

productivity - In a 2017 survey, Millennials (ages 18 to 30 in this case) spend 20 hours
a week on dating platforms, according to dating service Badoo.com, with men spending
an average of 85 minutes a day on dating apps, while women swipe left or right for an
average of 79 minutes daily.

A lead author of a research Kathryn Coduto, a doctoral student in communication at a

university wrote, “We had participants who said they were missing school or work, or
getting in trouble in classes or at work, because they kept checking the dating apps on
their phones.”

You may not be innocent- A researcher claimed that Behavior goes both ways. Swiping
through an endless sea of faces “invites us to de-personalize people in some ways,” by
“not looking at the whole person and really just going based on an image.”

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 Chapter-2
Review of Literature
1. Online Dating: A Critical Analysis from the Perspective of Psychological Science
(2012) - This study, involving universities like Northwestern, Texas A&M, UCLA,
Rochester, and Illinois State, explores how online dating has fundamentally changed the
dating landscape. It discusses how online dating offers unprecedented access to potential
partners, but cautions that it may also undermine romantic outcomes by reducing three-
dimensional people to two-dimensional profiles and fostering an evaluative mindset that
can hinder commitment.

2. Enacting Bodies: Online Dating and New Media Practices (2012) - Conducted by
Begonya Enguix and Elisenda Ardévol, this research delves into how gender identity
intersects with digital technologies in online dating. By comparing two websites,
match.com and bearwww.com, the study examines how profiles on dating sites become
significant in gender, sexuality, and personal identity representation. It highlights how
users negotiate their identity through these platforms, influenced by the sites’ socio-
technological design.

3. Safety, Risk and Wellbeing on Dating Apps: Final Report (2019) - This report
from Swinburne University of Technology focuses on safety, especially in the context
of sexual harassment, data security, and privacy on dating apps like Tinder. It outlines
how these apps impact users' mental health, noting both positive (social connections)
and negative (frustration, rejection) effects. The study also emphasises the importance
of safe-sex practices in the context of these apps.

4. Tinder blue, mental flu? Exploring the associations between Tinder use and well-
being (2020) - By Yu-Chin Her & Elisabeth Timmermans, this study investigates the
impact of Tinder use on mental well-being. It suggests a complex relationship where
compulsive use and searching for romantic relationships can both enhance and harm
well-being. The study recommends alternative dating tools for those seeking
relationships, noting that Tinder might not be the best platform for this purpose.

5. Love in the Time of Covid: Perceived Partner Responsiveness Buffers People

from Lower Relationship Quality Associated with Covid-Related Stressors (2020)

15
This research from York University examines how COVID-19 stressors affect
relationship quality. It found that stressors like social isolation and financial stress
negatively impact relationships but this effect can be mitigated if partners are perceived
as responsive to each other’s needs. The study highlights the protective role of perceived
partner responsiveness in maintaining relationship quality under stress.

6. Association between dating app use and unhealthy weight control behaviours
and muscle enhancing behaviours in sexual minority men: a cross-sectional study
(2023)- This review highlights the importance of a research paper focusing on sexual
minority men (SMM) and their experiences with dating app usage. The findings reveal
negative impacts on body image and associated behaviors, offering insights for future
research and interventions. The study's specific focus on behaviors like unhealthy weight
control and muscle-enhancing actions provides a nuanced understanding of how body
image dissatisfaction is reinforced in the context of dating apps. Overall, the research
suggests the need for a more supportive and inclusive online environment to positively
influence body image and self-perception among sexual minority men.

7. An Investigation of Socioeconomic Status and Body Image Among Hook-Up App

Users- This literature review highlights the research's key contribution in understanding
the intricate link between socioeconomic status (SES) and body image among mobile
dating app users. The study's comprehensive approach, considering both positive and
negative aspects of body image, and its inclusion of demographic factors provide a
valuable perspective. The emphasis on SES as a critical influencer points to broader
societal challenges, connecting economic disparities to emotional struggles in digital
dating. Overall, this research significantly informs discussions on online dating
platforms and body image, suggesting potential interventions and policies for
stakeholders, mental health professionals, and policymakers.

8. Love me Tinder: Body image and psychosocial functioning among men and
women- The "Love me Tinder" study sheds light on the impact of a popular dating app
on body image and psychosocial health. It emphasises gender-inclusive negative effects
and highlights the link between app-driven objectification and psychological outcomes.
The study calls for awareness of potential risks associated with dating apps, offering

16
valuable insights for users, mental health professionals, and policymakers in addressing
and mitigating these impacts.

9. Social media and body image: Modulating effects of social identities and user
characteristics- This study explores how visual-centric social media impacts body
image perceptions, offering insights applicable to online dating platforms. It underscores
the importance of considering user demographics for tailored interventions and applies
sociocultural and objectification theories to understand underlying mechanisms. In
conclusion, the research contributes significantly to the broader discussion on digital
platforms and body image, calling for diverse studies to fully grasp the nature and extent
of these effects.

10. Self-schema and self-discrepancy mediate the influence of Instagram usage on

body image satisfaction among youth- 10. This study links image-centric social media,
like Instagram, to body image satisfaction among young adults, relevant to online dating
platforms. It emphasizes understanding psychological processes for mitigating negative
impacts, particularly for those with lower self-esteem. The research highlights the
importance of considering individual differences, offering valuable insights for
researchers and practitioners in the digital age.

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1. Online Dating: A Critical Analysis from the Perspective of Psychological Science

Published in 2012

Published by Northwestern University, Texas A&M University, University of

California- Los Angeles, University of Rochester; and Illinois State University

Review:

This research piece highlights the ways in which online dating sites implement services
have indeed fundamentally altered the dating landscape. In particular, online dating,
which has rapidly become a pervasive means of seeking potential partners, has altered
both the romantic acquaintance process and the compatibility matching process. For
example, rather than meeting potential partners, getting a snapshot impression of how
well one interacts with them, and then slowly learning various facts about them, online
dating typically involves learning a broad range of facts about potential partners before
deciding whether one wants to meet them in person. Rather than relying on the intuition
of village elders, family members, or friends or to select which pairs of unacquainted
singles will be especially compatible, certain forms of online dating involve placing
one’s romantic fate in the hands of a mathematical matching algorithm. Turning to the
superiority question, online dating has important advantages over conventional offline
dating. For example, it offers unprecedented (and remarkably convenient) levels of
access to potential partners, which is especially helpful for singles who might otherwise
lack such access. It also allows online daters to use CMC to garner an initial sense of
their compatibility with potential partners before deciding whether to meet them face-
to-face. In addition, certain dating sites may be able to collect data that allow them to
ban people from the dating pool who are likely to be poor relationship partners in
general. On the other hand, the ways online dating sites typically implement the services
of access, communication, and matching do not always improve romantic outcomes;
indeed, they sometimes undermine such outcomes. Regarding access, encountering
potential partners via online dating profiles reduces three-dimensional people to two-
dimensional displays of information, and these displays fail to capture those experiential
aspects of social interaction that are essential to evaluating one’s compatibility with
potential partners. In addition, the ready access to a large pool of potential partners can
elicit an evaluative, assessment-oriented mindset that leads online daters to objectify

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potential partners and might even undermine their willingness to commit to one of them.
It can also cause people to make lazy, ill-advised decisions when selecting among the
large array of potential partners.

2. Enacting Bodies: Online Dating and New Media Practices

Published in 2012

Published by Begonya Enguix and Elisenda Ardévol

Review:

This research analyzes how the embodied practices of gender identity overlap with
digital technologies and new media social practices. To do this we have focused on the
comparative study of two websites, match.com, a dating website with a global audience
– predominantly heterosexual – and bearwww.com, an international website for gay
dating. The results we present are part of an ongoing investigation concerning the
presentation of the body on the Internet, in which public, private, and personal
relationships and social media are interwoven. Dating sites act as mediators between
people. Profile scripts, social network norms, and regulations guide users’ self-
presentation and provide a framework of pre-established relationship patterns within
which to perform their search for the ideal partner. In the context of those websites
designed for personal interaction, profiles are especially significant in the study of how
people use the representation of the body to perform gender, sexuality, and personal
identity. In this sense, profiles are connected with three gender-based concerns –
representation, identity, and agency – and with the notion of ‘gender scripts’ inscribed
in the technology. Users interact with these website interfaces using various strategies
to deal with the system’s script requirements and the ideal body characterization that it
entails. In this regard, profiles are spaces of negotiation between users, their audiences,
and socio-technological design. Practices of engendering identity are interwoven with
media practices and communication technologies through bodies and their
representations. The presentation of oneself through one’s own body image is not a
simple practice in which individuals show themselves as ‘they are’; it is complex in that
it involves the playful use of body images to enact sexual desire, gender, personal
identity, and belonging to a particular social group. The script of the individual profile
models a hegemonic body image on each website and displays an available repertoire of

19
features that users can choose as representative of themselves. These elements are quite
different in the two examined cases, but the functionality of the sites is the same: to seek
partners. Both sites propose a physical characterization of the person that emphasises
different elements related to sexual and gender identity.

3. Safety, Risk and Wellbeing on Dating Apps: Final Report

Published in December, 2019

Published by Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne

Review:

There has been a specific focus on sexual harassment, mostly related to experiences of
Tinder. Relatively few researchers have focused on safety in relation to data security and
privacy. This research provides detailed firsthand accounts of the way health, wellbeing
and safety are experienced through various popular dating apps. The report outlines key
findings of a two-year ARC Linkage partnership between Swinburne University of
Technology, ACON Health, Family Planning NSW and the University of Sydney.
Mixed-methods approach was used in conducting the survey of app users (18-35 years)
across all Australian states. Participants described both the beneficial and detrimental
impact of app use on mental health. The dating apps use improved social connection,
friendships and intimate relationships, but were also at times a source of frustration,
rejection and exclusion. The research also focused on ‘safe-sex’ and dating apps used by
all the men + women + LGBTQ.

The study focused on those most at risk, who feel most unsafe and those who are most
likely to have experienced harassment and discrimination when using dating and hook-
up apps.In terms of mental health and wellbeing, it was noted that survey respondents
who rated higher in terms of depression and anxiety reported more negative experiences
of app use.

20
4. Yu-Chin Her & Elisabeth Timmermans (2020): Tinder blue, mental flu?
Exploring the associations between Tinder use and well-being

Published online: May 22, 2020

Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Review:

Tinder is a very popular mobile dating app. This study is based on cross-sectional data,
the findings suggest an association between using Tinder and users and mental well-
being. The swipe-left based dating app use, motives, subjective online success and self-
conscious social comparison are associated with mental well-being (i.e., happiness,
sadness, and anxiety). The research suggests that while using Tinder compulsively and
for seeking relationships can increase happiness, they may trigger more negative than
positive effects. In total, 296 (39% females; 90% heterosexuals) emerging adults who
were currently using Tinder completed this online survey.

The study shows that Tinder use can have damaging consequences on users' well-being,
in particular for compulsive users, those seeking a romantic partner and people. Feeling
unsuccessful on the dating app and making self-conscious social comparisons were
positively associated with sadness and anxiety, and negatively associated with joviality.
The study also stated that the, online daters who are looking for a romantic relationship
can be advised to use alternative online dating tools that are focused on relationship
seeking specifically, as they might be at higher risk of decreased well-being when
looking for a romantic partner on Tinder. Contrarily, the result also concluded that for
some people, using Tinder might actually improve their well-being.

5. Love in the Time of Covid: Perceived Partner Responsiveness Buffers People

from Lower Relationship Quality Associated with Covid-Related Stressors

Published in May, 2020

Published by York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Review:

21
The Love in the Time of COVID study, focuses on Covid-related stressors including
social isolation, financial stress, and general stress, which are negatively associated with
evaluations of relationship quality and positively associated with conflict. The study
examined 3,593 participants from 57 countries. When people reported more COVID-
related stressors, they also reported poorer relationship quality and more conflict with
their partner. However, these associations were mitigated when people perceived their
partner as more responsive to their needs. The study demonstrates that perceived partner
responsiveness to the extent to which people believe that their partners understand,
validate, and care for them in relationships may talk protective “armour” against spill
over of these stressors into their relationship and may help people sustain better quality
relationships in the face of stress.

6. Association between dating app use and unhealthy weight control behaviours
and muscle enhancing behaviours in sexual minority men: a cross-sectional study

Published in 09 May 2023

Published by Alvin Tran, Mabintou Darboe and Nick Birk

Review: The research paper is a critical contribution to the field, particularly in its focus
on a demographic (SMM) that has been underrepresented in previous studies. The
findings offer a clear indication of the negative impacts of dating app usage on body
image and related behaviours among this group. It also opens up avenues for further
research and intervention strategies to mitigate these detrimental effects. The study's
focus on specific behaviours (UWCBs and muscle-enhancing behaviours) provides a
detailed understanding of the ways in which body image dissatisfaction manifests and is
reinforced by the use of dating apps.

Overall, this study is highly relevant to the broader topic of online dating platforms and
body image, offering specific insights into the negative aspects while also hinting at the
need for a more supportive and inclusive online environment that can potentially have
positive effects on body image and self-perception.

22
7. An Investigation of Socioeconomic Status and Body Image Among Hook-Up App
Users

Published by Virginia Ramseyer Winter, Elizabeth O’Neill, and Mackenzie Cook

Review: The research offers a nuanced understanding of the complex relationship

between SES and body image among users of mobile dating and hook-up apps. It sheds
light on how socioeconomic factors can exacerbate body image issues, a critical aspect
of the broader discussion about the impact of online dating platforms on body image.

One significant contribution of this study is its focus on both positive (body appreciation)
and negative (body image self-consciousness) aspects of body image. This balanced
approach provides a more comprehensive picture of the issue. The study also diversifies
the demographic scope by including factors like race, gender identity, and age, making
its findings more broadly applicable.

The research's emphasis on socioeconomic status as a key factor influencing body image
among dating app users is particularly enlightening. It points to broader societal issues,
such as economic disparities, that contribute to the psychological and emotional
challenges faced by individuals in the digital dating world.

Overall, this study is an important addition to the body of research on online dating
platforms and body image. It not only highlights the negative consequences of these
platforms on body image but also opens the door for discussions about potential
interventions and policies to combat these issues. The study's findings are crucial for
stakeholders in the online dating industry, mental health professionals, and policymakers
in addressing the challenges posed by the intersection of technology, socioeconomic
factors, and personal well-being.

23
8. Love me Tinder: Body image and psychosocial functioning among men and
women

Published by Jessica Strubel and Trent A. Petrie

Review: The "Love me Tinder" study provides valuable insights into the complex
relationship between the use of a popular dating app and various aspects of body image
and psychosocial health. Its findings are significant in the context of increasing concerns
about the impact of online dating platforms on individual self-perception and mental
health.

The study's emphasis on both genders offers a comprehensive view of the issue,
highlighting that the negative effects of Tinder use on body image and self-esteem are
not gender-exclusive, although there are notable differences in the nature of these
effects. The connection drawn between the objectification experienced on Tinder and
its psychological outcomes is particularly enlightening, suggesting a broader
sociocultural influence exerted by such platforms.

Moreover, the study underscores the need for awareness about the potential
psychological risks associated with the use of dating apps. It suggests that while these
platforms may offer certain social benefits, they also pose significant challenges to body
image and overall psychosocial health.

Overall, this research is a valuable contribution to the ongoing discourse on the impact
of online dating platforms, particularly in understanding the nuanced ways these
platforms affect different individuals. It provides a critical perspective for users, mental
health professionals, and policymakers in addressing and mitigating the negative
impacts of such platforms on body image and self-esteem.

24
9. Social media and body image: Modulating effects of social identities and user
characteristics

Published by Rachel F. Rodgers and Ann Rousseau

Review: This study offers valuable insights into how social media, specifically
platforms focusing on visual and appearance-related content, can affect body image
perceptions. Given the similarities between social media and online dating platforms in
terms of content and user interaction, these findings can be extended to understand the
impact of online dating on body image.

The research underscores the importance of considering user characteristics such as age
and gender in evaluating the impact of these platforms. It also raises awareness about
the variability of these effects across different groups, suggesting that interventions or
educational efforts might need to be tailored to specific demographics.

Moreover, the study's emphasis on sociocultural and objectification theories provides a

robust framework for understanding the underlying mechanisms through which visual
social media can influence body image. These theories could be similarly applied to
analyze the effects of online dating platforms.

In conclusion, the research contributes significantly to the broader discussion about the
impact of digital platforms on body image. It highlights the need for further research in
this area, especially studies that include a diverse range of demographics and
geographies, to fully understand the extent and nature of these effects.

25
10. Self-schema and self-discrepancy mediate the influence of Instagram usage on
body image satisfaction among youth

Published by Ashraf Sadat Ahadzadeh, Saeed Pahlevan Sharif, Fon Sim Ong

Review: Review Summary:

This study contributes significantly to the understanding of how social media platforms,
particularly those centred around image sharing like Instagram, can influence body
image satisfaction among young adults. Its findings are highly relevant to the discussion
about online dating platforms since these platforms also involve similar dynamics of
visual presentation and self-comparison.

The study's focus on the mediating roles of appearance, self-schema and self-
discrepancy provides a deeper understanding of the psychological processes underlying
the influence of social media on body image. This insight is crucial for developing
strategies to mitigate negative impacts on body image satisfaction, especially among
users with lower self-esteem.

Moreover, the research underscores the importance of considering individual

differences in psychological constructs like self-esteem when examining the impact of
online platforms on body image. This is particularly relevant for online dating
platforms, which cater to a diverse user base with varying levels of self-esteem and
body image concerns.

Overall, the study offers valuable perspectives for both researchers and practitioners
interested in the effects of social media and online dating platforms on body image. It
highlights the need for more nuanced approaches to understanding and addressing body
image issues in the digital age, where online platforms play a significant role in shaping
individual self-perceptions and social interactions.

26
 Chapter 3:
Research Objectives and Methodology
Introduction:

The impact of swipe-based online dating applications, like OkCupid, Tinder, Bumble,
Happn, and TanTan, on users' psychological well-being and self-esteem. These apps,
which emphasise physical appearance and attractiveness, can lead to negative
consequences such as concerns about body image, unhealthy weight management
behaviours, low body satisfaction, high shame, and appearance comparisons. Men,
particularly those in sexual minority groups, appear more affected by these risks.
Furthermore, the paragraph highlights the association of these apps with aggressive
behaviors, risky sexual activities, and an increase in sexual harassment and abuse,
especially targeting women and sexual minorities. The overall concern is the detrimental
effect these platforms can have on individuals' physical and mental health.

Research Problem:

"Exploring the Psychological and Social Impacts of Online Dating Platforms on User
Behavior and Well-being."

This research problem encapsulates the various dimensions of online dating's influence,
including its effects on self-esteem, body image, social interactions, and the potential
risks associated with its use. It aims to investigate how these platforms, while
facilitating connections and relationships, might also contribute to negative
psychological outcomes and changes in social behaviour. This includes examining the
prevalence of objectification, deceptive practices, and the impact of constant rejection
or approval based on superficial criteria. The research will also explore the dynamics
of different dating platforms and their specific influences on user behaviour and mental
health.

Research Questions:

Q1. Have you ever been on an online dating platform?

27
Q2. What is/are the main reason/s for one to opt for online dating?

Q3. What kind of relationship/s do you look for on online dating platforms?

Q4. Which dating platforms have you used/ do you prefer? Why did you choose
this/these platform/s?

Q5. What's your biggest fear when dating online?

Q6. Have you ever met someone you met online in real life? Have you felt that the person
is different (appearance wise) compared to their online profile?

Q7. Do you pick profiles on the basis of one's appearance on online dating platforms?

Q8. Have you ever lied about your appearance on online dating platforms?

Q9. Online dating enables sexual objectification. Agree or Disagree?

Q10. Swipe-left dating platforms harm one's body image. Agree or Disagree?

Q11. Online dating is a boon for reserved, socially anxious people. Agree or Disagree?

Q12. Suggest some ways in which online dating platforms can be better.

Research Approach:

The research employs qualitative research methods.

Invented by Sir Francis Galton., A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a

series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from
respondents. A questionnaire consists of a number of questions that the respondent has
to answer in a set format. A distinction is made between open-ended and closed-ended
questions. An open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his own answer,
whereas a closed-ended question has the respondent pick an answer from a given number
of options. The response options for a closed-ended question should be exhaustive and
mutually exclusive.

Research Aim:

28
The objective of this study is to examine the detrimental as well as positive effects of
the usage of online dating platforms on body image.

Specific objectives:
● To analyse the relationship between online dating & body image
● To study the effects of online dating on the people of age 18-30, with respect to
body image
● to understand the relation between online dating & body image

Quantitative Research: Survey

A qualitative approach has been chosen for this study because qualitative methods are
especially useful in analyzing the holistic meaning people give to events they experience.
Specifically, the phenomenological method will be used to understand how participants
make meaning of the phenomenon studied i.e. whether or not online dating harms more
than it betters.

A survey is an effective method to quantitatively measure and analyze public

perspectives on Dating apps among the youth

1. Design:

- Structured questionnaire: This ensures consistency and ease of data analysis. - Mix
of closed-ended and open-ended questions: This allows for both quantitative and
qualitative data collection, providing a more comprehensive understanding of
participants' perceptions.

Examples of questions:

2. Target Audience:

29
 100 individuals between the age group of 18-30 years in Delhi NCR: This sample size
allows for some statistical analysis while remaining manageable for data collection
and analysis.

3. Sample Size:

Sampling is that part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of a subset of
individual observations within a population of individuals intended to yield some
knowledge about the population of concern, especially for the purposes of making
predictions based on statistical inference. Sampling is an important aspect of data
collection.

Judgement (or Purposive) Sampling

Also known as selective, or subjective, sampling, this technique relies on the judgement
of the researcher when choosing who to ask to participate. Researchers may implicitly
thus choose a “representative” sample to suit their needs, or specifically approach
individuals with certain characteristics. Judgement sampling has the advantage of being
time-and cost-effective to perform whilst resulting in a range of responses.

30
 Tools of Data Collection
Primary Data

Primary Data is a term for data collected on source which has not been subjected to
processing or any other manipulation; it is also known as primary data.

The primary data for my research was collected through a survey method of research. In
this method I prepared a questionnaire and the questions were asked to hundred(100)
respondents. On the basis of the behaviour and thinking of the respondents I collected
my primary data. Basically the primary data was entirely based on the questionnaire
which was filled by the respondents.

Secondary Data

Secondary data is data collected by someone other than the user. Common sources of
secondary data for social science include censuses, surveys,organisational records and
data collected through qualitative methodologies or qualitative research. Primary data,
by contrast, are collected by the investigator

Case Studies- is based on an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, or

event. Case studies may be descriptive or explanatory.

Literature Review- is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current
knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological
contributions to a particular topic.

Internet- the Internet carries a vast range of information on different topics so it is

the best source of secondary data Journals.

Personal Interviews – Personal Interview is the foremost tool to judge the abilities
of a person. In the face-to-face contact between the interviewer & interviewee, it is
possible to record more than only verbal responses; which are often superficial.

31
 Content Analysis

Fig.1

Fig.1 shows that the Age Group of 18-21 is most involved in these Dating Platforms.

Fig.2

Fig.2 shows that the most traffic on the dating platforms is men.

32
 Fig.3

Fig.3 shows the majority

Fig.4

Fig.4 shows 34% of adults opt for online dating just for curiosity, while 22% opt for
online dating because it has a wider scope than traditional dating.

33
 Fig.5

So, we can get that one of the problems with dating sites is there’s no guarantee that the
people you start chatting with will feel the same way about you that you feel about them. As
you can see in Fig.5 67.1% of people use these apps for casual dating, followed by making
friends with 51.4%.

34
 Fig.6

So, we get our most important answer of Bumble being the most popular Dating Site
with 75.7% of people loving it which is followed by Tinder with 62.9%.

Why did you choose this/these platform/s?

The respondents were asked about why they chose these Platforms. The responses are
following:

For making Friends

They seemed safe with quality crowd

On Recommendation by friends

I am single

Because of their better social media presence

My sister forced me to use it. She said, I have a sad life.

Correct answer

35
Good user interface, large user base, popular

Man hai mera kyuki

rending

Easy to use. Widely used.

Intrigued by their marketing campaign

More audience

Friends suggestion

To build community and for true friends as well

Just to know people do hangouts, nightouts if lucky then go for serious relations ot

Most popular and safer, felt like a better choice

In search of a partner which i dont get so far.

Bumble

It's not too hyped like tinder

These are famous platforms

because i was curious

I haven't use them. Just heard about them over others.

To explore and meet new people.

It was free

because i don't have to think about cool conversation openers here

Just for fun. No specific reason.

No option left...:)

Verified profiles.

I have heard about it many times

It was famous and has more people on it

Good reviews from friends

Easy

They're the most popular ones

36
Idk

I didn't my friends did the need it

Both of these platforms are suggested by a friend to me

One is usually more 'real' online than one is irl, therefore one gets to know another person better
online.

They are the more popular ones so naturally started with these and since I didn't find any problems
stuck with one.

NA

For like a better person, whoever was as person didn't went like that

Because it is kind of reliable

Ghh

These are the most used ones and hence probability of meeting a match increases

Get to know new people.

Friend recommended

Because these platforms connects people for the similar needs & also this could be a new way to
socialize.

no specific reason tbf

Safe platform for girl , lets them make the first move.

Better options

To make friends

I chose Bumble because it has the best rule, that only the girls can make the first move which saves
us from unwanted messages and people.

37
 Fig.7

Fig.7, shows with 27%the majority of respondents feel online dating can be deceptive,
followed by 24% that feel they could possibly meet someone destructive.

Fig.8

According to Fig.8, 53% of respondents have met their online matches in real life.

38
 Fig.9

39% of respondents feel the person they met online is different (appearance wise)
compared to their online profile.

Fig.9

The data show that 40%of the people on online dating platforms sometimes pick profiles
on the basis of one’s appearance online.

39
 Fig.10

Fig.10 shows that 80% of the respondents feel they never lied about their appearance on
online dating platforms.

Fig.11

Fig.11, shows 43% somewhat agree that online dating enables sexual objectification.

40
 Fig.12

Fig.12 proves swipe-left dating platforms harms one’s body image.

Fig.13

Fig.13 shows that 30% of people feel online dating is a boon for reserved, socially anxious
people.

41
Suggest some ways in which online dating platforms can be better.

The respondents were asked about the ways online dating platforms can be better and
the suggestions are following:

● I don't know
● Option to fill out a list of questions the person has to answer before swiping right
● Give every guy a match
● A check on using stock images. It will prevent any false identity claims, to a great extent
● Add features that can let users know about fellow users motives in a more niche and
specific manner
● If they could actually implement the idea that looks shouldn't matter in better ways!
● Make seperate section for people who are just into hookups. Remove the super like
stupid feature. Make the platform a safer place to beee.
● By adding options for meaningful conversation rather than a quest to have more people
in DMs, playing with data algorithms.
● More right swipes
● Verify profile
● Online dating platform is all about your photos, filters, and goofy lines
● Online dating apps should register only those applicants whose aadhar otp is verified
through the app to prevent registeration of fake ID’s.
● There should be a compulsion to fill certain of your characteristics like height in the bio
rather than being an option.
● Fake profile holder should be fined heavily
● Probably by showing only bios and details initially, and then showing your matches'
pictures only after you match
● To improve further the experience and attract more people to use dating apps, the overall
experience has to evolve into something more respectful of people’s identity and what
makes each person truly unique (a selfie or a simple profile pic is not enough). A
person’s identity is very difficult to define in simple words, or profile pictures.
● Add an option for virtual meet (reserved)instantly after like.
● Match on the basis of likes and not random spam.
● Live interaction on voice/video
● Should be safer for women in terms of analysing the partner’s background and need to
set basic compulsory standards so that people don’t get catfished.
● It should be made sure that the profiles on a platform should all be verified in order to
prevent identity theft and catfishing.
● They should focus less towards subscriptions and premium features
● Maybe making them more interactive as in including other factors in a person's profile
than their pictures.
● Verification process
● It can't be!
● People stop making fake accounts, and if they aren't it should be off on application and
people reacting to swipes they gotta
● Nothing
● People should be matched on the basis of their interests and not photos or videos. They
should be shown once both parties agree or concent upon that
● More likes
● Make it normal, there shouldn’t be any right or left wipes , a better concept is needed

42
It could be better if they start rejecting profiles on the basis of their identification & only takes the
verified original accounts. Coz, there are N no. Of fake accounts which should not be there.
● Verification
● Minimizing fake IDs.
● It's fine I guess
● By only letting the ladies message first.

43
 Findings, Conclusion, Suggestions &
Limitations

Findings

1. Majority of people have opted for Bumble as the preferred online dating
platform.
2. 78.3 % of people agreed to have used an online dating platform & 13.3%
agreed to have known people who use/ have used online dating platforms.
3. Top three reasons for people to opt for online dating platforms were
● Curiosity
● Wider scope than traditional dating
● Minimised live social interaction

4. Top fears of users of online dating platforms were

● Catfishing (lure (someone) into a relationship by means of a fictional online

persona.)
● Meeting a person who could possibly cause physical harm
● Unsolicited content
● Trolling/bullying

5. Over 65% of people who had met their online partner in real life agreed that they
looked different than their online appearance.

6. Only 13.3 % of respondents replied negatively when asked if they choose profiles on
the basis of the person’s appearance.

7. 18.3% of respondents admitted to have lied at least once about their appearance.

8. 56.7% of respondents replied affirmative when asked whether online dating platforms
enable sexual objectification.

44
9. Over 48% of respondents agreed with the statement that online dating platforms harm
one’s body image.

10. Over 51% of respondents felt that online dating is a boon for socially anxious people.

7.2 Conclusion

From this extensive research and the secondary data gained from the internet, the study
has come to its conclusions.

The most trafficked online dating platform, came out to be Bumble, regardless of Tinder
being deemed as favourite in various other studies. With a more progressive approach
of various unique features like letting women text first and a verification badge, Bumble
turned up to be strikingly popular. Top fears of users of online dating platforms were
Catfishing (lure into a relationship by means of a fictional online persona.), Meeting a
person who could possibly cause physical harm, Unsolicited content, Trolling/bullying.
While meeting a person who could possibly cause physical harm & unsolicited content
were majorly chosen as a fear by women, men feared catfishing & trolling way more.
Only a meagre minority of respondents replied negatively when asked if they choose
profiles on the basis of the person’s appearance, while a significant portion of
respondents admitted to have lied at least once about their appearance. Sexual
objectification turned out to be a major issue with 56.7% of respondents replied
affirmatively when asked whether online dating platforms enable sexual objectification.
A majority of respondents (over 63%) felt deceived & found their online partner’s real
life appearance to be different from their online persona.

A striking 48% of respondents agreed with the statement that online dating platforms
harm one’s body image. It can be derived from this that online dating platforms can
inculcate better values & make conscious efforts to make the issue of objectification &
body image marginal.

7.3 Suggestions & Limitations

The major recommendation for carrying out a related study will definitely be to increase
the sample size as the data calculated becomes more and more surreal when it is collected

45
on a reasonably large scale . The research should have a high budget as a lot of marketing
agencies or some online dating app creator might also be interested in doing this study
for increasing their chances to impress the customer base, make it uniquely progressive
or increase their customer base . The study generally includes Youth from a certain
socio-economical background who have different ideologies or can afford paid
subscriptions from online dating platforms but there are millions of segments who can
only afford a smartphone and an internet connection so the popular option is very
subjective to the targeted segment . Thus it should be broadened proportionally and will
need a socio-economics expert for doing so. The region for the above study was selected
as Delhi which is one of the most advanced metropolitan city in India . Thus,to get a
clear picture when it comes to national level , atleast 5 cities, 5 towns and 5 villages from
each state shall be studied.

The impact of certain features on a certain dating platform is also subjective & hence
variable. Many factors are specific to the target location by the users so this variable can
only be used if each location used for the city has been assessed.

46
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 Annexure
Research Proposal
Research Proposal

Title: The detrimental as well as positive effects of the usage of online dating platforms
on body image : The Effect of the Usage of Online Dating Platforms on Body Image
Among Youth in Delhi

Introduction:

The world is continuously changing its conventional mindset when it comes to online
dating. Millennials are all about change and revolution, and so is the millennial dating
culture. Despite the huge popularity of dating apps - and the millions of success stories
worldwide - many users report that some apps make them feel low and they experience
self-doubt. Based on the research, we will be able to study the relationship between
swipe-based online dating applications psychological distress and lower self-esteem.

These applications, focusing on appearance and physical attractiveness, can promote

excessive concerns about body image, as well as various negative consequences
associated with it (e.g., unhealthy weight management behaviors, low satisfaction and
high shame about the body, more comparisons with appearance). These risks have been
more closely associated with men than with women, perhaps because of the standards of
physical attractiveness prevalent among men of sexual minorities, which have been the
most studied collective. These risks have highlighted body image, aggression, and the
performance of risky sexual behaviors. Apps represent a contemporary environment that
based on appearance and physical attractiveness, is associated with several negative
pressures and perceptions about the body, which can have detrimental consequences for
the physical and mental health of the individual. As for assaults, there is a growing
literature alerting us to the increasing amount of sexual harassment and abuse related to
dating apps, especially in more vulnerable groups, such as women, or among people of
sexual minorities.

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Some of the most popular dating apps are OkCupid, Tinder, Bumble, Hinge and Grindr.
According to hypotheses, they are leading the market currently .

Objective:

1. Conduct a comprehensive analysis to examine the intricate relationship between

online dating experiences and body image perceptions among individuals aged 18-30.

2. Investigate and delineate the multifaceted effects of engaging in online dating

platforms on the body image of young adults (18-30 years old), aiming to provide a
nuanced understanding of the interconnected dynamics.

3. Systematically explore the intricate nuances that underlie the relationship between
online dating behaviors and the development, maintenance, or alteration of body image
perceptions in the targeted age group (18-30).

Review of Literature:

The research articles provided offer diverse perspectives on online dating and
relationships in the context of evolving technologies and social dynamics:

1. Online Dating: A Critical Analysis from the Perspective of Psychological Science

(2012) - This study, involving universities like Northwestern, Texas A&M, UCLA,
Rochester, and Illinois State, explores how online dating has fundamentally changed the
dating landscape. It discusses how online dating offers unprecedented access to potential
partners, but cautions that it may also undermine romantic outcomes by reducing three-

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dimensional people to two-dimensional profiles and fostering an evaluative mindset that
can hinder commitment.

2. Enacting Bodies: Online Dating and New Media Practices (2012) - Conducted by
Begonya Enguix and Elisenda Ardévol, this research delves into how gender identity
intersects with digital technologies in online dating. By comparing two websites,
match.com and bearwww.com, the study examines how profiles on dating sites become
significant in gender, sexuality, and personal identity representation. It highlights how
users negotiate their identity through these platforms, influenced by the sites’ socio-
technological design.

3. Safety, Risk and Wellbeing on Dating Apps: Final Report (2019) - This report
from Swinburne University of Technology focuses on safety, especially in the context
of sexual harassment, data security, and privacy on dating apps like Tinder. It outlines
how these apps impact users' mental health, noting both positive (social connections)
and negative (frustration, rejection) effects. The study also emphasises the importance
of safe-sex practices in the context of these apps.

4. Tinder blue, mental flu? Exploring the associations between Tinder use and well-
being (2020) - By Yu-Chin Her & Elisabeth Timmermans, this study investigates the
impact of Tinder use on mental well-being. It suggests a complex relationship where
compulsive use and searching for romantic relationships can both enhance and harm
well-being. The study recommends alternative dating tools for those seeking
relationships, noting that Tinder might not be the best platform for this purpose.

5. Love in the Time of Covid: Perceived Partner Responsiveness Buffers People

from Lower Relationship Quality Associated with Covid-Related Stressors (2020) -
This research from York University examines how COVID-19 stressors affect
relationship quality. It found that stressors like social isolation and financial stress

54
negatively impact relationships but this effect can be mitigated if partners are perceived
as responsive to each other’s needs. The study highlights the protective role of perceived
partner responsiveness in maintaining relationship quality under stress.

6. Finding love or self-affirmation? Exploring online dating applications usage and

its impact on users’ well-being (Langert, 2021) investigates the relationship between
online dating frequency and well-being among 178 participants. While the study found
a significant association, proposed mediators such as body satisfaction and self-esteem
did not explain it. The research suggests potential warning signs against highly frequent
use and recommends further exploration of alternative mediators for a comprehensive
understanding of how online dating affects users' well-being.

Hypothesis:

Hypothesis 1 - Technological Evolution and Body Image Perception:

The adoption of innovative features and advanced technologies on online dating

platforms in Delhi positively correlates with increased body image concerns and self-
perception among youth.

Hypothesis 2 - Technological Advancements in App Design and User Behavior:

The post-adoption era of innovative features in online dating platforms has witnessed a
shift towards more user-friendly interfaces, encouraging increased engagement and
influencing body image concerns among young adults in Delhi.

Hypothesis 3 - App-Induced Body Image Satisfaction and User Preferences:

There exists a significant positive correlation between the perceived impact of online
dating platform usage on body image satisfaction among youth in Delhi and their overall
satisfaction with the app, affecting their preferences and decisions to continue using such
platforms.

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Hypothesis 4 - Film Success and Platform Engagement Parallel:

The popularity and success of several online dating platforms in Delhi can be attributed,
at least in part, to the effective and impactful utilisation of features and design elements
influencing users' body image perceptions and experiences.

Hypothesis 5 - Visual Appeal and App Preferences:

Public preference for specific online dating platforms among youth in Delhi is positively
influenced by the presence of visually appealing interfaces and features, with users
showing a tendency to choose platforms that offer a visually satisfying and immersive
experience.

Research Methodology:

Methodology:

Quantitative Research:

Questionnaire: Designing and distributing a questionnaire on Google Forms to a sample

of 100 individuals from the 18 and above age group in Delhi NCR to capture their
perspectives on their experience of dating apps

Area of research: Delhi NCR

Age -18-30yrs

Sample size:

- Survey: A sample of 100 respondents from the 18 and above age group.

Data Collection:

Survey- Google form

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Significance of the study:

The proposed study on "The Effect of the Usage of Online Dating Platforms on Body
Image Among Youth in Delhi" is significant for multiple reasons. It delves into the
contemporary and evolving dynamics of online dating, shedding light on how these
platforms influence the body image perceptions of the youth aged 18-30. In an era where
online dating is integral to social interactions, understanding the psychological
implications, both detrimental and positive, is crucial. The study addresses the reported
psychological distress and lower self-esteem experienced by users, contributing valuable
insights into the evolving mindset of the millennial generation. Furthermore, the
investigation into gender disparities and safety concerns associated with dating apps
adds a nuanced layer to the research, fostering inclusivity and user safety considerations.
By exploring the role of technological evolution, app design, and cultural context in
shaping user experiences, the study offers practical implications for app developers,
policymakers, and mental health professionals. Overall, this research has the potential to
inform interventions and policies that promote positive online dating experiences,
ultimately contributing to the holistic well-being of the youth in the digital age.

Expected limitations of the study:

1. Socio-Economic Bias:

- Limited representation of diverse backgrounds may skew findings.

2. Delhi-Centric View:

- Findings may not apply to youth in other Indian regions due to exclusive focus on
Delhi.

3. Age Group Specificity:

- Focusing on youth may miss differences in impact across age groups.

57
4. Platform Diversity Oversight:

- Ignoring various online dating platforms may lead to overlooked experiences.

5. Sample Bias – Paid Subscriptions:

- Excluding users on free services could introduce bias.

6. Cultural Influence Neglect:

- Overlooking cultural norms may limit insights among Delhi's youth.

7. Intersectionality Oversight:

- Inadequate exploration of how factors like gender, orientation, and ethnicity intersect.

8. Self-Reporting Biases:

- Relying on self-reported data may introduce participant disclosure biases.

9. Dynamic Online Dating Landscape:

- Findings may become outdated due to fast-evolving online dating trends.

10. Ethical Concerns:

- Careful consideration of ethical aspects related to body image and mental health is
essential.

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QUESTIONNAIRE

Research Questions

Q1. Have you ever been on an online dating platform?

Q2. What is/are the main reason/s for one to opt for online dating?

Q3. What kind of relationship/s do you look for on online dating platforms?

Q4. Which dating platforms have you used/ do you prefer? Why did you choose
this/these platform/s?

Q5. What's your biggest fear when dating online?

Q6. Have you ever met someone you met online in real life? Have you felt that the person
is different (appearance wise) compared to their online profile?

Q7. Do you pick profiles on the basis of one's appearance on online dating platforms?

Q8. Have you ever lied about your appearance on online dating platforms?

Q9. Online dating enables sexual objectification. Agree or Disagree?

Q10. Swipe-left dating platforms harm one's body image. Agree or Disagree?

Q11. Online dating is a boon for reserved, socially anxious people. Agree or Disagree?

Q12. Suggest some ways in which online dating platforms can be better.

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