Struggling with crafting a comprehensive literature review for your randomized control trials?

Delving into the realm of academic research can be daunting, especially when it comes to compiling
and analyzing vast amounts of literature. But fear not, because help is at hand.

Writing a literature review of randomized control trials requires meticulous attention to detail,
extensive research skills, and the ability to critically evaluate existing studies. It involves synthesizing
findings from various sources, identifying gaps in the research, and presenting a coherent narrative
that adds value to the academic discourse.

However, navigating through the labyrinth of scholarly articles and publications can be a time-
consuming and challenging task. That's where ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ comes to the rescue.

At ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, we understand the complexities involved in crafting a literature review that

By ordering from ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, you can save valuable time and energy while ensuring that
your literature review is meticulously crafted to perfection. Whether you're a student struggling with
your dissertation or a researcher in need of assistance, our services are tailored to meet your specific
needs.

Don't let the daunting task of writing a literature review overwhelm you. Trust ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔
to deliver top-notch quality and excellence every step of the way. Order now and take the first step
towards academic success!
Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:225-231. Perlis RH, Ostacher MJ, Patel JK, et al. Variations between
clinical trial participants and Medicare beneficiaries in evidence used for Medicare national coverage
decisions. This might involve putting the names of individuals, groups, schools or clinics in a hat and
picking two or more. The populations studied using Method A were compared for demographics,
clinical characteristics, baseline treatments and procedures, and other variables (Table 1 ). The
Article. Eltrombopag for Thrombocytopenia in Patients with Cirrhosis Associated with Hepatitis C
McHutchinson JG, et al. Study Population: Actual population that participates in the study and is
derived from the reference population. Deborah Grady Professor of Medicine University of
California, San Francisco. Differences between clinical trial participants and patients in a population-
based registry: the German Rectal Cancer Study vs the Rostock Cancer Registry. Am J Psychiatry.
2006;163:210-216. 3. Miklowitz DJ, et al. Causes of ineligibility in randomized controlled trials and
long-term mortality in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.
Randomization Avoiding and handling exclusions after trial entry Blinding. Theoretical comparison
of Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) design to other research designs. External validity of clinical
trials in acute myocardial infarction. Isolated Case Reports Case Series Cross-Sectional study Case-
Control Study Cohort Study Randomized Clinical Trial Meta-Analysis. Observational studies: going
beyond the boundaries of randomized controlled trial. Subjects over-represented in the clinical trial
relative to the target real-world population receive lower weights while those under-represented
receive higher weights. Timing: RCTs cannot determine impacts of currently existing projects, that is,
of projects that have already launched. A third reviewer (TKM) resolved disagreements on study
selection. Avance, Inc. also provided funding as part of a grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.
Math 654 Design and Analysis of Clinical Trails Design and Analysis of Clinical Trails Project Victor
Moya Yat Fan WONG. In the context of the current review, real-world populations are defined as
those patients encountered in routine clinical practice settings (for example, patients included in
observational cohorts or patients identified from medical chart review, registries, or insurance
databases). Additional analyses were conducted in some Method B studies as detailed in Table 1. The
framework for categorizing the methods used in individual studies and for interpreting individual
study conclusions was consistent and clearly detailed, adding to the methodological rigor of the
review. Randomized Trials. Rationale Basic designs Participants Intervention Blinding Outcomes
Adherence Follow-up. How real are patients in placebo-controlled studies of acute manic episode.
Following a detailed review, a framework for the narrative analysis of the data was developed that
included categorization of the identified studies by two methods. The log-rank test The proportional
hazard model (Cox regression). Of 4827 articles, 283 were selected using a series technique.
Generalizability of clinical trial results for bipolar disorder to community samples: findings from the
National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Subodh S Gupta Dr. Sushila
Nayar School of Public Health MGIMS, Sewagram.
Deborah Grady Professor of Medicine University of California, San Francisco. Adrian Puren NICD,
South Africa Dirk Taljaard Progessus CC, South Africa Bertran Auvert - Emmanuel Lagarde
INSERM, Paris, France Paris-Ouest medical school. Objective. Main. Comparison with adults from
a large observational study. Conclusions The RCTs published in major medical journals do not always
clearly report exclusion criteria. Thirdly, the present review was limited to just three therapeutic areas
(cardiology, mental health, and oncology), and while a large proportion of the relevant literature was
focused in these areas, it is possible that findings may be different in other specialties.
OBSERVATIONAL. Descriptive. Analytic. Case-series Cross-sectional Ecological. Patients enrolled
in coronary intervention trials are not representative of patients in clinical practice: results from the
Euro Heart Survey on Coronary Revascularization. There is growing interest in different analytical
methods that utilize data from multiple studies to extend and complement the evidence provided by
a single clinical trial. Firstly, the search strategy did not define the outcomes to be reported a priori
and was influenced by the evidence base identified. The authors thank Mick Arber for his assistance
with the literature review. The review strategy was, however, relevant to the objective of the present
analysis, as it utilized a robust and transparent approach in order to identify key concepts and the
main sources of information available on the representativeness of RCT patient samples and the
external validity of RCT findings. Compare the outcomes on the treatment and control groups to
derive the impact estimate. Randomized Trials. Rationale Basic designs Participants Intervention
Blinding Outcomes Adherence Follow-up. Rationale. Why do a randomized blinded trial. United
States Government. 1992.. Accessed 2 Jul 2015. Cardiology Studies included in the review generally
demonstrated that, compared with patients enrolled in major cardiology RCTs, patients encountered
in everyday practice were more likely to have higher risk characteristics as they were older, more
likely to be female and to have clinical impairment and co-morbid disease, were treated less
frequently with guideline-recommended therapy, and received fewer in-hospital procedures (Table 2
). Assessment of unmet needs and the lack of generalizability in the design of randomized controlled
trials for scleroderma treatment. Table 4 Recommendations for managing external validity issues
made by included studies Full size table Discussion The present analysis utilized a robust literature
review methodology to identify studies that compared the clinical characteristics of an RCT sample
and patients from a real-world source (Method A) or assessed the proportion of a real-world
population that would satisfy criteria for RCT inclusion (Method B). Taken together, RCT and
observational study data should provide a complementary body of evidence that optimizes both
internal and external validity. CVD rates were declining in all groups in the 1970s. Data Extraction
Trial characteristics and the details regarding exclusions were extracted independently. QUASI-
EXPERIMENTS. QUASI-EXPERIMENTS. a. Cross-sectional comparison: e.g. to comparable
communities or groups. Implicit factors Implicit factors that may have affected the external validity
of RCTs were also identified in some of the studies reviewed. Hypertension patients participating in
trials differ in many aspects from patients treated in general practices. Randomized Trials. Rationale
Basic designs Participants Intervention Blinding Outcomes Adherence Follow-up. Demographics and
illness characteristics of the first 261 patients. When combined with citation searching, these sources
presented a reasonable basis for a targeted search of the published literature. The use of propensity
scores to assess the generalizability of results from randomized trials. Data Synthesis Common
medical conditions formed the basis for exclusion in 81.3% of trials. Patients were excluded due to
age in 72.1% of all trials (60.1% in pediatric populations and 38.5% in older adults). Individuals
receiving commonly prescribed medications were excluded in 54.1% of trials. Conditions related to
female sex were grounds for exclusion in 39.2% of trials. Of all exclusion criteria, only 47.2% were
graded as strongly justified in the context of the specific RCT. Observational studies: going beyond
the boundaries of randomized controlled trial. Trials should follow the need for evidence but be part
of a broader strategy for evidence generation.
Subodh S Gupta Dr. Sushila Nayar School of Public Health MGIMS, Sewagram. Many of the
included studies concluded that RCT samples are highly selected and have a lower risk profile than
real-world populations, with the frequent exclusion of elderly patients and patients with co-
morbidities. How representative of everyday clinical populations are schizophrenia patients enrolled
in clinical trials. There is growing interest in different analytical methods that utilize data from
multiple studies to extend and complement the evidence provided by a single clinical trial. The
primary objective of the review was to assess the extent to which RCT samples are representative of
real-world populations (which may or may not affect the external validity of the trial findings).
Vaccines - Analysis of preventive trials must result in clear statement about benefits to community,
risk involved and cost to health 3. A range of different statistical methodologies were employed in
the included studies, and it is outside of the scope of this review to detail them all; the reader is
referred to the individual studies for more information. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1711-1722. Suppes
T, Dennehy EB, Hirschfield R, et al. Excellent Familiarity with Blinding in the Scientific
Community. Is there evidence of implicit exclusion criteria for elderly subjects in randomized trials.
For example, women who do not take up microcredit might be less motivated, or less aware of
financial products. Generalizability of clinical trial results for major depression to community
samples: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
Following a detailed review, a framework for the narrative analysis of the data was developed that
included categorization of the identified studies by two methods. The older the better: are elderly
study participants more non-representative. Data Synthesis Common medical conditions formed the
basis for exclusion in 81.3% of trials. Patients were excluded due to age in 72.1% of all trials (60.1%
in pediatric populations and 38.5% in older adults). Individuals receiving commonly prescribed
medications were excluded in 54.1% of trials. Conditions related to female sex were grounds for
exclusion in 39.2% of trials. Of all exclusion criteria, only 47.2% were graded as strongly justified in
the context of the specific RCT. The sources and settings from which RCT samples and real-world
patient populations were drawn are listed in Tables 2 and 3 (a more detailed summary of sources is
provided in Additional file 2 ). The generalizability of antidepressant efficacy trials to routine
psychiatric out-patient practice. Randomisation is often done at the level of clusters: villages, schools,
or health clinics. The review strategy was, however, relevant to the objective of the present analysis,
as it utilized a robust and transparent approach in order to identify key concepts and the main
sources of information available on the representativeness of RCT patient samples and the external
validity of RCT findings. Rather you are selecting one class, say in their final year of primary
school, and another class, say in the final year of a different primary school. Eligibility criteria in
heart failure randomized controlled trials: a gap between evidence and clinical practice.
Characteristics of advanced cancer patients with cancer-related fatigue enrolled in clinical trials and
patients referred to outpatient palliative care clinics. Results Search results The study selection is
shown in Fig. 1. The original search returned 5,456 studies of which 46 in the areas of cardiology,
mental health, and oncology were identified as relevant after abstract review. Study Designs.
Exposure NOT manipulated by Investigator. Study recommendations for the improvement of
external validity Many of the studies included in the present review made recommendations to
improve the external validity of RCTs. Authors’ contributions SC, DF, and JJ conceived the project.
Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway Essentially all cells carry out glycolysis.
Undertake a follow-up survey that shares many of the features of the baseline survey. The highest
number of studies was conducted in the USA (Table 1 ). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated
guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials.
Finally, simple descriptive analysis of real-world data can also be employed in the trial planning
stages to better understand the impact of specific design decisions (for example, potential exclusion
criteria) on the anticipated generalizability of the trial results and so improve design. Reference:
May, DeMets et al (1981) Circulation 64:669-673 Peto et al (1976) British Journal of Cancer.
Eligibility criteria in heart failure randomized controlled trials: a gap between evidence and clinical
practice. See Batterham and Hopkins, Sportscience 9, 33-39, 2005. Cardiology Studies included in
the review generally demonstrated that, compared with patients enrolled in major cardiology RCTs,
patients encountered in everyday practice were more likely to have higher risk characteristics as they
were older, more likely to be female and to have clinical impairment and co-morbid disease, were
treated less frequently with guideline-recommended therapy, and received fewer in-hospital
procedures (Table 2 ). The ineligibility rates as calculated in each individual Method B study were
tabulated and the distribution by quartiles examined. We note that some differences in
generalizability were observed between the different therapeutic areas studied in the present review.
Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of
antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidone. Conclusions The RCTs
published in major medical journals do not always clearly report exclusion criteria. To examine this
issue, we conducted a literature review of studies that have attempted to evaluate external validity in
one of two ways: (i) by comparing the clinical characteristics of an RCT sample with those of
everyday clinical practice patients, or (ii) by assessing what proportion of a real-world population
would satisfy the criteria for RCT inclusion. The PRECIS-2 tool: designing tools that are fit for
purpose. BMJ. 2015;350:h2147. Article. The framework for categorizing the methods used in
individual studies and for interpreting individual study conclusions was consistent and clearly
detailed, adding to the methodological rigor of the review. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:124-131. Sachs
GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR. August 21 - August 25, 2006, Saarbrucken, Germany. Tamal Dey.
Joel Spencer. Ingo Wegener. An additional six studies were identified through citation searching. Fig.
1 Study selection for a literature review assessing the external validity of randomized controlled
trials Full size image Study design Of the 52 studies included, 18 (34.6 %) employed only Method A
(comparison of baseline characteristics) while 27 (51.9 %) employed only Method B (determination
of percentage ineligibility) (Table 1 ). Oncology Compared with RCT-enrolled patients, real-world
patients with cancer were often older, and more likely to be female, have a poor performance status,
and worse disease prognosis (Table 2 ) in the studies selected in this review. Patients were compared
for baseline characteristics such as demographics, clinical and disease data, and treatments and
procedures. There is growing interest in different analytical methods that utilize data from multiple
studies to extend and complement the evidence provided by a single clinical trial. Detailed
description of results and subjective author conclusions from studies included in the review that
employed Method B. (PDF 227 kb) Rights and permissions. In addition to its application as an aid
to trial design, PRECIS-2 has the potential for use in the assessment of completed trials for
methodological quality and the likelihood of outcome bias in much the same way as the current
Grading of Research, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system is used to assist
guideline developers. Deborah Grady Professor of Medicine University of California, San Francisco.
A third reviewer (TKM) resolved disagreements on study selection. Beyond the randomized clinical
trial: the role of effectiveness studies in evaluating cardiovascular therapies. The discussion and
conclusions of each publication were closely studied by one researcher, and the subjective author
conclusions with respect to “external validity”, “generalizability”, or “representativeness” were
tabulated. Functional impairment in the remission phase of bipolar disorder. Time Series Weakest
design Any change post treatment could be coincidental. The generalizability of antidepressant
efficacy trials to routine psychiatric out-patient practice. The Article. Eltrombopag for
Thrombocytopenia in Patients with Cirrhosis Associated with Hepatitis C McHutchinson JG, et al.
Effect of study criteria on recruitment and generalizability of the results. Variations between clinical
trial participants and Medicare beneficiaries in evidence used for Medicare national coverage
decisions.
Dr. Tuan V. Nguyen Garvan Institute of Medical Research Sydney, Australia. Double-abstract review
and data extraction were performed as per protocol specifications. Reference: May, DeMets et al
(1981) Circulation 64:669-673 Peto et al (1976) British Journal of Cancer. Rather you are selecting
one class, say in their final year of primary school, and another class, say in the final year of a
different primary school. Mood switch in bipolar depression: comparison of adjunctive venlafaxine,
bupropion and sertraline. Additional files Additional file 1: Full Ovid MEDLINE search strategy for
literature searches. (PDF 280 kb) Additional file 2: Summary of real-world and RCT data sources
employed in included studies. Data Extraction Trial characteristics and the details regarding
exclusions were extracted independently. Furthermore, it was observed that large proportions of the
general disease population were often excluded from trial participation. Cardiology Studies included
in the review generally demonstrated that, compared with patients enrolled in major cardiology
RCTs, patients encountered in everyday practice were more likely to have higher risk characteristics
as they were older, more likely to be female and to have clinical impairment and co-morbid disease,
were treated less frequently with guideline-recommended therapy, and received fewer in-hospital
procedures (Table 2 ). Eligibility of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer for phase III
chemotherapy trials. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:130. Article. Theoretical comparison of Randomized
Clinical Trial (RCT) design to other research designs. The PRECIS-2 tool: designing tools that are fit
for purpose. BMJ. 2015;350:h2147. Article. Representation of women in randomized clinical trials
of cardiovascular disease prevention. The present review was limited to RCTs in oncology, mental
health, and cardiology as, when the review was undertaken, these were identified as the main
therapeutic areas in which RCT and real-world populations had been compared. Clinical features of
bipolar depression versus major depressive disorder in large multicenter trials. Dose intensity and
toxicities associated with FE100C-D chemotherapy in a non-trial population of node positive breast
cancer patients compared with PACS-01 trial group. Potential factors influencing the external
validity of RCTs In the majority of included studies, the authors made some attempt to identify
factors influencing the external validity of RCTs. A second researcher checked the grouping of each
study by category; in the event of any disagreements, the findings of each paper were discussed
until resolution was reached. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1711-1722. Suppes T, Dennehy EB,
Hirschfield R, et al. Randomized Trials. Rationale Basic designs Participants Intervention Blinding
Outcomes Adherence Follow-up. In effect, one village is treated and the other village (some 20 km
away) is the control group. Among such trials, justification for exclusions related to concomitant
medication use and comorbidities were more likely to be poorly justified. When combined with
citation searching, these sources presented a reasonable basis for a targeted search of the published
literature. Avance, Inc. also provided funding as part of a grant from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.
The following data were extracted from each included publication: (i) generalizability objectives; (ii)
patient populations and country of study; (iii) methods; (iv) description of RCT and real-world data
sources; (v) listing of comparisons made and key results; (vi) overall conclusions; (vii)
recommendations addressing identified issues and best practices. Vaccines - Analysis of preventive
trials must result in clear statement about benefits to community, risk involved and cost to health 3.
The older the better: are elderly study participants more non-representative. Assessment of unmet
needs and the lack of generalizability in the design of randomized controlled trials for scleroderma
treatment. The sources and settings from which RCT samples and real-world patient populations
were drawn are listed in Tables 2 and 3 (a more detailed summary of sources is provided in
Additional file 2 ). Demographics and illness characteristics of the first 261 patients.
Variations between clinical trial participants and Medicare beneficiaries in evidence used for
Medicare national coverage decisions. Glycolysis consists of ten reactions which are essentially the
same in all cells. Effectiveness of Lithium Plus Optimized Medication in Treating People With
Bipolar Disorder (LiTMUS). Information sources, search approach, and strategy Searches were run
in MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-Process, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane
Methodology Register and were supplemented with reference checking. A second researcher
checked the grouping of each study by category; in the event of any disagreements, the findings of
each paper were discussed until resolution was reached. According to Better Evaluation: Many
times, evaluations compare groups that are quite different to the group receiving the program. Are
patients enrolled in first episode psychosis drug trials representative of patients treated in routine
clinical practice. The Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Outcome Network II. Only those studies
reporting on pharmaceutical interventions studied as part of an RCT (placebo-controlled or active
comparator) were included. These can reduce the effective size of your sample and your claims to
statistical significance. Generalizability of clinical trial results for bipolar disorder to community
samples: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.
Implicit factors Implicit factors that may have affected the external validity of RCTs were also
identified in some of the studies reviewed. In general, a thoughtful approach to clinical evidence
generation is required in which the trade-offs between internal and external validity are considered in
a holistic and balanced manner. You are not pre-selecting or focusing on a purposive sample of
individuals who are more enthusiastic about an issue than their peers. Secondly, there are no
acknowledged methods for the assessment of the quality of data for this type of analysis. Br J
Psychiatry. 2006;189:124-131. Sachs GS, Nierenberg AA, Calabrese JR. A comparison of depressed
patients in randomized vs nonrandomized trials of antidepressant medication and psychotherapy.
Randomized Trials. Rationale Basic designs Participants Intervention Blinding Outcomes Adherence
Follow-up. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best.”. Beyond the randomized
clinical trial: the role of effectiveness studies in evaluating cardiovascular therapies. Randomisation is
often done at the level of clusters: villages, schools, or health clinics. Causes of ineligibility in
randomized controlled trials and long-term mortality in patients with non-ST-segment elevation
acute coronary syndromes. Findings from this review indicate that there is a need to improve the
external validity of RCTs such that physicians treating patients in real-world settings have the
appropriate evidence on which to base their clinical decisions. Clinical judgment and clinical practice
guidelines. Exclusion criteria used in antidepressant efficacy trials: consistency across studies and
representativeness of samples included. Trial Design. Trial Design. Pre-Post Randomized Design
Strengths. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:281-285. Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, et al. Many of the
included studies concluded that RCT samples are highly selected and have a lower risk profile than
real-world populations, with the frequent exclusion of elderly patients and patients with co-
morbidities. Trials should follow the need for evidence but be part of a broader strategy for evidence
generation. Patients with more co-morbidities or co-interventions may be more likely to prematurely
discontinue study participation, which could lead to high attrition rates and a negative impact on trial
validity and outcomes.
Download citation Received: 09 March 2015 Accepted: 21 October 2015 Published: 03 November
2015 DOI: Share this article Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this
content: Get shareable link Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Do
efficacy and effectiveness samples differ in antidepressant treatment outcome. Theoretical
comparison of Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) design to other research designs. Information
sources, search approach, and strategy Searches were run in MEDLINE and MEDLINE In-Process,
EMBASE, Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane Methodology Register and were supplemented
with reference checking. TKM is Director of, and SR is an employee of, Kennedy-Martin Health
Outcomes Ltd, and received financial support from Eli Lilly and Company for their contributions to
the conception and design of the study; the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and
drafting of the manuscript. Study Population: Actual population that participates in the study and is
derived from the reference population. Vaccines - Analysis of preventive trials must result in clear
statement about benefits to community, risk involved and cost to health 3. A randomized controlled
trial of anger management. Background. We used a Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approach.
Challenges to evidence-based medicine: a comparison of patients and treatments in randomized
controlled trials with patients and treatments in a practice research network. Representation of
women in randomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease prevention. Randomized controlled
trials: do they have external validity for patients with multiple comorbidities. Only those studies
reporting on pharmaceutical interventions studied as part of an RCT (placebo-controlled or active
comparator) were included. Such exclusions may impair the generalizability of RCT results. A range
of databases were interrogated (MEDLINE; EMBASE; Science Citation Index; Cochrane
Methodology Register). Basic Design of Clinical Trials. Cured. Same. Treatment. Sample.
Randomise. Blinding. Placebo. Cured. Same. Subjects. Blocking. In addition, to manage the scope of
the review, we restricted our eligibility criteria to studies that included adults and assessed
pharmaceutical interventions only, and we cannot completely rule out the possibility that findings
might be different in pediatric populations or other healthcare interventions. It should be noted that
the focus of the current review was explanatory and not pragmatic RCTs. Firstly, the search strategy
did not define the outcomes to be reported a priori and was influenced by the evidence base
identified. Comparison with adults from a large observational study. Effectiveness of adjunctive
antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression. The ineligibility rates as calculated in each individual
Method B study were tabulated and the distribution by quartiles examined. The searches were run
on 30 September 2013 and included published studies conducted from 2003 to 2013 in order to
reflect contemporary clinical trial practice. When combined with citation searching, these sources
presented a reasonable basis for a targeted search of the published literature. Variations between
clinical trial participants and Medicare beneficiaries in evidence used for Medicare national coverage
decisions. QUASI-EXPERIMENTS. QUASI-EXPERIMENTS. a. Cross-sectional comparison: e.g.
to comparable communities or groups. Group 1 Nicole Bettes, Kelsey Brown, Greg Forlenza, Chen
Gao, Joe Ostrem, Li Ou, Shauna Overgaard, Jincheng Zhou. Topic. Hilde Klovstad Tallin, 6
September 2005. Contents. Why randomized controlled trials. Trials should follow the need for
evidence but be part of a broader strategy for evidence generation. As such, the results from these
studies may not provide a complete picture of anticipated drug efficacy and safety in clinical
practice. The Article. Eltrombopag for Thrombocytopenia in Patients with Cirrhosis Associated with
Hepatitis C McHutchinson JG, et al.