‘Vector Spaces For any x = (01,2), = (yin¥2) € R? and a € R, we define two operations by Oy = (e122) @ (ysm) = (01 -3yi2+ me) and axe =a (x1,02) = (an, a2). Is (R?, ©, x) a veetor space over R? Justify your answer. For any 2x = (1,22), = (yiryz) € R? and a € R, we define two operations by ©OY = (21, £2) B(i,Ye) = (U1 +4122 + ye) and a+ ae = a* (21,£2) = (a1, 22). Is (B®, ©, +) a veetor space over R? Justify your answer. Let V = {(2,2) € R® | x € R}. For any v= (2,2), v = (2,y) € V and a € R, we define u@y = (2,2) 8(2,y) = (22+y) aru = a(2,2) = (2,02) Show that (V,@, #) is a vector space over R. Show that (R.,,@,*, R) is a vector space where r@y=ay and ate for x,y €R, anda eR, Determine if the following sets are subspaces of R* under the usual operations, (a) Wi = {(01,2, 23) € BS: ay + 22 = 2x5} (b) Ws = {(21, 22,0") € B®: xy = ars} (c) Wa = {(a1, 2,03) € R¥: ay = xy and 2x3 = —ay} Determine if the following sets are subspac operations. (a) Fi={fec! |f() =2/2)} (©) Fa= (| f" = 2). (b) Fa = {F1F (0) + £0) =3}- (@) Fr={F€C(0,1] ff f(@)sinxde = 0} s of FR = {f: f RR} under the usual Determine if the following sets are subspaces of R"*" under the usual operations. (a) The set of all upper triangular matrices, (b) The set of all symmetric matrices. (c) The set of all orthogonal matrices. Let G and H be two subspaces of V. Show that GM H is also a subspace of V. Is @UH also a subspace of V? Let G and H be two subspaces of V. Show that (GUH subspace of V) = (GC F or FCG)10. u 12, 13. 14, 16. Vv 18, Let G and H be two subspaces of V. Show that G + H is also a subspace of V. If S = {v1,02,...,0,} is a subset of vector space V. Show that Span($) is the smallest subspace of V containing set S. Let FG and H be three subspaces of V satisfy FOG=FOH, F+G=F+H and GCH Show that G = H. Let F,G and H be three subspaces of V. (a) Show that (PNG) +(FOH) CFAG+H) ‘Then verify by example that, in general, the equality does not hold. (b) Show that (FNG) + (FOH)=FA|G+ (FN H) Which of the following are spanning sets for R*? Justify your answers. (a) {(1,1,2),(1,0,1)} (e) {(0.1,0), (1,-1,0), (1,0,0)} (b) {(1,2,1), (2.1.2), (0,2.1)} (a) {(1,0,1), (1,-1.1), (2, 0,0), (1,2,3)} Determine whether the following vectors are linearly independent. 9 02.,t.00) 6) 9969 (b) (1,2,1), (21,2), (0.2.1) (©) cosz,sine (©) (4,-2.2), (2.1, 1), (1.11), (0,0,1) (f) cos*t, sin? t, cos 2t Determine which of the following sets are bases for R° if the vectors in R®, or for R* if the vectors in R', or for P,(R) if the vectors in P,(R). (a) (21,0), (23,1) (e) (1,1,0,1), (2,3.1,2),(0,1,0, 1), (1, 1,13) (b) (2,-1,2), (21,1), (01,1), (5.2.7) (ce) (4.2.1), (2.1.2), (02,1) (4) (1,1,-1,1), (2,2, -1,2),(1,1,-2,1) (g) 1-2 ~ 6r?,2 422,342 - 62? () n,1422,2-2-22 Let B = {(2,-1,2), (2,-1.1), (0,1,1)} and C = {(- 0,1), 1,1), (0,0, 1} (a) Show that B and C are two ordered bases for (b) Find the transition matrix from basis B to basis C. (c) Let » = (2.2.1). Find [u]g and [vJe. Consider the vector space P;(z) of real polynomials in x of degree < 3. (a) Show that B = {1,1 —.r,(1 ~2)?,(1~2)%} isa basis of P(x). (b) Find the coordinates of vector v(x) = 1 — r+ 22% with respect to basis B.19. 20. 2. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 28. Let P,, be the set of all real polynomials of degrees at most m. (a) Show that B = {1,1—t,...,(1—1)”} is a basis for P,,. (b) Determine the coordinates of (4+ #)"" with respect to the basis B. Let n € Nand a,b € R with a b. Let Rog[X] be the set of all real polynomials of degree at most 2n. (a) Show that B = {(( —a)'), (b) Determine the coordinates of (x } is a basis for Ron[X]. a)"(x — b)" with respect to basis B. Let f(z) =In(1+ 2),x € Ry. Let fi= fi fe = fo f and fs = fo fof. Show that the set {fisfo. fa} is linearly independent. Let {171,72,...,2n} be a linearly independent set of V and ay,...,a € R. Suppose that at, + One, + +ant, and VI R such that a,b,c € R: Ve € R, f(x) = (ax* + br +c) cos(x) (a) Show that E is a subspace of F&. (b) Determine a basis and dimension of E. For n > 2, we define R,[X], the set of polynomial of degree less than or equal n with coefficients in R. Let F ={P €R,[X) | P(1) = P(1) =0}. (a) Show that F is a subspace of Rn[X]. (b) Show that P belongs to F if and only if (X —1)? divides P. (c) Determine the basis and dimension of F.29. 30. 31 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. Let Rn[X] be the set of polynomial of degree less than or equal n with coefficients in R. Let F={PeR,IX]| 9 PM (1) = 0} = (a) Show that F is a subspace of Rn[X]. (b) Determine the basis and dimension of F. Let F be a subspace of R! defined by F={(w,2,y,z)€R!|w=2r-yandz=wtrty} Find a basis and dimension of F. Let F and G be two subset of R* defined by PF {(x,y,2,t) ER‘ | 2— G = {(e,y.2t)€R|r+2= Oand y—22=0} and y+t=0} (a) Show that F and G are subspaces of Rt (b) Find a basis for F, a basis for G and a basis for FAG. (c) Show that R4 = F +G. In RY, let F = Span{a, b,c} and G = pan{ de} where o=(1,2,-1,3), 6 2,4,1,-2), ¢=(3,6,3,-7), d=(1,2,-4,11), © = (2,4,—5, 14) (a) Determine the bases for F and G, then deduce the dimension of F and G. (b) Show that F = G. In RY, let F = Span{a,b} and G = Span{c,d} where 2,3,-1,0), b=(-8,1,0,2), 9,-2.6), d (a) Determine the bases for F and G, then deduce the dimension of F and G. (b) Show that F = G. In R*, let F = Span{a, b,c} and G Span{r, y,2} where a = (11,11), 6=(1,-1,1,-1), ¢=(1,3.1,3), 2 = (12,02), y=(121,2), == (31,31) Determine the bases for F,G,F 0G and F +G, then deduce their dimensions. In R', let F = Span{a, 6} and G = Span{c, d} where 1,3,0,3), 6 2.1,3,-2), ¢=(0,1,0,0), ¢=(1,0,-1,-1) (a) Determine the bases for F and G, then deduce the dimension of F and G. (b) Determine FG.38. 39. 40. AL 42. 43. M4. (c) Deduce F +G. What can we conclude? Consider the following subspaces of R F = Span{(1,3,—2,2,3), (1,4,—3, 4,2), (2,3, -1, -2, 9)} G = Span{(1,3,0,2,1), (1,5, -6,6,3), (2,5,3,2, 1)} Find a basis and dimension for F + G and FAG. In BY, F = {(2,y, 2) € Be —y + 2 = 20+ y +2 = 0} and G = Span{(0, 1, -1)}. Show that R' = Fa. Let F and G be two subspaces of R‘ defined by F=({(a,y.z.t) €R'|y+2z+t=0},and G= {(z,y,2,t) €R' | 2 +y=0 and z = 2t} (a) Find a basis and dimension for F, G, FG and F + G. (b) IsR'=F @G? In M,(R), let S be a subspace of symmetric matrices and A be a subspace of skew- symmetric matrices. Show that M,(R) = © A. In C'(R,R), let F = {f € C'(R,R) | f(0) = f'(0) =0}, and that C'(R,R) = FOG. fax + b|a,b € R}. Show Determine whether the following vector spaces equipped with real mappings are inner product spaces. If any, define the norm and the distance associated with each of these inner products. (a) Rt equipped with (x;y) = dri: + 2a2y2 + 3xsys + Trays. (b) RY equipped with (x;y) = xyy1 + ray — 2234s. (6) © 0:4} eampped win (As) = [eno ae (d) P, equipped with ° (ay + yt + aot? + at? sy + byt + byt? + byt?) = agby + yb; + 2agby + aby. Let y : Ma(R) + R defined by o(A, B) = tr(4'B) Show that yg is an inner product in M,(R)- Let (;),. (:), be two mappings from R® x R® to R defined by (esy)y = a1 +202 + tay and (ey) = Try + 2a + 30ays Let vy = (1, 1,1), « = (1,1,—2), v3 = (1,1, -1) three vectors in B°, (a) Show that (:),, (;), are inner products. Find the norm of » for(;), and for (;),. Find the distance between »; and 1% for (;), and for (:).(b) Show that v and vp are orthogonal with respect to (;); but are not orthogonal with respect to (;),. (c) Show that v1 and 13 are orthogonal with respect to (;), but are not orthogonal with respect to (:),. 45. Let R® be a vector space equipped with the inner product (sy) Let v1 = (1, 1,1), v2 = (1,2.—2), vs = (—5,5,1) be three vectors in Arya, + 3azy2 + 5arsys. (a) Show that B= {01,v2,v3} is an orthogonal basis for R°. Derive an orthonormal basis By for R* from B. (b) Let v = (2,1,2). Find [vg and [u]a,. (c) Find the sealar and vector projections of v onto v. 46. Find an orthogonal basis for the subspace W of R* where Ww {(x,y,2,w) @R!: Qyand rty +2 47. Let R¢ be a vector space equipped with the inner product (esy) = aay: + 22ye + tays + 2rays. Let vy = (1,2, 1,2), v2 vectors in R', Sy 2,2, 1,1), Us = (1,2,1,8) be five Span{vr, v2,v3,U5}- (a) Determine a basis and the dimension for S;, denoted by By. Use Gram-Schmidt process to transform 2, to an orthogonal and orthonormal basis for S\. (b) Show that B, = {v1,v2,03,Us} is a basis for Sp, then deduce that S; = R4. Use Gram-Schmidt process to transform Bz to an orthogonal basis for So. 48. Find W+, the orthogonal complement of W, where W = {(x,y,2) @R*: z= 20 + yh. 49. Let V = C[-1,1]. Suppose that S, and 5, denote the subspaces of V consisting of the even and odd functions, respectively. Prove that $} = S,, where the inner product on V is defined by 1 (ta) = ff saat 50. Let 1; and W2 be subspaces of a finite-dimensional inner product space. Prove that (i+) =Wi aw, and (WinWe)* =W! + Wy 51. Let W be a subspace of a finite-dimensional vector space V. Show that (@) W)+=w (b) V=Wwow! z « ¢ ad ;n) = ge Vee, Vat »») . Wis) 19 Vi Qxy7 ©=(6,0,¢)Ve FELL |4e—s1 4igeV; Hele Denon MF ate *) hgh = fo9+ 9%) Let V be a nonempty set. On V, we define an addition operation” +" | @ h en fay and a scalar multiplication operation ”.” with scalars in K. We call (V, +,..K), or just V, a veetor space over K if all of the following conditions are satisfied. For u,v,w € V and a, 8 € K: Ox) =0; Vl =O; ltLev: @ave @ ut+v=veu @ a(u+v)=autayv ut+veV @ (u+v)tw=ut(v+w) @ (a+8).v=avtBv 46.0) @ HEV,WweEViv+0=v © (a3).v = a.(3v) " @ veVS-vEV:ve(-v)=0 @1lv=v = fonse edkw X Ik »).y = (y1.u2) € R? and a € R, we define two operations by 2) ® (yi.y2) = (#1 —3y1,22+y2) and a*x =a (x;,22) = (ax,a22). Is (R?,@, #) a vector space over R? Justify your answer. Leoek Choe 2= Ge) rye @js) ele ney =U Y@2.59)= 65:5) yar =(a:S)O(a)= CU Ss) CY @ C2): ey + yor Tas, Cicso;*) is ack a Veer pace / Nole. © BY = (1,22) O (Yi, Yo) = (@1 — 3y1, 22 + Yo) => yer: (yy) @ AyD =C9r 3%; 42%) Cheese. Gy) = 6054) 5 &y = Caje)2. For any .¥ = (1.2) € R? and a € R, we define two o ri tMt2ty) and atr=ar(e (y1.42) r@y Is (R?,@,#) a vector space over R? Justify your answer. Proof Ka 2, Rad EIR; RECA; D.CIe (Kp ax =e xG.2) = sHGD=GA Ganiecpe) = 2x Ud) 9 C #099) = 2,90G:4 =Gj 4) c2) . Q1OG): Gap CxaroGere) — Carditions Tas Cito; ic wk a Veolor space./ 2,y) €V and a € R, we define + Show that (V,@, +) is a vector er R. Brook Vek Ue (aj), Va (ay) weCar2p NV, aipelk. OD VOV= (2,9 O@iY) = Gy xy) eV @ VOV= (2,2 OGiy)= Gy) = C34 *% =ioGirA=veu @& ev) ow= (a RO ale @ix) = +4) © G54) = (2, Ky +3) veo lwo) = (rdko (Cov G9) = 2) © 254+) = Gi reyepe ee a)AVG): (U@V) Ow = Lo Ger). 40-20) eV, “=Car eV: Q@K= Ge)OGi4) = Gj 08x) = Gjx)=u © For Ue (2,x)EV; Ju (a,x) eV: LOCK) = @;%) O(;-%) = (2; X22) =Ca;0) = © weve 04 (2,22) = Cine) eV K+ (uev)= x4 (cosaneolaigh) = 4 (21244) = (a; dCray))= (a, c+ 04) = Q, ox) @(2i 4) = (om Gr) © (K+0;4)) = D OK*Y) GD (ape e = Hep)ts = Q, Gap) = @ axape) = 2:42) OG: PD=K-4(2:0) OG G70) = G44) ©(p +4) © (apse = Cape (2,22) = (a, cpx) =o (25 PD) = 4 (pe aad) = oC pt) AD (+r she G8) = (2;X) 2% /Vv 4. Show that (R,,@®,*,R) is a vector space where 2ey=2 for c,.y € Ry and a ER. Broo: let UivjweVe= IR ; «pele: © uvev-uvev OD V@EvsW Vk a vou @ Uevjyow = Cuvjow= ww = LO Ww) = WO(VHOX) @ateV, veV: love ly =v © vev,3a5¢eV: vet, =v at (@ ave VeVale, @) 4 (Mev) = 0+ (UV) = WF KH. Sot = &+ Wo C4). © Coapyey = VP a Viva Vov? = GN) Gv) © &pev = VP = GPS ma CrP) ace (pry) () devevarv.Theorem 2 Let Sc V. Then S is a subspace of V iff @ Sd, @ Foru,veESaeK: u+veSandaveS. Theorem 3 Let 04S CV. Then S is a subspace of V iff “@0ES, @uveSkeK: utkes. 5. Determine if the following sets are subspaces of R° under the usual operations. (a) Wi = {(e1, 29,23) € RS: ay +2: (b) Wa = {(21,2,23) ER: ry =2 (c) We = {(x1,02,23) € R*: 2) = x2 and 2x3 = —x} Broeh:) © 0 = (0;0; EN, @® Leh we (434574), Ve Cusp EW ;keIR: raw, YtYans uskv= xa )tky yer) = Oe Yi %* keys i% Ys) ey, aoe ya) = am) aeQy wy = 2%,+KGy,) = 20y+kYs) Tuy, W, ba Stlspace AON. / (b) Ws = (ars ata,25) ER: 2 = 2ar3} @ O=(0,0,0) €NN,- @® vei) V=GjiA2 OW,; Ketel:UakV= Ch ti) 4 (2;4,2) =G,2;) éNy,, Ths , \Na ig not a slspece £ie / (6) We={lenznes) ERY: 2) ~ xy and 2x5 — zy} © o= (,0,0)E\N,. @ Lek = Cy 775) Y= Y yey EM 7 SEND: U4kV= 1199) 404 994) = (a 4ay, j%4 Kua Rotel) ENN, Werle HRM 1 2%= 7% ond wy = 4a) y= —e Hs ayjaP%Gt HYo, ok abrggty)) = 2%- DAY,” Me KEY) =— Cora Thay, \Ny & & aubepece 4. / iP=V ,O= (0,0,9) 5 V= S44 1 W—9lAS, to) = oO; Vx— atlas frrkor | (ad )cn) = whey . 6G) =0, YxeleVv 6. Determine if the following sots are subspaces of FE = {f : f : RR} under the usual operations {ig-2.44 =0 (a) Fi={sec! |f(l) = 262) (©) F=f lf" =f} () Fa= {r € C(0,1]| fp f(z) sin-ade =o} = (b) Fa = {ff (0) + F(1) = 3). AK (a, Ervof: © 4eA=0,Veeln % & 220 aloment of Sin © FEF, becouse $e) - a4) = 0-20) = 0 @ let 41g €F, ond KE Ik: oy = hoagin 2 Gow (dang )n-2 Yong) I ast gP = Ox«0C0) =d = faugeS, Wy, Ft a cubspece f Fie: / (b) Fa = (f1F 0) + £(1) = 3} fon 20 ;V KEI ty ear alomort Che Oo) 4 d s. recone Ace) La) = 040=04%- TW, F% ask o subspace 4 ee. i mV. (©) Fa=(f\s"=24} dlaj-rdeaye Cone element © fen) 20 Wain ts eyo slemadt . fe 5, becare $b0 _2r$09 = 0-2(0) =0 @ v4 4,46 G& ad x ele.hea Joo 2¢ $06)) = fear agin —rfay -20,) = (4.92800) 42(569- 290) = Ord(e\=0 = 4. mq € S,. Maus, GE asubsecce of Se y (@) Fi={F €€(0,1]| ft f(e)sinzde = 0} fon) 20 Wein ts espe alemert Chey © AES, becawe [ensinndr a \oeaa he ao 4 ° > @i& 4; G6 Fy md Kein: fe ng yay surdrem [ [foo 2g] sinx An -(' hoarinnda. xf goatee Ax. ‘° =o 4+ x(— =o = 44g Sy they, J, 8 a whypece of Fie iw’ / Vow. J, lia) O= le),= CS).we =f, Cue) = Comoe / oe ayelles. 7. Determine if the following sets are 2"*" under the usual operations, (a) The set of all upy (b) The set (c) The set of all ort Levels in _V = 1 Cea. [ 4s €' We ye clement (or neutral domed) is O= Co), (a) The sot of all upper triangular matrics.n Ue {an [as-0 1 Vir) \. @ o=lo\e UT @ lb Ke Bar Balhae U ore eet Ma hB= gue “ Chia= y+ oh), =o Vey) become ayo + Vox) Rv iw by =o Veas wy, = 0 WE?) II symmetric mat matrices. = aby =o #07) Tay Dyce, Se, SN & asulspece f REV. (0) The set of ll symmetric matron Sm) Ae Hcl) | A Pas. a OD On(0),€S because OF = 0 © lt hk, GES ac xela: Chya = Kea hyn = AxddBeES. neg Vey Sika sulespece g mov.(0) The set of all orthogonal matrices YK = YA e J Ce) / AYA =f $. o-tH,d% became Hoa’) (de +F => XK Back a sheer f "Lv. / Def: tek Vile a Vector space. lek ww Mei VEY \We sug es ee Linearly indepewlen (1) GF ke equrchion (wile Verrialdes 05225 -- 7 Me) KU 4 Kr — HM EO OH dros a unique edwton Cony one slution) . Orerutee, We seg Heck MWAH -1Mh Ss needy depended (2) Ex: Vs Ww, Y= (12,9), ye (2145 DEY= Gi; -4)3)- Ls Yyiwi% ow Lo? Loref: Consiher epretion ay + oUt K(4,2; 24K O51) 444; -153)=0 = (os 24 7 MAHI BG+7%) =O Kyat Or % =o = LA + 4 oo, =o Jo rol, =o ~ (2a $5 3\5)a(5, 4 42) ~ Oo o (244 °)- (0-42 oo ot6 ob > oy =o &Tus 4 w bres ing ait Wremuy ation, 5] Viyjyus \D./ Sep. Vet V le vache space. cay ek Syn ineias GERD V Hf dora VEN We con urctke Ve qV eh Uy -- + Ma" (>>) Cissy ween Weak, eq. eH) Gres liken jy jo23%)* Boe: NaI. y= G,A,0), U2 Oi aD; y= (2-49 @ Qs Viv spe. by @e, WVI5Vs, span) 2 Liook: lek ve Cx ypeV ele . Cmgdor 24. @ N= KY + My Gy yap = &,(254,6) ¥ ACL 25-4) MW = 1UX~+~X C1) q hy = 42% 0D pane BAY Q): Wh SHR A= HZ FD ea = 4x43 @Q):! Hy SY Ph = Yery Chroere. X=0; Yor? f Zar Cree Ca) Aa dg ‘ a 4 —=2 val- Arve = T= . Frou @): oe Tey Vp can ciek sper Var.Gury CaypeV=@- Cmsider 24: Va mer M2 6M G4) Cay) = 42,0) 4 4, 2,1) 460,42) Doky O% anu cy =a ArxrA—h =y @) “he FR Ml Qy : y= LR 5K = $X+ hy, CD: o> keatehy= SRL MGI D Ty Rawr e4. Gt) buy solution. So) Vise opens V- Def, ek V le a vecker apace: lek Baty iyin-y tal CV vt say Hak B coe basic fr th sche dove cond finns OD BBY rye My LE @ Sa hysV;--i eh 3E™ V. Def We dimension of Vachon Gace Uw ke ‘womber Jy clomouts in ts bers. wt 6, Bealv,sys--i Vay Boris har V, Mom He dimen rion o} Vs w. We donee tt by din =“. / Dok: Spam tay, Ma h= dai + & Vp + Mn ( ora ehelrgNote, dim Cit) an, Fim CHh, C00) = many div.(2L21) TH: lak V be aredtor space tile dimVaw. awl. lek BaAViMy-- WY: @ 14 myn ay BG Uneerly dependark (LD) (DIL mde =y B con ook spans V. Ths, MN 5B isnat a bess Lor V. ® th men Tee we Loeve Belr ~e B spans V /15. Determine whether the following vectors are linearly indep Vale ww) @.13) 00) Vet.G® ( D > 1)" VeIR &) 0.2.1), 2.1,2),0,2,1) (e) cosz,sin v IR. Vale (ec) (1,-1.2), (2,1, 1), (1, 1,1), (0,0, 1) (£) cost, sin’ t, cos 2t y - Fie 3 Lrook © Y= M2) 1 Mw= Co) 7 #iyiuya2 KUy4,2)44C,0, 9) =2 « =O 4 { 14% Sy veo Lr %, =o wK Dey 4%, =0 7 * => 4=%=0. Tus, VY LLY Uy My v) 41), .72),0.21) We Compute |e x 2\-\o 5 o|=342 = \uMimivy b Lay Checle, Comider 09): LY, + OM GY, FO © (Api) 4% C25 452) 46,00, 278) MP = M42 -O Pky + heLK 20 o(n AL 6, yt 244K =O A Woluelk|—-o CR entst) ten se ae = Wvorveirs} Lr. Noke. of lalao a ly ryt © Ld./Mv Ye (© (-1, Dern ehn, a) + Bah iMsBi4S ; Vale We Lieve #B = 4>diLie) =3 3 &hyy,% AS, is cot LE (ths bs). / Vetted) 2 9, eo ” ~ we hee tay hand @> 4 al_loa -» of_|4 -? 2 OA % Al ot 2-1) (¢ -2-! Oza 2\ lov wal ot-* 4 A -%O -\2 -s i\=-3-46 O2aA =o IVY IYUZ& ia check: Considine an. KN, n= aS =) 4G el 2 +6 (7 +37 4 “ee © ee Kah ae +2 Lely rok + 206, 406 oy + 2h + Kaley WK +h +2h+% =0 9 Kt rh rArh = © Loh +X +20 +% = © Hr M+ Key = O aes A LD AY psy SS) 4b A 2\$%)\L5 = X=0. 2ZA2A a, ty Mm Ai ie’ AX ~~ > Lz.)16. Determine which of the following se vectors in Rt, or for P,(R) if the ve for R° if the vectors in R°, or for R! if the ors in P,(R) (a) (2,1,0), (2,3,1) (b) (2,-1.2) (©) (1,2,1), (2.1 (@) (1,1,-1,1), 2 Broof, © Va, &ACed)=3. HAY IY YH (251.0); Qi DS= 2 dim Cin) 23 VY ss Con not spe IAP. Tae, LY IMS com net & lovin fone / “ Ve MOM 2), (2,-1.1), (0,1,1), 37 7». Ve Ww. warhes =. 4 beyvarging ahaa yde Cited =) Be LD Ts, Bisa abhor Arie. (9) (1.2.1), (2.1,2),0,.2.1) 5 B= ye ; Vw Aad =demCin), (e) (1,1,0, 1), (2,3, 1,2), (0,1,0,1), (1,1, 1,3) +1), (0.1.1), (5.2.7) ©. 29 Py 0.1) (f) wl+a%,2 a 2,-1,2),(1,1,-21) (g) 1 Gx? 24 Qx,3-+x— 62? (b) ( We Lee 14 2 of [420 24 elo 2/=-3#0 a2 oo| Ay Babi sYs a bests for IRE/ a My “Vy 4 (d) (1,1, 1,1), (2,2,—1, 2), (1,1,-2, 1) Ne Ir, hoa (int) =4. a =AYMI%S=% 4 dir Cit) = 4 > bMiiyS Con tok spew wo. Thus, AW ALI4S b toh arts foe tot /(e) (1,1,0,1), (2,3,1,2), (0,1,0, 1), (1,1,1,3) We Qe ° lL 2o4 4 Jo Aad] ao yt te © 0 Leal o alelon Alte ‘ oo Az) lo A2\ lor? {2o4 4 > 44 o4 Ay” tg + 5w Mai MAR tw « bers A. let 7 oStas ae Ve BOX) = Grane, [4,,4,4¢ WKS. WM YG 0a)) =d. Oo A O A 0 4\=-3540 “lh a2 Ahk we KA =), be Dad py abrers Gor LOD. A heck: Consider eq: oY, +4HY4KY, =O 2D Xe KW) H(2-X-F) =O & &- 26) % (me (ax) 20 %% =o ob -\\7% 9 \< -% =O ( ° “\(=)-2 Aarts =o OK ZY %, (NY 2-3 409% =%= HHO = Wows «bos & LO, (g) l-« ~ G22 Sta Gx? 2 |; SG -1 moO eS Hel oS = Yo VeecoTH: Lak V be creche sence wil dimnNaw Vek BaUVYjYo-- 7 Ww J- Q a4 wyw sy BS Gneerly dependant Ci») DU mdn 29 B com ook spans V. Ths, MN = & isnt a besis fae V. @) x} Men -Tan we Love Bole a Brel / Def. \et =v, Man -iMaF Yee a beasis ec V. Te Coordinate Ave V ure rasgectte bea B & defined and densted lay, m, I] *| x w Whee hy Gn ore Me editions of eq. VaKV t4V,- +--+ 4%, Be: Veit, B= a): CN is a byenie Jor lak ve (8). Gud Tv), “1 ‘ % pe 4% Brook : consider €4: Ve ae a Dol, 2% (3)=a(S}ou(3)\ 80 a SSDeh: teh Baby, ryj-sW§ 7 Coser} bedwe Weres for J. Tew He hema warts tnehcin CArensihion) dram lets & Yw bess C vs dembed and de Pind lay Fuca (ime Deh - =" bk) / “ Ve. Vay Ww, Wy 17. Let B= {(2,-1,2), (21,1), (0,1,1)} and C = {(-1,0,1), (4,151), (0,071)} (a) Show that B and C are two ori (b) Find the transition matrix (c) Let v = (2,2,1). Find [v]p and [vlc Prowk: 2 [ek z-A 2 rook: © Fe %: ra \-|e e-t\z2 42 oA A oA =) Bo @ loans for GC: |r © 4 —— ir i (Vette 9 Cea bee be te oo 4 (& dk ve (ae Fred Tye 9 Contrdee 24: Ve RW Wg + WS, x A 4\ (0 (3)-(2}-4(")-46) me nh dh aH OH ie 3 Ay tae % HY oy Gy: hay | Men (A): fy = Ae = AY =x. GO) Mya tyndneh = Ga AYtHY = SHAYro (thet) = d= (i ML Lv) . (rs “ ‘ “wlll: @ Pgs Mee Me = hee = (3 6 a\ (:\- (‘) 9 4 a 4 -/ : ws eee = (iMk MIe- - Lule) Poect -( 1s), Le), - - [exk) oot hes.er ve WV: IQ wee Ile 18. Consider the vector space P;(:x) of real polynomials in x of degree < 3. (b) a 2roof © dn 9)= 4. Consider “4: WK, 1-0) + «Ct a2, a(t =d Let ba tn. We hae oh of, 04 My KY so Sy =0, 4=9; %=0, G0 Ts, && LD, 50 Bis cloais Aur LX). » DI1= q Cavside + Ja %Y, + OV Mt HY > haa? = oe KO-2) + aS 4G C2) = (Ht xo) + Ch KAYE (mrt )oey Cog )oe ie Ge B40 ah (a) —% 24 oh =I Q@) Ky to% sd & -% sz 53 % = 2. GQ): %a-34 = EARL Q@): GF A-2h- | = M4246 =-S CV: % Hh 4% 2h 4S Cad = 2.pe the set of all real polynomials of y that B= {1,1-1,...,(1- (b) Determine the coordinates of (4 + #)” with respect to the basis B. imf © din 2 Gam = BO. Ooasidloc “4 wn heh (U4) 4 — — 4%) =O let mart. We We Ky 404% 4X 4 hE 20 => k= KX o- — =K,=0 Ws, & ts Larig ®& ea bet h- B.C. © veGt}*— Le? we 9 a w Cast) = he AH +504 « —-- +X (1-4) Nde: Ca4b)%e Ze. eg ZG Kees (asty= (satiety = (SC) = ace (- ws) = = et Saas OS CFO. CEH 0H oe wm ct ee ds EE Set) 3 e,- ee’ BOS 20, Let n € Nand a,b €R with a # b, Let Roq[X] be the set of all real polynomials of degree at most 2n, (a) Show that B = {((x—a)"),<,,,} is a basis for Ron[X] (b) Determine the coordinates of (a — a)"(x — b)" with respect to basis B. Lr: © ba UA 0 Goats - == 5 GS 4% CHA) h(n) +-—t Cn =o Let Gama. We Vere a+ “b+ ott, --— + gene = %=%, = - —- =4 0 3 3 wLE Se, Bisa laws 4 IRD. (b) Determine the coordinates of (« —a)"(x— b)" with respect to basis B. SH GSCa ae) wm k& K aK = OD ZEOHH) ws ae k = 260) os k=o0 Cx Sa-by = CONS Clad ens --+ 4 Oy” w Gat) CG 5. cy. loos) ]> © e--6 : me -- 5 ad Cs" == (ny« Spiga hae + Np | 57 HEIRS. AaB ast BEE ; ha a Vaek =) xeR) - 24. In RY, let uy = (1,1,3), a = (1,-1,-1), 0 = (1,0,1),r2 = (2,-1.0), F = Span{uy, 1} and G = Span{v,, v2}. Show that F = G. Broof: cecl Canider 4: Uy, = KY + My, & 4, =4C,0, 0) 4% (2; 4; 8) K+ 2% =A i = 4 a a4 => FA WaBY-V => UE Gasp) Yi4S- 4 Fr WEF: Consider 24: We PM + Be SB Chi-ty-4) = By 8, a Pi) 2p, =4 9 as) = pth => we nae = UEc. 4 Fee. Ce) Yano 4 Bee ccel Ve = Phy t Ye, w ph dd AA A 4 3 Cider ty c4-t)aa(e 24 2) VY) 2A Oo et 9 6° AV Wiwye Fe spehu wy a GCF G) OY): Fac. /Be Ms G4), 420, 4 i); Y= (0; -2;-4. Ny G Spee QU YS Ty cope huiKy “9 Helied 4: Cowider eq: WYaKyagy C+) Corts) a ealtitsi) + (2507) AH EKEO GEER & =H Hak 27 Aol =F dalad = %4, &) tues ve sdiion . yeaa tnsk Jeu A MF UNS A Ad 4 4 4 (54 4 ad Helles, (4 & \a(o24)4 tia ees on % oA 3 ° o-\ > ‘0g = 4 iat A A A ' * (225 2 4) (3 2). (6-2-4) verti o-w-\ KY aay 4% Ss (0,-2,4)= of, (4,4, 4) 20h ( 25074) = (in sri =k Kin Gh = = Kat dy otaded A V\Ya\eY AVjegely, mame25. Let F be a subspace of R¢ spanned by {(1,2—1,0),(2,0,-1,1)}. Determine the values of and b so that the vector (a,b, —1,3) belongs to F. Prefs Bm spel 2, -Ay 8) (20 5 AY E = 4405 2,-U0)+ % Caj0,-W44) Jo 7HelRg. Ca, bs hy) ER 9 Grb-419) = 04 (1; 2,0) + & i0)-Hi) hart ae my Bahr, =-242G) = 4. 2A, ab =p barh=rQr)a- ae -_ )5 Ga Wh a1 =-2- 424; bad. / 26. Let a = (1,—1,1),b= (0,-1,2) and ¢ = (1,—2,3) be three vectors in R°. 3 (a) Is {a,b,c} linearly independent? (b) Let F be a subspace of R® spanned by {a,b,c}. Determine the basis for F (0) Let G = {(2,y,2) € RB | e+ 2y + 2 =0}. Show that G is a subspace of BY, (d) Compare F and G, Bod. Vee. Ak 4A © |< “A A -| \-» 2lFlo-4 aja oe 3 on = dasibsef ts LD Cook 3). ® Fa spe haibiel - An A AA 4 Aw A (24 s)o(34 t)-(8 $3P Nhe: Fa sph Cit); Co Ai DY = AU), (oN DY we Loeons hen F |(c) Let G = {(x,y, 2) € R° | 2 +2y + z =0}. Show that G is a subspace of R°. © 02(6,0,0) € © become 04266)4° =0. @ Let Ue Cy 4h) VE GapeHdE G; AElA. Uanv= Cx, yer,)+2l idee) = (qm; Yee 13 He) EG Vpecomne. Cue) 4 20y 0ey,) + Qaeda) = Qe 24,491) + & (942422) = O+K(0) =0. s\n subopece 4 1. / (a) Compare F and G. Note fuck Ga? Guy elie (424 43 =e. = Loayimarel” / my 6188, = {x0 ;-*)+ (07 h,-2) | 1,9 ele, => 1G,0,2); @j 42h oo a bests Jw G. + Consider A aA A +A A -N A A -2 oO 4a © (-% \; Sapls Va os oO ~ o Awd eoo°0 3 Fa. / Pe spd Chit); CoA DYBa: Ve Ww . Fe Aouy ee / hay+ y= of. Find Waris ad dimrerson of F. me a-y-3 roof: ©a 2 Guy ele / mayerpeser yy = Ey sy sy Pehl yr ¥Elsy, = By Cs dre) ey o;4)/ WIZ EIR Zz Ba VAs 4,9)3 C422 Nis a bens dur E = dim 3 2. Be: Ve 102. Let Fz spend Vv, YiBS ch “Me Ch, 9,-),4= Cah, 2), %=(4; 45 4)- Find leone and dimenrion of © tol dawension 24 > ph eo -\\~ (A © -4 hoo {7 Gisele i eles aF¥ = Spenhy Ma i) HGRA ert), estis)\, => Bah, O-*) 7 (6; 3S) Je a Leris foe F = b-Fa2. *« Every mon—yero Tous tn REL ve 12. / k Find FXG. LbveRAG =» 2 VEE Ve «K AaB “& 1 Ramo Gack = £&> BoA & Wace 3 xek).Vv, ~ 30. Let F be a subspace of R* defined by F = {(w,,y,2) €R' | w = 2e—yand z= w+2+4y} Find a basis and dimension of F. ie = Tey - 54 RAY Reook F={(w,2,y,2) €R*| w=2r—-yandz =wtert+y} 7 annoy = han 49 9% it) 1522) CI (migeing — = 3% =} (ajnjop 9) yOu 7 GON => %=3Q)4,2/3)7 (4,2 AA)S is 2 bens Bon F => dno 2. / 31. Let F and G be two subset of R* defined by F = {(w,y,2,t)€R*| x 2y = Oand y—2z = 0} 7 {(z,y,2,t)€R*|x+2=Oandy+t=0} Rt a basis for FAG. (c) Show that R'=F+G Erovl Ye m gelt Ok Fahey iy: ty Dee [ ys be ie). = shyla, 10,4 e)xho,0,074) fy t Ein. = &= C412 450) Co, 210, D9 ts @ bons For F. k Gah lys tog Helly yiteley. wa ers; d),lodienh» ¢ bss dr.And FAG lek veQuy ise EaG. Wee VER = Va % (472; 159) 44C0/20,9) lve G=y Va C459; 170) 4p (oA),4) > % (4423 10) 4 4,(0,0 0,1) =, C1795 17) 4 (o,-1 5051) © (4m 42, 50 YRC I -Be ” Pri Pa) 4%=-b 2% = -Po C2y A= O) Ved Veta 4 = Pe Ca) CN 2 Ca)! Ack, ak, =p SH SO 3% =O = Bre Q) => P2=0e° Wn vi0. Se, Enero. (c) Show that R! =FG Cleedy, Face. turd, ue dle shear Rak Woreet Fa cad tig [ FEF ges, =D of\4 2 410) +0. ber &% ode Piet o)apOrsiedy HK; Ph? Pik. Pa © = spenhCarn tie), (0,0,0,9); C4 19}130) COA; OAM). =)C12 11 7 Core 72,1 CNI85150) OA OM} & a barns for Cae = dma (RyG) = 4 =denit => Fan e/x Tit: Leb Vi be a vecher space. let & Ve « subspece oN. Ie qpnerch, ding dur. Th dnFadaV 4 Fav KE, © be tue subspace of V. FaGat fog / FEF; gees.32. In RB‘ let F = Span{a, b,c} and G = Span{d,e} where @=(1,2,-1,3), b=(24,1,-2), ¢=(3,6,3,-7), d=(1,2,-4,11), = (2,4,-5,14) (a) Determine th for F and G, then deduce the dimension of F and G. (b) Show that F = G - {2A5 BOL 4 a(S 333) (56 24) » oe 2 oo ob ooo0° My BeeXlbinieh9)s(6,0,9:-D) 84 bows do = dim® =2. _ (2a * (L572 Ss C6 3 5 % =O (4, 25-4314) (2,2) 9-9) 6 & bere foe © = danG = 2. BD - Gomidor a ° A 2% A2-A % art 0 © 3-%\vyloo >-% 5 eo A 2-4 u oo-> % i © ©? 02 >-% oo > -3 3 6actk \ _ t2-a4 U\ (hk 2-4 4 4 2-4 M -g \n\o o >-3 5 60 0 > -% 0°07 260 4 2a Dd oo 2-3 oo OO oe }-F oO 3-% e = FCC Tw, FaG. /33. In RY, lot F = Span{a,b} and G = Span{e,d} where a=(2,3,-1,0), b= (-3,1,0,2), ¢=(-5,9,-2,6), d=(5,2,-1,-2) (a) Determine the bases for F and G, then deduce the dimension of F and G. (b) Show that F = G. Bro @ edly; | (2is:bid); Cr Going & bere fe F ond §€9391-2,6)9 CS RADY ta Wie ber. bh serie A ¢-2 6 A %-2 2 y» §o2 »y 4 2 2\ by 4 0? _< StH o-rb So -UE 5 2- Ss 2 -A-2 Sate 4-2 2 Ae 2 2 A ¥-2% DQ ~[o m2-G 3 o M -» 4\alo Al > 4 © 4442 (6 | \_o 4 -» 4| |o © ec o-%> 9 2 Oo MDA oe 2 oO +4} Cat \We can tos Lak FOG. Ths, F=G6./ vee, GOP ag WeeG = xeF. H= (5, 91-2) EE - Comider 24: 2K, -3 Kh, Cs9i-49= hy (219/18) HOLLY) 7 ‘2 ” a Deby, DRS35. In R‘, let F = Span{a, b,c} and G = Span{.,y,z} where a = (11,11), b=(1,-1,1,-1), x = (1,202), y=(1,21,2), = Determine the bases for F,G, F 1G and F + G, then deduce their dimensions. =(1,3.1,3), (3,1,3,1)36. In RY, let F = Span{a,b} and G = Span{c,d} where =(1,3,0,3), b= (2,1,3,-2), ©=(0,1,0,0), d= (1,0, (a) Determine the bases for F and G, then deduce the dimension of F and G. (b) Determine FG. (©) Deduce F +G. What can we conclude?37. Consider the following subspaces of R° : Find a basis and dimension for F + G and FG. THI lek V be vedbor space let FB, © be tue qwospace AV: FAG = Lol, VaFOC SY Le THe lek V be vecher apace let FB, © be lwo qwospace AV: dan = dan 4 dinG VaFaG = Wome. 38, In RS F = {(,y,2) € Re —y +2 = 2+ y +2 = 0} and G = Span{(0,1,-1)}. Show that RY +f Fo. Proof: WY) + =o C) +4 aan eo 62) m4 1Y =o =>) uy Gy y= -ee-y= -2CRy) 9 = Sb-y -5¥= Fh CS ys Swe /y ers, =hy Car gohelw] 36123, SJ BAAD & « bere Ae F A %e= Co, A, -A)9 & a bona Ayr G. da E dial a thar ge dmle ay W4 Pee / 39. Let F and G be two subspaces of R* defined by F ={(x,y,2,t)€ R| y+2+t =0},and G = t) €R'| x+y =Oand z= 2t} a bas (b) sR‘ = F eG? kwef. © Fe lorirytiy bee / HY je CIPS. m for F, G, FOG and G. = B= hCNj0,0,8)5 (01-87 459)7 (Or 707} is a ois for & 25 danFa >. & G= Vyry sabre) ere / ys FEIRS . abe 4 C19,2) 1@,2;2;N3 is a bare Jor ©. a dwnGs2. 2 |ek vee 4 Find CAGaT let VEENS oy Mee. are ot; ( 2100) 40 (Ory Ay 0} 4 00,17 4) e 4 V = Plots 4y0r0) « pa.or0, 274)= oy (4,0) 4 of (Bry As 0) 4 06, (0,45 74) = pct: Ay,81 8) ¢ Pals, 2, YG ep Hho Spr Pr I) >» )siroh Ca) (es 2 m= Po &) As apy CO) b= B. = OU p= pEO > Ve Bylot 41810) & Prasler 0,24) 2 apy As 919) xP 2106954) = pals 1852) +O 1272/4) Ve paris 24) = FANGS pac 2s) / (aS, 5 Apr NY ~ dew Fae. 4ooo lo oo looo oti AO o | Aho o4-A Oo erie! |%Joo-4 4 \4)—p 0 4-4 ak st ok © ¢ o oho oo 2h oo 2 A S924Kae © hk @ 0c O o t-4 O oe t(-t oO oo t-4t|" lo obs 0 oo A ooo (A oo Oo % oo 8 Oo Fe Ge sp} 9 072); Ary); (Cry Ht (2,0,2.4)}. 4 din(Pa@)= 4 = dente = WRG. (D dina dene = +2 aoe dawe 4 WAFeG. /£5) 2, Definition 11 A map (.,.): V x V > K is called an inner product in V, if it satisfies the following properties. For all vectors u,v,w € V and for all scalars kek, @ (u,u) >0, and (u,u) =O u=0. @ (u,v) = (Yu). © (ku,v) =k (u,v). @ (u+v,w) = (u,w) + (v,w). Def: Ivil= V2y;vp. ACujv) = |] wav] = Levey ea v, by, = ts an tance produch Vek m= Gs MIR) 74 = Gayer9o) NV, xe iQ. OD LH Q a HHL HWAMHAR ATA ZO- La jAR 20 2d HaRaH a0 <9 HHO 5 EHP 5 HHO = xX=0. CB Laygy Ayr Bpr7aJy Neen = YP YIM, = Cypha Ayr? © Kam YR=EX)y At CA)yat HH) Ys = ROLY +MY) KSI? @ lek YaCiteryevew Coma 3 = Cue, pr Aspe a Gedy 9, =A Dt Ryst Pipet Ryst 2% = ayer tin) QU tD et DB) = Lamy + HpThs Sd, 35 an toner eroduc ) 4 Will Tay, = TA O@10H 2G. * Wvle lauivig = Vege 269072 = Te. * LI a) vy “lle \ZV 2M A =) (0\6).. Yo) >) =3- & dw Ve) = \ vl \ LVM — (OG) 20)0) +30) = 36. by 25%) = ONG) +O) «MEX =o = vin: Yi = ANG) +201) 3(E2) = ~% =O = Woody oreo onthe onsh ter <2: BEMMA= OME LOM RMEN a0 = V1Y LY iV, = MAHON IA) 24 0 =, ond vi, corer nsf ortogond toe any45, Let R® be a vector space equipped with the inner product (xy) = dary + 32ray2 + Srsys. Let vy = (1,1, 1), 02 = (1,2,-2), ts = (-5,5, 1) be three vectors in R* (a) Show that B = {v, v2, vs} is an orthogonal basis for R°. Derive an orthonormal basis By for — (b) Let w= (2,1,2). Find [v]y and [v], (c) Find the scalar and vector projections of v onto v. Brod: @ KYM = AMOS NAao =a WAM ZY = AMA BUEISUM 20 WY SM Vo = AMES 2QGRSOOM) ao = LK > bevy 5% B an aelheg owed, loais 4a ie. Ve te - Leb We wal i =A,2;3 =) BMa=hU HBTS aan artronomd \puris Bor V- & (vill= Vav, wyel AAW ALORS ONY -‘e. Ke nalle ayy -1A0cQ.3@2)40 = 6 Be wll 2 er = aa Gat = Heo = HU ahs LEG Ws ElLaDs pelosi. (b) Let v = (2,1,2). Find [v]p and [v]p,. % . Shoe Wl, (4) Luv. AHO) SIO) al = B Ke Te in. 12 4 2 = SUD . AAO AUD SN) - a ce Cult Be ae ¢LVM _ ABCs) BOAVS)4S2)0) _ =I Le t= Wl Teo = Wo i ste (2) = \v\i= 4 . Ah, (2 ele: Tv]g- aye (% “) do Va dyed edys (2,4, 2)= alten, 2;2)4KC5; S44) Stars? A ertdase =| 4-24 + x st. AA -F 12 A 4 -AS\2 (: 29 4 a(e A lo -) A-2 A 2 o->? &\o A -5 |B a(¢ ao \-\ © oOo »%% > 4 MH=-3 DWA-1- LH aAtoms Ae tR en s _-Ax Me HK, HPN 4S%H = DH - yo AD v > 5 1 vw y Ae ” ne47. Let R¢ be a vector space equipped with the ner product (xy) = 21g + aye + ays + rays Let vy = (1,2,1,2), t = (2,1,2,1), vs = (1,1,2,2),v vectors in RY, 5; = Span{vy, v2, 03, us}, and S; 1,1), 05 = (1,2,1,3) be five (a) Determine a b the dimension for process to transform B; to an orthogonal an (b) Show that By Gram-S denoted by By. U rthonormal basis for ‘ n-Schmidt then deduce th RY Use % ee % = Bahu, 2,02); (oe, *) s,e,4, 7 (@, 0,04 8 ise Vars for S- let BR, he wn o cheap \bunis LN operecched boy, %. B= Vi Vy Mt: Shy Vad = (AYR) MEA (ERD) *+ yemels 24,2) =-%*5-4+4 =0 A tay 2 _ SEV vy aM Ta DT ed Ne = Cosson fe lunid)= (499) Lays 22 se % ee g9 AVY = - a OUR em y(e3y) = cy + ray + cays + rays. Theorem 23 (Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalisation Process) Let (x1,22,..-.)} be an independent set of vectors in a finite-dimensional inner product space V. Then an orthogonal basis for a subspace of V spanned by these vectors is {v1,v2,..., Vp} where xis) yr Me