Title: Navigating the Challenges of Road Traffic Accident Literature Review

Embarking on a literature review can often feel like traversing a labyrinthine maze, especially when
delving into the complex realm of road traffic accidents. As researchers, we understand the daunting
task of sifting through countless studies, analyzing data, and synthesizing findings to construct a
comprehensive review. The process demands meticulous attention to detail, critical analysis, and a
deep understanding of the subject matter.

Road traffic accidents constitute a multifaceted issue with far-reaching implications, encompassing
aspects of public health, transportation infrastructure, law enforcement, and beyond. Therefore,
conducting a literature review in this domain requires a multidisciplinary approach, drawing insights
from various fields such as epidemiology, engineering, psychology, and sociology.

One of the primary challenges researchers encounter is the sheer volume of literature available on
road traffic accidents. With an ever-growing body of research publications, navigating through this
vast sea of information can be overwhelming. Identifying relevant studies, distinguishing between
credible sources and anecdotal evidence, and synthesizing diverse perspectives into a coherent
narrative pose significant hurdles.

Furthermore, the heterogeneity of research methodologies, data sources, and study designs adds
another layer of complexity to the literature review process. Researchers must critically evaluate the
methodological rigor of each study, assess the validity and reliability of findings, and reconcile
discrepancies across different research approaches.

In addition to methodological challenges, researchers often grapple with conceptual nuances and
theoretical frameworks underlying road traffic accident research. Understanding the underlying
factors contributing to accidents, such as human behavior, environmental factors, and systemic
issues, requires a nuanced understanding of relevant theories and models.

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In conclusion, road accidents end hundreds of thousands of lives across the world every
year.However a lot of these road accidents can be preventable. Provision is made to prevent foreign
drivers escaping punishment in Great Britain by requiring them to pay a deposit where an offence is
committed. The most likely reason for this is that driving simulators do. By continuing we’ll assume
you’re on board with our cookie policy. They can just place them in space and they stay in one place.
Milgram, and Smiley 2000; Godthelp 1986; Mourant and Ge. Obviously, brake failure can be a
significant factor in. Key descriptive statistics for spatial and temporal distribution of crashes are
presented. Wheel clamping introduced in Central London. 1984 Lorries and trailers to be fitted with
spray reducing devices. 1985 Sinclair C5 launched. Wood 2002; Oxley et al. 2006). Chronic disease
and medica-. The driver of the BMW (WT584HBC) admitted in his statement that he was using the
Autocruise function on his controls, which was set to 80mph. The present work is a retrospective
study aims to provide a descriptive analysis of the available data concerning road traffic injuries in
Iraq during the period 2006 to 2020. The rear of the bus was vertical and appears to be nearly
undamaged. Every accident where there is injury to a person or if you were unable to exchange your
details with the other party (for whatever reason) or where there is an offence or alleged offence. If
they threw something when doing a spacewalk, that object would continue moving in the same
direction and with the same speed unless interfered with; for example, if a planet's gravity pulled on
it (Note: This is a really simple way of describing a big idea. On the other hand, improper
infrastructure also one of the causes of escalating accident rate in Malaysia. In accidents resulting in
any severity of casualty, inattention was the most common contributory factor, found in 25% of all
accidents examined in the trial. The most frequently injured body regions as reported in the latest
studies were head and neck, followed by upper and lower extremities, which was found to be
opposite to that of the studies reported earlier. The injured passengers were admitted to Bolpur Sub-
divisional Hospital at Sian. Since you yourself are a moving object subject to Newton’s laws, you
will need external forces yourself to change your motion. Second Dartford Tunnel opened in May at
a cost of ?45, having taken eight years to build. Judging from the debris and gougemark on the
roadway, the bus did not move appreciably after the collision. To browse Academia.edu and the
wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The
incident may turn into a criminal investigation into offences such as 'causing death through reckless
driving' or 'manslaughter' and as such should be treated as a crime scene. Rain had discontinued
before impact but spray was still being cast-up by vehicles. The striking portion of the vehicle must
be lower than the height of the pedestrian. Alongside the humanitarian tragedies, every year, there
are considerable economic losses in Iraq lost due to the epidemic of RTAs. The statistical analysis
showed no significant correlation between motorization rate and each of crashes, mortalities and
injuries. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. A crash which stops the car and
driver must take away all its kinetic energy, and the work-energy principle then dictates that a longer
stopping distance decreases the impact force.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but
insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages. The need for this analysis of the spatial
distribution of traffic accidents, as an aid to select the most appropriate type of accident reduction
program (e.g. site, route and area plans) and assessing the effectiveness of such plans after
implementation, is very important. When the car went out of control she had been in a very sleepy
state herself but woke suddenly on the first impact. A particle P is projected with velocity 40 ms-1 at
an angle of elevation of 32. They can just place them in space and they stay in one place. Either a
stretching or non-stretching seat belt reduces the impact force compared to no seatbelt. Step 3 Write
down what you know and what you want to find out. Casualties totaled 315,000 including 3650
fatalities, 444 of them being motorcyclists and 1124 pedestrians. Aldhalemi The target 3.6 of The
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) asserted the halving of the number of global deaths and
injuries from road traffic crashes by 2030.During the first Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-
2020), the Iraqi government couldn't achieve this international commitment and fatalities and injuries
witnessed ascending trends. Step 2 Treat the vertical and horizontal components as separate. Thus,
the annual accident count at a particular location will vary from year to year, and for a particular
year, the annual accident count will vary from location to location too. The same is true when they
throw objects for the camera. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of road
traffic accidents (RTAs), road traffic injuries (RTIs), and their causes in Sulaimaniyah City,
Kurdistan Region, Iraq. We should be very careful and attentive while driving on the roads. The
force that produces the acceleration is the side thrust between the tires and the road; that is to say,
friction. There are plans to force drivers over 70 to undergo medical tests to prove that they are fit to
continue driving. Provision is made to prevent foreign drivers escaping punishment in Great Britain
by requiring them to pay a deposit where an offence is committed. To learn more about air-bags visit
the Insurance Institute For Highway Safety where we got the air-bag picture. Find the time of flight
and its range on a horizontal plane. 2. On a horizontal plane the range of a projectile is 160m and the
time of flight is 4s. Bumpers are designed to protect the car, airbags are designed to protect people.
These times should therefore been seen as on the low side for most parties. Find its velocity. 3. Two
cars are moving in the same direction. There are three primary geometric elements in highway. In
2004 the Government published the first three year review of the Strategy, which evaluated the
effectiveness of the Strategy and the likelihood of delivering the 2010 targets. General Motors
announce that they intend to close the Vauxhall car plant in Luton with the loss of 2000 jobs. DETR
report that in 1997 3,599 people were killed, 42,967 were seriously injured and 327,544 were slightly
injured on Great Britain's roads. 1999 Completely revised and updated edition of the Highway Code
published. Every accident where there is injury to a person or if you were unable to exchange your
details with the other party (for whatever reason) or where there is an offence or alleged offence.
Schoppert (1957) examined crash occurrence on two-lane. Road traffic accidents end hundreds of
thousands of lives across the world every year. From Newton's first law if there is no force on an
object it will move with a constant velocity.
In statements, the front-seat passenger stated that during the drive the CD player had been on and
they vehicle occupants had been listening to music. It's function is to promote transport safety
amongst MPs and ultimately effect legislative changes. It seems that driving rules and regulations
need to be revised so that they can have more deterrent power in preventing injuries and deaths from
driving accidents. Vehicles have caused road accident because their owners did not properly maintain
and regularly inspect the vehicle during the operation. The most frequently injured body regions as
reported in the latest studies were head and neck, followed by upper and lower extremities, which
was found to be opposite to that of the studies reported earlier. The pedestrian’s head may or may
not impact the vehicle. Close up photographs of damage, such as smashed windscreens and
collapsed wheels, will also be required. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie
policy. These newspaper reports will be helpful for students of class 5 to class 12. From Ian Pepper
Crime Scene Investigation Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 2004, p. Page 68. The Female
front-seat passenger had minor facial injuries and severe neck pain. These cookies help provide
information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. It was concluded that
the fatality rate for the province was 25.6, and the mean accident to injury ratio was 8:4. A simple
and better known approach to estimate impact speed of the striking vehicle is to use the sliding
distance the pedestrian body skidded to a stop (not throw distance) and apply an energy dissipation
equation. On-board computers A third method involves the use of an on-board acceleration-sensitive
computer. Both rear-seat passengers stated that they were arguing with their boyfriends in the front
of the car over where they should go that evening and did not see another vehicle coming towards
them. SLR is used to find the most relevant journals, research topics, trends in the field, multi-criteria
spatial dataset parameters, estimation methods, trends, the best methods currently, proposed
improvement methods, and the most commonly used efforts to determine in a collection of road
traffic accidents. Weather conditions at the time of the collision were bright and sunny. While most
accidents are minor, a significant number of accidents result in some form of legal action, either civil
or criminal. There are some actions that we can do to avoid this unwanted incident to happen. The
gear lever of the Corsa was positioned in 5th gear but the engine was stalled. With the speed and
direction of both vehicles known just after impact, conservation of momentum can be used to
determine the speed and direction of both vehicles just prior to impact (again, skid marks specifying
pre-impact direction). Feedback re: Investigation, inform 3rd parties, update manual. However, the
increased friction generated by a heavier vehicle in a skid, directly compensates for the fact that the
heavier vehicle initially had more energy. After importing all geographical features and attribute data
into a spatial database using PostgreSQL and PostGIS; spatial queries have been performed to
extract the geographical features. Bumpers are designed to protect the car, airbags are designed to
protect people. In this paper, a review of the available crash data in Iraq will be presented. Heavy
commercial vehicles up to three years old must also Page 64. Weather constitutes a set of
environmental factors that can. Wood 2002; Oxley et al. 2006). Chronic disease and medica-.
The fixed penalty fine could rise to ?60 at the same time. The pedestrian's position at impact, his
position in relation to the front of the vehicle, as well as the height of the pedestrian are factors that
will influence the location of impacts. The crash severity index developed by the Roads and Traffic
Authority of New South Wales was utilized for ranking and prioritizing of hotspot areas based on
accident information. Step 2 Treat the vertical and horizontal components as separate. The force
pushing the ball out was equal to the force pushing the cannon back, but the effect on the cannon is
less noticeable because it has a much larger mass. For example, in the summer of 2003, 86-year-old
George Russell Weller drove his car into a Santa Monica, California street market, killing 10 people
and injuring numerous others. They can just place them in space and they stay in one place. All else
being equal, higher traffic volume and longer curves. New regulations require that those
accompanying learner drivers must have held a full driving licence for at least three years and are 21
years old or over. 'Compulsory Basic Training' for motorcyclists introduced. If the kinetic energy
changes then it is an inelastic collision. The basic finding of these analyses concerning geometric. The
visual demand of driving horizontal curves has also been. A loaded lorry, with eight members, was
rushing, at a high speed, from south to north. For road departure crashes the main factors of
additional. Driving at excessive speed was the most statistically significant factor leading to a high
proportion of deaths and injuries. Other measures 10. The Bill also contains several other measures
intended to contribute to the overall programme of improving safety on our roads. A vehicle of mass
900 kg can be moved slowly and steadily along a horizontal surface by a force of 5740 N with the
wheels locked. Soon a large crowd gathered and tens1on rose high. Both vehicles were then pulled-
up on the hard-shoulder. The fourth impact orientation is the roof vault, which begins initially like a
wrap trajectory but in this case the pedestrian’s legs do not stay ahead of the vehicle. The results of
finding indicates a total of 263 Road traffic crashes were occurred in the five towns from which
about 120 fatal occurred on people, 74 injuries. However, the road surface conditions at the time of
the accident are typically reported in the Motor Vehicle Accident Report. Thus, the annual accident
count at a particular location will vary from year to year, and for a particular year, the annual accident
count will vary from location to location too. We’ve also added a Free PDF at the end of this article.
However, we do not have a big number of experience drivers on the road.The inexperience drivers
will give problems to other people and they can be the causes of accidents on the road. The accuracy
of the proposed model will play an essential role in the successful software development of GIS. Dr.
Wagner is a physics professor who is also a valued accident reconstruction expert. Determining the
coefficient of friction Ideally, the coefficient of friction should be determined at the accident scene.
Bumpers are designed to protect the car, airbags are designed to protect people. Either a stretching
or non-stretching seat belt reduces the impact force compared to no seatbelt.
Gas is very compressible and very well suited to absorbing the energy of impact. Whether considered
on a per mile basis or a per population. They are not, and are not meant to be, a comprehensive
description of the Bill. The higher the impact speed of the vehicle the further back from the front
end of the vehicle the damage will tend to be, and the more severe. In Malaysia, it represents a major
public problem because of the high number of victims involved and also the seriousness of the
consequences for the victim themselves and to their families as well. This idea is usually the
underlying principle used in accident reconstruction. Something that can't be measured is the
emotional cost to family members and friends when a person is killed or injured. White chevrons
painted on the M1 motorway to help drivers to keep their distance. The striking portion of the
vehicle must be lower than the height of the pedestrian. In conclusion, road accidents end hundreds
of thousands of lives across the world every year.However a lot of these road accidents can be
preventable. A horizontal force of 150 N must be applied to it before it starts to move. Petrol stations
run out of fuel bringing the Country to a standstill. Assuming the golf course is a flat horizontal
plane, calculate a) the time for which the ball is in the air before it first strikes the ground b) the
distance from the golfer that the ball will first land. 6. A cricket ball is struck at ground level by the
batsman. Fatalities have been noted at relatively low speeds, with minor injuries at high speeds. The
point data obtained using Global Positioning System and crash severity index value were added to
road network data using ArcGIS. The interactive effect of traffic volume on crash occurrence. A
questionnaire was also used to collect required data from RTA casualties who were admitted to
Sulaimaniyah Main Emergency Hospital during a 6-month period from January first till the end of
June 2014. Your body exerts a force downward and that chair needs to exert an equal force upward
or the chair will collapse. Close up photographs of damage, such as smashed windscreens and
collapsed wheels, will also be required. Driving speed is not a human factor, but rather a human.
This was confirmed by the statements of other drivers and CCTV footage. We can avoid road
accidents if we ourselves are attentive and also cautious of others’ faults who are also driving on the
roads. Judging from the debris and gougemark on the roadway, the bus did not move appreciably
after the collision. There are plans to ban the use of bull bars on four wheel drive cars. General
Motors announce that they intend to close the Vauxhall car plant in Luton with the loss of 2000 jobs.
The government has announced relief to the survivors and reparations to the families of the deceased.
Milgram, and Smiley 2000; Godthelp 1986; Mourant and Ge. Initially photographs are taken from a
distance (at times over 100 metres away), looking along the road and locating all of the vehicles
involved; this will be repeated for all the roads and junctions looking towards the vehicles. Find the
time of flight and its range on a horizontal plane. 2. On a horizontal plane the range of a projectile is
160m and the time of flight is 4s. Ravani classified the different pedestrian impact orientations into
five distinctive groups (wrap, forward projection, fender vault, roof vault, somersault).
Energy and Collisions During a collision, energy is also conserved. When it stops suddenly this
kinetic energy must be transferred into other forms of energy, one of the main forms will be heat,
which is a by-product of the skidding process. They have been prepared by the Department for
Transport in order to assist the reader of the Bill and help inform debate on it. Determining the
coefficient of friction Ideally, the coefficient of friction should be determined at the accident scene.
A single roadside breath test will be enough to prosecute a driver who is over the limit. Obviously,
brake failure can be a significant factor in. Therefore, it is clear that only through an integrated
approach significant results will be achieved. People from neighbouring villages rushed to the spot
and extended their hands in the rescue operation. This is a general rule and, as all such rules, should
be applied judiciously and with massive amounts of common sense. A loaded lorry, with eight
members, was rushing, at a high speed, from south to north. In Malaysia, it represents a major public
problem because of the high number of victims involved and also the seriousness of the
consequences for the victim themselves and to their families as well. The driver said he swerved to
avoid a vehicle coming towards him around the bend, just before the collision. Or the problem might
be to determine how far a vehicle travelled during the time when a driver was perceiving and
reacting to the incident. The driver and the man sitting next to him died on the spot. Motorists
suspected of being under the influence of drugs will face compulsory road side drug tests. If rear
passengers were not restrained they might kill passengers in the front seat by impacting them from
behind, as well as seriously injuring themselves. The figures given are only typical because in reality
the real stopping distances will be affected by different circumstances. The CSI will concentrate on
recording damage caused either during the accident or leading to the accident and not damage
caused by the emergency services, such as the removal of door pillars to reach casualties. The
resulting skid mark length, and the known initial velocity are plugged into a different version of the
skid-to-stop formula. The front-seat passenger (male) sustained head and neck injuries and was taken
to hospital. Relationships between crash occurrence and geometric and. Most traffic accidents may
be considered to be random events which depend on time and location. Cookie Settings Accept All
Reject All Privacy Policy Manage consent. Police officers will no longer have to take a second
reading at a police station. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements
that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. You must report such
accidents in person to a police station or rural mobile police station. That example is similar to the
kick when a gun fires a bullet forward. Most police forces now have available an aerial support unit
who will gladly record the scene. When this is done, there is little opportunity for any of the factors
affecting the coefficient to change. First contact is usually made at the legs, with the torso pivoting
towards the hood.