Chapter 2: Literature Review Outline

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This is a narrative review, focusing on key studies in the field. The resulting impact on the
organization, other than the fiscal savings, could be substantial from an operational standpoint. The
participants in the study will be asked open- ended interview questions, such that their specific
experiences can be identified. There are various studies and theories that try to explain the patterns
behind these. Using a similar naturalistic paradigm Bronzaft and Chapter 2 literature review outline
Bronzaft and McCarthy, compared reading scores of elementary school children who were taught in
classrooms on the noisy side of a school near a railway line with the scores of the school children in
classrooms on the quiet side of the same school, chapter 2 literature review outline. Additional
references such as published report and online sources were identified concerning the mode of direct
instruction and how managing faculty’s workload can directly influence the retention rate of the
faculty. For best practices and things to avoid, research is still the best solution for this. Another
factor should be the compensation- on how the faculty should receive it for 40 hours each week for
52 weeks. However, technical difficulties and inadequate technical support affect this satisfaction
negatively. Spending a lot of time revising is a wise idea, because your main objective is to present
the material, not the argument. The resources mentioned in here refer to money, time and
administrative support- those essential in the accomplishment of large tasks such as the
implementation of institutional assessment. Whether writing a book, a dissertation, a research paper,
or a literary review, the process of creating an outline, and the outline itself both serve to keep the
writer on task, and on subject. The accountability for this distribution is necessary so that resources
are used responsibly and the outcomes would be immediately known. Autonomy also plays an
important role in faculty satisfaction. Effort is exerted to achieve career success (in the form of
tenure, promotion and the like), but change might come when it is obtained. This study includes
using a semi-structured interview protocol and a structured debriefing protocol process to identify
perceptions and explore the insights and beliefs of the faculty. These tasks are time consuming and
just serve as burden to the faculty. The theory identified fourteen first-level job factors related with
job satisfaction and dissatisfaction: achievement, recognition, the work itself, responsibility,
possibility of advancement, possibility of growth, salary status, quality of interpersonal relations with
superiors, quality of interpersonal relations with peers, technical supervision, agreement with
company policies and administration, pleasant working conditions, external factors from personal
life and job security. When talking about work done by faculty members of a university, it does not
only mean teaching inside a classroom. It is the chapter in which you analyse critically published
works theoretical articles and research studies related to your problem statement and research
questions. The first theme within the body of knowledge was based on the role of non-tenured part-
time and adjunct faculty as compared to their tenured full-time peers. They are able to acquire new
knowledge and skills with the introduction of new technologies or instructional strategies. For
instance, the sperm whale review could focus on the development of the harpoon for whale hunting.
These have been reviewed and an annotated bibliography prepared with abstracts. A
phenomenological research design provides an understanding of the themes and patterns portrayed
by the study’s participants. The literature chapter 2 literature review outline predominantly drawn
from Europe and the USA, with a focus on USA-relevant publications, where possible, chapter 2
literature review outline. To add to this, there are related concerns that increased workload due to
this new type of environment lessens the opportunity of faculty members to focus on the job
(research) that is more highly regarded by the institutions (Thompson, 2004). Thus, they would know
how to teach the difficult parts of a course that novice pedagogues would still have to learn. Then
your review would have subsections according to eras within this period. The principal indicator of
teaching quality is the student rating form, which could come in one variant or another.
Opdenakker, R. (2006, September). Advantages and disadvantages of four interview techniques in
qualitative research. This will help them have a smooth career transition while prospering in their
new position. For professionals, they are useful reports that keep them up to date with what is
current in the field. The sociological theory predicts a decline, as external rewards for teaching are
limited. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial. The
motivation behind faculty intention to leave is also driven by their compatibility between their work
ethic and the values the institution upholds. Sometimes a literature review is written as a paper in
itself. The focus of a literature review, however, is to summarize and synthesize the arguments and
ideas of others without adding new contributions. As online classes enroll a significant number of
students, the transition to an online environment has implications for faculty workload and
organizational support. This takes into consideration the nature of the discipline and how knowledge
is gained through continuous effort, research and experiences. Administrative work or clerical work
more often than not is the most disliked part of faculties when it comes to their responsibilities. In
contrast, Fabry (2009) reviewed the obstacles to effective online course design. A thesis statement
within a literary review should present the theme, debate, or trend that makes up the topic of the
literary review. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Vardi, I. (2009). The impacts of
different types of workload allocation models on academic satisfaction and working life. The first
aspect to consider is how critical their involvement is as they are closest to the students, therefore
having the most comprehensive knowledge in teaching and student learning. Lastly, there should be
an accountability plan for scholarship, advisement and service time as to strengthen the possible
outcomes. The research conducted offered a broad understanding of the issues that surround faculty
workload and how the mode of instruction either enhances or detracts from the faculty’s ability to
teach in the collegiate environment. Specific codes will be developed allowing the author to
categorize the responses into the above-mentioned construct, while identifying emergent themes.
There was also an effect on motivation: after experiencing success or failure on a task, children
exposed to chronic aircraft noise were less likely to solve a difficult puzzle and were more likely to
give up. It will measure the participant’s experience and the contexts or situations in which they
experience it (Creswell, 2009, p. 130). This research will illustrate both the understanding and
experiences the faculty has with different modes of direct instruction and how these experiences
affect their workload. Technology-enhanced teaching has been hindered because of barriers to
adoption, the different attitudes (participation) of instructors on hybrid courses and their own
satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Comprehensive knowledge of the literature of the field is essential to
most research papers. The need for an improved workload management strategy is also highlighted
as this would be very beneficial for faculty members in reducing the stress and dissatisfaction that
they acquire in their jobs. As new faculty continue to enter the institution, they place higher emphasis
and expectations for published research. Rosser (2004) also has the same idea that high levels of
participation and influence as well as funding and support to professional activities are important to
faculty members and these help in their retention decisions in an institution. They are typically
present during these guest lectures to facilitate student and guest interaction, to support the use of
educational technology and to ensure high-quality presentations. These also act as an indicator of
time commitment for the implementation of the innovation. The six unique triggers are identified as
follows: (1) change in life stage, (2) change in family-related or personal circumstances (birth, death,
divorce, illness of self or partner, and so on), (3) change in rank or tenure, (4) transfer to a new
institution, (5) change in perceived justice, and (6) change in mood or emotional state. In contrast,
non-auditory effects of noise on human health are not the direct result of sound energy. The
literature also illustrated the importance of faculty performance of teaching, scholarship and service
as it relates to tenure and promotion decisions within an academic institution.
The sociological theory predicts a decline, as external rewards for teaching are limited. Having new
faculty members could bring in fresh, new ideas and suggestions into the academic world. The
resources mentioned in here refer to money, time and administrative support- those essential in the
accomplishment of large tasks such as the implementation of institutional assessment. For this
research study, in-depth phenomenological interviews will be conducted to identify the participant’s
experiences and feelings. During this data aggregation phase, subcategories may be identified, which
were not identified during the initial development of the research project. The Harcourt Brace Guide
to Writing in the Disciplines. The perceived quality of an institution somewhat relies on the quality of
faculty therefore faculty recruitment and retention should be given much importance. For instance,
you might explain that your review includes only peer-reviewed articles and journals. The Chronicle
of Higher Education, A12, 4. Wyles, B. A. (2002, December). Adjunct faculty in the community
college: Realities and challenges. As a result, several schemes have been devised to try to make sense
of the differences and are almost always used in higher education research studies. Groenewald, T.
(2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. From those judged by peer experts to the
articles, monographs, chapters or books, it is understood that in the academic culture, having higher
standards and a more selective outlet would show higher quality in performance. This takes into
consideration the nature of the discipline and how knowledge is gained through continuous effort,
research and experiences. A problem that would be encountered would be the incentives that this
would entail (salary, promotion, awards, etc), along with the perceptions of benefits of these
programs. Abrupt introductions may lead to resistance or negative perceptions about these types of
assessments. It is suggested that institutions hiring non-tenured faculty at high proportion should
also be prepared for high turnover rates. This includes all forms of governance activity (membership
in committees, managerial activity), work with civic agencies, and contributions to professional
societies (by serving on accreditation teams, consulting with or without pay). Their mobility is
widely accepted in the field as the loyalty to discipline transcends the loyalty to school as teaching
and research skills are readily transferable among schools. If your audience knows less than you do
on the topic, your purpose is instructional. The level of satisfaction a faculty member would have
would depend on his or her ability to adapt or adjust to the said factors. This will help them have a
smooth career transition while prospering in their new position. Thus, there may be a need to
accelerate faculty compensation at the point of obtaining the tenure. In your review of literature you
are expected to do the following. This is not entirely negative though, as the pre-retirement years
have been found to rekindle the enthusiasm for teaching. The three main components you’ll need to
complete before beginning your outline are the Theme, Thesis, and Source Material. But if you find
yourself wanting to put in more quotes, check with your instructor. The university control, mission,
size, wealth, complexity and quality influence satisfaction and turnover of faculty. A thematic review
would have subtopics based upon factors that relate to the theme or issue. Exogenous variables were
divided into two characteristics: individual (career age, gender, marital status, research time, teaching
time) and organizational (enrollment and financial decline). In recognizing the need to be guided by
the best practice for assigning work to faculty members, they should establish a partnership between
administrators and faculty members to determine a distribution of work that is fair, equitable and as
transparent as possible. It tends to focus more on the rating of the department rather than the
production rate of the original one they are from.
Cross-sectional studies have created problems in data analysis as the outcomes are not mutually
supportive across fields. Out of all these, it was found that only achievement, recognition, work
itself, responsibility, advancement, and to a certain degree, salary as influential in increasing job
satisfaction or decreasing job dissatisfaction. The secondary research questions developed to guide
the study are as follows: 1. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own
reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. This could also be dependent on
the availability of the research that could be cited. They include clearly specifying instructions for
students, ensuring accuracy of materials, finding effective pedagogical approaches, providing Page
45. This statement indicates the trend to be addressed rather than presenting a new idea or theory.
First, the administration has had demands associated with duties outside the classroom, such as
involvement with school-community activities. Lastly, faculty members at different stages of their
careers also have different concerns. In the sciences, for instance, treatments for medical problems
are constantly changing according to the latest studies. The perceived quality of an institution
somewhat relies on the quality of faculty therefore faculty recruitment and retention should be given
much importance. Then you look up a book written in 1968 with information on how sperm whales
have been portrayed in other forms of art, such as in Alaskan poetry, in French painting, or on whale
bone, as the whale hunters in the late 19th century used to do. Your interpretation of the available
sources must be backed up with evidence to show that what you are saying is valid. The bibliography
or reference section of sources you’ve already read are also excellent entry points into your own
research. The main concept addressed the issue of inequity as most university systems reward
faculty based on funded research instead of direct teaching obligations. You start with some articles
about the physiology of sperm whales in biology journals written in the 1980’s. The literature
surrounding the body of knowledge of faculty satisfaction overlapped the literature concerning
faculty retention. This becomes a problem as the first years are used as predictors for future
publication rates and career output. These subcategories will need to be identified and coded, such
that this new information can be assimilated into the research’s findings. Meanwhile, mediators are
those that moderate the relationship between satisfaction and the context in which job satisfaction
must be considered. For instance, you might explain that your review includes only peer-reviewed
articles and journals. A workload formula was developed using weighted workload to address diverse
teaching models and to provide credit for college-based service and professional scholarship. Green
(2008) stated as scholarship was important, teaching and service roles have become less influential
over time. Neither could the results be explained by the selection of more able children into quieter
classrooms, as children were not assigned in any systematic manner to classrooms on the noisy or
quiet side of the school. The research on demographics primarily revolves around gender, but there is
no exact evidence that there are specific interactions with job satisfaction. Thesis chapter 1 example
thesis literature review examples free literature review on impact of diabetes on physical function.
They are given the task to recruit, hire, and maintain satisfaction of faculty members for their
retention in universities. The accountability for this distribution is necessary so that resources are
used responsibly and the outcomes would be immediately known. Please include what you were
doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page.
According to Pollicino (1996), “The promotion of an institutional climate conducive to carrying out
the teaching-research- service enterprise of the professoriate is of particular importance due to the
recent public pressure on higher education to establish accountability by satisfying outcome
assessment criteria” (p. 4). More female faculties tend to fall under the teaching category than do
their male counterparts.
The accountability for this distribution is necessary so that resources are used responsibly and the
outcomes would be immediately known. Completing the Thesis Statement will help to guide the
contents of the Literary Review Outline. The article addressed the issue that there is a trend for
faculty to have large teaching loads, impeding their available time for scholarly endeavors. As they
provide adequate levels of instructional design and development support to instructors, they become
more satisfied with online teaching. Triggers are those events in the faculty’s personal life that may
or may not be affected to their job. This has been evidently disproved through the high correlation of
these well-constructed instruments, which is over 0.9. Subjected to factor analysis, the same factors
emerge. The Marcus Theory on faculty involvement in campus innovation hypothesized that faculty
involvement is a function of resources, perceived value of innovation, and communication. The
perceived quality of an institution somewhat relies on the quality of faculty therefore faculty
recruitment and retention should be given much importance. Variables such as the ability, interests
and motivation of both the faculty and students, have little or no impact on the efficacy of the
educational model between traditional and online educational programs. This research illustrated that
online programs resulted in slightly higher test scores and student satisfaction than the traditional
classroom. A lot of factors have to be considered when dealing with academy-related jobs. The
results indicated that children in the noise-exposed schools experienced greater annoyance and had
poorer reading performance on the difficult items of a national standardized reading test. Part of the
individual factors in faculty retention is demographics. The third group of mediators, labeled
environmental, encompasses working conditions Page 26. In your review of literature you are
expected to do the following. Often, the Thesis Statement is a statement of a proposed theory. That
is because the survey nature of the literature review does not allow for in-depth discussion or
detailed quotes from the text. Family responsibilities also play a major role in the retention of faculty
members. Ample opportunity will be given to the participants to ask questions related to the construct
and procedures of the research study. The expectations of online availability can also be unrealistic
and could irritate and discourage online instructors as they are made available on a 24 hours a day, 7
days a week basis. Once you’ve started writing your Literary Review you’ll likely want to adjust
your outline a little bit which is perfectly acceptable. CALL US! 2010-2014 by The Writing Center at
UNC Chapel Hill. Therefore, the age intervals have to be uniform and easier to identify. Literature,
history and mathematics professors teach in varying manners, but within these sub-cultures teach in
the same manner with regards to the type of institution they are in (curriculum). Third is resources,
with how the faculty members find, develop and produce teaching resources such as methodologies
or equipment. This is a narrative review, focusing on key studies in the field. The ideas and concepts
pertaining to faculty retention, faculty satisfaction, and faculty workload and modes of instruction
were mainly searched and synthesized for this study. There are three types of mediators: motivators,
demographics and environmental conditions. The perceived value of an innovation is defined by the
value dictated by institutional culture on the innovation, along with the faculty member’s Page 2. For
this research study, the researcher plans to conduct in-depth interviews with the undergraduate
faculty from a metropolitan-based liberal arts college. Response tends to be focused on Chapter 2
Literature Review Outline Not a MyNAP member yet.
While other faculty may leave their respective institutions, it is only as part of their professional
advancement. The study has also found strong evidence that salaries strongly affect the attitudes of
faculty towards their job. Although no appropriate metric capable of precisely categorizing or
gauging levels of job satisfaction exists, any worker can attest that its presence can be felt and its
consequences observed. However, the reluctance or resistance from the faculty has also been key
issues in the assessment of the educational community. There are plenty of reasons in why this comes
about. Thus, there may be a need to accelerate faculty compensation at the point of obtaining the
tenure. There was also an effect on motivation: after experiencing success or failure on a task,
children exposed to chronic aircraft noise were less likely to solve a difficult puzzle and were more
likely to give up. The increasing divergence between low and high publishers, however comes with
the passage of time. Analytic data can be generalized to some defined population that has been
sampled, but to a theory of the phenomenon being studied, a theory that may have much wider
applicability than the particular case studied. Ensure sources and references are current and relevant,
cited appropriately according to your discipline. The studies on teaching that consider age as a factor
show that the measure of performance is effectiveness as judged by first- and second-year
undergraduates in all kinds of institutions. Children on the noisy side of the school building had
poorer performance on the school achievement tests than those taught in classrooms on the quiet side
of the school. Salaries are found to be higher in each faculty rank in private institutions compared to
public ones. They are able to acquire new knowledge and skills with the introduction of new
technologies or instructional strategies. Though, when full commitment is given by faculty members
in the new environment of teaching, certain advantages could be realized (Thompson, 2004). The
type of information you choose to mention should relate directly to the review’s focus, whether it is
thematic, methodological, or chronological. Triggers are significant life events that may be either
related or unrelated to the job. This includes all forms of governance activity (membership in
committees, managerial activity), work with civic agencies, and contributions to professional
societies (by serving on accreditation teams, consulting with or without pay). A thesis statement
within a literary review should present the theme, debate, or trend that makes up the topic of the
literary review. The third group of mediators, labeled environmental, encompasses working
conditions Page 26. The Sloan Consortium. (2006). Making the grade: Online education in the
United States. Non-tenured faculty are more concerned with their job security, autonomy and
institutional effectiveness rather than their compensation. This could be triggered by higher income
from other jobs or the under-appreciation of research work and publications. However, this is
complex in nature and extent and largely dependent on other factors such as the racial composition
of the working environment, as well as the situational salience, the level of distinctiveness and
interpretation of token status experienced by the worker. Hastings, S. (2010). Triangulation.
Encyclopedia of research design. This is the opportunity that the administrators need, as they could
involve external groups such as accreditation, state policies and professional associations to help
promote faculty involvement. Exogenous variables were divided into two characteristics: individual
(career age, gender, marital status, research time, teaching time) and organizational (enrollment and
financial decline). These are the different fields and disciplines in which the faculty are involved in,
along with the professional societies with which they identify. Participation in the study will be
voluntary and the participants may end their participation in the study at any time without risk or
harm. Autonomy also plays an important role in faculty satisfaction.