VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belagavi-590018, Karnataka

An Internship Report
on
“Product Development Process & EMS”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
For the Academic Year 2022-23
Submitted By
STUDENT NAME: DELPHINA JERUSHA
USN: 4AD20EC017

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Bhagyashree S. R
Dean Research
Department of ECE

13th Kilometer, Mysore – Kanakapura – Bangalore Road,

Mysore – 570 028, Karnataka
Phone: +91-821-25 93 335
 ATME College of Engineering, Mysuru
13th Kilometer, Mysuru – Kanakapura – Bangalore Road,Mysuru – 570 028

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the Internship work entitled “Product Development Process & EMS”,
carried out by DELPHINA JERUSHA [4AD20EC017] students of ATME College of
Engineering, Mysuru in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electronics and Communication Engineering, of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belagavi during the year 2022-23. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions
indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the
departmental library.

The Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect
of Internship work prescribed for the said Degree.

Name & Signature Name & Signature

Guide HOD

Internship Viva-Voce

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1.
2.
 DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION
 To develop highly skilled and globally competent professionals in the field of
Electronics and Communication Engineering to meet industrial and social
requirements with ethical responsibility.

MISSION
 To provide State-of-art technical education in Electronics and Communication at
undergraduate and post-graduate levels, to meet the needs of the profession and society and
achieve excellence in teaching- learning and research.
 To develop talented and committed human resource, by providing an opportunity for
innovation, creativity and entrepreneurial leadership with high standards of professional
ethics, transparency and accountability.
 To function collaboratively with technical Institutes/Universities/Industries, offer
opportunities for interaction among faculty-students and promote networking with alumni,
industries and other stake-holders.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

At the end of Graduation the student will be able,

 To have the capability to understand and adopt the technological advancements with the
usage of modern tool to analyze and design embedded system or processes for variety of
applications.
 To work effectively in a group as an independent visionary, team member and leader having
the ability to understand the requirement and develop feasible solutions to emerge as potential
core or electronic engineer.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our immense gratitude to Dr. A K Murthy, Principal, ATMECE,
Mysuru for his timely help and inspiration during the tenure of the course.

We would like to express our deep gratitude to Dr. L Basavaraj, Professor and Head,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru for his timely co-
operation while carrying the Internship work. His friendliness made us learn more.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to the Internship guides Dr. Bhagyashree S R,
Assistant Professor and Dean Research, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
ATMECE, Mysuru for their guidance, encouragement and suggestions that helped us a lot in
completion of the internship.

We also extend our sincere thanks to the Internship coordinator Mrs. Chethana K S and
Dr. Shalini Hanok, and all the faculty members, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, ATMECE, Mysuru who have encouraged us throughout the course.

Last but not the least, we express our heartfelt gratitude to Almighty, our parents for their
love and blessings that helped us complete the Internship work successfully
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Title Page No.
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 About the Company 01
1.2 About the domain Specific software tools 02
1.3 Objectives of the Internship 03
Chapter 2 SOFTWARE TOOLS
ENVIRONMENT
2.1 KiCad 04
2.2 Keil µVision 06
Chapter 3 TASKS PERFORMED DURING THE
INTERNSHIP
3.1 Product Development Process 09
3.2 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) 17

Chapter 4 REFLECTION NOTES

4.1Application 24
4.2Advantages 25
CONCLUSION 26
REFERENCES 27
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
This chapter brief about the history of the organization, major milestones, overall
organization structure Products and services offered, number of people working in the
organization, operation of different departments and their functions..

1.1 About the Company

Vinyas Innovative Technology was founded by Narendra Narayanan in the year 2000
with a vision to create global preference for India in the electronics domain. Vinyas is
India's leading electronic system design and manufacturing service company with its
offerings ranging from concept to new product development, production engineering,
PCB assembly, product Integration, advanced test solutions, product management and
after-market support. Vinyas Innovative Technology was started with the aim of to
become a Global Electronic System Design and Manufacturing Service Player. They
provide high quality, cost-effective and complete end-to-end solutions to valued
customers and also offer flexible, Low/Medium/High Mix and Volume, High
Complexity, Build-to- Specification solutions to facilitate substantial business value to
global customers [1].

Fig1.1: Logo of the Vinyas IT

The above figure depicts the logo of the Vinyas IT Company. Continuously investing in
strengthening its design & manufacturing expertise, Vinyas is identified as a game
changer in EMS industry for its innovative and in-house path breaking solutions to
complex manufacturing processes. Focusing on quality, integrity and hardwork, Vinyas
has not only established a Global network of suppliers and customers but also created a
long-lasting partnership to accelerate One-stop-shop solution to all its customer
worldwide. Vinyas is the preferred partner for the Global OEMS and ODMS by offering
end-to-end solutions ranging from Design for Manufacturability, Supply Chain
Management, PCB assembly, advanced test solutions, Product Integration and after-

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market support [1].
Vision of the Company
"To become a Global Electronic System Design and Manufacturing Service Player"

Company Product & Services

Vinyas IT company focuses on innovation, quality, and superior value products for the
customers. They work closely with the customers to understand their requirements, which
enable them to provide innovative solutions to meet their specific needs. They offer a
wide variety of products such as “Energy Meters” and “Xray Machines”.

The following are the services offered by the company namely:

 Manufacturing Services for consumer electronics.
 Telecommunications services
 Industrial Automation services.
 Services in Department of Defense and Aerospace.
 Technology design and development for medical domain.
 Internships.

They also have a separate business divisions with dedicated focus to offer the best
possible solutions. These are:
 Embedded Systems Division
 Automated Test Equipment (ATE) and Data Acquisition Division
 Electronic Manufacturing/Military Production Support Division
 Wire and Wireless Communication [1].

1.2 About the domain specific software tools

In an era marked by incessant technological evolution, practical learning holds profound
importance. This document serves as a testament to my journey at Vinyas Innovative
Technologies, where I actively contributed to a project that harnessed the capabilities of
two pivotal software tools: KiCad and Keil µvision 5. In the ever-evolving domains of
electronics and embedded systems, the design of Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) and the
development of robust firmware represent the foundation of contemporary technology.
My time at Vinyas Innovative Technologies afforded me the opportunity to immerse
myself in these spheres, fostering creativity and honing technical competencies. Through
this document, I will share my experiences, discuss challenges, and highlight
achievements during my tenure at Vinyas Innovative Technologies. This project heavily

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depended on KiCad for PCB design and Keil software for embedded systems
development, making these tools instrumental in achieving this project's objectives.
This document endeavors to elucidate the technical aspects of our project and illuminate
the broader learning experience of my internship. It delves into the project's scope,
objectives, methodologies, and outcomes, showcasing the synergy between theoretical
knowledge gained through academic endeavors and its practical application in a
professional context. As we embark on this journey through PCB design and embedded
systems development, exploring the intricacies of KiCad and Keil, with a steadfast
commitment to innovation and the aspiration to make meaningful contributions to the
technological landscape, I present this document with the intention of inspiring and
contributing to the knowledge pool of the engineering community.

Benefits of tools
 KiCad provides a comprehensive set of tools for schematic capture, PCB layout,
and 3D visualization, making it suitable for designing complex electronic circuits.
 KiCad supports integration with various external tools for simulation,
manufacturing, and documentation.
 Keil provides powerful debugging features, including real-time code analysis,
simulation, and support for various debugging tools like JTAG and SWD.
 Electronics Manufacturing Services play a crucial role in the electronics industry
by helping companies bring their products to market efficiently and cost-
effectively.

1.3 Objectives of the Internship

The following are the main objectives of this Internship:

 Gain proficiency in PCB design by utilizing the KiCad software tool, in alignment
with specific project requirements
 Acquire a working knowledge of fundamental features within the Keil software
tool, enabling the real-time functionality of the designed PCB.
 Enhance understanding of the Product Development Process and Electronics
Manufacturing Services (EMS) through practical application in the project.

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 CHAPTER 2

SOFTWARE TOOLS ENVIRONMENT

This chapter contains the detailed description of the EDA tool used to design the PCB
that is KiCad and µVision IDE by KEIL.

2.1 KiCad
KiCad is an open source software suite for Electronic Design Automation (EDA). The
programs handle Schematic Capture and PCB Layout with Gerber output. The suite runs
on Windows, Linux and macOS and is licensed under GNU GPL v3. The logo of KiCad
is shown in the Fig 2.1.

Fig 2.1: KiCad logo

KiCad's Schematic Editor supports everything from the most basic schematic to a
complex hierarchical design with hundreds of sheets. Create your own custom symbols or
use some of the thousands found in the official KiCad library. Verify your design with
integrated SPICE simulator and electrical rules checker. The schematic editor window is
shown in Fig2.2 [2].

Fig 2.2: Schematic editor window

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KiCad's PCB Editor is approachable enough to make your first PCB design easy, and
powerful enough for complex modern designs. A powerful interactive router and
improved visualization and selection tools make layout tasks easier than ever. The PCB
Editor window is shown in Fig2.3 [2].

Fig 2.3: PCB editor window

KiCad's 3D Viewer allows easy inspection of your PCB to check mechanical fit and to
preview your finished product. A built-in ray tracer with customizable lighting can create
realistic images to show off your work. The 3D Viewer window is shown in Fig2.4 [2].

Fig 2.4: 3D Viewer window

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Salient Features of KiCad
1. Cross-Platform Compatibility: KiCad is available on multiple operating systems,
including Windows, macOS, and Linux, making it accessible to a wide range of
users.
2. User-Friendly Interface: It provides an intuitive and user-friendly interface that
facilitates schematic design and PCB layout.
3. Schematic Capture: KiCad allows users to create and edit electronic schematics
with a wide range of components and symbols.
4. PCB Layout: The software offers a comprehensive PCB layout module with
advanced features for component placement, routing, and design rule checking.
5. 3D Viewer: KiCad includes a 3D viewer, enabling users to visualize and inspect
their PCB designs in a three-dimensional view.
6. Libraries and Footprints: It provides a comprehensive library system with a vast
collection of components and footprints. Users can also create custom components
and footprints.
7. Version Control Integration: KiCad can be integrated with version control systems
like Git, enabling collaborative work and easy project management.
8. Electrical Rule Checking (ERC): KiCad includes an ERC feature that helps
identify and rectify electrical connectivity issues in the schematic.
9. Design Rule Checking (DRC): The DRC feature ensures that the PCB layout
adheres to specified design rules, helping prevent manufacturing issues.
10. Auto-Router: KiCad offers an auto-routing feature, which can automatically route
connections on the PCB, though manual routing is often preferred for precise
control.
11. Import and Export: It supports various file formats for importing and exporting
designs, allowing compatibility with other EDA tools.
12. Community and Support: KiCad has an active and growing user community,
which provides extensive documentation, tutorials, and user support through
forums and mailing lists.
13. Plugins and Extensions: Users can enhance the capabilities of KiCad by adding
plugins and extensions to customize their design process.
14. Cost: KiCad is open-source and free to use, making it a cost-effective choice for
hobbyists, students, and professionals.
15. Continuous Development: KiCad is actively developed and improved, with
frequent updates and new features being added by the community.

2.2 Keil µVision

Keil µVision is a window-based software development platform that combines a robust
and modern editor with a project manager and make facility tool. It integrates all the tools
needed to develop embedded applications including a C/C++ compiler, macro assembler,
linker/locator, and a HEX file generator.
The µVision IDE and Debugger is the central part of the Keil development tool chain and
has numerous features that help the programmer to develop embedded applications

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quickly and successfully. The Keil tools are easy to use, and are guaranteed to help you
achieve your design goals in a timely manner.
The µVision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The
platform for µVision it simple and easy to use and helps you create embedded programs
that work. The project window of Keil µVision is shown in the Fig2.4[3].

Fig 2.4: Project window of Keil µVision

Salient Features of Keil

1. Project Manager, Make Utility, Debugger, and a modern Editor are combined,
enabling efficient development.
2. Debugger features can be configured during editing, and source code changes can
be made while debugging.
3. µVision Simulator allows for writing, testing, and debugging applications, even
before hardware is available.
4. The Simulator models most on-chip peripherals, aiding hardware configuration
investigations.
5. Both Simulator and Target Debugger have consistent interfaces for easy learning.
6. The System Viewer displays peripheral register information and supports runtime
property value changes.
7. Code Coverage provides execution statistics for thorough testing and certification
requirements.

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 8. Logic Analyzer visualizes value changes on a time graph for signal and variable
analysis.
9. Device Database automates development environment configuration based on the
microcontroller in use.
10. Template editor assists in creating and inserting text sequences, headers, and code
blocks.
11. Source Browser facilitates quick navigation among coded procedures, saving time
during development.
12. Configuration Wizard offers a graphical interface for managing device and start-
up code settings.
13. Third-party tools like version control systems are seamlessly integrated.
14. Debugging and Flash programming with ULINK adapters, which can be
customized.
15. The Multi-Project Manager allows combining projects for a more organized
embedded system application design

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CHAPTER 3

TASKS PERFORMED DURING THE INTERNSHIP

This Chapter contains the detailed description of various tasks performed during this
internship. This internship focused on Product Development Process and EMS.

3.1 Product Development Process

Product Development Process (PDP) is a complex process that requires a systematic

approach to ensure success. The key steps involved in product development and highlight
the tasks covered in this internship.

i. P0- Ideation
ii. P1- Product Definition
iii. P2- Prototyping
iv. P3- Detailed Design
v. P4- Validation and Testing

In this internship we focused on Product Development Process by relating it to the design

of PCB & programming 8051 microcontroller at various steps involved in PDP.

3.1.1 Ideation
A new products start coming up with ideas. However, before actually creating the
product, brainstorming is a crucial step. This means that in the beginning, the ideas for the
product are discussed, analyzed from a business perspective, researched to understand the
market and technical challenges, and explored.
A simple example for ideation is the concept of turning on or off a bulb using UART
communication by interfacing it with an 8051 microcontroller. From a business point of
view this idea can have several potential implications and opportunities Smart Lighting
Solution, Home Automation, Energy Efficiency, Industrial Applications, Customization
and Integration, Competitive Landscape, etc.
3.1.2 Product Definition
Scoping or concept development is a critical phase in product definition. During this
phase, the product concept is refined based on detailed assessments of technical, market,
and business aspects, as well as core functionalities. Developers and managers play a
pivotal role in this phase. The primary objective is to identify and define the unique
selling points that differentiate the new product from others in the market. These steps are

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essential for estimating the Annual Recurring Revenue (ARR) potential of the product.
For the given example the block diagram of the idea is shown inFig3.1.

Fig 3.1: Block diagram of the proposed example

The main required components for the idea proposed are listed:
i. Microcontroller
ii. Transistor
iii. Relay
iv. UART
v. KiCAD

3.1.3 Prototyping
In this step, the company makes a detailed business plan which involves market research,
designs, finance model, pricing model, market share, & how products will fit within the
market. This step gives a clear idea about what they are investing in and how it will
perform in the market.
KiCad uses a table of symbol libraries to map a symbol library nickname to an underlying
symbol library on disk. Kicad uses a global symbol library table as well as a table specific
to each project. To edit either symbol library table, use Preferences → Manage Symbol
Libraries. The table is saved in the file sym-lib-table in the KiCad configuration folder. If
there are any project-specific symbol libraries, the table is saved in the file sym-lib-
table in the project folder. Each library must have a unique nickname: duplicate library
nicknames are not allowed in the same table. Each library entry must have a valid path.
An example of creating a test symbol is shown in Fig3.2.

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 Fig 3.2: Window to create a symbol

Here we have designed the schematic and PCB layout for the proposed idea using KiCAD
software tool. An example of schematic designed in KiCAD is shown in the Fig 3.3.

Fig 3.3: Schematic design of automation using UART communication

Once the schematic is designed and placed on the window, ERC is responsible for
verifying the electrical connectivity and integrity of your schematic design. It checks for
potential issues such as unconnected pins, conflicting or undefined component references,
and other electrical rule violations. An example of errors encountered while running ERC
is shown in Fig 3.4.

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 Fig 3.4: Electric errors detected by ERC

All the components are assigned to their respective footprints. Footprints in PCB design
refer to the physical layouts and dimensions of the individual electronic components that
will be mounted on the PCB. They serve as a blueprint for the actual soldering of
components onto the PCB during the manufacturing process. The footprint assignments is
shown in Fig 3.5.

Fig 3.5: Footprint assignments

The assigned footprints are updated to the PCB editor window after clearing all the rules
in footprint assignment. The footprints before routing are shown in the Fig 3.6.

Fig 3.6: Footprints updated to the PCB Editor window

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Routing PCB traces involves strategically planning and creating pathways on a printed
circuit board to connect different components. This process demands considerations for
signal integrity, power distribution, and critical trace routing, especially for high-speed
signals. Factors like trace width, spacing, and the placement of vias are carefully
determined to meet design constraints and ensure optimal performance. Successful PCB
trace routing is a delicate balance of electrical engineering principles and adherence to
specific design rules, ultimately contributing to the functionality and reliability of
electronic devices.
The PCB layout designed in KiCAD is shown in the Fig 3.7.

Fig 3.7: Routing PCB traces

The Design Rules Checker (DRC) is a powerful tool that ensures your design adheres to
specified constraints and standards. It helps catch potential issues in your layout before
manufacturing. Key parameters include trace width, clearance between traces, via
settings, and more. By defining these rules in the PCB layout tool, the DRC is run to
identify and address violations, ensuring your design meets electrical and manufacturing
requirements. It's a crucial step to guarantee the integrity and reliability of your printed
circuit board design.an example of DRC errors identified are show in the Fig 3.8

Fig.a: Top
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 Fig 3.8: DRC errors identified

KiCad's 3D viewer is a fantastic feature that allows you to visualize your PCB design in a
three-dimensional space, providing a more realistic representation of your board layout.
KiCad's 3D viewer is a valuable tool for designers, offering a more immersive and
realistic perspective of their PCB designs. It aids in design validation, collaboration, and
ensuring that the physical aspects of the design align with the intended functionality.3D
view of the designed in KiCAD is shown in the Fig 3.9 and Fig 3.10.

Top view Bottom view

Fig 3.9: Top and Bottom view in 3D viewer of the PCB designed using KiCad

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 Fig 3.10: 3D view in 3D viewer of the PCB designed using KiCad

3.1.4 Detailed Design

Detailed design is a crucial phase in the product development process, occurring after the
concept and preliminary design phases. During this stage, engineers, designers, and other
relevant stakeholders work together to create comprehensive and detailed specifications
for the product. The primary goal of the detailed design phase is to transform the concept
and preliminary design into a fully functional and manufacturable product, ready for
production.
Gerber files are commonly used in PCB manufacturing to convey design information to
fabricators. They contain details like copper traces, drill holes, and more. Gerber files are
a standard file format used in the electronics industry to communicate PCB (Printed
Circuit Board) designs. They consist of multiple layers, such as copper traces, solder
mask, and silkscreen. Each layer is represented by a separate Gerber file. These files are
then sent to a PCB manufacturer for fabrication. The Gerber file generated is show in Fig
3.11.

Fig 3.11: Gerber file generated using KiCad

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The Keil is a well-known development environment for embedded systems, widely used
for microcontroller programming. Keil provides a comprehensive set of tools for various
microcontroller platforms, offering integrated development environments (IDEs),
compilers, debuggers, and simulators. Engineers and developers often rely on Keil
Software to create and debug software for microcontrollers efficiently. Its user-friendly
interface and robust features make it a popular choice in the embedded systems
development community, facilitating the process of designing and testing software for a
wide range of embedded applications. Below shown in Fig 3.12 is the flow chart to
program 8051 Microcontroller to blink 3 different LEDs are different time period.

Fig 3.12: Flow chart to blink 3 LEDs at different time period

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3.1.5 Validation and Testing
Ensuring the prototyping works as a plan & validates it for market fit as the business case,
and useful as the customer case. It validates like real-world conditions. The company or
team has the last chance to revise the prototyping, marketing strategy, and development
before launching in the market.

3.2 Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS)

Electronics Manufacturing Services (EMS) is a specialized industry that offers a range of
services to design, assemble, test, and deliver electronic components and products for
companies that lack the in-house capabilities or capacity to manufacture their electronic
devices.

The EMS department in any firm can be divided into various sub-departments that are
involved in various steps for assembly of PCB. The sub-departments are listed below:

i. Stores
ii. Forming
iii. Baking
iv. SMT-Surface Mounting Technology
v. PMSO & Through Hole

3.2.1 Stores

Stores are a storage place to store different types of purchased goods or components.
There are 2 types of project namely job work and HLB. There are mainly 2 types of
stores:

i. Incoming: In this type of store, arrival of the purchased goods or components

takes place. Usually in this, the invoice, numbers of boxes, types of
components are checked.
ii. Holding: It usually includes 3 processes namely GRN (Goods Received Note),
IQC (In-word Quality Check) and Quarantine.

The materials required for the production are collected in mainly 3 processes:

i. MRN(Material Requisition Note): It consist of requisition note from the

production manager regarding required materials

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 ii. Pick-list: It consists of components list of all the components required.
iii. Kitting: In this the counting and packing of material is done and stored in bin

Fig 3.2.1: Stores

3.2.2 Forming

Forming is a process of shaping or preparation of electronic components or leads before

they are mounted onto the PCB. There are a couple of specific contexts where the term
"forming" is commonly used in PCB assembly they are:

i. Lead cutting
ii. Bending
iii. Slewing
iv. Clinching

Lead cutting Clinching

Bending

Slewing

Fig 3.2.2: Forming

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 Leads are of four types:

i. Radial leads – LED etc.,

ii. Axial leads – resistors etc.,
iii. DIP – Dual Inline Package
iv. SIP – Single Inline Package

3.2.3 Baking

The process of heating PCBs or moisture sensitive components is a critical step to

ensure reliability of electronic components and solder joints. Moisture-sensitive
materials present in many components can absorb moisture from the environment,
posing risks during the soldering process. The absorption of moisture can lead to issues
such as steam generation, causing component damage, delamination of PCBs, and
defects in solder joints. By subjecting components to a controlled baking process before
assembly, any absorbed moisture is effectively removed, preventing the occurrence of
problems like the popcorn effect during soldering. This pre-baking step not only
enhances soldering ability by eliminating surface moisture but also contributes to the
long-term reliability of electronic devices by minimizing internal stresses that may arise
from exposure to high soldering temperatures. A baking oven is used to bake the
electronic components. It is usually heated from 200°C to 300°C depending on the

type of PCB. The baking oven is shown in Fig 3.2.3.

Fig 3.2.3: Baking oven

It is essential to bake a PCB for the following reasons:

i. To remove moisture from the PCBs.

ii. To avoid decolourization, delamination and also wrap age of PCBs.

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 Various types of PCBs have to be baked at different temperatures for vivid time
intervals. A single layer PCB has to be baked at 150-200°C for 5hr.

3.2.4 SMT-Surface Mounting Technology

Loading is a pre-requisite step. SMT process involves four steps namely:
i. Screen printing: In this step, solder paste is applied to the PCB through a stencil using
a squeegee asshown in the Fig3.2.4. and Fig 3.2.5 shows an example stencil. The
solder paste is placed on the pads where the components will be attached.

Fig 3.2.4: Screen Printing

Fig 3.2.5:Stencile used in Screen Printing

ii. Pick and place: Automated machines (pick and place machines) are used to

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 precisely pick up electronic components from reels or trays and accurately place
them onto the solder paste on the PCB according to the design layout. Pick and
Place Machine is shown in Fig 3.2.6 below.

Fig 3.2.6: Pick and Place Machine

iii. Reflow: The PCB with the components and solder paste is then passed through a
reflow oven where the entire assembly is heated to a temperature where the solder
paste melts and creates electrical connections between the components and the PCB
pads. This process typically involves several heating zones to ensure proper
soldering without damaging the components. The Fig 3.2.7 illustrates various
heating zones inside a Reflow Oven.

Fig 3.2.7: Reflow Oven

iv. Quality Check: Once the reflow process is complete, the PCB undergoes various

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 quality checks to ensure that all components are properly soldered, there are no
soldering defects, and the circuit functions correctly. This may include visual
inspection, automated optical inspection (AOI), X-ray inspection, and functional
testing. Quality check process checks for two types of defects Soldering defects and
Components defects as shown in Fig 3.2.8.

Fig 3.2.8: Defects that are detected during Quality check

3.2.5 PMSO & Through Hole

In Post Machine Soldering Operation (PMSO) the through hole components are placed
and soldered. Through hole is the method in which components are mounted onto a PCB
by hooking the leads through the holes drilled into the PCB as shown in Fig 3.4.9.

Fig 3.2.9: Soldering Through Hole components

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The leads are then soldered to the opposite side of the board to keep them fixed. The
Through-Hole technology has the following phases:

i. Masking: This step involves applying a masking material to areas of the PCB
where solder should not adhere during the soldering process.
ii. Component Insertion: Electronic components with wire leads are manually or
automatically inserted into pre-drilled holes on the PCB.
iii. Wave Soldering: The PCB is passed over a wave of molten solder, which flows
through the holes and creates solder joints between the leads of the components and
the PCB pads.
iv. De-masking: After soldering, any masking material applied earlier is removed from
the PCB.
v. Cleaning: The PCB is cleaned to remove any flux residues or contaminants left
over from the soldering process.
vi. Testing and QC: Once cleaning is complete, the PCB undergoes various tests and
quality checks to ensure that all components are properly soldered, there are no
soldering defects, and the circuit functions correctly.

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 CHAPTER 4

REFLECTION NOTES

4.1 Applications
• KiCad provides a comprehensive set of tools for schematic capture, PCB layout, and
3D visualization, making it suitable for designing complex electronic circuits.
• KiCad supports integration with various external tools for simulation, manufacturing,
and documentation.
• Keil provides powerful debugging features, including real-time code analysis,
simulation, and support for various debugging tools like JTAG and SWD.
• Electronics Manufacturing Services play a crucial role in the electronics industry by
helping companies bring their products to market efficiently and cost-effectively.
• Consumer Electronics: EMS providers manufacture a wide range of consumer
electronics, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and televisions.
• Industrial Equipment: Industrial automation, control systems, and machinery often
rely on EMS for electronic components and assembly.
• Medical Devices: Medical equipment, including diagnostic devices and patient
monitoring systems, benefit from EMS for precise and reliable manufacturing.
• Automotive Electronics: EMS providers play a vital role in the production of
automotive electronic components, from sensors and infotainment systems to safety
features.
• Aerospace and Defence: The aerospace and defense industries require highly reliable
and complex electronic systems, often relying on EMS for manufacturing.
• Telecommunications: Telecom equipment, such as networking hardware and
infrastructure components, is frequently manufactured by EMS providers.
• IoT Devices: The Internet of Things (IoT) industry relies on EMS for the assembly of
various connected devices and sensors.
• Energy and Renewable Energy: EMS is involved in the production of electronic
components for energy generation and storage, including solar inverters and battery
management systems.
• Wearable Technology: Wearables like fitness trackers and smartwatches are
manufactured with the help of EMS

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4.2 Advantages
• Cost Efficiency: Outsourcing manufacturing to EMS providers often results in cost
savings, as they have economies of scale and specialized equipment.
• Focus on Core Competencies: Companies can focus on their core competencies,
such as product design and marketing, while leaving manufacturing to EMS experts.
• Scalability: EMS providers can quickly scale production up or down in response to
changes in demand, saving companies from overcommitting to in-house facilities.
• Expertise: EMS companies have the expertise and experience to ensure the highest
quality and reliability of electronic products.
• Advanced Technology: EMS providers invest in state-of-the-art manufacturing
technology, reducing the need for companies to make significant capital investments.
• Global Reach: EMS providers often have a global presence, facilitating access to
international markets and reducing shipping costs and time.
• Regulatory Compliance: EMS companies are well-versed in industry standards and
regulatory requirements, ensuring that products meet necessary compliance standards.
• Faster Time-to-Market: With the resources and capabilities to handle
manufacturing, EMS providers can help bring products to market more quickly.
• Supply Chain Management: EMS providers manage the entire supply chain,
including component sourcing, reducing the risk of supply chain disruptions.
• Quality Control: EMS providers employ stringent quality control measures to ensure
the reliability and performance of electronic products.

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 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the product development process involving the design of a PCB using
KiCad and programming with Keil has proven to be a comprehensive and effective
approach. This report has highlighted the key stages, from concept to prototype,
demonstrating the significance of meticulous planning, efficient collaboration, and robust
testing. By leveraging the capabilities of KiCad for hardware design and Keil for software
development, we have successfully navigated the complex landscape of product
development. As technology continues to evolve, the integration of these tools ensures
that our products remain at the forefront of innovation. Ultimately, this process serves as
a testament to the continuous commitment to excellence in the realm of product
development.

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 REFERENCES
1. Vinyas Innovation Technology official website. https://www.vinyasit.com/
2. KiCad official website. https://www.kicad.org/
3. Keil official website. https://www.keil.com/

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