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History John Bowlby was a British child psychiatrist who was one of the founders of the attachment
theory. They have developed a series of theories and have contributed heavily to help others
understand the psychological ideology of attachment. The learning Theory was split into two
methods one being classical conditioning, this tells us that babies have a rooting reflex, for example
stroking the side of a babies face causing them to react by turning towards your hand, this is an
innate response. Whitebread and Bingham (2012) School Readiness: a critical review of perspectives
and evidence. This can include crying and smiling, which will illicit immediate action from the
primary caregiver. John Bowlby. Born February 26, 1907 in London to an upper-class English family.
All answers are based on the AQA specification, mark schemes and textbooks. The children exhibit
modest emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. He had close workings with Mary Ainsworth
and Harry Harlow. Using the strange situation procedure, Ainsworth and Bell classified infants into
one of three categories: (1) secure, in which infants use the mother as a secure base for exploration
and seek contact with her after separation; (2). There are several actions that could trigger this block
including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Bowlby
suggested that a child would initially form only one primary attachment (monotropy) and that the
attachment figure acted as a secure base for exploring the world. This helps to reduce associated
stress levels and levels out mood swings, which may be prevalent in children with attachment
problems (Kagan 2004, p. 78). Lastly, the caregiver may pursue professional treatment of attachment
problems, which mainly incorporates therapy, counselling, and parenting education (Barish 2009,
p.34). The treatment is critical in promoting of a secure living environment, structuring of positive
interactions with the caregivers as well as promotion of peer relationships. Strangers will create a fear
response in the infant that includes strong protest and distress. For Later 0 ratings 0% found this
document useful (0 votes) 93 views 66 pages Attachment and The Implications For Learning and
Behaviour PDF Uploaded by GinaAlexaCimpianu AI-enhanced title Full description Save Save
attachment-and-the-implications-for-learning-and-b. The behavioural view of attachment centres on
the caregiver as reinforcer. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. The
attachment behavior system becomes active through the course of normal development at about the
same time as the exploration behavior system which also provides evolutionary advantage for the
developing infant by, for example, encouraging learning about the environment, muscle development,
and the beginning stages of the separation that occurs when the child may leave mother and family
to establish a family of his or her own. However, attachment does not have to be necessarily
reciprocal. Havighurst, S. et al (2010) Tuning into kids: Improving emotion socialisation practices in
parents of pre-school children. The attachment system is most readily activated during the first five
years of life, a period characterized by high levels of vulnerability and dependence. The formation of
secure attachment during childhood is also imperative in development of self-esteem in the child.
Attachment in this case represents an instinctive system that pursues the child’s needs. When I was
younger it was just awful all the time, I don’t like anger now, its like, arguing non stop. There is also
secure base in which the caregiver offers a safe and dependable platform for the child to explore the
environment. The prime focus should be raising the resilience of the child to counter the attachment
difficulties. This type of temperament can make it very difficult for a secure attachment to form, as
the baby does not always respond positively to the mother’s attempts to sooth or satisfy their
biological needs. EFT Assessment. Tasks 1. Create a collaborative therapeutic alliance 2. While we
know the early years are critical, the sheer amount of emphasis that Bowlby places on them mirrors
other criticized theories like Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. John Bowlby applied ethology to infants
Influenced by Konrad Lorenz.
Even when such children were fed by other caregivers this did not diminish the child’s anxiety. She
recruited 26 families with normal babies (ages 1 - 24 months) whom she observed every 2 weeks for
2 hours per visit over a period of up to 9 months to determine the onset of proximity-promoting
signals and behaviors, noting carefully when these signals and behaviors became preferentially
directed toward the mother. References to methodological criticisms, issues and debates and
practical applications are made where appropriate. Attachment theories assume that humans are social
beings. Bowlby also believed that attachment was an automatic instinct. Discussion John Bowlby
(1969) pioneered attachment theory whereby he described attachment as an enduring psychological
connectedness between two human beings. She headed for Uganda from where she switched gears
from her earlier planned investigation of toddlers’ separation responses during weaning to observe
the development of infant-mother attachment. Bowlby believed that attachment was very important,
as it helped to provide food, warmth and protection for young children. Pirjo Juhela 15.6.2005. John
Bowlby: Attachment theory. Psychoanalytic View of Attachment: Caregiver as Love Object
Psychoanalysts perceive the development of attachment entirely different from behaviourist’s point
of view. Nevertheless, psychoanalysts and behaviourists agree that the caregiver’s role in gratifying
the child’s needs is paramount. John Bowlby applied ethology to infants Influenced by Konrad
Lorenz. An enduring emotional tie to a special person, characterized by a tendency to seek and
maintain closeness, especially during times of stress.. Roots of Attachment Theory. If there was a
disruption in the attachment then it would conclude in developmental consequences. A securely
attached child explores unreservedly when the caregiver is present and engages with strangers, but is
visibly upset when the caregiver departs. Clarke, L., Ungerer, J., Chahoud, K., Johnson, S., and
Stiefel, I. (2002). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with attachment. Importantly
it allows us to work in a positive frame with the family in that we can construe the intentions of the
parents positively, i.e. they have tried to repeat what was good or correct what they felt was bad
about their own experiences. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors. We
use cookies to create the best experience for you. Attachments are often structured in a hierarchy,
whereby an infant may have formed three attachments, but one may be stronger than the other two,
and one may be the weakest. Attachment theory provides an explanation of how the parent-child
relationship emerges and influences subsequent development. Necessary for newborn survival Aids
normal human development Normally an attachment to mother. John Bowlby. Born February 26,
1907 in London to an upper-class English family. Secure attachment during childhood translates into
enduring relationships be it business or romantic relationships. Overall, ambivalent infants often
displayed maladaptive behaviors throughout the Strange Situation. The essay considers the cognitive
style, political skills, communication ability, vision, organizational capacity as well as the emotional
intelligence of each president. Behaviourists believe that people learn how to behave in a certain way
in stead of it already been pre-programmed into a child. These attachment patterns have implications
for children development. Jodie was a 24 year old woman who was referred for counselling by her
GP because of “depression, anxiety, possible panic attacks, and unresolved grief over her parents’
divorce”. Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos. Background. John Bowlby observed orphaned infants
after World War II (1940s) Concluded that early social attachment between an infant and a caretaker
is essential for normal social development.
Whitebread and Bingham (2012) School Readiness: a critical review of perspectives and evidence. It
shows fear of strangers (stranger fear) and unhappiness when separated from a special person (
separation anxiety ). The infant learns that the primary caregiver can satisfy their basic biological
needs. In 1986, researchers Main and Solomon introduced disorganized- insecure attachment.
Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a secure base from which an infant
can explore the world. An enduring emotional tie to a special person, characterized by a tendency to
seek and maintain closeness, especially during times of stress. The attachment system is most readily
activated during the first five years of life, a period characterized by high levels of vulnerability and
dependence. In summary, research done in this area indicates that secure attachment is a protective
factor that facilitates finest developmental outcomes. The infant will call upon a range of attachment
behaviors with the goal of attaining proximity to the attachment figure. John Bowlby applied
ethology to infants Influenced by Konrad Lorenz. Theoretical Principles of Existential Theory and
Therapy. Their components of attachment comprise of haven, whereby children find refuge in
caregivers whenever they feel threatened or terrified. For Later 0 ratings 0% found this document
useful (0 votes) 93 views 66 pages Attachment and The Implications For Learning and Behaviour
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Cancel It's good to leave some feedback. There are various tasks that Piaget attributes to each stage;
for example, in the conservation task of the concrete stage, “They also see that when one of the
vessels is emptied into a taller and thinner receptacle, the level of liquid is higher in the thinner vessel
than in the other original vessel. Secure attachment can be described as the most adaptive attachment
style. In addition, many early studies in attachment followed the model provided by ethologists as
they attempted to make objective observations of organisms as they behaved in their natural
environments. The learning Theory was split into two methods one being classical conditioning, this
tells us that babies have a rooting reflex, for example stroking the side of a babies face causing them
to react by turning towards your hand, this is an innate response. Jane Barlow. Safeguarding
Children: Getting it right from the start. Specifically, the discussion will focus on the cognitive,
behavioral, and social development of people throughout their lives. He had close workings with
Mary Ainsworth and Harry Harlow. In addition, attachment has an immense bearing on the feelings,
motives, thoughts and relationships all the way through an individual’s life. For Later 50% 50%
found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 50% 50% found this document not
useful, Mark this document as not useful Embed Share Print Download now Jump to Page You are
on page 1 of 23 Search inside document. Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic
consensus and is backed up with reference to academic studies. Strangers will create a fear response
in the infant that includes strong protest and distress. Oates,J., Lewis,C. and Lamb,M.E. (2005)
Parenting and attachment in Ding,S. Mary Ainsworth’s in her work also enriched the attachment
theory. Jodie was a 24 year old woman who was referred for counselling by her GP because of
“depression, anxiety, possible panic attacks, and unresolved grief over her parents’ divorce”. They
categorized these infants as having a disorganized attachment type. Attachment theory is also
criticized for suggesting a preoccupation with maternal relationships.
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 53-152. Bowlby, J. (1958). The Nature of the
Childs Tie to His Mother.International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39: 350-371. The child also seeks
to remain close to the caregiver resentfully. The action you just performed triggered the security
solution. The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships, 251-271. John Bowlby applied
ethology to infants Influenced by Konrad Lorenz. These four types are secure, anxious-preoccupied,
avoidant-dismissive, and disorganized. Both systems become active because of developmental
changes in the infant such as locomotion and object permanence which facilitates the necessary
behaviors within each system. This has mainly been informed by extensive research in the specialty
of development of attachment in children. The resultant disorders may also have adverse effects
throughout the lifespan of the individual. This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded
papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you. This can be achieved through the establishment of
concise conventions of behaviour as well as consistent responses to the child’s needs. See other
similar resources ?1.00 (no rating) 0 reviews BUY NOW Save for later Not quite what you were
looking for. Strange Situation as standard setting for observing infant attachment. This agrees with
Bowlby’s theory that an attachment is already programmed into a child before birth causing the
reaction. They have developed a series of theories and have contributed heavily to help others
understand the psychological ideology of attachment. Several similarities and differences between
the works of these two psychologists have figured out and this paper will concentrate on the
comparison between the works on the concept of attachment provided by these two psychologists. A
process theory of motivation has its definition of motivation as a cognitive, rational process that
occurs in an individual. Similarly, the caregiver should also endeavour to support the child’s health.
Bundle Attachment Essays 16 Markers AQA Psychology Bundle 16 mark answers for the entire
unit. In repairing of attachment disorders, caregivers should be aware that safety is a critical issue for
the child since they are distrustful to the world and feel insecure in the world (Kagan 2004, p.76).
Therefore, the caregiver should concentrate on restoring the child’s sense of security. Studies
conducted in this area indicate that individuals with avoidant attachment have a weak predisposition
to engage in philanthropic activities since insecure attachments hamper empathy. Strange Situation as
standard setting for observing infant attachment. RA Erosive OA Crystal arthritis Systemic
rheumatic illness: SLE, Still’s, Behcet’s, systemic vasculitis, relapsing polychondritis Seronegative
SpA. His work has application in clinical therapy, educational psychology, as well as child care and
parenting practices. Although Harlow found some evidence to support Bowlby, in 1962 it was seen
as to have caused a lot of issues when a few on the monkeys who had been used in the experiment
were seen to have developed complications as they were less able to engage in social activity and
became withdrawn and fearful although a few were able to become independent proving infant-
infant bonding can be effective a lot became insecure which could also support the learning theory.
Jodie was a 24 year old woman who was referred for counselling by her GP because of “depression,
anxiety, possible panic attacks, and unresolved grief over her parents’ divorce”. John Bowlby. Born
February 26, 1907 in London to an upper-class English family. Learn more about our academic and
editorial standards. It’s a crucial part of social and emotional development and impacts future
relationships.
Attachment in this case represents an instinctive system that pursues the child’s needs. Children who
exhibit disorganized attachment view their caregivers as either frightened or frightening. If an
attachment has not developed during this period then the. This can include crying and smiling,
which will illicit immediate action from the primary caregiver. However, attachment does not have to
be necessarily reciprocal. The relationships functioned best when both parties managed to balance
intimacy with independence. Using the strange situation procedure, Ainsworth and Bell classified
infants into one of three categories: (1) secure, in which infants use the mother as a secure base for
exploration and seek contact with her after separation; (2). In the 1930’s John Bowlby worked as a
psychiatrist in a Child Guidance Clinic in London, where he treated many emotionally disturbed
children. As soon as she began her data collection, Ainsworth was struck by the pertinence of
Bowlby’s ideas; hence, the first study of infant-mother attachment from an ethological perspective
was undertaken several years before the publication of the three seminal papers in which Bowlby
(1958, 1959 and 1960) laid out attachment theory. When I was younger it was just awful all the
time, I don’t like anger now, its like, arguing non stop. Research in later years has been much more
extensive, and therefore many insights have come to light. The style of attachment is formed at the
very beginning of life, and once established, it is a style that stays with you and plays out today in
how you relate in intimate relationships and in how you parent your children. This form of
interactional synchrony is vital for a child’s development, establishing their foundational trust and
shaping future relationships and learning. It can be concluded that, the parent-child relationship or
rather the caregiver-child relationship has a great impact on an individual’s behavior, their
interactions with others, and how they ultimately deal with emotional and cognitive issues in their
lives. In assessing attachment during childhood, researchers have developed assorted ways of
appraising attachment during childhood; they comprise of Strange Situation Protocol and
standardized interviews, questionnaires, and tests such as Attachment Story Competition (Bornstein
2008, p.51). Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” Mary Ainsworth expanded upon Bowlby’s work by
pioneering studies that revealed the weighty effect of attachment on behaviour. In 1948, 2 years
before Ainsworth’s arrival, Bowlby had hired James Robertson to help him observe hospitalized and
institutionalized children who were separated from their parents. The Cambridge handbook of
personal relationships, 251-271. Owlby's work led to a paradigm shift in the understanding of human
behaviour as a biologically based instinctive behavioural system. Hence, the child is provided with an
inconsistent model from which to mirror the self or the situation (Goodyer 2011, p. 36). Attachment
Theory in Clinical Practice The failure to develop proper attachment with caregivers during
childhood may lead to attachment disorders. Similarly, threat of loss arouses anxiety, and actual loss
gives rise to sorrow; whilst each of these situations is likely to arouse anger. Mary Main and
Solomon’s Disorganized Attachment This style of attachment incorporates the deficiency of a
reliable style or pattern for coping. There are various tasks that Piaget attributes to each stage; for
example, in the conservation task of the concrete stage, “They also see that when one of the vessels
is emptied into a taller and thinner receptacle, the level of liquid is higher in the thinner vessel than in
the other original vessel. This is because the child comes to believe that communication of needs is
inconsequential to the parents or caregivers. John Bowlby Mary Ainsworth Mary Main. II. John
Bowlby. Internal working models (IWMs) 1. It was horrible I would do anything to stop them
arguing and anger is like fear. This helps to reduce associated stress levels and levels out mood
swings, which may be prevalent in children with attachment problems (Kagan 2004, p. 78). Lastly,
the caregiver may pursue professional treatment of attachment problems, which mainly incorporates
therapy, counselling, and parenting education (Barish 2009, p.34). The treatment is critical in
promoting of a secure living environment, structuring of positive interactions with the caregivers as
well as promotion of peer relationships. How Attachments affect a person in their Life Attachment
has a profound effect on the emotional development of the child. He has been published in peer-
reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology. The attachment theory tries to
explain the impact of this early socialization on an individual but one must not disregard the
important aspect of socialization, interaction with the environment, individual personality and
temperament, which all play a big part in how an individual deals with relationships and situations.
Reviewers ensure all content reflects expert academic consensus and is backed up with reference to
academic studies. Based on the responses of the caregivers' attachment patterns in children develop.
Therefore, Bowlby did not spend significant time examining the role of the father. Her method
rested on observations of the interactions of mothers and their babies. He is the former editor of the
Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education and holds a PhD in Education from ACU.
Overall, ambivalent infants often displayed maladaptive behaviors throughout the Strange Situation.
The attachment behavior in adults towards the child includes responding sensitively and
appropriately to the child’s needs. The primary caregiver, such as the mother, begins to have a
powerful effect on the infant’s behavior. In addition, she formulated the concept of maternal
sensitivity to infant signals and its role in the development of infant-mother attachment patterns.
John Bowlby Mary Ainsworth Mary Main. II. John Bowlby. Internal working models (IWMs) 1. The
periods stated in his study may be called sensitive periods of attachment rather than critical periods.
Skin manifestations of Diabetes mellitus:. 1.- skin manifestations due to vascular abnormalities: A-
wet gangrene of the foot B- Diabetic Bullae. The infant is very likely to refuse being held by others
and will resist being held by anyone other than the mother. Report this Document Download now
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Page You are on page 1 of 25 Search inside document. Psychoanalytic View of Attachment:
Caregiver as Love Object Psychoanalysts perceive the development of attachment entirely different
from behaviourist’s point of view. The classical conditioning was support towards Bowlby’s theory
but also says that food was a sense of pleasure for babies and that the food giver was source of
pleasure and this is the basis of attachment unlike Bowlby’s theory where the parents and infants are
programmed to become attached. Rudi Dallos, Ph.D Arlene Vetere, Ph.D. Dynamic Systems. Lastly,
separation distress is experienced due to the child’s separation from the caregiver. This is because the
child comes to believe that communication of needs is inconsequential to the parents or caregivers.
By 18 months, the majority of infants have formed multiple attachments. As soon as she began her
data collection, Ainsworth was struck by the pertinence of Bowlby’s ideas; hence, the first study of
infant-mother attachment from an ethological perspective was undertaken several years before the
publication of the three seminal papers in which Bowlby (1958, 1959 and 1960) laid out attachment
theory. The attachment behavior system becomes active through the course of normal development at
about the same time as the exploration behavior system which also provides evolutionary advantage
for the developing infant by, for example, encouraging learning about the environment, muscle
development, and the beginning stages of the separation that occurs when the child may leave
mother and family to establish a family of his or her own. This resource hasn't been reviewed yet To
ensure quality for our reviews, only customers who have purchased this resource can review it
Report this resource to let us know if it violates our terms and conditions. In repairing of attachment
disorders, caregivers should be aware that safety is a critical issue for the child since they are
distrustful to the world and feel insecure in the world (Kagan 2004, p.76). Therefore, the caregiver
should concentrate on restoring the child’s sense of security. This can include crying and smiling,
which will illicit immediate action from the primary caregiver. Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos.
Background. John Bowlby observed orphaned infants after World War II (1940s) Concluded that
early social attachment between an infant and a caretaker is essential for normal social development.
Whitebread and Bingham (2012) School Readiness: a critical review of perspectives and evidence.
John Bowlby applied ethology to infants Influenced by Konrad Lorenz. There are various tasks that
Piaget attributes to each stage; for example, in the conservation task of the concrete stage, “They
also see that when one of the vessels is emptied into a taller and thinner receptacle, the level of liquid
is higher in the thinner vessel than in the other original vessel. Necessary for newborn survival Aids
normal human development Normally an attachment to mother.