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ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). I would like to recommend the following
IntechOpen book to be added to our library catalog. This is where computational offloading has an
upper hand. More chapters on the theoretical foundations and applications have been included.
Timeline of the evolution of wireless power transfer. Wireless Energy Transmission, Tesla Tower,
Magnetic. A distinction has to be made between the two forms of wireless power transmission, as
seen in terms of how the transmitted energy is used at the receiving point. Hence, it is essential to
find solutions for truly omnidirectional WPT systems which do not require excessively complicated
active control of the transmitter coils. Country Loading. Message of recommendation Dear
Librarian. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD). Then, the twelve techniques
are comparatively discussed in depth in terms of the main idea, advantages, limitations,
performance-centric objective, considered metrics, and outstanding features to provide an idea of
selecting the appropriate technique for applications. This technique is comparatively flexible and can
more effectively direct energy to a receiver. Even though they are related to our study, some are out-
of-date, and others are not closely related to WPSNs. However, these two articles focused on
communication networks without considering other wireless power transfer techniques. A single
power source is connected to the transmitter. Time-domain modeling gives more accurate results and
can model the discontinuous conduction modes (DCM) of the WPT system. Therefore, it is
mandatory to integrate the coils into textiles to enable such a phenomenon. If you are an IEEE
Member please sign in to enable this feature. A promising feature of this system is the use of a single
power source that feeds the transmitter coil. The current in the transmitter varies with changes in the
reflected resistance with movement or load variations in one receiver, and hence the power
transferred to all the receivers can change. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS
reader. A real WPT system should harness e the energy over a long distance rather than the wireless-
but-contact charging style. Microstrip Bandpass Filter Design using EDA Tolol such as keysight
ADS and An. Bachelor- thesis, optimization of wireless power transfer coils using finite. The AC
voltage source is most commonly a high-frequency inverter or a power amplifier which drives the
transmitter coil. The operating process of this technique starts by transmitting power through a
radiofrequency source using an antenna. This becomes even more difficult in remote areas, where
natural resources are scarce. The 2017 Consumer Electronics Show will have many devices offering
WPT. Basic architecture of a wireless-powered sensor network. The AC resistance of the coils starts
to increase much more than the product of frequency and self-inductance, and the Q -factor of the
coils starts decreasing fast.
Ferrites also help to shield the magnetic field produced by the coils and reduce the EMI. To achieve
this, the authors used a five-coil structure, with four coils wound from the bottom to the side face of
the bowl and one coil placed around the bottom face. By overviewing the development and the
current state over past years, this paper is expected to offer readers a big image of WPT techniques
based on the inductive coupling effect of non-radiative electromagnetic field. The operating process
of this technique starts by transmitting power through a radiofrequency source using an antenna.
These envelopes are shifted in phase by 90 degrees. Thus, for a given output power, one can operate
at a higher voltage and lower current on the transmitter side. However, at very high frequencies,
when the wavelength of the field produced is comparable to the length of the coils, the coils start to
act as antennae and radiate power. These issues motivate the consideration of designing the
information transfer and the wireless energy transfer jointly. This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (
). Two separate receivers enable this architecture to perform both actions independently. Add more
information to your upload Tip: Better titles and descriptions lead. At high frequencies, currents
mostly flow near the surface of the conductors (depending on the skin depth at that frequency),
leaving the inner part with almost zero current flow. In applications covering a large charging area, a
large number of turns leads to a large inductance. Although several studies have focused solely on
energy efficiency, determining the optimal parameters for an energy-efficient WPSN in terms of the
energy consumption of the power beacon remains a challenging task. 7.3. Duplex Mode Typically, in
WPSNs, the energy is transmitted from a dedicated energy source to the wireless sensor nodes via
radiofrequency radiation. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so
we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across
the world. Furthermore, it introduces stray impedances, especially for high Q coils when the
capacitance required is in the low pF range. York City, where he made a remarkable demonstration.
Furthermore, if the spacing between the traces of the transmitter coil is high, the magnetic flux
density of the radial component is higher than the axial one. The authors formulated the problem as a
secrecy-rate maximization problem by considering the transmit power, power-splitting ratio, and
UAV trajectory. They divided the problem into several subproblems. Subsequently, they solved these
subproblems by maximizing the ability of the unit cycle system. 6.2. Enabling Frameworks for
Wireless Power Transfer In the previous section, the key performance-enhancing techniques for
WPSNs were outlined. Furthermore, the high side gate drive circuitry associated with them creates
synchronization problems at MHz frequencies and requires quite a large dead time compared to the
switching period to prevent any shoot-through across the switches. This becomes even more difficult
in remote areas, where natural resources are scarce. Meanwhile, the active users transmit and receive
information from static and mobile base stations. In an analog array, an oscillator generates a
radiofrequency signal. Furthermore, transmitters can be easily embedded into furniture, automobiles,
computer monitors, etc. However, when formulating the training procedure, the receiver must
consider several parameters, such as duration, transmission power, and frequency bands. This could
lead to reverse-recovery losses of the diode in cases where the reverse recovery time is not much
lower than the time period of the switching operation. First, the sensors can be connected using wires
to a power source. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the
published chapters. This is not a good assumption when the system has a low Q -factor or is
operating at a light load.
Basic capacitive compensation topologies: ( a ) SS, ( b ) SP, ( c ) PS, and ( d ) PP. However, this
requires six separate transmitter coils to generate two lateral (. The authors adopted a time-switching
receiver design for a node to enable the destination node to serve both as an information receiver
and as an energy-harvesting node. It should be noted that, although most studies present extensive
simulations to prove the correctness of the model, more realistic constraints should be considered for
real-life implementation, such as different tradeoffs between energy and information, co-channel
interference, and a large number of users. Four commonly used techniques can transform the
reflected load to the optimum value. 2.4.1. Using Impedance Matching with Reconfigurable
Resonant Circuits The resonant frequency of a WPT system can be changed by using reconfigurable
resonant components such as a switched capacitor array or switchable coil structures. The paper
shows that a 0.5 A RMS corresponded to a 45 W transmitting power and a 1.2 A RMS corresponded
to a 280 W transmitting power. Second, the sensors can be charged with power sources, such as
batteries. The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology took the first initiative in 2013.
To achieve this, the authors adjusted the phase shift of the reflecting element in such a way so that
the transmission time allocation and phase shift of the WET and WIT were jointly maximized. At
low frequencies, when the diameter of the wire is less than the skin depth, the copper wire has a
constant DC resistance. When the radius of the conductor is smaller than the skin depth, current
flows uniformly through the cross-section of the wire. Table 7 summarizes the main idea,
performance-centric advantages, and limitations of the existing SWIPT techniques, which will
enable readers to gain a better understanding of each technique. To date our community has made
over 100 million downloads. This is where computational offloading has an upper hand. Meanwhile,
in the case of the uplink transmission of energy, a coordinated multipoint system is built that allows
the collaborative decoding of messages received from users. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) makes it
possible to supply power. A Q-factor above 1000 is achievable in practical systems if operated in the
MHz region, and therefore there is a push to operate WPT systems in MHz frequencies to maximize
coil-to-coil efficiency. Hence, this topology is more useful for higher power transfer applications.
Accordingly, users can share energy and time resources and collaboratively communicate with access
points. Our Authors and Editors We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from
3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s
most-cited researchers. However, in this study, the authors did not discuss the issues that are
prevalent in the implementation of these technologies. The SAR is proportional to the square of the
E-field in human tissues and is dependent on the following: 1. The sensors used the harvested energy
to power the uplink transmission. This could lead to reverse-recovery losses of the diode in cases
where the reverse recovery time is not much lower than the time period of the switching operation.
He is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics and IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics. As charging is performed wirelessly, the sensor nodes may receive lower
energy than they should because the wireless devices are located far from the energy transmitters.
The authors also discussed distributed wireless charging for mobile devices and proposed two
wireless charging architectures. 2.6. Monitoring Civil Structure During construction, a major duty
involves monitoring a large structure to prevent unexpected events. Dr. Xu is the recipient of four
IEEE journal or conference paper awards. Log in to your Author Panel to purchase a book at the
discounted price. Table 1 shows a timeline of the evolution of wireless power charging.
The integration of mobile edge computing with a wireless sensor network allows the task to be
offloaded to the nearest edge server. The generalization of the energy-efficiency problem by jointly
optimizing the transmission power and energy-harvesting time with the use of multi-hop remains a
challenge. 7.5. Exchange of Information and Power In the SWIPT technique, ensuring information
and power transfer efficiency is of crucial importance due to exchanging both information and
energy at the same time. Another way is to use a DC-DC converter in front of the inverter or power
amplifier on the transmitter side to provide the required input voltage. Qi Charging, an Open
Standard for Wireless Charging. He holds more than 30 Chinese patents and 3 US patents. To
equally distribute the current through each turn, they were swapped at the halfway point so that they
had equal length and impedance. References Mi, B.T.; Liang, X.; Zhang, S.-S. A Survey on Social
Internet of Things. Recharging the sensor nodes remains a burden despite the recent developments in
battery technology. In Section 7, some open challenges for future extensions are provided to
motivate further research in this field. Then, the twelve techniques are comparatively discussed in
depth in terms of the main idea, advantages, limitations, performance-centric objective, considered
metrics, and outstanding features to provide an idea of selecting the appropriate technique for
applications. Over 55 of his patents have been adopted by industry. Furthermore, mm-Wave-enabled
SWIPT systems have gained significant attention as another promising approach, owing to the
extended energy coverage provided by the mm-Wave power transfer. Previous Article in Journal
Fatigue Assessment of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyurethane with Regard to Crack Initiation and
Propagation. Although existing techniques provide significant outcomes for extending the system
lifetime, it is essential to design WPSNs by considering system scalability and energy-transfer
efficiency. Furthermore, the authors considered two different types of wireless nodes: battery-free
and battery-enabled wireless nodes. Addressing the issue of fast battery drainage remains a
significant research challenge for WPSNs. The multiple coils in the traditional inductive power
transfer system were replaced with the metal barrier, which acted as a primary single-turn coil. IMN
for a constant current inverter output with ( a ) a low pass. Therefore, it is necessary to have a robust
system with proper design and control. WPT systems are not yet fully standardized for EMC
(electromagnetic compatibility) and EMI, and the process is ongoing. Microstrip Bandpass Filter
Design using EDA Tolol such as keysight ADS and An. Open Access is an initiative that aims to
make scientific research freely available to all. The current source behavior of the inverter output can
be achieved through dynamic control, such as phase shift modulation between the legs of a full-
bridge inverter. Engineering physics 3(Relaxation time, Temperature dependence of Electrical R. To
achieve the next step in future wireless communications, WPSNs will become an inevitable building
block for obtaining prolonged system operation in the future. The entire sensor node maintained a
tree topology during the monitoring task. This is because the power delivery to each receiver is
directly proportional to the reflected resistance on the transmitter. This region acts as a determining
indicator for the performance of this technique. I would like to recommend the following IntechOpen
book to be added to our library catalog. Finally, the effects of magnetic field exposure on humans
along with safety standards have been discussed.
Depending on the information collected from the sensors, taking real-time decisions and actions will
be easier. Public interest in this experiment led to the development of a company named WiTricity.
However, this requires six separate transmitter coils to generate two lateral (. He was an At-Large
Adcom Member of the IEEE Power Electronics Society from 2017 to 2019. The existing literature
has vastly focused on WPT techniques in sensor networks. We use cookies on our website to ensure
you get the best experience. Laser Power Transfer (LPT) Laser technology has been gaining
popularity in military applications. Timeline of the evolution of wireless power transfer. During
energy transfer, there is a possibility that it may share the same spectrum as the communication
channel. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches,
provides an outlook for. First, the sensors can be connected using wires to a power source. However,
these two articles focused on communication networks without considering other wireless power
transfer techniques. Finally, we shed light on WPCN techniques, where the flow of information and
energy transmission are managed separately via an uplink and downlink. 4.1. WPT-Only Networks
WPT has been dominant in a wide range of applications, such as satellite communication and the
identification of radiofrequency tags. Eddy currents can be induced by time-varying magnetic fields.
Lumped parameter model of inductive WPT systems with ( a ) soils modeled as coupled inductors
and ( b ) effect of mutual coupling modeled as dependent voltage sources. ISPRS International
Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI). Another way is to use a DC-DC converter in front of the inverter
or power amplifier on the transmitter side to provide the required input voltage. Then, the twelve
techniques are comparatively discussed in depth in terms of the main idea, advantages, limitations,
performance-centric objective, considered metrics, and outstanding features to provide an idea of
selecting the appropriate technique for applications. In this paper, therefore, we focus on the recent
progress of the WPT targeted to WPSNs. Non-radiative methods rely on magnetic or electric field
coupling, which includes capacitive and inductive wireless power transfer, as shown in Figure 2.
However, this technique fails to achieve a reasonable performance because the transfer rate falls
sharply at even a short distance. The authors proposed a novel design strategy that can achieve
sufficient coupling without affecting the structure of the drone. Comparison of existing WPCN
techniques in terms of design approach and main idea. If the source is a dedicated energy transmitter,
then it can transmit energy only to the sensor node. The research outcome shows that the sensors can
be powered at distances of approximately 700 mm. 2.7. Harvesting Energy in IoT and WSNs With
an increase in the number of IoT devices in the near future, there will be a drastic change in the IoT
industry. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Accordingly, the authors
proposed an algorithm to maximize the total number of processed bits. Hence, the quality factor of
the coils starts to decrease with an increase in frequency once they start to radiate power. 4.3. Self-
Resonant Coils Series compensation of coils is most widely used for WPT. Normalized gate-to-
source voltage and drain-to-source voltage (. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
(JFMK).
Figure 22 a shows the typical human exposure limits established by the ICNIRP, which cover
occupational exposure and general public exposure. The fundamental concept of wireless power
transfer is to transform energy into an electromagnetic field, which is then transmitted to the energy
receiver. These are easier to meet at high frequencies because. However, this technique fails to
achieve a reasonable performance because the transfer rate falls sharply at even a short distance. To
achieve significant network performance, wireless power transfer should be considered jointly with
mm-Waves. For example, the receiver coil size in phones and wearables depends on the space
available inside the enclosure. In this study, an in-depth survey is conducted on the wireless power
transfer (WPT) techniques through which sensor devices can harvest energy to avoid frequent node
failures. At low frequencies, when the diameter of the wire is less than the skin depth, the copper
wire has a constant DC resistance. This requires complicated external control circuits for
measurements and feedback and can become expensive in practice. Due to the absence of magnetic
monopoles, magnetic field lines flow through the coils and loop back to the source and hence this
magnetic field path needs to be monitored and guided. The general concept behind a WPT system is
to transmit electric energy from a power source utilizing an electromagnetic field to an
electromagnetic circuit, where power is transmitted and received without the need of a wire.
However, the system can have blind spots where the coupling is much less. Ampere’s circuital law
refers to the link between an integrated magnetic field and the electricity passing across the loop. In
the architecture, the authors utilized two different circuit receivers to perform both information
decoding and energy harvesting, because it is impossible to accommodate energy harvesting and
information decoding on the same received signal, owing to the possibility that the information
content of the signal is affected by the energy-harvesting operation. Institutions and companies,
registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state, will not pay VAT by providing
IntechOpen with their VAT registration number. Father of Wireless energy transmission: Nikola
Tesla. The authors demonstrated the accuracy of the analytical model by extensive simulation to
prove maximum power transmission efficiency. 4.2. Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power
Transfer (SWIPT) Unlike WPT-only networks, where only the energy transferred is involved in the
entire network, SWIPT facilitates the simultaneous transfer of information and energy using
downlink communication, as shown in Figure 5. I would like to recommend the following
IntechOpen book to be added to our library catalog. Colorado Springs in 1899, Tesla developed his
own ideas. The entire sensor node maintained a tree topology during the monitoring task. Most of
the chapters are contributed by the main author, though as in the first edition several chapters are
contributed by other authors. Comparison of existing WPT techniques in terms of the evaluated
performance metrics, objective, and outstanding features. The authors proved the accuracy of their
study via computer simulation, as they claimed that an average efficiency of 60% could be achieved.
During battery charging, the load current and the equivalent load resistance vary with time. To
transfer the rated power with low values of coupling, the quality factor of the system needs to be
increased. The energy demand of wireless devices is the determining factor based on which the
energy transfer protocol should be designed. If the series resistances of coils, ESR of capacitors, and
on-state resistances of the semiconductors are added to the analysis, the differential equations can
have exponential terms in them which can make the solutions quite involved and closed-form
solutions might be unattainable. Content Alerts Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open
Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective How it Works Manage preferences Contact Want
to get in touch. Now, the basic building blocks of the sensor nodes are introduced. Ferrite materials,
which have high saturation flux density, high bulk resistivity, high permeability, and low AC power
losses, are beneficial for WPT systems. NiZn and MnZn are the most commonly used ferrites in WPT.
Gallium oxide and diamond are some other materials that are being researched for their ultra-wide
band gap properties. Mid 2010s Airfuel alliance was formed after Alliance For Wireless Power was
merged with the Power Matters Alliance. Find support for a specific problem in the support section
of our website. However, both communication and energy scheduling can happen simultaneously by
equipping multiple antennas in the access point and the energy nodes. To address the issue of
uninterrupted power supply, the wireless power transfer (WPT) of charging devices can eradicate the
issue of interruption in wireless sensor devices and maintain connectivity to ensure better network
lifetime and throughput. All of these active compensation techniques require the use of a
communication network among the transmitter and receivers to optimize the efficiency in real-time.
3. Inverter, Rectifier, and Compensation Topologies for Wireless Power Transfer In Section 2, it has
been shown that the coil-to-coil link efficiency of a WPT system can be increased by increasing the
switching frequency up to the point where radiation effects start to become overwhelming.
Furthermore, the authors considered two different types of wireless nodes: battery-free and battery-
enabled wireless nodes. Millimeter-wave (mm-Wave)-enabled UAVs are another promising paradigm
for which significant progress has been made in the existing literature. A constant current source
transmitter with multiple receivers. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. In such
cases, the scenario may change, and the energy cost involved in processing could be much higher
than that of the transmission task. Furthermore, mm-Wave-enabled SWIPT systems have gained
significant attention as another promising approach, owing to the extended energy coverage provided
by the mm-Wave power transfer. The coupled capacitor provides sufficient resistance to the DC
voltage and, simultaneously, a comparatively lower resistance to the AC signal. However, the losses
in the power electronics circuitry become very prominent at such frequencies and thus must be
considered during the design. The AC voltage source is most commonly a high-frequency inverter
or a power amplifier which drives the transmitter coil. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials
Processing (JMMP). Other common coil forms include square and rectangular types. Journal of
Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). In order to be human-readable, please install an
RSS reader. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). A detailed summary of the
contributions of this study is provided in the following subsection. 1.2. Contribution of This Study
This study aims to investigate the present network models of WPT by reviewing the enabling
techniques to build a WPSN. These issues motivate the consideration of designing the information
transfer and the wireless energy transfer jointly. However, a long distance means extremely loosely
coupling effect for electromagnetic WPT systems. How to break through this technical bottleneck
will be the focus of attention in near future. Finally, the crucial techniques for enhancing WPT
efficiency and the enabling frameworks for WPT are discussed to enhance the performance of WPT
in WPSNs. SR Globals Profile - Building Vision, Exceeding Expectations. The objective of a WPT
system in portable electronics applications is to be able to deliver the required amount of power to
the device with the highest possible efficiency. This covers various types of scenarios from a wide
range of perspectives, such as healthcare, surveillance, monitoring, and smart cities. Hence, the
authors proposed a quadrature-shaped receiver coil, as shown in Figure 19 b, to improve the
transmitted power even when there is angular misalignment. 4.5. Use of Ferrite Cores Using soft
magnetic materials such as ferrite cores is one method of increasing the coupling coefficient among
the coils. Applications of neural networks to digital communications—A survey. Firstly, IPT was
compared with CPT and their advantages and shortcomings were highlighted.