Narayana Physics Module With Exercise-908-987
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vihasithsanamNarayana Physics Module With Exercise-908-987
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vihasithsanamJEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I WAVES WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
On the basis of energy propagation particle to complete one vibration about its mean
WAVES i) Progressive wave: These waves advances
in a medium with definite velocity. These waves
position
Or it is the time taken by the wave to travel a
SYNOPSIS propagate energy in the medium. Eg: Sound distance equal to one wavelength.
wave and light waves. Time period = 1/Frequency T 1/ n
Introduction Propagation ii) Stationary wave: These waves remains 5. Wave pulse: It is a short wave produced in a
wave
There are essentially two ways of transporting stationary between two boundaries in medium. medium when the disturbance is created for a
energy from the place where it is produced to Vibration of particle Energy is not propagated by these waves but it short time.
the place where it is desired to be utilized. is confined in segments (or loops) e.g., Wave in
The first involves the actual transport of matter. ii) It travels in the form of crests(C) and a string, waves in organ pipes.
For example, a bullet fired from a gun carries troughts(T) Simple Harmonic wave
its kinetic energy with it which can be used at C C When a wave passes through a medium, if the
another location. The second method by which particles of the medium execute simple harmonic 6. Wave train: A series of wave pulse is called
energy can be transported is much more useful vibrations, then the wave is called a simple wave train.
and important, it involves what we call a wave harmonic wave. A graph is drawn (fig.) with the
T T
process. iii) Transverse waves can be transmitted displacement of the particles from their mean
A wave is a disturbance that propagates in through solids, they can be setup on the surface positions, at any given instant of time, on the
space, transports energy and momentum from of liquids. But they cannot be trnasmitted y-axis and their location from origin on x-axis.
one point to another without the transport of into liquids and gases. y 7. Wave function: It is a mathematical
matter. Waves are every where whether we iv) Medium should posses the property of description of the disturbance created by a wave.
A
recognize or not, we encounter waves on a rigidity For a string, the wave function is a displacement.
x
daily basis. Sound waves, visible light waves, v) Transverse waves can be polarised. For sound waves it is a pressure or density
radio waves, ripples on water surface, vi) Movement of string of a sitar or violin, T fluctuation where as for light waves it is electric
earthquake waves and waves on a string are movement of the membrane of a Tabla or or magnetic field.
just a few examples of waves. Characteristics of wave: Now let us consider a one dimensional wave
Dholak, movement of kink on a rope waves
Waves can be one, two or three dimensional setup on the surface of water. 1. Amplitude (A): Maximum displacement of a travelling along x-axis. During wave motion, a
according to the number of dimensions in which 2) Longitudinal waves : i) Particles of a medium vibrating particle of medium from its’ mean particle with equilibrium position x is displaced
they propagate energy. Waves moving along vibrate in the direction of wave motion. position is called amplitude. some distance y in the direction perpendicular
strings are one dimensional, ripples on liquid Propagation of wave 2. Wavelength : It is equal to the distance to the x-axis. In this case y is a function of
surface are two dimensional, while sound and position (x) and time (t).
light waves are three dimensional. Vibration of Particle travelled by the wave during the time in which
any one particle of the medium completes one i.e., y = f(x, t). This is called wave function.
Types of Waves ii) It travels in the form of compression (C) vibration about its mean position. Let the wave pulse be travelling with a speed v.
Waves can be classified in a number of ways rarefaction (R). Or After a time t, the pulse reaches a distance vt
based on the following characteristics Distance travelled by the wave in one time along the +x-axis as shown. Thus the motion of
Maximum Pressure
On the basis of necessity of medium and density period is known as wavelength. the particle P1 at distance ' x ' at time ‘ t ’ is
i)Mechanical waves: Require medium for C R C R Or same as the motion of the particle P at time
their propagation e.g., Waves on string and It is the distance between the two successive t 0 at position x0 x vt . Hence the wave
spring, waves on water surface, sound waves, points with same phase. functioon now can be represented as
seismic waves.
ii) Non-mechanical waves: Do not require Minimum Pressure
C C
y f ( x vt ) .
and density C R C R C R C
medium for their propagation are called e.g.,
iii) These waves can be transmitted through v
Electromagnetic waves like, light, heat T T
Longitudinal wave
(Infrared), radio waves, -rays, x-rays etc. solids, liquids and gases because for Transverse wave
propagation, volume elasticiy is necessary. 3. Frequency (n): Frequency of vibration of a
On the basis of vibration of particle: particle is defined as the number of vibrations
iv) Medium should posses the property of
On the basis of vibration of particle of medium completed by particle in one second.
elasticity.
waves can be classified as transverse waves (Or)it is the number of complete wavelengths =
v) Longitudinal waves can not be polarized.
and longitudinal waves. traversed by the wave in one second.
vi) Sound waves travel through air, vibration In general, then we can represent the transverse
1) Transverse waves: i) Particles of the of air column in organ pipes vibration of air Unit of frequency is hertz (Hz) or per second. position y for all positions and times, measured
medium vibrates in a direction perpendicular column above the surface of water in the tube 4. Time period (T): Time period of vibration of in stationary frame with the origin at O, as
to the direction propagation of wave of resonance apparatus. particle is defined as the time taken by the y(x, t) = f(x – vt) ............. (i)
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Similarly, if the pulse travels to the left, the 12. Phase: Phase gives the state of the vibrating Various forms of progressive wave y
transverse position of elements of the string is particle at any instant of time as regards to its function:
(i) y A sin t kx (or) y A sin( kx t )
described by position and direction of motion.
y(x, t) = f(x + vt) ............. (ii) Phase is the angular displacement from its mean o kx
The function y, sometimes called the wave position. = ( t kx) (ii) y A cos(t kx) (or) y A cos(kx t )
function, depends on the two variables x and t. If phase is constant then the shape of wave
2 Change in Phase with time for a constant x,
For this reason, it is often written y(x, t), which remains constant. (iii) y A sin t x
is read “y as a function of x and t”. i.e., at a fixed point in the medium
Equation of Progressive Wave :
Note-1: The equation y = f(vt – x) represents the 1. If during the propagation of a progressive wave, t x t x t x
displacement of the particle at x = 0 as time (iv) y A sin 2 t 2 1 ; t 2 2
the particles of the medium perform SHM about T
1
T 2
T
passes their mean position, then the wave is known as a y
y y
harmonic progressive wave. 2 T
A A (v) y A sin t x
o
T/2 T
t o
/2
t 2. Suppose a plane simple harmonic wave travels T
-A -A from the origin along the positive direction of t
2
Representation Representation x-axis from left to right as shown in the figure (vi) y A sin vt x
x y
of y f t of y f ( x vt ) v t
v
x
(vii) y A sin t
y
Note-2: If order of a wave function to represent a o x (For the wave travelling in positive x-direction)
wave, the three quantities x, v, t must appear in
x v
2 2
combinations ( x vt ) or ( x vt ) . t x t t t2 t1 t
The displacement y of a particle at O from its (viii) y A sin 2 2 1 T T
T
Thus y x vt , x vt , Ae
B x vt mean position at any time t is given by
2
2 t
2
etc.,
y A sin t . --- (1) General Expression for a Sinusoidal Wave
represents travelling waves while T
The wave reaches the particle P after time Y A sin kx t (or)
y x 2 v 2t 2 ,
x vt , A sin 4 x 2 9t 2
t .
x Phase difference
2
T
Time difference
etc. do not represent a wave. v Y A sin(t kx )
Variation of Phase with Distance
8. Harmonic wave: If a travelling wave is a sin So that the motion of the particle ‘ P ’ which is where is the phase constant, just as we learned
At a given instant of time t = t, phase at x = x1,
or cos function of x vt the wave is said to
at a distance ‘ x ’ at a time ‘ t ’ is same as motion in our study of periodic motion. This constant
t x
be harmonic or plane progressive wave.
of the particle at x 0 , at the earliear time can be determined from the initial conditions. x 2 1
x Positive and Negative Initial Phase 1
T
9. The differential form of wave equation: t .
All the travelling waves satisfy a differential v
Constants. (For the wave travelling in positive x-direction
equation which is called the wave equation. It Hence the displacement ‘ y ’ of the particle ‘ P ’ In general, the equation of a harmonic wave and phase at x = x2,
travelling along the positive x-axis is expressed t x
y 2
y 2
v 2 2 ; where v
x
at ‘ x ’ at a time ‘ t ’ in equation (1) by t . as y A sin kx t . Where is called x 2 2
is given by
t 2 x k v
2
T
the initial phase constant. It determines the initial y
It is satisfied by any equation of the form x
y A sin t A sin t kx k
displacement of the particle at x = 0 when t = 0.
y f x vt v v i)Posit ive init ial phase constant
10. Angular wave number (or) propagation In general along x-axis, y = A Sin ( t kx) y Asin(kx t ) .The sine curve starts from t
constant (k): Number of wavelengths in the + sign for a wave t ravelling along -ve the left of the origin.
distance 2 is called the wave number or X direction y
- sign for a wave travelling along +ve
2 t
propagation constant i.e., k X direction
where y is displacement of the particle after a
It is unit is rad/m. 2 2
11. Wave velocity (v): It is the distance travelled
time t from mean position, x is displacement of o
kx x x x2 x1 x
the wave, A is Amplitude. 2 1
by the disturbance in one second. It only depends is angular frequency or angular velocity 2
on the properties of the medium and is
2 / T = 2 n x
independent of time and position. ii) Negative initial phase constant
k is propagation constant & k = 2 /
y Asin(kx t ) . The sine curve starts from 2
v n For a given time ‘t’, y x graph gives the shape the right of the origin. i.e., Phase difference Path difference
T 2 k of pulse on string.
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Particle Velocity: The rate of change of Intensity is defined as power per unit area. Incident wave yi ai sin t k1 x Speed of transverse wave in a string
displacement y w.r.t time t is known as particle E P 1 i) Let a transverse pulse is travelling on a
velocity. I v 2 A2 2 2 f 2 A 2 v Reflected wave stretched string as shown in fig(a).
S t S 2 yr ar sin t k1 x
Hence from y A sin t kx
v
If frequency f is constant then I A2 a)
y Reflection and Refraction of Waves : ar sin t k1 x
Particle velocity, v p A cos t kx
t When waves are incident on a boundary between Transmitted wave, yt at sin t k2 x T cos T cos
Maximum particle velocity v p max A
two media a part of incident waves returns back dl
(ii) Wave goes from thick to thin string b)
into the initial medium (reflection) while the Incident Free boundary
T T
-x +x
y y remaining is partly absorbed and part ly wave
T sin
C
T sin
Also transmitted into the second medium (refraction) Denser Rarer ii) Now consider a small element of length dl
t k x Boundary conditions: Reflection of a wave on this pulse as shown fig (b). Let this element
Particle velocity at a given position and time is pulse from some boundary depends on the nature Transmitted wave
is forming an arc of radius R and subtending an
equal to negative of the product of wave velocity of the boundary. Reflected
angle 2 at center of curvature C.
wave
with slope of wave at that point i.e. Rigid end: When the incident wave reaches a Incident wave yi at sin t k1 x iii)We can see that two tensions T are acting on
y fixed end, it exerts an upward pull on the end, the edges of dl along tangential directions as
vWave
Reflected wave yr ar sin t k1 x 0
v shown.
x
particle according to Newton’s third law the fixed end
exerts an equal and opposite downward force iv)The horizontal components of these tensions
Particle velocity = –(wave velocity) × slope of
on the string. It result as inverted pulse or phase ar sin t k1 x cancel each other, but the vertical components
wave curve add to form a radial restoring force in downward
change of . Transmitted wave yt at sin t k2 x direction, which is given as
v Crest (C) reflects as trough (T) and vice-versa.
Note: Ratio of amplitudes: It is given as follows FR 2T sin 2T
T
v
Time changes by and Path changes by ar k1 k2 v2 v1 at 2k1 2v2 ( as sin )
2 2
ai k1 k2 v2 v1 and ai k1 k 2 v1 v2 dl dl
T 2 R
F
C C .....(1)
The Speed of A Travelling Wave R
ENERGY, POWER AND INTENSITY T i) Let a wave moves along the +ve x-axis with v) If ‘ ’ be the mass per unit length (Linear
F
velocity ‘v’ as shown in fig. density) of the string, the mass of this element is
OF A WAVE: Free end: When a wave or pulse is reflected given as dm dl . In the reference frame moving
If a wave given by y A sin(t kx) is propa- from a free end, then there is no change of phase v with wave speed, wave will appear as stationary
gating through a medium, the particle velocity (as there is no reaction force). but dl appears to be moving toward left with speed
Crest (C) reflects as crest (C) and trough (T) v then we can say that the acceleration of this
y reflects as trough (T), Time changes by zero and
will be v p A cos(t kx) element in that reference frame is
t Path changes by zero.
ii) Let a crest shown by a dot () moves a v2
If is the density of the medium, kinetic en- C C C a .....(2)
ergy of the wave per unit volume will be distance x in time t . The speed of the wave R
Now from equations (1) and (2) we have
is v x t .
dl dl v
1 y
2
1
2 A2 cos 2 (t kx )
Note: Exception: Longitudinal pressure waves dmv 2
2
2 t 2 suffer no change in phase from rigid end. i.e., iii) We can put the dot () on a point with any FR or T
compression pulse reflects as compression other phase. It will move with the same speed R R R
and its maximum value will be equal to energy
per unit volume i.e., energy density U. pulse. On the other hand if longitudinal pressure v (otherwise the wave pattern will not remain T
fixed). or v .....(3)
1 wave reflects from free end, it suffer a phase
U A 2 2
change of , i.e., compression reflects as iv) The motion of a fixed phase point on the Spacial cases:
2 rarefaction and vice-versa. wave is given by, y sin( kx ωt ) .
The energy associated with a volume V S x 1. If A is the area of cross-section of the wire then
Wave in a combination of string v) For the same particle displacement ‘y’ at linear density M / L AL / L A
will be (where ‘S’ is the area of cross section). (i) Wave goes from thin to thick string two different positions, kx ωt constant ---
T S
1
E U V A2 2 S x Incident Rigid boundary-x +x --(1) k x ωt 0 v ; where S Stress
T
2 wave
x ω x ω A A
The power (rate of transmission of energy) will Rarer Denser t k v t k 2. If string is stretched by some weight then
E 1 Mg
P v 2 A2 S 2 n
be
t 2 v 2 / n T = Mg v
Transmitted wave
x Reflected
as
t
v, (Speed of wave)
wave ( 2 n and k 2 / )
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v
Velocity at the bottom vB 0 W.E-2:The wave function of a pulse is given by W.E-4: A copper wire is held at the two ends by
rigid supports. At 30oC, the wire is just taut,
( tension TB 0 ) 3
y= where x and y are in metre and with negligible tension. Find the speed of
2x + 3t
2
T mg transverse waves in this wire at 10°C if Y =
Velocity at the top vT gl
T
t is in second. 1.3×1011N/m2, 1.7 10 5 / C and
3. If suspended weight is immersed in a liquid of ( tension TB mg lg ) (i) Identify the direction of propagation.
9 103 kg / m3
density and = density of material of the The average velocity of wave (ii) Determine the wave velocity of the pulse.
suspended load then Sol. (i) Since the given wave function is of the form Y
vT vB gl y = f(x + vt), therefore, the pulse travels along Sol. v
v
vavg
2 2 the negative x-axis.
The time taken by the transverse pulse (ii) Since 2x + 3t = constant for the same particle 1.3 1011 1.7 105 30 10
generated at bottom to reach the top is given by displacement ‘y’. Therefore, by differentiating 70m / s
9 103
l l with respect to time, we get
t 2 W.E-5: A 4 kg block is suspended from the ceiling
Mg 1 / vavg g dx dx 3
T Mg 1 v 2 3 0 v 1.5m / s of an elevator through a string having a linear
Note: Velocity at a distance x from bottom v gx dt dt 2 mass density of 19.2 × 10–3 kg m–1. Find the
4. If v1 , v2 are the velocities of transverse waves The time taken to reach the point P from bottom W.E-3:Figure shows a snapshot of a sinusoidal speed with which a wave pulse can travel on
while the load is in air medium and in water travelling wave taken at t = 0.3s. The the string if the elevator accelerates up at
medium respectively, the relative density of ma- x x wavelength is 7.5 cm and the amplitude is 2 2 ms–2? (g = 10 ms–2)
is vx v 2 g
v12 cm. If the crest P was at x = 0 at t = 0, write
terial of load is d 2 2 M g a
avg
the equation of travelling wave. T
v1 v2 W.E-1: A longitudinal progressive wave is given Sol. v
by the equation y = 5 × 10–2 sin (400 t + x)m. y
5. If v1 , v2 and v3 are the velocities of transverse
Find (i) amplitude (ii) frequency (iii) wave
4 10 2
waves while the load is in air, in water and in a P
length and (iv) velocity of the wave. (v) velocity
liquid mediums respectively, the relative den- =50ms–1.
v12 v32 1 2cm
t = 0.3s
19.2 103
sity of material of load is d 2 2 . and acceleration of particle at x m at
v1 v2 6 x
W.E-6: A uniform rope of length 12 m and mass
t = 0.01 s (vi) maximum particle velocity and 1.2cm
6 kg hangs vertically from a rigid support. A
6. If the temperature a string varies through
acceleration. block of mass 2 kg is attached to the free end
then the thermal force(tension) developed due
Sol. Comparing with the general equation of the of the rope. A transverse pulse of wavelength
to elasticity of string is T YA
v
progressive wave y = Asin( t + kx) we find, Sol. The wave has travelled a distance of 1.2 cm in
0.06 m is produced at the lower end of the
= 400 and k = 0.3s. Hence, speed of the wave,
rope. What is the wavelength of the pulse
We find v 1.2 / 0.3 4cm / s and 7.5cm when it reaches the top of the rope ?
(i) A = 5 × 10–2 m.
2 2
YA Y 400 k 0.84cm 1
Sol. Now as v T /
v
(ii) n 200 Hz 7.5
2 2
where Y = Young’s modulus of elasticity of string, Angular frequency vk 4 0.84
A = Area of cross section of string, 2 2
(iii) 2m 3.36rad / s
Temperature coefficient of thermal expansion, k v
Since the wave is travelling along positive x-
400
= Density of wire (iv) v 400ms 1 direction and crest (maximum displacement) is
A k at x = 0 at t = 0, we can write the wave equation
7. Velocity of wave in vertical strings. If a thick
string is suspended vertically then (v) v p A cos t t kx 10 3ms 1
as, y A sin kx t
Top
a p A2 sin t kx 4 104 ms 2 2
l (vi) vmax A 20 ms 1 (or) y x, t A cos kx t vT T 6 2 g
T 2
x amax A 8 10 ms
2 4 2 Therefore, the desired equation is, vB TB 2g
y x, t 2 cos 0.84 x 3.36 t cm So, T 2 B 2 0.06 0.12m
Bottom
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W.E-7: A uniform rope of mass 0.1 kg and length W.E-9:Two blocks each having a mass of 3.2kg W.E-11: A long wire PQR is made by joining two L L
0 M o ax 2 dx 0 T dt
1
2.45m hangs from a ceiling. (a) Find the speed are connected by wire CD and the system is wires PQ and QR of equal radii as shown.
of transverse wave in the rope at a point 0.5m suspended from the ceiling by another wire PQ has length 4.8m and mass 0.06kg. QR has
distant from the lower end, b) Calculate the AB. The linear mass density of the wire AB length 2.56 m and mass 0.2kg. The wire PQR L
time taken by a transverse wave to travel the is 10 g/m and that of CD is 80 g/m. Find the is under a tensioon of 80N. A sinusoidal wave 2 M ax 3 2
T t 0
o t
full length of the rope (g = 9.8 m/s2) speed of a transverse wave pulse produced in pulse of amplitude 3.5cm is sent along the
Sol. a) If M is the mass of string of length L, the mass AB and CD and ratio of speeds of transverse 3
pulse in AB to that in CD.
wire PQ from the end P. No power is dissipated 0
of length x of the string will be (M/L)x. during the propagation of the wave pulse.
2
Sol. Tension in string AB is TAB 6.4kg 64 N M o L 2 M o 2
3 3
a. Find the time taken by the wave pulse to reach t
Thus speed of transverse wave in string AB is the other end R of the wire . 3 T
b. The amplitudes of reflected and transmitted W.E-13: A stretched string is forced to transmit
TAB 64
v AB wave pulse after incident on the joint Q. transverse waves by means of an oscillator
10 103 6400 80m / s
v
AB Q coupled to one end. The string has a diameter
Tension in string CD is T 3.2kg 32 N P R of 4 mm. The amplitude of the oscillation is
48m
Thus speed of transverse waves in string CD is 2.56m 104 m and the frequency is 10 Hz. Tension in
P R the string is 100N and mass density of wire
l1 l2
T 32 Sol. a.
vCD CD 4.2 103 kgm 3 . Find
Mx DC 80 103
T g M 1 0.06 1 (a) the equation of the waves along the string
L v AB 80 1 kg / m (b) the energy per unit volume of the wave
400 20m / s 4 :1 l1 4.8 80 (c) the average energy flow per unit time across
T Mgx vCD 20
So, v gx ......... 1 M 0.2 20 any section of the string
M WE-10 A progressive wave travels in a medium 2 2 kg / m Sol.(a) Speed of transverse wave on the string is
L l2 2.56 256
L M 1 and enters into another medium M 2 in T
which its speed decreases to 75% . What is 80 v A
Hence x = 0.5m
v1
T
80m / s A
So, v 0.5 9.8 2.21m / s the ratio of the amplitude and intensity of 1 1
the 100
dx dt dx a. Reflected and the incident waves, and 80 v
dx
b) v gx b. Transmitted and the incident waves? T 80 (4.2 103 ) (4.0 103 )2
dt dt gx v2 256 4 32m / s
Sol. let Ai , Ar and At be the amplitudes of the inci- 2 20 / 256 A 4
L g
t L
1 1 2
dt x dx t 2 dents, reflected, and transmitted waves.
l1 l2 4.8 2.56 43.53ms 1
0 0 g Given that, velocity in the medium refracted is t t1 t2 2 n 20 rad / s 62.83 rad/s
75% of that in the initial medium. V1 V2 80 32
Here, L = 2.45 m , t 2 2.45 / 9.8 1s 3 = 0.06 + 0.08 = 0.14sec
k 1.44m 1
v2 v1 v
W.E-8:The strings, shown in figure, are made 4 v v 32 80 Equation of the waves along the string
ofsame material and have same cross-section. v2
1 3 b. Ar 2 1 Ai 3.5 1.5cm
The pulleys are light. The wave speed of a Ar v2 v1 v1 1 1 v2 v1 32 80 y ( x, t ) A sin( kx t )
4
transverse wave in the string AB is v1 and in Ai v2 v1 v2 1 3 7 thus Ar 1.5cm and -ve sign represents that the (104 m ) sin (1.44m 1 ) x (62.83rads 1 )t
1
CD it is v2 . Find v1 / v2 . a. v1 4 reflected pulse suffers a phase difference of (b) Energy per unit volume of the string,
Sol: If T1 and T2 are the tensions in strings AB and A radian. 1
i.e., the required ration is A 1: 7 and u energy density A
r 2 2
CD respectively then T2 = 2T1. 2v2 2 32 2
At Ai 3.5 2cm .
i
1 1
v1 v2 80 32
Ir
A
I A2 u (4.2 103 )(62.83) 2 (10 4 ) 2
I i 49 2
W.E-12: A wave pulse starts propagating in +ve
3 8.29 102 Jm 3
T1 T1 2 X-direction along a non-uniform wire of
2 1
At 2v2 2v / v 4 6 (c) Average energy flow per unit time P = power
length ‘L’, with mass per unit length given by
b. Ai v2 v1
v2 3
1 1 7 M o x and under a tension of TN. Find 1
2 A2 ( Sv) (u )(Sv )
v1 4
T2
the time taken by the pulse to travel from the 2
D At
6 : 7 and lighter end (x = 0) to the heavier end.
i.e., t he required ratio is Ai P (8.29 102 ) (4.0 103 ) 2 (43.53)
v1 T1 v1 1 dx T T 4
As v T v T v I A2
It 36
Sol. v dt M x 4.53 105 Js 1
2 2 2 2 I i 49 o
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Principle of Superposition:
y1 a1 sin t , y2 a2 sin t then by the a1
2
x
1. The displacement at any time due to a number 2
1 From figure, we get cos
I max I1 I 2 a1 a2 a2 2
2
principle of superposition y y1 y2
of waves meeting simultaneously at a point in a
7. I min I1 I 2 a1 a2 a1 1 x 2 cos ------(1)
medium is the vector sum of the individual a2 For maximum intensity path difference
displacements due to each one of the waves at x N --------(2)
that point at the same time. y a1 sin t a2 sin t A sin t W.E-14: Two loud speakers L1 and L2 , driven by
a common oscillator and amplifier, are From equations (1) and (2) we get
2. If y1 , y2 , y3........... are the displacements at a where A a a 2a1a2 cos and
2
1
2
2
arranged as shown. The frequency of the 2 cos N 2cos N
particular time at a particular position, due to oscillator is gradually increased from zero at least p is Ist maxima N 1
a2 sin and the detector at D records a series of
individual waves, then the resultant tan 1
a1 a2 cos maxima and minima. cos 60
displacement. D 2
40m
Amplitude A
2 L1
y y1 y2 y3 ......... Since Intensity (I) x
tan x D tan 60 x 3D
9m
2 D
I a L2 Standing Waves or Stationary Waves:
1 1 If the speed of sound is 330 m/s then the fre- When two sets of progressive wave trains of
I 2 a2 quency at which the first maximum is ob- same type (both longitudinal or both transverse)
Therefore, the resultant intensity is given by served is having the same amplitude and same time period/
40m D
L1 frequency/wavelength travelling with same
I I1 I 2 2 I1I 2 cos speed along the same straight line in opposite
3. Important applications of superposit ion Sol. 9m
directions superimpose, a new set of waves are
principle. L2 41m
It is clear from figure that the path difference formed. These are called stationary waves or
i) Interference of waves: Adding waves that Table: Constructive standing waves.
differ in phase. and destructive interference between L1D and L2 D is x 41 40 1m These waves are formed only in a bounded
ii) Formation of stationary waves: Adding medium.
When the waves meet When the waves meet a
For maximum x N where N = 1, 2, 3.... In practice, a stationary wave is formed when a
waves that differ in direction. v
a point with same phase, point with opposite phase, wave train is reflected at a boundary. The
iii) Formation of beats: Adding waves that constructive interference destructive interference for Ist maximum N = 1, incident and reflected waves then interface to
differ in frequency. n
is obtained at that point is obtained at that point produce a stationary wave.
Interference of Sound waves v 330
(i.e., maximum sound) (i.e., minimum sound) x 1 1 1 n 330 Hz 1. Suppose that two super imposing waves are
incident wave y1 a sin t kx and reflected
1. When two waves of same frequency, same n n
wavelength, same velocity (nearly equal Phase difference between Phase difference W.E-15: Two coherent narrow slits emitting of
amplitude) moves in the same direction. Their the waves at the point of = 180° (or) (2n1); wavelength in the same phase are placed wave y2 a sin t kx
superimposition results in the interference. observation =0°(or) 2n n = 1,2,...... parallel to each other at a small separation (As y2 is the displacement due to reflected wave
2. Due to interference the resultant intensity of of 2 . The sound is detected by moving a from a free boundary)
Phase difference between Phase difference
sound at a point is different from the sum of
detector on the screen S at a distance Then by principle of superposition
the waves at the point of
2n 1 D from the slit S1 as shown in figure.
intensities due to each wave separately. observation = n 2 y = y1 + y2 = a sin t kx sin t kx
3. Interference is of two type (i) Constructive i.e., even multiple of /2) (i.e., odd multiple of /2) P
interference (ii) Destructive interference CD CD
Resultant amplitude at Resultant amplitude at
x ( sin C + sin D 2sin cos )
4. In interference energy is neither created nor 2 2 2
the point of observation the point of observation
y 2a cos kx sin t
O
destroyed but is redistributed. S1 S2
will be maximum will be minimum
5. For observable interference, the sources Amax = a1 + a2 Amax = a1a2
D
S (If reflection takes place from rigid end, then
(producing interfering waves) must be coherent. equation of st ationary wave will be
If a1 = a2 = a0 If a1 = a2 Amax = 0
6. Let at a given point two waves arrives with phase Amax = 2a0 y 2a sin kx cos t )
Find the distance x such that the intensity at
difference and the equation of these waves is P is equal to the intensity at O. 2. As this equation satisfies the wave equation.
Resultant intensity at the Resultant intensity at the
given by Sol. 2 y 2 y
point of observation will point of observation will v 2 2 . It represents a wave
be maximum be minimum t 2 x
A
Imax I1 I 2 2 I1 I 2 I min I1 I 2 2 I1 I 2 3. As it is not of the form f ax bt , the wave is
a2 2 2 not progressive.
I1 I 2 I1 I 2 4. Amplitude of the wave ASW = 2a cos kx.
If I1 = I2 = I0 Imin = 0 If I1 = I2 = I0 Imin = 4I0 5. Nodes (N): The points where amplitude is
minimum are called nodes.
a1 i)Distance between two successive nodes is / 2
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ii) Nodes are at permanent rest. 2. Overtone: The harmonics other than the first 1 vi) Positions of nodes:
iii) At nodes air pressure and density both are (fundamental note) which are actually produced iii) l 1 2l
l 2l 3l
high. 2 xN 0, , , .........l
by the instrument are called overtones. e.g. the iv) Fundamental frequency or first harmonic P P P
tone with frequency immediately higher than the
1 T 1 T vii) Positions of antinodes:
fundamental is defined as first overtone.
n1
3. Octave: The tone whose frequency is doubled 1 2l x AN
l 3l 5l
, , .....
2P 1 l
the fundamental frequency is defined as Octave. 10. Second mode of vibration: 2 P 2P 2 P 2P
6. Antinodes (A): The points of maximum i) If n2 = 2n1 it means n2 is an octave higher than Sonometer
amplitudes are called antinodes. n1 or n1 is an octave lower than n2. 1. It is an apparatus, used to produce resonance
(i) The distance between two successive ii) If n2 = 23 n1, it means n2 is 3-octave higher or (matching frequency) of tuning fork (or any
antinodes is / 2 n1 is 3-octave lower.
l
l
source of sound) with stretched vibrating string.
(ii) At antinodes air pressure and density both iii) Similarly, if n2 = 2nn1 it means n2 is n-octave i) Number of loops p = 2 2. It consists of a hollow rectangular box of light
are low. higher or n1 is n octave lower. wood. The experimental set up fitted on the box
(iii) The distance between a node (N) and 4. Unison: If time period is same i.e., two l l
ii) Plucking at (from one fixed end) is shown below.
adjoining antinode (A) is / 4 frequencies are equal then vibrating bodies are 2 2 4 Experimental Rider Bridge
7. Amplitude of standing waves in two said to be in unison. iii) l 2
wire
different cases: Standing Waves on a String Tension
iv) Second harmonic or first over tone. T = mg
1. Consider a string of length l, stretched under Resonance Box
1 T 1 T
Table: : Amplitude in two tension T between two fixed points. n2 2n1
different cases 2. If the string is plucked and then released, a 2 l
transverse harmonic wave propagates along it’s 11. Third mode of vibration: 3. The box serves the purpose of increasing the
Reflection at open end Reflection at closed end length and is reflected at the end. loudness of the sound produced by the vibrating
or free boundary or rigid boundary i) Number of loops p = 3
3. The incident and reflected waves will wire.
l 1
ASW = 2a cos kx ASW = 2a sin kx superimpose to produce transverse stationary ii) Plucking at (from one fixed one) 4. If the length of the wire between the two bridges
waves in a string. 23 6 is l, then the frequency of vibrat ion is
Amplitude is maximum Amplitude is maximum 4. Nodes (N) are formed at rigid end and antinodes 3 3 2l
when cos kx = 1 when sin kx = 1 (A) are formed in between them. iii) l 3 n
1 T
T
kx 0, 2,........n 3 2n 1 5. Number of antinodes = Number of nodes –1
2 3 2l r 2
kx , .... iv) Third harmonic or second over tone.
x 0, , .......
n 2 2 2 6. Velocity of wave (incident or reflected wave) (r = Radius of the wire, = Density of material
2 2
x
3
, ............... T n3
1 T
3 T
3n1 of wire) = mass per unit length of the wire
2 4 4 is given by v . 3 2l 5. Resonance: When a vibrating tuning fork is
Where k
2
Where k 12. More about string vibration placed on the box, and if the length between the
and n = 0, 1, 2, 3..... 7. Frequency of vibration (n) = Frequency of wave bridges is property adjusted then if
i) In general, if the string is plucked at length
and n = 1, 2, 3,....... v 1 T (n)Fork = (n)string rider is thrown off the wire.
l
, then it vibrates in p segments (loops) and Laws of string
Amplitude is minimum Amplitude is minimum 2p
when cos kx = 0 when sin kx = 0 i) Law of length: If T and are constant then
8. For obtaining p loops (p-segments) in string, it
3 2n 1 p T 1
3 2n 1 l we have the pth harmonic n n p n nl constant n1l1 n2l2
kx kx , ....
, ....
2 2 2 2 2 2 has to be plucked at a distance from one 2l l
2p
3 n ii) All even and odd harmonics are present. Ratio n l
x , ......... x 0, , ....... fixed end.
of harmonic = 1 : 2 : 3...... If % change is less than 5% then
4 4 2 2 9. Fundamental mode of vibration n l
iii) Ratio of over tones = 2 : 3 : 4 ......
n l
2l or 100% 100%
Terms related to the Application of Stationary iv) General formula for wavelength ; n l
wave P ii) Law of mass: If T and l are constant then
l where P = 1, 2, 3,..... correspond to 1st, 2nd, 3rd
1. Harmonics: The frequency which are the
modes of vibratio of the string. 1 n 2
integral multiple of the fundamental frequency i) Number of loops p = 1 n 1
are known as harmonics e.g. if n be the v n2 1
fundamental frequency, then the frequencies n, l v) General formula for frequency n P
ii) Plucking at (from one fixed end) 2l n 1
2n, 3n ...... are termed as first, second, third .... 2 If % change is less than 5% then
harmonics. n 2
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n W.E-16: The vibrations of a string of length 60 W.E-18: A wire having a linear mass density W.E-21 A sonometer wire has a length of 114 cm
or 100% 100%
n cm fixed at both ends are represented by the 5.0×10–3 kg/m is streched between two rigid between two fixed ends. Where should two
iii) Law of density: If T, l and r are constant supports with a tension of 450 N. The wire bridges be placed to divide the wire into three
x
equation. y 4 sin cos 96t Where x
resonates at a frequency of 420 Hz. The next segments whose fundamental frequencies are
1 n1 2
then n n const n 15 higher frequency at which the same wire in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4 ?
2 1 and y are in cm and t in sec. resonates is 490 Hz. Find the length of the
wire. Sol. In case of a given wire under constant tension,
If % change is less than 5% then a)What is the maximum displacement at
n 1 n x = 5 cm ?
Sol. Suppose the wire vibrates at 420 Hz in its nth fundamental frequency of vibration n 1/ l
or 100% 100% harmonic and at 490 Hz in its (p + 1)th harmonic.
n 2 n b)What are the nodes located along the string ?
490 p 1 1 1 1
or p 6 l1 : l2 : l3 : : 12 : 4 : 3
iv) Law of tension: If l and are constant c) What is the velocity of the particle at 1 3 4
x = 7.5 cm and t = 0.25 s ? 420 p
then n T l1 72cm; l2 24cm; l3 18cm
d) Write down the equations of component waves 6 450 900
n n T
const 1 1
M1 whose superposition gives the above wave. 420 l 2.1m First bridge is to be placed at 72 cm from
n2 T2 M2 2l 5.0 103 420
Sol. a) For x = 5cm, y 4sin 5 /15 cos 96t
T one end.
If % change is less than 5% then W.E-19: The equation of a standing wave Second bridge is to be placed at 72 + 24 = 96
produced on a string fixed at both ends is
n 1 T n T (or) y 2 3 cos 96t cm from one end
or 100% 100% where ‘y’ is measured in cm. What could be
n 2 T n T So y will be maximum when cos (96 t) = 1 i.e., the smallest length of string? W.E-22: An aluminium wire of cross-sectional
Tuning fork Sol. Comparing with y 2 A sin kx cos wt area 10–6 m2 is joined to a copper wire of the
i) It is a U shaped metal bar made of steel or an (ymax)x = 5 2 3cm same cross-section. This compound wire is
alloy with a handle attached at the bend. b)At nodes amplitude of wave is zero. We have k 20cm stretched on a sonometer, pulled by a load of
ii) When it is struck against a hard rubber pad, 10 10 kg. The total length of the compound wire
x x
its prongs begin to vibrate as shown in figure(a). 4sin 0 or 0, , 2,3...... If the string vibrates in ‘p’ loops then length of between two bridges is 1.5 m of which the
A A A 15 15 p p aluminium wire is 0.6 m and the rest is the
N N So x = 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 cm [as length of string ‘l’ is . l
2 2 copper wire. Transverse vibrations are set
string = 60cm] up in the wire in the lowest frequency of
c) As y 4sin x /15 cos 96t ' ' is minimum if p = 1 l 2 10cm excitation for which standing waves are
formed such that the joint in the wire is a
dy x W.E-20: The equation for the vibration of a string
iii)A tuning fork emits a single frequency note, 4 sin sin 96t 96 fixed at both ends, vibrating in its third
node. What is the total number of nodes
i.e., a fundamental with no overtones. dx 15 observed at this frequency excluding the two
x at the ends of the wire ? The density of
iv) A tuning fork may be considered as a So the velocity of the particle at x = 7.5cm and harmonic is given by y 0.4 sin cos 600 t
vibrating free bar as shown figure(b) that has t = 0.25s, 10 aluminium is 2.6 104 kg/m3.
been bent into U-shape. where x and y are in cm Sol. As the total length of the wire is 1.5 m and
v) Two antinodes are formed one at each free vpa = -384 sin(7.5/15) sin (96 × 0.25) 1) What is the frequency of vibration? out of which LA = 0.6 m, so the length of
end of the bar which are in phase. vpa = -384 1 0=0 2) What are the position of nodes? copper wire
vi) The frequency of a tuning fork of arm length 3) What is the length of string? Lc = 1.5 - 0.6 = 0.9 m. The tension in the whole
‘l’ and thickness ‘d’ in the direction of vibration x 4) What is the wavelength and speed of wire is same (=Mg = 10g N) and as fundamental
is given by d) y = y1 + y2 with y1 2 sin 96t transverse waves that can interfer to give this
15 vibration? frequency of vibration of string is given by
d d Y Y Sol. Comparing with
n v , v
y2 2 sin 96t
x n
1 T
1 T
2 2 y 2 A sin kx cos t we have [ A ]
l l
15 2 L 2 L A
where Y is the Young’s modulus and is the 1) 600 gives n = 300 Hz
density of the material of the tuning fork. W.E-17: A guitar string is 90 cm long and has a x 1 T 1 T
vii) Using the tuning fork we can produce fundamental frequency of 124 Hz. Where 2) To get the position of nodes sin 0 so nA and nc ------- (1)
transverse waves in solids and longitudinal should it be pressed to produce a fundamental 10 2 LA A A 2 Lc c A
waves in solids, liquids and gases. frequency of 186 Hz? x Now as in case of composite wire, the whole
i.e., N where N = 0, 1, 2....
viii) Transverse vibrations are present in the 10 wire will vibrate with fundamental frequency
prongs. Longitudinal vibrations are present in Sol. Since T is constant we have n 1 Hence nodes occur at x = 0, 10, 20 cm...
the shank. l n p A nA pC nC -------- (2)
3) Since the string is in 3rd harmonic
ix) Loading or waxing a tuning fork increases its
Substituting the values of f A and f c from
2 2
l 3 gives l = 30cm;
n1 124
inertia and so decreases its frequency, while l2 l1 90 60cm 20 cm Eqn.(1)in(2)
filing a tuning fork decreases its inertia and so n2 186 2 k /10
increases its frequency. Thus, the string should be pressed at 60cm from pA T
x) When tuning fork is heated its frequency an end. 4)Speed of wave v = n = 300 × 20=60ms–1. 2 0.6 A 2.6 103
decreases due to decrease in elasticity.
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WE-24: A wire of density 9×103 kg/m3 is stretched range of frequencies longitudinal mechanical waves where density of medium, v velocity of
pc T
between two clamps 1 m apart and is subjected are divided into the three categories. wave, A - Amplitude, n - Frequency
2 0.9 A 1.0401104 1) Longitudinal waves having frequencies below
to an extension of 4.9 × 10–4 m. What will be Human ear responds to sound intensities over a
the lowest frequency of transverse vibrations 20Hz are called infrasonic waves. These are wide range from 10-12 W/m2 to 1 W/m2.
p A 2 2.6 2 1 1
i.e., in the wire ? (Y = 9 × 1010 N/m2) created by earthquakes, elephants and whales. In a spherical wave front ( i.e. wave starting
pc 3 10.4 3 2 3 Sol. In case of fundamental vibrations of a string Infrasonic waves can be heard by snakes. from a point source) , the amplitude varies
So that for fundamental frequency of composite 2) Longitudinal waves having range, of inversely with distance from position of source
string, pA = 1 and pc = 3, i.e., aluminium string 1 Y L frequencies lying between 20Hz and 20kHz are
n 1 1
will vibrate in first harmonic and copper wire 2L L called audible sound waves. The audible i .e, A I 2
at second, overtone as shown in figure. wavelength is 16.5 mm to 16.5m at S.T.P when r r
1 9 1010 4.9 104 velocity of sound is 330 m/s. These are
I
l
35Hz r
2 1 9 103 1 generated by tuning forks, streched stings and S
W.E-25: A string 120 cm in length sustains a vocal cords.
2
standing wave, with the points of string at The human ear can detect these waves. r
which the displacement amplitude is equal 3) Longitudinal waves having frequencies In a cylindrical wave front (i.e. wave starting
greater than 20 kHz are called ultrasonics. The from a linear source ), the amplitude varies
n nA 3nC to 2 mm being separated by 15.0 cm, Find inversely as the square root of distance from
human ear can’t detect these waves. These
This in turn implies that total number of nodes the maximum displacement amplitude. waves can be produced by high frequency 1 1
in the string will be 5 and so number of nodes Sol. From figure. points A, B, C, D and E are having vibrations of a quartz crystal under an alternating the axis of source i.e. , A I
excluding the nodes at the ends = 5 - 2 = 3 equal displacement amplitude. r r
electric field. These waves can be detected by
W.E-23: A wire of uniform cross-section is Further, xE xA 4 15 60cm mosquito, fish and dog etc.
stretched between two points 1 m apart. The A B E Application of ultrasonic waves :
wire is fixed at one end and a weight of 9 kg i) The fine internal cracks in a metal can be
is hung over a pulley at the other end produces r
detected by ultrasonic waves.
fundamental frequency of 750 Hz. C D ii) They are used for determining the depth of
(a) What is the velocity of transverse waves the sea and used to detect submarine.
propagating in the wire ?
2l 2 120 iii) They can be used to clean clothes and fine
(b) If now the suspended weight is submerged As 60 machinery parts Sound level in decibles is given by
in a liquid of density (5/9) that of the weight, n n
iv) They can be used to kill animals like rats,
what will be the velocity and frequency of the 2 120 I
waves propagating along the wire ? n 4 fish and frogs etc. 10log
60 Characteristics of Sound I0
Sol. a) In case of fundamental vibrations of string
So, it corresponds to 4th harmonic. Hearing of sound is characterised by following If 1 and 2 be the sound levels corresponding
/ 2 L , i.e., 2 1 2m Also, distance of node from A is 7.5 cm and three parameters. to sound intensities I1 and I2 respectively. Then,
no node is between them. Taking node at origin, 1) Loudness (Refers to Intensity) :
the amplitude of stationary wave can be written I I
L It is the sensation received by ear due to intensity 1 10 log 1 and 2 10 log 2
as, Asw Amax sin kx of sound I0 I0
Greater the amplitude of vibration, greater will
2 2 I I
Asw 2mm; k and x = 7.5 cm be intensity ( I A2 ) and so louder will be sound. 2 1 10 log 2 log 1
M
60 I0 I0
Now as v n and n = 750 Hz, The loudness being the sensation, depends on
2
vT 2 750=1500m/s 2 Amax sin 7.5 Amax sin the sensitivity of listener’s ear. Loudness of a I
60 4 sound of a given intensity may be different for (or) 2 1 10log 2
b) Now as in case of a wire under tension different listeners. I1
Hence, Amax 2mm
T v T The average energy transmitted by a wave per 2) Pitch (Refers to Frequency):
v v T B B Sound Waves :
vT TT unit normal area per second is called intensity The shrillness or harshness of sound is known
Sound is a form of energy propagated in the form as pitch. Pitch depends on frequency. Higher the
E
T mg 1 l / b
of longitudinal waves. This energy causes the of a wave. I . ItsSI Unit : W/m2 frequency, higher will be the pitch and shriller
At
vB 1500 T 1500 1000m / s sensation of hearing on reaching the ear. Any
B
will be the sound.
A mg vibrating body could be a source of sound. It is the average power transmitted by a wave 3) Quality or Timber (Refers to Harmonics):
vB 1000 Longit udinal mechanical waves can be through the given area.
From v n nB It is the sensation received by ear due to
500 Hz transmitted in all the three states of matter namely, P
lB 2 waveform. Quality of a sound depends on
solids, liquids and gases. According to their I avg. ; I 2 2 n 2 A2 v
area number of overtones. i.e, harmonic present.
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Velocity of Sound v0t to produce pressure and density variation along the 2) Density wave form : Let o be the normal
The equation for velocity of sound through a vt v0 v0 0.61t C direction of the wave. These variations result in
546 series of high and low pressure (and density) density of the medium and be the change in
E Note: density of t he medium during t he wave
medium is given by v regions called compression and rarefactions
1) When temperature rises by 1o C then velocity of respectively. Hence the longitudinal wave can propagation.
where E modulus of elasticity; density sound increases by 0.61 m/s be in terms of displacement of particles called Then fraction of change in volume of the element
As modulus of elasticity is more for solids and
2) The velocity of sound increases with increase displacement wave y(x, t) or in terms of change v m
in humidity. Sound travels faster in moist air v
less for gases, so in pressure called pressure wave P( x, t ) or v 0
than in dry air at the same temperature, because
vsolids vliquids vgases change in density called density wave d ( x, t ) . According to definition of Bulk’s modulus
density of humidity air is less than that of dry
air. 1) Pressure Wave:
Y
In case of solids v , v
moist air dry air vmoist air vdry air i)A longitudinal sound wave can be expressed B P P 0
where Y is Young's modulus,
3) The velocity of sound at constant temperature in either in terms of the longitudinal displacement
v
of the particles of the medium or in terms of
B a gas does not depend upon the pressure of air. 0
In case of fluids (liquids and gases) v 4) Amplitude, frequency, phase, loudness, pitch,
excess pressure produced due to compression
.p
or rarefaction. (at compression, the pressure is B
where B is the Bulk modulus quality donot effect velocity of sound.
more than the normal pressure of the medium 0
W.E-26: Find the speed of sound in a mixture of
Velocity of sound in Gases :
1 mol of helium and 2 mol of oxygen at 27°C.
and at rarefaction the pressure is lesser than the (p )max Cos (kx t )
B
Newton’s formula : normal).
Newton assumed that the propagation of sound C Pmix 19 R / 6 19 ii) If the displacement wave is represented by 0 Ak Cos ( kx t )
in a gas takes place under isothermal conditions. Sol. mix C
13R / 6 13
y A sin(t kx) then the corresponding
Vmix
Isothermal Bulk modulus , B P
P
nM n M
M mix 1 1 2 2
1 4 2 32
pressure wave will be represented by
dy
p max BAk
vs n1 n2 1 2 P B
max Cos ( kx t ),
(B = Bulk modulus of elasticity of
dx
68 medium)
1.013 x105 103 kg / mol ; where ( ) max 0 Ak is called density
At S.T.P. v 280 ms 1 3 P BAk cos(t kx ) P0 cos(t kx)
1.29 amplitude. Thus the density wave is in phase
RT 19 8.314 300 where P0 pressure amplitude BAk
Which is less than the experimental value v mix with the pressure wave and this is 900 out of
( 332 m / s ) M mix 13 68 10 3 / 3 401m / s iii) Pressure wave is / 2 out of phase(lags) phase (lags ) with the displacement wave as
with displacement wave. i.e. pressure is shown in the figure.
Laplace’s correction: Laplace assumed that W.E-27: A window whose area is 2m opens on a
3
the propagation of sound in a gas takes place street where the street noise result in an maximum when displacement is minimum and
under adiabatic conditions. vice-versa.
intensity level at the window of 60dB . How
Note1:At the centre of compression and
Adiabatic Bulk modulus, B P much ‘acoustic power’ enters the window via rarefaction particle velocity is maximum and +A
sound waves. Now if an acoustic absorber is at the boundary of compression and rarefaction O
P PV nRT RT fitted at the window, how much energy from
v particles are momentarly of rest. This is -A
m m M street will it collect in five hours ? explained as in a harmonic progressive wave
where V = volume, m is mass, M = molecular I vp dy
weight. T is absolute temperature Sol. Sound level 10log I vP = -(slope of y-x ) v
For air = 1.4. Therefore o v dx
Since the change in pressure of the medium P0+BAK
1
At STP v0 280 1.4 330ms , which agrees I I P0
60 10 log 106 I 106 I dy vp P0-BAK
Io P B P B v
with the experimentally calculated value. Io o
Velocity of sound in a gas is directly proportional 12 6 dx
to the square root of the absolute temperature I 10 10 10 W / m
6 2
i.e., for a given medium, B and v are constants.
E d0+d0AK
but intensity I E IAt
1
T t 273 2 Where v p is maximum, p is also maximum,
vt d0
v T At
which is true at y = 0
vo To 273
E 10 2 5 3600 36 103 J
6
Note 2: As sound sensors (e.g ear or mike ) detect d0-d0AK
t Various forms of longitudinal wave: pressure changes, description of sound as
vt vo 1 As we know, during a longitudinal wave pressure wave is preferred over displacement
546 propagation the particles of the medium oscillate wave.
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Note 1: The relation between density amplitude and WE-30: A firework charge is detonated many fig: a) For fundamental mode of vibrations or If n1 is the fundamental frequency, then the velocity
metres above the ground. At a distance of 400 I harmonic of sound waves is given as
pressure amplitude is () max (p ) max m from the explosion, the acoustic pressure
V
B reaches a maximum of 10.0 N / m 2 . Assume L 1 ; 1 2L V 1n1 V 4 Ln1 n1 4L ----- (1)
that the speed of sound is constant at 343 m/s 2
P 1 2 2 figure b) for third harmonic or first overtone.
Note 2: Average Intensity I A v throughout the atmosphere over the region V
S 2 V 1n1 ; V 2 Ln1 n1 ------ (1) 4
considered, the ground absorbs all the sound 2L L 3 2 , 2 L
In terms of pressure amplitude, sound intensity falling on it, and the air absorbs sound en- 4 3
ergy at the rate of 7.00 dB/km. What is the fig:b) For the second harmonic or first
1 pmax
2 2 overtone, 4 3V
1 p sound level (in decibels) at 4.00 km from the V 2 n2 , V Ln2 n2
I 2 max v explosion? L 2 3 4L
---- (2)
2 Bk 2 v figure c) for fifth harmonic or second
Sol. r 400m, r 1 4000m, 2V
V 2 n2 V Ln2 n 2 2L ------ (2) overtone.
[ (P)max BAk , k and B v 2 ] 1.2kg / m3 , v 343m / s
v fig:c) For the third harmonic or second 4
P 2 10 overtone, L 5 3 , 3 L
Thus intensity of wave is proportional to square I max 1.21102W / m 2 4 5
of pressure amplitude or displacement amplitude 2 v 2(1.2)(343) 2
or density amplitude and is independent of 2
L 3 3 3 L 4
V 3 n3 , V Ln3 n3
5V
---- (3)
1 I1 r 2 3 5 4L
frequency. as I 2 1
W.E-28: What is the maximum possible sound r I r 2 3V From (1), (2) and (3) we get,
V 3 n3 V Ln 3 n3 ------- (3)
level in dB of sound waves in air? Given that I (400) 3 2L n1 : n2 : n3 ..... 1: 3 : 5 : ......
I 1
1.21 103 W / m 2 From (1), (2) and (3) we get,
density of air 1.3kg / m3 , v 332m / s and 4000 4L
1.21103 n1 : n2 : n3 ..... 1: 2 : 3 : ......
atmospheric pressure P 1.01 105 N / m 2 . I
10 log 1 log 12
90.8 dB i.e. for a cylindrical tube, open at both ends, the
In the general case, 2 p 1 , where
Sol. For maximum possible sound intensity, pressure
I 110 harmonics excitable in the tube are all integral p 0,1, 2,.....
amplitude of wave will be equal to atmospheric At a distance of 4 km from the explosion, ab-
pressure, i.e., p0 P 1.01 105 Nm 2 sorption from the air will decrease the sound multiples of its fundamental. 2 p 1V
p harmonic frequency
th
level by an additional amount, 2L ,
4L
p 2
(1.0110 )
5 2
(7)(3.60) 25.2 dB In the general case, p
, where
where p = 1, 2....
I 0 1.18 107 W / m 2 At 4 km, the sound level will be
2 v 2 1.3 332 p 1, 2,..... End Correction
f 90.8 25.2 65.6 dB Due to finite momentum of air molecules in organ
I 107 V pV
SL 10log 10log 12 190dB Organ pipes p harmonic frequency 2l , where
th pipe reflection takes place not exactly at open
I0 10 Organ pipe: An organ pipe is a cylindrical end but some what above it. Hence antinode is
WE-29: The faintest sounds the human ear can tube of uniform cross section in which a gas is p 1, 2,..... not formed exactly at the open end rather it is
detect at a frequency of 1000 Hz correspond trapped as a column. Closed pipe: If one end of a pipe is closed, formed at a little distance away from open end
Open pipe : If both ends of a pipe are open then reflected wave is 180 out of phase with outside it.
to an intensity of about 1.00 10 W / m ,
12 2
and a system of air is directed against an edge,
the wave. Thus the displacement of the small The distance of antinode form the open end is
which is called threshold of hearing. The standing longitudinal waves can be set up in the known as end correct (e).
loudest sounds the ear can tolerate at this tube. The open end is a displacement antinode. volume elements at the closed end must always
be zero. Hence the closed end must be a It is given by e = 0.6 r , where r = radius of
frequency correspond to an intensity of about Due to finite momentum, air molecules undergo pipe.
certain displacement in the upward direction displacement node.
1.00W / m 2 , the threshold of pain. Determine hence antinode takes place just above the open
the pressure amplitude and displacement end but not exactly at the end of the pipe.
amplitude associated with these two limits. Due to pressure variations, reflection of
Sol. Pmax 2 vI longitudinal wave takes place at open end and l' l l l'
hence longitudinal stationary waves are formed
in open tube.
2(1.20)(343)(1.00 10 12 )
2.87 105 N / m2 (a) (b) (c)
Pmax 2.87 10 5
A figure a) for the fundamental mode of Effective length in open organ pipe l ' l 2e
v (1.2)(343)(2 1000)
vibration or I harmonic :
( 2 n) ; 1.11 1011 m Effective length in closed organ pipe l ' l e
L 1 1 4L
(a) (b) (c) 4
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Note: When the end correction is considered, then W.E-32: A tuning fork of frequency 340 Hz is 1 2 t 2. When arms of one of the tuning forks are filed then
i)the fundamental frequency of open pipe vibrated just above a cylindrical tube of Here A t 2a sin its frequency increases.
length 120 cm. Water is slowly poured in the 2 i.e., n1 n
V V
n n Amplitude is function of time. Frequency of
2 l 2e 2 l 1.2r tube. If the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
n n
3. The following table gives the relation for beats
Find the minimum height of water required variation of amplitude 1 2 produced when sounded together under different
ii) The fundamental frequency of closed pipe for resonance. (v = 340m/s) 2 conditions.
V V n1 n2
n n v
4 l e 4 l 0.6 r Sol: n p with p = 1, 3, 5,............. Frequency of resultant wave = 2 Fork Frequency
Relation n when
4L n > n n < n
1 1
Velocity of sound So length of air column in the pipe The variation in the intensity of sound between
Wax is added
(Resonance column apparatus) : pv
successive maxima or minima is called one beat.
to 1st fork
n11 n1 n = n2n1 n = n1n2
L 25 p cm with p = 1,3,5,..... The number of beats per second is called beat
4n frequency. I f n1 and n 2 are the frequencies of Wax is added
i.e., L = 25cm, 75cm, 125cm the two sound waves that interfere to produce nd
to 2 fork
n22 n2 n = n1n2 n = n2n1
l2
Now as the tube is 120 cm , so length of air beats then st
1 fork is
column must be lesser than 120 cm, i.e., it can Beat frequency = n1 ~ n2 filled
n11 n1 n = n1n2 n = n2n1
be only 25 cm or 75 cm. Further if h is the height
of water filled in the tube, The time period of one beat (or) the time interval nd
between two successive maxima or minima is 2 fork is
n12 n1 n = n2n1 n = n1n2
If l1 , l2 and l3 are the first, second and third L + h = 120 cm or h = 120 – L filled
So h will be minimum when Lmax = 75cm 1
resonating lengths then l1 e ....(1) (h)min = 120 – 75 = 45cm. n1 ~ n2 W.E-33: The frequency of tunning fork ‘A’ is
4 BEATS The time interval between a minima and the 250 Hz. It produces 6 beats/sec, when sounded
3 It is the phenomenon of periodic change in the together with another tunning fork B. If its
l2 e ...(2) immediate maxima is
1
intensity of sound when two waves of slightly
4
different frequencies travelling in same 2n1 ~ n2 arms are loaded with wax then it produces 4
5 beats/sec. Find the frequency of tuning fork
l3 e --- (3) direction superpose with each other. As the persistence of human hearing is about B.
4 0.1 sec, beats will be detected by the ear only
Maximum Intensity of sound(Waxing) is Sol. n nA nB = 6 beats / sec
From equations (1) and (2) produced in the beats when constructive if beat period is t 0.1sec or beat frequency
1) 2 l2 l1 2) V n 2n l2 l1 Interference takes place. n n1 n2 10 Hz If wax is added to the tunning fork A then its
1 l 3l1 Minimum Intensity of sound(Waning) is Maximum number of beats that can be heard by frequency decreases. i.e., n1A nA and
3) 2 e 2 4) l3 l2 l2 l1 l3 2l2 l1 produced in the beats when destructive a human being is 10 per second.
2 Interference takes place. If more than 10 beats are produced then no. of given n1 4 beats / sec n
W.E-31: A tube of certain diameter and length beats produced are same but no. of beats heard
48 cm is open at both ends. Its fundamental This is possible when nA nB n
are zero
frequency of resonance is found to be 320 Hz.
The velocity of sound in air is 320 m/s. If a1 , a2 are amplitudes of two sound waves that 250 nB 6 nB 244 Hz
Estimate the diameter of the tube. One end interfere to produce beats then the ratio of W.E-34: A tunning fork of frequency of 512 Hz
of the tube is now closed. Calculate the maximum and minimum intensity of sound is, when sounded with unknown tunning fork
frequency of resonance for the tube. 2 produces 5 beats/sec. If arms of the unknown
I max a1 a2
v v fork are filed then it produces only 3 beats /
Sol. n0 2 L 2e 2 L 2 0.6r as e 0.6r I min a1 a2
sec. Find the frequency of unknown tunning
fork.
So substituting the given data, Uses of Beats:
Analytical treatment of Beats: i) To determine unknown frequency of a tuning fork Sol. n n1 n2 , n1 512 Hz , n 5 beats/sec
320 100 10
320 or r cm Equations of waves producing beats are given with the help of a standard tuning fork.
2 48 1.2 r 6 as y1 a sin 1t and y2 a sin 2t let 1 2 ii) To tune the stretched string of a musical If arms of unknown fork are filed then its fre-
So, D = 2r = 2 × (10/6) = 3.33cm. instrument to a particular frequency. quency increases.
Now when one end is closed, Resultant wave equation is iii) To detect the presence of dangerous gases in
2 1 2
i.e., n12 n2 and given n1 3 beats / sec.
v y y1 y2 2a cos 1 mines.
nc t sin 2 t
2 Note: This is possible when n n2 n1
4 L 0.6r 1. When wax is added to the arms of one of the
2 5 n2 512 n2 517 Hz
320 100
163.3Hz y A t cos 1 t
tuning forks then its frequency decreases.
4 48 0.6 10 / 6 2 i.e. n1 n
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W.E-35: The lengths of two open organ pipes are 3K 97 K i) Sound waves propagate in the form of spherical v vm vo
ny K
l and l l l l . If v is the speed of
wavefronts (shown as circles) (from observer to source) n ' v v v n
m
100 100 ii) The distance between two successive circles S
sound, find the frequency of beats between 105 97 is equal to wavelength
them. n nx n y 4 K K
100 100 iii) Number of waves crossing the observer = If medium is stationary i.e., vm = 0 then
On solving, K = 50 Hz
Sol. Beat frequency n1 n2 v v Number of waves emitted by the source
v v0
2l 2 l l The frequency of x
105
50 52.5 Hz iv) Thus apparent frequency n ' = actual n' n
100 v vS
frequency (n).
v l v
1
l vl
1 1 1 1 2 Similarly frequency of y
97
50 48.5Hz 2. When source is moving but observer is Sign convention for different situation
2l l 2l l 2l 100 at rest i) The direction of v is always taken from source
W.E-38: A string under a tension of 129.6 N to observer.
W.E-36: If two sound waves,
produces 10 beats per sec when it is vibrated ii) If the velocities vo , vs in the direction of v
y1 =0.3sin596 [t-x/330] and
S S 1
O 3
O
along with a tuning fork. When the tension
S
2
then positive +ve is taken.
y 2 =0.5sin604 [t -x/330] are superposed, in the string is increased to 160 N, it sounds y x
iii) If the velocities vo , vs in the opposite
what will be the (a) frequency of resultant in unison with the same tuning fork. Calculate i) S1, S2, S3 are the positions of the source at
the fundamental frequency of the tuning fork. three different positions. direction of v then positive -ve is taken.
wave (b) frequency at which the amplitude of
resultant waves varies (c) Frequency at which Sol. Let ‘n’ be the frequency of fork. ii) Waves are represented by non-concentric Note:- i) Doppler effect in sound is asymmetric.
ii) Doppler effect in light is symmetric.
beats are produced. Find also the ratio of The wire frequency would be n 10 circles, they appear compressed in the forward
iii) Doppler’s effect in vector form is written
maximum and minimum intensities of beats. direction and spread out in backward direction.
In case of a wire under tension n T iii) For observer (X) as
Sol. Comparing the given wave equation with
y A sin t x / v as k / 1/ v we find n 10 129.6 Apparent wavelength ' Actual r v v0 .r
n1
n = 100 Hz S O v v .r n
n 160 wavelength ( ) s
that here,
A1=0.3, 1 2n1 596 n1=298Hz
W.E-39 Two open organ pipes 80 cm and 81 cm
Apparent frequency n ' Actual frequency (n) r unit vector along the line joining source and
long found to give 26 beats in 10 sec, when observer V Velocity of sound in the medium.
and A2= 0.5, 2 2n2 604 n2 = 302 Hz each is sounding its fundamental note. Find For observer (Y) : ' n ' n
Its direction is always taken from source to
a) The frequency of the resultant the velocity of sound in air. 3. When source is stationary but observer observer.
Sol. Number of beats per second is moving
n1 n2 298 302 limitations of Doppler effect:
navg 300 Hz v v i) Doppler effect is not observed if
2 2 n O
2l1 2l2 O
a) v0 vs 0 (both are in rest)
b) The frequency at which amplitude of resultant S
26 v v 2v
wave varies: b) v0 vs 0 and medium is alone in motion
2.6 y x
~
n1 n2 298 302 10 160 162 160 162 i) Waves are again represented by concentric direction.
nA 2 Hz 2.6 160 162 circles.
2 2 v 33696cms 1 337 ms 1 . ii) No change in wavelength received by either d) vs is perpendicular to the line of sight
c) The frequency at which beats are produced 2
observer X or Y. ii) Doppler effect is applicable only when,
nb = 2nA = n1 – n2 = 4Hz Doppler’s effect: Whenever there is a relative
d) The ratio of maximum to minimum intensities motion between a source of sound and the iii) Observer X (moving towards) receives v0 v and vs v . ( v is velocity of sound)
observer (listener), the frequency of sound heard wave fronts at shorter interval thus n ' n . 5. Common Cases in Doppler’s Effect
of beat
by the observer is different from the actual iv) Observer Y receives wavelengths at longer
Source is moving but observer at rest.
I max A1 A2 0.3 0.5 64
2 2
frequency of sound emitted by the force. interval thus n ' n 1. Source is moving towards the observer
16 The frequency observed by the observer is
Imin A1 A2 2 0.3 0.5 2 4 4. General expression for apparent v
called the apparent frequency. It may be less than
W.E-37:The frequency of a tuning fork ‘x’ is 5% or greater than the actual frequency emitted by frequency: If v, vo , vs are the velocities of
the sound source. The difference depends on the sound, observer, source respectively and vs v0 = 0
greater than that of a standard fork of s O
frequency ‘K’. The frequency of another fork relative motion between the source and observer. velocity of medium is vm then apparent
‘y’ is 3% less than that of ‘K’. When ‘x’ and 1. When observer and source are stationary frequency observed by observer when wind v
‘y’ are vibrated together 4 beats are heard per Apparent frequency n ' n
second. Find the frequencies of x and y.
blows in the direction of v (from the source to v vS
observer )is given by
Sol. Let the frequency of standard fork be K O
v vm v o
v vS
S
n'
n
Apparent wavelength '
5 K 105 K and in opposite direction of v v
v vm vS
nx K
100 100
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2. Source is moving away from the observer. 2. When both are moving away from each other. Crossing Some Typical Cases of Doppler’ Effect
v 1. Moving sound source crosses a stationary 1. M ov i ng car t ow ar ds w al l : When a car is
v
vs observer moving towards a stationary wall as shown in
vs v0 = 0 v0 v v
s O O figure. If the car sounds a horn, wave travels
s
toward the wall and is reflected from the wall.
v When the reflected wave is heard by the driver,
n' n v vO vs vs
i) Apparent frequency n ' n n ' n
Apparent frequency it appears to be of relatively high pitch, if we
v vS
s
v vS v0= 0 wish to measure the frequency of reflected sound.
v vS Before After
Apparent wavelength ' crossing crossing
v ii) Apparent wavelength
Apparent frequency before crossing vc
Observer Imaginary source
vc
Source is at rest but observer is moving. v vS
1. Observer is moving towards the source. ' ' v
v n 'Before n
v iii) Velocity of waves with respect to observer v vS v
= (v – vO) v Echo (sound)
vs= 0 v0 3. When source is moving behind observer Apparent frequency n ' After n Here we assume that the sound which is reflected
v vS
s
O
v by the stationary wall is coming from the image
v v0 n 'Before v vS of car which is at the back of it and coming
Apparent frequency n ' n Ratio of two frequencies 1 towards it with velocity vC. Now the frequency
v v vS
vs O v0 n ' After
s of sound heard by car driver be given as
Apparent wavelength Change in apparent frequency
v vO v vc
'
v v0 v v0 v i) Apparent frequency n ' n v v
'
ndirect n; nreflected
'
n
v v0 n v vS n 'Before n ' After n v vc
n'
n v vs v vs
a) If vO < vS, then n ' n No.of beats
v
b) If vO > vS, then n ' n 2v 2vc n
2. Observer is moving away from the source nv 2 s 2 n ' n 'reflected n 'direct
v
c) If vO = vS then n ' n v vs v vc
v vS 2nvS Case (i): If the observer is at rest in between
ii) Apparent wavelength ' If vs v then n 'Before n ' After source and wall as shown
vs= 0
s O v0 v v
iii) Velocity of waves with respect to observer 2. Moving observer crosses a stationary source
v v vs v 0= 0 vs
v vO = (v – vO) s
Apparent frequency n ' n 4. When observer is moving behind the source Direct
v 0
Sound
Reflected
Sound
v v0 v0
Apparent wavelength ' 0
4. When source and observer both are source observer wall Image of
vs vs= 0 source
v0
moving s O Before After
1. When both are moving towards each other crossing crossing v v
n1direct 1
n ;
nreflected n
v v0 Apparent frequency before crossing v vs v vs
v i) Apparent frequency n ' n
v vs v vO
n 'Before n No.of beats n ' n 'reflected n 'direct 0
vs v0 v
O a) If v0 > vs , then n ' n Apparent frequency after crossing
Case (ii): If the source is in between observer
s
and wall
b) If v0 < vs , then n ' n v vO
v v0 n ' After n
c) If v0 = vs , then n ' n v
i) Apparent frequency n ' n v v v0= 0 vs vs
S
v vS n 'Before v vO Direct
Reflected
v vS ii) Apparent wavelength ' Ratio of two frequencies n ' v vO Sound Sound
ii) Apparent wavelength ' v
After observer source wall Image of source
v iii) The velocity of waves with respect to Change in apparent frequency
v v
iii) Velocity of wave with respect to observer observer v vO n 'Before n ' After
2nvO n 1
n ; nreflected
1
n
v vs v vs
direct
= (v + v 0) v
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No. of beats n ' n 'reflected n 'direct 3. Transverse Doppler’s effect ii) When source is rotating 6. Uses of Doppler effect:
i) If a source is moving in a direction making an a) Towards the observer heard frequency will It is used in
v v 2 vs angle w.r.t. the observer.. nv a) SONAR
n n n 2 2 be maximum i.e., nmax v v b) RADAR (Radio detection and ranging used
v vs v vs v vs A
vs C
B
vs cos
S to determine speed of objects in space)
2nvS b) Away from the observer heard frequency will c) To determine speeds of automobiles by traf-
If vs v then n '
90°
vs cos
vs fic police. The technique is applied in the air-
v nv
be minimum and nmin v v
ports to guide the air crafts.
Note: This method of images for solving problems S
d) To determine speed of rotation of sun.
of Doppler effect is very convenient but is used O
vS e) In Astrophysics, it is applied in the study of
only for velocities of source and observer which The apparent frequency herd by observer O at a the saturn’s rings and in the study of binary satrs.
r
are very small compared to the speed of sound rest Here the doppler’s shift in the frequency of light
and it should not be used frequently when the nv from the atronomical objects is measured.
At point A: n '
vS
reflector of sound is moving. v f) Accurate navigation and accurate target bomb-
v vS cos c) Ratio of maximum and minimum frequency ing techniques.
2. Moving target: Let a sound source S and
observer O are at rest (stationary). The frequency As source moves along AB, value of nmax v vS g) Tracking earth’s satellite.
h) In medicine, it is applied to study the veloc-
of sound emitted by the source is n and velocity increases, cos decreases, n ' goes on nmin v vS ity of blood flow in different parts of the body
of waves is v . decreasing. and the moment of the fetus in the woomb using
Moving traget
iii) When observer is rotating
S At point C: vO ultra sound. The conditions of heart beat can be
90 , cos cos 90 0, n ' n inferred by “echocardiogram” generated from
a
r
this technique.
O At point B: The apparent frequency of sound
Source and observer vr vO W.E-40 When a train is approaching the observer,
are at rest nv v the frequency of the whistle is 100 cps while
A target is moving towards the source and becomes n '' v v cos a) Towards the source heard frequency will be when it has passed the observer, it is 50 cps.
s
observer, with a velocity vT. Our aim is to find ii) When two cars are moving on perpendicular maximum Calculate the frequency when the observer
out the frequency observed by the observer, for moves with the train.
roads: When car-1 sounds a horn of frequency v v0
the waves reaching it after reflection from the n, the apparent frequency of sound heard by car- i.e., nmax n Sol. In case of approaching of source, 100
nv
moving target. The formula is derived by v
v v2 cos 2 v vS
applying Doppler equations twice, first with the b) Away from the source heard frequency will
2 can be given as n ' n v v cos while in case of recession of source,
target as observer and then with the target as 1 1
v v0 nv
source. be minimum and nmin n 50
The frequency n ' of the waves reaching surface S
v v vS
of the moving target (treating it as observer) will Car-1 v 1 c) Ratio of maximum and minimum frequency Which on simplification gives
1
v vT v nmax v v0 200
v cos n 66.67 Hz
be n ' n v cos v2 2 2
nmin v v0
2
v
1 1
3
Car-2
5. Doppler shift in RADAR: A microwave beam W.E-41: A car approaching a crossing at a speed
Now these waves are reflected by the moving of 20 m/s sounds a horn of frequency 500Hz
2
target (which now acts as a source). Therefore is directed towards the aeroplane and is received when at 80m from the crossing. Speed of
the apparent frequency, for the real observer O 4. Rotating source/observer: Suppose that a back after reflection from it. If ‘v’ is the speed sound in air is 330 m/s. What frequency is
v v vT source of sound/observer is rotating in a circle of the plane and ‘n’ is the actual frequency of heard by an observer 60 m from the crossing
will be n '' n ' n '' n of radius r with angular velocity (Linear the microwave beam then the frequency of the on the straight road which crosses car road
v vT v vT microwave beam then the frequency received by at right angles ?
i) If the target is moving away from the observer, velocity vS r ) Sol. The situation is as shown in figure
i) When source / observer at rest at centre of circle cv
v vT moving plane n
1 80m
n (car) S
then n ' v v n and observer / source is rotating in a circle then c
T the line of sight is perpendicular to the direc- Now the plane act as a moving source, the fre- 60m
ii) If target velocity is much less than the speed tion of motion of observer / source and hence 100m
cv (observer)
2vT quency of the wave from it is n
11
of sound, (vT << v), then n ' 1
no doppler effect. n1 n n O
n , for cv 80 4
v O cos Apparent frequency is
v0 = 0
( c is velocity of microwave) 100 5
2vT vs = 0
approaching target and n ' 1 n for v0 vS
Change in frequency n
2nv
v v0 vS O
c napp
v
n
330
500
receding target v vS cos 330 20 4
= 525.5 Hz
O By measuring n , the speed ‘v’ can be obtained. 5
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W.E-42: A whistle of frequency 540 Hz rotates Further more source is moving on a circle, its speed 9. When a progressive wave is propagating in a
C .U .Q medium, at a given instant, two particles which
in a circle of radius 2 m at a linear speed of vs r = 3 × 10 = 30m/s and as detector is are separated by three wave lengths will
30m/s. What is the lowest and highest CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRESSIVE
frequency heard by an observer a long executing SHM, vD A2 y 2 have.....
WAVE 1) Different displacement in same direction
distance away at rest with respect to the 1. When a wave is travelling in a medium, in that
centre of circle. Take speed of sound in air 10 62 02 60m / s i.e., detector is at C. 2) Different displacement in opposite direction
process, the following is/are transporting from 3) Same displacement in opposite direction
as 330 m/s. Can the apparent frequency be So n ' will be maximum when both move one particle to other 4) Same displacement in same direction
ever equal to actual ?
Sol. Apparent frequency will be minimum when the v vD 1) energy 2) momentum 10. The speed of sound in a medium does not
towards each other. n 'max n with vD 3) both 1 & 2 4) length change with the change of
source is at N and moving away from the v vS 2. A plane progressive wave cannot be 1) frequency 2) wave length
observer. = max i.e., the source is at M and detector at C 3) pressure 4) density
represented by
L 11. Phase difference between a particle at a
and moving towards B, so
vs 1) y = a sin t kx compre-ssion and a particle at the next
M 330 60
K n 'max 340 442 Hz
rarefaction is
O C
330 30 t x 1) Zero 2) /2 3) 4) /4
2) y = asin 2
N Similarly n ' will be minimum when both are T 12. One similarity between sound and light waves
Apparent frequency will be maximum when is that.
moving away from each other i.e., 2
source is at L and approaching the observer.
v vD
3) y = a sin Vt x 1) both can propagate in vacuum
2) both have same speed
v 330 n 'min n wit h vD = max i.e., t he
n 'max n 540 594 Hz
3) both can show polarization
v vS v vS 4) y A log x B log x
330 30 3. The speed of wave of time period T and 13.
4) both can show interference
source is at N and detector at C but moving When a body is undergoing undamped
Further when source is at M and K, angle propagation constant K is
between velocity of source and line joining 330 60 vibration, the physical quantity that remains
towards D, so nmin 340 255 Hz 2 TK 1 T constant is
source and observer is 90° (i.e., line of sight 330 30 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) amplitude 2) velocity
is perpendicular to vs ) or Echo (additional) TK 2 TK K
3) acceleration 4) phase
4. The phase change between incident and
vScos =vScos90° = 0 . The sound reflected by an obstacle which is SPEED OF A TRAVELLING WAVE
heard by a listener is called an echo. reflected sound wave from a fixed wall is 14. At any instant a wave travelling along the
So, there will be no Doppler effect.
Persistence of hearing is the minimum interval 1) 0 2) 3) 3 4) 2 string is shown in figure. Here, if point A is
W.E-43: A source of sound is moving along a of time between two sound notes to distinguish 5. The phase change between incident and moving upward, the true statement is
circular orbit of radius 3 m with an angular them. reflected sound wave from a free end is
velocity of 10 rad/s. A sound detector located Persistence of hearing is 0.1s 1) 0 2) 3) 3 4) / 2 B
far away from the source is executing linear
A person is at a distance ‘d’ from a reflected 6. Figure shows the shape of a string, the pairs A C
simple harmonic motion along the line BD surface (a wall, mountain etc). The person O
of points which are in opposite phase is
with amplitude BC = CD = 6 m. The sounds a horn and hears its echo at the end of a x
A E
frequency of oscillation of the detector is time ‘t’. If V is the velocity of sound in air then.
5 / rev /sec. The source is at the point A Vt
d C B 1) the wave is travelling to the right
when the detector is at the point B. If the 2 2) the displacement amplitude of wave is equal
source emits a continuous sound wave of to displacement of B at this instant
frequency 340 Hz, find the maximum and 1) A and B 2) B and C 3) C and E 4) A and E 3) at this instant, C also directed upward
d
the minimum frequencies recorded by the S
7. During propagation of longitudinal plane wave 4) 1 and 3
detector [velocity of sound = 330 m/s]. D in a medium the two particles separated by a 15. Transverse waves are produced in a long
N distance equivalent to one wavelength at an string by attaching its free end to a vibrating
instant will be/have tuning fork. Figure shows the shape of a part
A
1) in phase, same displacement of the string. The points in phase are
3m B C D Reflector
2) in phase, different displacement B
To hear a clear echo, the minimum distance of A C G
M 3) different phase, same displacement
Sol. Time period of circular mot ion the obstacle,
4) different phase, different displacement
V 0.1 V
T 2 / 2 /10 is same as that of d 8. The equation of a progressive wave is Y=a D F
min 2 20 sin ( t-kx), then the velocity of the wave is
SHM i.e., T=(1/n) / 5 , so both will
E
-1
If V = 330 ms then dmin = 16.5m 1) k 2) k/ 3) /k 4) a 1) A and D 2) B and E
complete one periodic motion in same time. If V = 340 ms-1 then dmin = 17 m 3) C and F 4) A and G
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16. A pulse in a rope approaches a solid wall and 21. At a certain instant a stationary transverse 29. In the sonometer experiment, a wire of density 37. The relation between the intensity (I) of a wave
it gets reflected from it wave is found to have maximum kinetic ‘ ’ and radius ‘a’ is held between two bridges and on the distance (r) from a line source is
energy. The appearance of the string at that at a distance ‘L’ apart. Tension in the wire is
1
instant is a ‘T’ the fundamental frequency of the wire will 1) I r 1 2) I r 2 3) I r 4) I r 2
1) sinusoidal shape with amplitude A/3 be
2) sinusoidal shape with amplitude A/2 38. Loudness of sound primarily depend upon
The wave pulse after reflection is best 3) sinusoidal shape with amplitude A 1 a2 1 T 1) intensity 2) frequency
1) 2)
represented by _____ 4) straight line 2L T 2L a2 3) shape of the source 4) overtone
1) 2) 22. When stationary waves are set up, pick out 39. According to Laplace correction, the
the correct statement from the following 1 T 1 T
propagation of sound in gas takes place under
1) all the particles in the medium are in the same 3) 4) 2 L a 2
2L a2 1) isothermal condition 2) isobaric condition
phase of vibration at all times and distances 30. For a stretched string of given length, the
2) the particles with an interval between two 3) isochoric condition 4) adiabatic condition
3) 4) tension ‘T’ is plotted on the X-axis and the
consecutive nodes are in phase, but the particles frequency ‘f’ on the Y -axis. The graph is 40. The velocity of sound is not affected by change
in two such consecutive intervals, are of opposite in
1) rectangular hyperbola
phase
2) straight line through the origin 1) temperature 2) medium
3) the phase lag along the path of the wave increa-
17. A transverse wave is travelling along a string ses as the distance from the source increases 3) parabola 3) pressure4) wavelength
from left to right. The figure below represents 4) only antinodes are in same phase 4) straight line not through the origin 41. Velocity of sound in air at the given
the shape of the string at a given instant. At 23. In a stationary wave along a string the strain 31. The equation of a stationary wave in a
temperature
this instant the points have an upward velocity is medium is given as y sin t cos kx . The
are (here X-wave displacement, Y-particle 1) decreases with increase in pressure
1) zero at the antinodes length of a loop in fundamental mode is
displacement) 2) maximum at the antinodes 2) may increase on decrease with pressure
y 2 K
C 3) zero at the nodes 1) 2) 3) 4) 3) is independent of the variation in pressure
B D
4) maximum at the nodes 2K K K 4) varies directly as the square root of pressure
E
A x
24. In a stationary wave 32. A stretched string of length l , fixed at both
F H
ends, can sustain stationary waves of 42. If the temperature of atmosphere is increased
G 1) phase is same at all points in a loop
1) D,E,F 2) A,B,H 3) B,D,F 4) A,E,H 2) amplitude is same at all points wavelength , correctly given by( P is number the following character of sound waves is
18. A metal string is fixed between rigid supports. 3) energy is constant at all points of loops) effected
It is initially at negligible tension. It’s Young’s 4) temperature is same at all points l2 2
p 2l 1) amplitude 2) frequency
modulus is ‘Y’ density is and coefficient of 25. A wave is represented by an equation; 1) 2 p 2) 3) 2lp 4) p 3) velocity 4) wavelength
2l
linear expansion is . It is now cooled through Y = A cos kx sin t , then
33. A knife-edge divides a sonometer wire into 43. Velocity of sound is
a temperature ‘t’, transverse waves will 1) it is a progressive wave with amplitude A
move along it with a speed. 2) it is a progressive wave with amplitude A two parts. The fundamental frequencies of the 1) directly proportional to absolute
cos kx t wo par t s ar e n 1 and n2. The fundamental temperature
Yt t Yt frequency of the sonometer wire when the
1) 2) Y 3) 4) t 3) it is a stationary wave with amplitude A 2) directly proportional to square root of
Y knife-edge is removed will be
4) it is a stationary wave with amplitude A cos absolute temperature
PRINCIPLE OF SUPER POSITION, kx n1n2
1) n1 + n2 2) n1 n2 3) n1n2 4) n n
INTERFERENCE AND STATIONARY 1 3) inversely proportional to absolute temperature
26. In a stationary wave 2
WAVES ON STRETCHED STRINGS. 1) pressure change is maximum at nodes
1 2
4) inversely proportional to T
19. The interference phenomenon can take place 2) pressure change is maximum at antinodes SOUND AND VELOCITY OF SOUND
1) in transverse wave 3) pressure change is minimum at nodes 34. Pitch of sound primarily depend upon ORGAN PIPES
2) in longitudinal wave 4) amplitude is zero at all points 1) intensity 2) frequency 44. A closed pipe has certain frequency. Now its
3) in electromagnetic waves 27. A wire in sonometer experiment is vibrating 3) quality 4) overtone length is halved. Considering the end
4) in all waves in the third overtone. There are 35. Quality of sound primarily depends upon
20. For superposition of two waves, the following 1) intensity 2) frequency correction, its frequency will now become
1) two nodes, two antinodes
is correct 2) three nodes, three antinodes 3) shape of the source 4) wave form 1) double 2) more than double
1) they must have the same frequency and 3) four nodes, three antinodes 36. It is possible to recognize a person by hearing 3) less than double 4) four times
wavelength 4) five nodes, four antinodes. his voice even if he is hidden behind a solid 45. The fundamental frequency of a closed organ
2) they must have equal frequencies but may have 28. is maximum wavelength of a transverse wall. This is due to the fact that his voice pipe is ‘n’. Its length is doubled and radius is
unequal wavelengths 1) Has a definite pitch
3) they must have the same wave-length, but wave that travels along a stretched wire halved. Its frequency will become nearly.
whose two ends are fixed. The length of that 2) Has a definite quality
may have different frequencies 3) Has a definite loudness n n
4) they may have different wavelength and wire is
4) Can penetrate the wall 1) 2) 3) n 4) 2n
different frequencies 1) 2 2) 3) /2 4) 3 /2 2 3
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46. When an air column of length ‘l’ open at both 56. In closed pipes, the positions of antinodes are 64. When the two tuning forks of nearly same 71. When a source moves away from stationary
ends produces its fundamental note, the obtained at ____ frequency are vibrated to produce beats, then observer with velocity v then apparent
wavelength is given by 3 5 the velocity of propagation of beats will be change in frequency is n1 . When an observer
1) l 2) 2l 3) 4l 4) 3l 1) , , 2) 0, , 1) less than that of sound
4 4 4 2 approaches the stationary source with same
47. In the case of closed end organ pipe 3) , 2, 3 4) 2, 4, 6 2) depend upon the relative frequency velocity v then change in frequency is n2 then
1) the maximum possible wavelength is same as 3) more than that of sound
that of open end organ piple 57. An open pipe of length ' l ' vibrates in
4) equal to that of sound 1) n1 n2 2) n1 n2
fundamental mode. The pressure variation is
2) the maximum possible wavelength is less than 65. A certain number of beats are heard when n1
that of open end organ pipe maximum at
two tuning forks of natural frequencies n1 and 3) n1 n2 4) n 1
3) the maximum possible wavelength may be less 1) 1/4 from ends 2) the middle of pipe 2
3) the ends of pipe 4) at 1/8 from ends of pipe n2 are sounded together. The number of beats 72. The graph between distance between source
than that of open end organ pipe when one of the forks is loaded
4) the maximum possible wavelength is greater BEATS and observer and apparent frequency in the
58. Beat phenomenon is physically meaningful (1992) case of Doppler’s effect will be
than that of open end organ pipe
48. In the case of standing waves in organ pipe, only, if 1) increases 2) decreases 1) 2)
1) 1 2 1 2 2) 1 2 1 2 3) remains same
y S S
the value of x at the open end is 4) may increase or decrease n
1 1 66. The frequency of sound reaching a stationary
1) >0 2) <0 3) =0 4) =10 3) 17 4) 1 2
49. The harmonics formed in air column in an 2 2 listener behind a moving source is n
59. Beats are produced by the superposition of 1) lower than source frequency
organ pipe closed at one end are
1) only odd 2) only even two waves of nearly equal frequencies. Of 2) higher than source frequency 3) 4)
3) both odd and even 4) neither odd nor even the following, the correct statement is 3) zero
1) all particles of the medium vibrate simple S S
50. A tube with both ends closed has same set of 4) same as the frequency of the source
natural frequency as harmonically with frequency equal to the DOPPLER EFFECT
1) one end closed organ pipe difference between the frequencies of component 67. Doppler shift in frequency does not depend n n
2) both end open organ pipe waves upon 73. A source of sound moves towards a stationary
3) vibratory string fixed at both ends 2) the frequency of beats changes with the listener. The apparent pitch of the sound is
1) the frequency of wave produced found to be higher than its actual value. This
4) vibratory string fixed at one end location of the observer
3) the frequency of beats changes with time 2) the speed of the source happens because
51. The frequency of the sound emitted by an 3) distance between source and observer
organ pipe will increase if the air in it is 4) amplitude of vibration of particle at any point 1) wavelength of sound waves decreases
changes simple harmonically with frequency 4) the speed of the observer 2) wavelength of sound waves increases
replaced by 68. An observer is moving away from a source at
a) hot air b) moist air c) hydrogen equal to one half of the difference between the 3) the number of waves received by the listener
component waves rest. The pitch of the note heard by the increases
1) a is true 2) a,b are true
3) b,c are true 4) a,b,c are true 60. When beats are formed by two waves of observer is less because 4) the number of waves received by the listener
frequencies n1 and n2, the amplitude varies 1) the pitch of the source decreases decreases
52. An empty vessel is filled partially with water
natural frequency with frequency equal to 2) the velocity of sound in air increases ASSERTION & REASON
1) increase 2) decrease 1) n1-n2 2) 2(n1-n2) 3) wave length of the wave becomes small In each of the following questions, a statement
3) remains unchanged 4) insufficient data 3) (n1-n2)/2 4) (n1+n2)/2 4)wavelength of the wave remains is given and a corresponding statement or
53. End correction in a closed organ pipe of 61. Two wires are producing fundamental notes unchanged but observer receives less number reason is given just below it. In the
diameter ‘d’ is of same frequency. The change in which of of waves
the following factors of one wire does not statements, mark the correct answer as
1) 0.6d 2) 1.2d 3) 0.3d 4) 2.4d 69. Doppler effect is not applicable to
54. If oil of density higher than that of water is produce beats between them 1) sound Waves 2) light Waves 1) Both Assertion and Reason are true and
used in place of water in a resonance tube, its 1) stretching force 2) diameter of the wire 3) radio Waves 4) matter Waves Reason is correct explanation of Assertion.
frequency will 3) material of the wire 70. In Doppler effect, when a source moves 2) Both Assertion and Reason are true but
1) increase 2) decrease 4) amplitude of the vibrations towards a stationary observer, the apparent Reason is not the correct explanation of
3) remain the same 62. Beats are the result of increase in frequency is due to Assertion.
4) depend upon the density of the material of 1) diffraction 2) destructive interference 1) increase in wavelength of sound received by 3) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
tube 3) constructive and destructive interference observer 4) Assertion is false but Reason is true..
55. If 1 , 2 and 3 are wave lengths of the waves 4) superposition of two waves of nearly equal
2) decrease in wavelength of sound received 74. Assertion (A): In transverse wave particle
frequencies
giving resonance with fundamental ,first and by obzerver velocity is perpendicular to wave velocity.
second over tones of a closed organ pipe .the 63. To hear beats, it is essential that the two sound 3) increase in number of waves received by
waves in air should Reason(R): In a longitudinal wave particle
ratio of wave lengths 1 : 2 : 3 is 1) be travelling in opposite directions observer in one second
velocity is along the direction of propagation
2) be travelling in the same direction 4) decrease in number of waves received by
1 1 of wave.
1) 1:2:3 2) 1: : 3) 1:3:5 4) 5:3:1 3) have slightly different amplitude observer in one second
3 5 4) have slightly different wavelengths
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75. Assertion (A): When a sound wave is 82. Assertion (A): The speed of sound in moist 90. Assertion (A): A transverse wave is traveling Reason(R): The ratio of modulus of elasticity
propagating through the medium the air is more than that in dry air. in a string. Equation of the wave is equal of to density for solids is much greater than that
acceleration of a particle is directly Reason(R): Speed of sound is independent of shape of the string at an instant t. for gases.
proportional to its displacement. change in pressure at constant temperature. Reason(R): At a point beats frequency of n 98. Assertion (A): Beats can be observed by two
Reason(R): Wave velocity depends on the 83. Assertion (A): The Doppler formula is not Hz is observed. It means, at that point, zero light sources as in sound.
symmetric with respect to the speed of source intensity is observed 2n times per second. Reason(R): To observe beats by two light
properties of the medium and is independent
and the speed of observer. 91. Assertion (A): In case of longitudinal sources, the phase difference between the
of time and position.
Reason(R): Doppler effect is applicable for two sources should change regularly.
76. Assertion (A):When a transverse wave stationary wave, compressions and
both mechanical as well as electromagnetic 99. Assertion (A): When a vibrating tuning fork
propagates along a string it transports energy rarefractions are obtained in place of nodes
waves. is placed on a sonometer, a large sound is
in two forms : kinetic energy and potential & antinodes respectively.
84. Assertion (A): In propagation of sound waves, heard. Reason(R): It is due to resonance.
energy. pressure amplitude is proportional to the Reason(R): Two plane waves, one
longitudinal and the other transverse having 100. Assertion (A): When the star approaches the
Reason(R): A transverse pulse reflected from displacement amplitude.
same frequency and amplitude are traveling earth, the spectral lines are shifted towards
a fixed end gets inverted. Reason(R): Suppose the source and observer
in medium in opposite directions with same the blue end of the spectrum.
77. Assertion (A):When a wave is transmitted both are stationary and wind is blowing in a
speed forms a stationary wave. Reason(R): It is due to Doppler effect.
from one medium to another, the frequency direction from source to observer, then the
92. Assertion (A): If all the particles of a string 101. Assertion (A): The change in frequency due
does not change. observer detects an apparent increase in
frequency. are oscillating in same phase, the string is to Doppler effect does not depend on
Reason(R): A wave transports energy and separation between the source and the
85. Assertion (A): In stationary wave, all the resonating in its fundamental tone.
momentum along with matter. particles of the medium between two nodes Reason(R): A sound wave is propagating observer.
78. Assertion (A):Mechanical waves require vibrate in same phase with same frequency through the medium, when the particle moves Reason(R): When a listener and sound source
material medium for their propagation. but with different amplitude. in the opposite direction to the propagation are moving with the same velocity in the same
Reason(R): In stationary wave, every particle of the wave, it is in a region of rarefaction. direction, the apparent frequency as heard
Reason(R): Transverse waves cannot be of the medium vibrates with its own energy 93. Assertion (A): In longitudinal progressive by listener increases.
generated with in the liquids. and it does not share or transmit it to any waves, when the particle is at the mean 102. Assertion (A): The Doppler effect can be
79. Assertion (A):The wave reflected from a other particle. position, it is a region of maximum observed in case of light and sound, but
denser medium has a phase change of from 86. Assertion (A): In the phenomena of compression or rarefaction. Doppler effect formula for light differs from
the incident wave. superposition, each wave propagates as if the that for sound.
Reason(R): In longitudinal progressive waves,
other wave were not present. Reason(R): Light does not require a material
Reason(R): The rate of energy transfer by a compressions and rare fractions travel
Reason(R): The superposition of waves is medium for its transmission whereas sound
wave is proportional to the frequency. forward along the wave.
valid only when the amplitude of the wave is requires medium for its transmission.
80. Assertion (A): A pulse traveling in one rope 94. Assertion (A): In progressive waves, the
much less than the wave length and velocity 103. Assertion (A): In a standing wave, the
is reflected at the boundary with another rope. of the wave is much longer than the particle minimum distance between two particles
particles at nodes always remain in rest.
If the reflected pulse is not inverted, then the velocity. vibrating in phase is equal to the wavelength.
Reason(R): In a standing wave, all the
transmitted pulse is longer than the original Reason(R): In progressive waves, all
87. Assertion (A):A standing wave can be particles cross their mean positions together.
pulse. produced even if the component waves have particles have the same amplitude, frequency
104. Assertion (A): In a travelling wave, energy
Reason(R): The speed of a transverse wave different amplitude. and time period.
is transmitted from one region of space to
in an elastic stretched string is doubled if Reason(R): Only periodic waves can produce 95. Assertion (A): The intensity of sound
other but in a standing wave the energy of
extension in the string is quadrapled. interference. increases with increase in the density of the
one region is always confined that region.
88. Assertion (A): Displacement node is a medium.
81. Assertion (A): When a sound wave is Reason(R): In a travelling wave, the phases
pressure antinode. Reason(R): The sound heard is more intense
propagating through the medium, the pressure of nearly particles are always different,
Reason(R): Standing waves can only be in carbon dioxide in comparison to air.
fluctuations are /2 out of phase with the whereas in a standing wave all particles
transverse. 96. Assertion (A): The velocity of sound increases
displacements. between two successive nodes move in phase.
89. Two points P and Q have a phase difference with increase of temperature.
Reason(R): When a sound wave is of when a traveling sine wave passes 105. Assertion (A):Solids can support both
Reason(R): Sound wave travel through longer longitudinal and transverse waves, but only
propagating through the medium maximum through the region. distances during night than during day. longitudinal waves can propagate in gases.
pressure deviation occurs at the positions of Assertion (A): P and Q move in opposite 97. Assertion (A): The velocity of sound is Reason(R): Solid possess elasticity of length
zero displacement and no pressure change directions. generally greater in solids than in gases at as well as shape, but gases possess only Bulk
occur at the positions of maximum Reason(R): P oscillates at half the frequency NTP. modulus.
displacements. of Q.
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106. Assertion (A): A driver under water is unable MATCH THE FOLLOWING 118. A wave travels from a denser medium to rarer 121. A tuning fork ‘P’ of frequency 280 Hz produces
to hear the sound produced in air. 114. Match the following : medium, then match the following two 6 beats/s with unknown tuning fork ‘Q’
Reason(R): The sound produced in air List – I List – II columns. Column-I Column-II
undergoes reflection at the water surface. In a stretched string % Change in frequency A) P is waxed and P) Frequency of ‘Q’
a) Length increases by 2% e) Decreases by 4% Column - I Column - II number of beats is 286 Hz
107. Assertion (A): We need two ears to locate
the direction from which the sound is coming. b) Radius increases by 4% f) Increases by 4% (a) speed of wave (p) will increase decreases
Reason(R): The phase difference between the c) Tension increases by 2% g)Decreases by 4% (b) wavelength of wave (q) will decrease B) Q is filed and Q) Frequency of
sound reaching the two ears depends on the d) Density decreases by 2% h)Increases by 8% (c) amplitude of wave (r) will remain constant numbered beats ‘Q’ is 274 Hz
I) Changes by 8% decreases
direction and distance of source. The correct match is (d)frequency of wave (s) may increase or decrease
108. Assertion (A): The sound waves do not exhibit 1) a-g, b-e, c-h, d-f 2) a-h, b-i, c-g, d-h 1) a r; b p; c r; d s 2) a p; b p; c p; d r C) P is filed and R) Frequency of‘Q’
the property of polarization. 3) a-e, b-g, c-f, d-h 4) a-f, b-i, c-e, d-g number of beats is 272 Hz
Reason(R): The sound waves do not have the 115. Match the following : 3) a r; b s; c q;d p 4) a s; b p; c r;d p remains same
transverse nature. List – I List – II 119. y-x graph of a transverse wave at a given D) ‘Q’ is filed and S) Frequency ‘Q’ is
109. Assertion (A): Two pulses are traveling along a) Resonance e)Law of conservation instant is shown in figure. match the following number of beats 288 Hz
a uniform string in opposite directions. One of energy A B C D
b) Reflection f) Doppler effect is due two columns.
of them is inverted pulse when compared with 1) Q R S R
to change in wave length 2) P P Q Q
the other in shape. There is no point clamped c) Source is in g) Doppler effect is due
y
between the pulses. Then they will have 3) P,Q Q,R R,S P
motion to number of waves 4) R,S Q,R S R
different speeds. reaching the observer
Reason(R): In a uniform string under a given d) Observer is h) Special case of 122. Match the following
tension, wave speed of any pulse is same. in motion forced vibrations B Column-I Column-II
x
110. Two waves in a string (all in SI units)are i) Reverberation A) Beats P) Ratio of harmonics is
The correct match is 1:2:3
y1 0.6sin 10t 20 x and y2 0.4sin 10t 20 x . A B) open organ pipe Q) Transverse stationary
1) a-e, b-h, c-g, d-i 2) a-f, b-g, c-e, d-h
kg 3) a-g, b-h, c-e, d-f 4) a-h, b-i, c-f, d-g waves
Mass per unit length of the string is 10 2 . 116. I represent intensity of sound wave, A the
m C) string stretched at R) Superposition of
amplitude and r the distance from the source. Column - I Column - II both ends sound waves of nearly
Assertion (A): Stationary wave can be formed
Then the match the following two comlumns. (a) velocity of particle A (p) positive equal frequencies
by their superposition but net energy transfer Column - I Column - II
through any section will be non-zero. (b) acceleration of particle A (q) negative D) closed organ pipe S) longitudinal stationary
a) Intensity due to a p) Proportional to r 1/ 2 (c) velocity of particle B (r) zero waves
Reason(R): Their amplitudes are unequal. point source.
111. Assertion (A): When a longitudinal pressure (d) acceleration of particleB (s) cen’t tell T) Interference in time
b) Amplitude due to a q) Proportional to r 1 A B C D
wave is reflected at the open end of an organ point source. 1) a-r,b-p,c-r,d-s 2) a-p,b-p,c-p,d-r
pipe, the compression pressure wave pulse 1) P,T P,S P,Q S
c) Intensity due to a line r) Proportional to r 2 3) a-r,b-s,c-q,d-p 4) a-s,b-p,c-s,d-r 2) Q,R S,T R,S,T Q
becomes rarefraction pressure wave pulse source 120. Match the following 3) S,T Q,R,T P Q
during the reflection.
d) Amplitude due to a s) Proportional to r 4 Column-I Column-II 4) Q P,Q R,S T
Reason(R): The phase of the wave changes line source A) Laplace equation P) humidity 123. A string of length 1m stretched at both ends
by when reflected at the open end. 1) a-r,b-q,c-q,d-p 2) a-p,b-q,c-r,d-s vibrating with frequency 300 Hz which is 3
112. Assertion (A): An open organ pipe of certain 3) a-q,b-q,c-s,d-r 4) a-s,b-p,c-q,d-r p times the fundamental frequency
length have the same fundamental frequency B) Newton equation Q)
117. Transverse waves are produced in a stretched d Column-I Column-II
as closed organ pipe of half the length wire. Both ends of the string are fixed. Let C) Speed of R) Temperature 1
Reason(R): In the case of open organ pipe, us compare between second overtone mode(in A) Number of loops P) m
at both the ends antinodes are formed, while numerator) and fifth harmonic mode(in longitudinal wave 3
denominator). Match the following two depends on S) isothermal process B) Number of antinodes Q) 200 Hz
in the closed organ pipe at one end antinode
and at the other end node is formed columns. C) Distance between R) 1st overtone
P two successive
113. Assertion (A) When a traveling wave is sent Column - I Column - II T)
(a) Frequency ratio (p) 2/3 d antinodes
along a particular string by oscillating one D) 2nd harmonic S) 3
end, the speed of the wave will increase if we (b) Number of nodes ratio (q) 4/5 A B C
(c) Number of antinodes ratio (r) 3/5 1) P Q S,T A B C D
increase the frequency of oscillations. 1) Q R,S P,R Q,S
Reason(R): If a traveling wave sent along a (d) Wavelength ratio (s) 5/3 2) Q S,T P,R
1) a-r,b-p,c-r,d-s 2) a-q,b-p,c-s,d-s 2) T Q,R P S,T
particular string by oscillating its one end, it 3) P,Q R,S T 3) P,Q R,S P,R,T Q
3) a-r,b-s,c-q,d-p 4) a-s,b-p,c-r,d-p
is the wave length of the wave that decreases. 4) Q,R P,Q,R R,S 4) S S P Q,R
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MORE THAN ONE OPTION IS CORRECT 128. A wave y = Acos( t – kx) passes through a 4 The equation of displacement of two waves are
medium. If v is the particle velocity and a is LEVEL - V
124. A string of length l is stretched along the x- π
axis and is rigidly clamped at x=0 and x=l. the particle acceleration then, given as y1 = 10 sin 3π t + ;
a) y, v and a all are in the same phase SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS 3
Transverse vibrations are produced in the
b) y lags behind v by a phase angle of /2 PROGRESSIVE WAVES
string. For nth harmonic which of the following y2 = 5 sin 3π t + 3 cos 3π t then what is the
relations may represent the shape of the string c) a leads y by a phase angle of 1. Earthquakes generate sound waves inside
at any time 3 Earth. Unlike a gas, Earth can experience both ratio of their amplitudes
d) v leads a by a phase angle of transvers (S) and longitudinal (P) sound waves. a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 1 c) 1 : 1 d) 3:2
n x 2
a) y 2Acost cos 1) a only correct 2) b and c are correct Typically, the speed of S, waves is about 4 km/ 5. A plane progressive wave has frequency 25Hz
l 3) a, b, c are correct 4) b and d are correct s. A sesimograph records P and S waves from and amplitude 2.5 ×10−5 m and initial phase is
n x 129. The equation of the standing wave in a string an earthquake. The first P waves arrive 3.0 zero propagates along the negative x-direction
b) y 2Asint cos clamped at both ends, vibrating in its third min before the first S waves (figure). Assuming with a velocity of 300 m/s. The phase
l
harmonic is given by the waves travel in a straight line, how far away difference between the oscillations at two
n x y 0.4sin 0.314 x cos 600t points 6m apart along the line of propagation
c) y 2Acost sin does the earthquake occur?
l is:
where, x and y are in cm and t in sec. (Yearth = 12.8 × 1010 pa, ρ earth = 2000kg / m3 )
π π
n x a) the frequency of vibration is 300 Hz
d) y 2Asint sin b) the length of the string is 30 cm a) 1900 km b) 1440 km a) π b)
2
c) 2π d)
4
l c) the nodes are located at x 0 , 10 cm, 30 cm c) 1800 klm c) 1200 km
1) c only 2) c and d only 1) Only a is true 2) a, b are true 2. Two particles of medium disturbed by the wave 6. A 100 Hz sinusoidal wave is travelling in the
3) a only 4) a, b, c and d 3) b, c are true 4) a, b, c are true propagation are at x1 = 0 and x2 = 1 cm. The positive x–direction along a string with a
125. In case of superposition of waves (at x=0), 130. The equation of a stationary wave in a string respective displacement (in cm) of the particles linear mass density of 3.5 × 10–3 kg m–1 and
y1=4sin(1026 t) and y2=2sin(1014 t)
a) the frequency of resulting wave is 510 Hz is y 4mm sin 3.14m 1 x cos t . can be given by equations y1 = 2 sin 3 p t a tension of 35 N. At time t = 0, the point x = 0
π has zero displacement and the slope of the
b) the amplitude of resulting wave varies at Select the correct alternative(s) :
frequency 3 Hz a) the amplitude of component waves is 2 mm y 2 = 2 sin 3πt − wave velocity can be string is π / 20 . Then select the wrong
c)the frequency of beats is 6 per second b) the amplitude of component waves is 4mm 2
alternative:
d) the ratio of maximum to minimum intensity c) the smallest possible length of string is 0.5 m (A) 6 cm/s (B) 7 cm/s (C) 8 cm/s (D) 9 cm/s
a) velocity of wave is 100 m/s
is 9 d) the smallest possible length of string is 1.0 m 3. The following fig. show a snapshot of a
(b) angular frequency is (200 π) rad/s
The correct statements are 1) a, c are correct 2) b, c are correct vibrating string at t = 0 . The particle P is
1) a, d 2) b, d 3) a, c, d 4) all c)Amplitude of wave is 0.025 m
3) a, d are correct 4) all are correct
126. In case of stationary sound waves in air the
observed moving up with velocity 20 3 cm/s. d) propagation constant is (4π ) m −1
correct statement(s) is a/are CUQ - KEY The tangent at P makes an angle of 600 with 7. Equation of a stationary and a travelling waves
A) each air particle vibrates with the same 1) 3 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 1 6) 1 the x-axis the equation of the wave is are as follows y1 = a sin kx cos ωt and
amplitude 7) 1 8) 3 9) 4 10) 1 11) 3 12) 4
B) amplitude is maximum for some 13) 1 14) 2 15) 4 16) 3 17) 1 18) 1 (in 10–3 m)
v y2 = a sin ( ωt − kx ) . The phase difference
particles and 19) 4 20) 4 21) 4 22) 2 23) 4 24) 1 4
minimum for some other particles 25) 4 26) 1 27) 4 28) 3 29) 4 30) 3 π 3π
2 2 P 60° 5.5
between two points x1 = and x2 = is φ1 ,
C) the particles do not execute periodic 31) 2 32) 4 33) 4 34) 2 35) 4 36) 2 1.5
x 3k 2k
motion 37) 2
43) 2
38) 1
44) 3
39) 4
45) 1
40) 3
46) 2
41) 3
47) 4
42) 3
48) 3
0 3.5 7.5 (× 10–2 m) in the standing wave ( y1 ) and is φ2 in
D) the particles do not vibrate at all
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) B & C 49) 4 50) 2 51) 4 52) 1 53) 3 54) 3 φ1
127. The tension in a stretched string fixed at both 55) 2 56) 1 57) 2 58) 2 59) 4 60) 3 travelling wave ( y2 ) , then ratio φ is
2
ends is changed by 2%, the fundamental 61) 4 62) 4 63) 4 64) 4 65) 4 66) 1 π x 3π
frequency is found to get changed by 15 Hz. 67) 3 68) 4 69) 4 70) 2 71) 3 72) 4 A) y = 0.4 sin 10π t − + cm a) 1 b) 5/6 c) 3/4 d) 6/7
a) wavelength of the string of fundamental 73) 1 74) 2 75) 2 76)2 77)3 78)2 2 4 8. The equation of a wave disturbance is given
frequency does not change 79)3 80)4 81)1 82)2 83)2 84)3 π x 3π π
b) velocity of propagation of wave changes 85)3 86)2 87)3 88)3 89)3 90)2 B) y = 0.4 sin 10π t + + cm as y = 0.02 sin 2 + 50πt cos(10πx) where x and y
2 4
by 2% 91)3 92)2 93)3 94)2 95)3 96)3
97)1 98)1 99)1 100)1 101)3 102)1 are in metres and t in seconds. Choose the
c) velocity of propagation of wave changes π x 3π
by 1% 103)3 104)2 105)1 106)1 107)1 108)1 C) y = 0.4 cos 10π t + + cm
correct statement(s)
d) original frequency is 1500 Hz 109)4 110)1 111)1 112)2 113)4 114)1 2 4 a) the wavelength of wave is 0.2 m
1) c only correct 2) c and d are correct 115)4 116)1 117)1 118)2 119)4 120)2 π x 3π b) displacement node occurs at x = 0.15 m
3) a, c and d are correct 4) b and d are correct 121)2 122)1 123)4 124)2 125)1 126)2 D) y = 0.4 cos 10π t − + cm c) displacement antinode occurs at x = 0.3 m
127)3 128) 4 129)4 130)3 2 4
d) the speed of constituent waves is 0.2 m/s
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SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
WAVE SPEED LONGITUDINAL/PRESSURE WAVES 19. Two sound waves move in the same direction INTERFERENCE
9. Two vibrating strings of same length, same 14. The frequency of a man’s voice is 300 Hz and in the same medium. The pressure oscillation 21. S1 & S2 are two coherent sources of sound
cross section area and stretched to same its wavelength is 1 meter. If the wavelength amplitudes of the waves are equal but the wave
tension are made of material with densities of a child’s voice is 1.5 m, then the frequency length of the first wave is double that of having no initial phase differene. The velocity
ρ and 2 ρ . Each string is fixed at both ends. of the child’s voice is: second. Let the average power transmitted of sound is 330 m/s. No minima will be formed
If V1 and V2 are speeds transverse waves in a)200 Hz b) 150 Hz c) 400 Hz d) 350 Hz across a cross section by first wave be P 1 and onthe line passing through S 2 and
the strings with densities ρ and 2 ρ 15. A sound wave of frequency 440 Hz is passing that by second wave be P 2. Then
through air. An O 2 molecule (mass = 5.3 x 10- perpendicular to the joining S1 and S 2 , if the
V1 26
kg) is set in oscillation with an amplitude of a) P1 = P2 b) P1 =4P2 c) P2=2P1 d) P2=4P1
respectively, then V is: 20. For a sound wave travelling towards +x frequency of both the source is:
2 10-6 m. Its speed at the mean position of a) 50Hz b) 60 Hz c) 70 Hz d) 80 Hz .
oscillation is : direction, sinusoidal longitudinal displacement
1 22. Three sinusoidal waves have the same
a) 1/2 b) 2 c) d) a) 1.70 × 10 −5 m / s b) 17.0 × 10 −5 m / s ξ at a certain time is given as a function of x.
2 2 a a
−
c) 2.76 ×10 m / s
3 d) 2.77 × 10 −5 m / s If Bulk modulus of air is B = 5 × 105 N / m 2 , the frequency, but their amplitudes are a, ,
10. When an elastic cord (for which the tension is 2 3
16. Figure shown is a graph, at a certain time t, of variation of pressure excess will be:
proportional to the extension) of length l is and their phase angles are 0, π / 2 and π
stretched by 2l the speed of the transverse the displacement function S ( x, t ) of three ξ
respectively. The equation of the resultant
wave on it in V. If it is further stretched by sound waves 1,2 and 3 as marked on the curves –4
10 m wave obtained by the superposition of these
another l , the speed of the transverse wave that travel along x-axis through air. If P1, P2
and P3 represent their pressure oscillation three waves is given by
on it will be 0 x(m)
a sin ( kx − wt + θ ) . Then tanθ =
0.1 0.2 0.3 5
amplitudes respectively, then correct relation y =
3 between them is: 10–4 m 6
a) 2 V b) 2 2 V c) 3 V d) 2 V λ1/2
(A) 4 / 3 (B) 3 / 4 (C) 1 / 3 (D) 1/ 4
S Pex 23. Four waves are described by equations as
1 λ1
11.. A uniform rope of length l is hung from the + 2π × 10 Pa follow Y1 = A cos ( ωt − kx )
2
ceiling under its own weight the speed of the X
transverse pulse on it at a distance x from 3 0 0.1 A π
the ceiling will be proportional to 2
a)
0.2
x(m) Y2 = cos ωt − kx +
λ3
2 2
– 2π × 10 Pa
2
a) x b) ( l − x ) c) x d) l − x
a) P1 > P2 > P3 b) P3 > P2 > P1 Y3 =
A
cos ( ωt − kx + π )
12. A 100 m long rod of density 10.0 x 104 kg/m3 Pex 4
c) P1 = P2 = P3 d) P2 > P3 > P1
and having Young’s modules Y = 1011 Pa, is + 5π × 10 Pa
2
clamped at one end. It is hammered at the 17. A sound wave of wavelength 40cm travels in A 3π
air. If the difference between the maximum Y4 = cos ωt − kx +
other free end. The longitudinal pulse goes to
and minimum pressures at a given point is 0 0.1
8 2
right end, gets reflected and again returns to b) x(m)
0.2 and their resultant wave is calculated as
the left end. How much time, the pulse take to 1.0 × 10 −3 N / m 2 and the bulk modulus of air
– 5π × 10 Pa
2
go back to initial point. is 1.4 × 105 N / m 2 , the amplitude of vibration Y = Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 such as
a)0.1 sec b) 0.2 sec c) 0.3 sec d) 2 sec of the particles of the medium is nearly Pex Y = A1 cos (ωt − kx + φ ) then………..(symbols
13. A rope hangs from a rigid support. A pulse is a) 1.0 × 10 −10 m b) 2.2 × 10 −10 m + 2π × 10 Pa
2
set by jiggling the bottom end. We want to have their usual meanings)
−
c) 3.3 × 10 m 10 d) 4.4 × 10 −10 m
design a rope in which velocity υ of pulse is
18. The figure represents the displacement y 5A 1
independent of z, the distance of the pulse from c) 0 0.2
x(m) a) A =
1
φ = tan −1
fixed end of the rope. If the rope is very long versus distance x along the direction of 0.1 8 4
the desired function for mass per unit length propagation of a longitude wave. The pressure – 2π × 10 Pa
2
is maximum at position marked 2 5A 1
µ (z) in terms of µ0 (mass per unit length of b) A =
1
φ = tan −1
Pex 8 3
the rope at the top (z = 0) is given by
V + 5π × 10 Pa
2
−
gz
+
gz 3 5A 1
a) µ (z) = µ e v2 b) µ ( z ) = µ e v2
P
R S c) A =
1
φ = tan −1
0 0 P Q R
0 0.2
8 2
d) x(m)
g υ2
+ 0.1
c) µ ( z ) = µ0 log e 2 z d) µ ( z ) = µ e gz x 4 5A
υ –5π × 10 Pa d) A =
1
φ = tan −1 (1)
2
0
a)P b)Q c)R d)S 8
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SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
24. A string of length 0.4 m and mass 10–2 kg is The densities of steel and aluminium are 36. A closed organ pipe of length L and an open 40. A source of oscillations S is fixed to the
tightly clamped at its ends. The tension in the organ pipe contain gases of densities ρ1 and riverbed of a river with stream velocity υ . Two
string is 1.6 N. Identical wave pulses are 7.8 g / cm3 and 2.6 g / cm3 respectively. The
receivers R1 and R2 are fixed also to the
produced at one end at equal intervals of time frequency of first overtone of this composite ρ2 respectively. The compressibility of gases
are equal in both the pipes. Both the pipes are riverbed. If the source generates frequency
∆t . The minimum value of time interval, which wire with the joint as a node is nearly
a) 180Hz b) 240Hz c) 360Hz d) 480Hz vibrating in thier first overtone with same f s , the frequencies received by receivers
allows constructive interference between
successive pulses, is: frequency. The length of open organ pipe is : R1 and R2 are respectively f1 and f 2 then
31. The vibrations of string of length 60cm fixed 1/2 1/2
(a) 0.05 s (b) 0.10 s (c) 0.20 s (d) 0.40 s both ends are represented by the equations 4 L ρ1 4L ρ L 4L
(A) 3 ρ (B) 3 ρ2 (C) (D) V
STATIONARY WAVES y = 4sin (π x /15 ) cos ( 96π t ) where x and y 2 1 3 3 Streamflow
25. A wire of length ‘l’ having tension T and radius’ BEATS R1 S R2
r’ vibrates with fundamental frequency “f’. are in cm and t in s. The maximum displacement
at x = 5 cm is 37. There is a set of four tuning forks, one with
Another wire of the same metal with length (A) f1 = f 2 = f s (B) f1 > f s , f 2 > f s
lowest frequency vibrating at 550 Hz. By using
‘2l’ having tension 2T and radius 2 r will
a) 2 3 cm b) 4 cm c) zero d) 4 2 cm any two tuning forks at a time, the following (C) f1 < f s , f 2 < f s (D) f1 > f s , f 2 < f s
vibrate with fundamental frequency:
beat frequencies are heard: 1,2,3,5,7,8. The
f 32. A stretched string of length 1m fixed at both 41. An observer is moving along positive x-axis
f possible frequencies of the other three forks
a) f b) 2f c) d) 2 ends, having a mass 5 × 10−4 kg is under a from the origin. One tuning fork moves away
2 2 2 are:
from the observer while other moves towards
26. A string of length 1.5 m with its two ends tension of 20N. It is plucked at a point situated a) 552, 553, 560 b) 557, 558, 560
it at the same speed and with same natural
clamped is vibrating in fundamental mode. at 25 cm from one end. The stretched string c) 552, 553, 558 d) 551, 553, 558
frequency f. The velocity of sound in air is V.
Amplitude at the centre of the string is 4 mm. could vibrate with a frequency of 38. A vibrating string of certain length l under a
tension T resonates with a mode If observer hears the beat of frequency f0 ,
Distance between the two points having a) 512 Hz b) 100 Hz c) 200 Hz d) 256 Hz
amplitude 2 mm is: corresponding to the first overtone of an air find the speed of the tuning fork moving away
a) 1m b) 75cm c) 60cm d) 50 cm 33. A piano wire having a diameter of 0.90 mm is column of length 75 cm inside a tube closed at from observer relative to the observer
27. A 75 cm string fixed at both ends produces replaced by another wire of the same length one end. The string also generates 4 beats per Vf V ( f − f0 )
resonant frequencies 384 Hz and 288 Hz and material but with a diameter of 0.93 mm. second when excited along with a tuning fork (A) 2 f (B) 2 f0
without there being any other resonant If the tension of the wire is kept the same, of frequency n. Now when the tension of the 0
frequency between these two. Wave speed for then the percentage change in the frequency string is slightly increased the number of beats V ( f − f0 ) Vf 0
the string is : reduces to 2 per second. Assuming the velocity (C) (D)
of the fundamental tone is nearly f0 2f
a)144m/s b) 216 m/s c) 108 m/s d) 72 m/s of sound in air to be 340 m/s, the frequency n
a) +3% b) +3.3 % c) -3.3% d) -3% 42. A siren placed at a railway platform is emitting
28. A string of length l is fixed at both ends. It is of the tuning fork in Hz is
(A) 344 (B) 336 (C) 117.3 (D) 109.3 sound of frequency 5 kHz. A passenger sitting
vibrating in its 3rd overtone with maximum ORGAN PIPES in a moving train A records a frequency of 5.5
l 34. An open pipe is suddenly closed at one end DOPPLER EFFECT kHz, while the train approaches the siren.
amplitude ‘a’. The amplitude at a distance 39. In the figure shown a source of sound of During his return journey in a different train
3 with the result that the frequency of third
frequency 510Hz moves with constant velocity B he records a frequency of 6.0 kHz while
from one end is : harmonic of the closed pipe is found to be
higher by 100 Hz than the fundamental Vs = 20m / s in the direction shown. The wind approaching the same siren. The ratio of the
3a velocity of train B to that train A is
a) a b) 0 c) d) a / 2 frequency of the open pipe. The fundamental is blowing at a constant velocity Vw = 20m / s
2 242 5 11
29. A chord attached about an end to a vibrating frequency of the open pipe is towards an observer who is at rest at point B. (A) (B) 2 (C) (D)
252 6 6
fork divides it into 6 loops. When its t tension (A) 200 Hz (B) 300 Hz Corresponding to the sound emitted by the
43. A wall is moving with velocity u and a source
is 36N. The tension at which it will vibrate in (C) 240 Hz (D)480 Hz. source at initial position A, the frequency
4 loops when attached to same tuning fork is: detected by the observer is equal to (speed of u
35. An open pipe is in resonance in 2 nd harmonic of sound moves with velocity in the same
a) 24 N b) 36 N c) 64 N d) 81 N sound relative to air = 330 m/s) 2
30. An aluminium wire of length 60cm is joined to with frequency f1. Now one end of the tube is direction as shown in the figure. Assuming that
a steel wire of length 80 cm and stretched closed and frequency is increased to f2 such y
V a) 510Hz the sound travels with velocity 10u. The ratio
between two fixed supports. that the resonance again occurs in nth of incident sound wavelength on the wall of
80 cm 60 cm harmonic. Choose the correct option: the reflected sound wavelength by the wall, is
b) 500 Hz
Steel Aluminium 3 5 V
equal to
The tension produced is 40 N. The cross - (A) n = 3, f2 = f (B) n = 3, f2 = f A y
x
4 1 4 1 u
a) 9:11 b) 11:9
sectional areas of the steel and c) 525 Hz
5 3 u/2
aluminiumWires are 1.0 mm2 and 3.0 mm 2 (C) n = 5, f2 = f1 (D) n = 5, f2 = f1 S
4 4 d) 550 Hz c) 4:5 d) 5:4
respectively.
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SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS 51. Choose the correct option (s) regarding beats 57. The maximum kinetic energy of the string is 63. The upper end and the lower end of the tube
44. A wave is represented by the equation (A) beats are periodic variations in the intensity of 1 are respetively
b) mA ω
2 2
y = (0.001 mm) sin [(50 s-1)t + (2.0 m-1)x] sound a) mA2ω 2 a) open-closed b) closed-open
(A) The wave velocity = 100 m/s 2 c) open-open d) closed-closed
(B) to produce beats two sound waves of nearly
(B) The wavelength = 2.0 m equal frequencies travel in same direction 1 1 64. Equation of the standing wave in terms of
c) mA ω d) mA ω
2 2 2 2
(C) The frequency = 25/ π Hz (C) One loud sound followed by faint sound form 4 8 excess pressure is ___ (Bulk modulus of air
(D) The amplitude = 0.001 mm one beat. B = 5 × 105 N / m 2 )
45. An electrically maintained tuning fork vibrates
Passage II
(D) beats can heard if difference between two Two waves are described by the equations : 2π
with constant frequency and constant frequencies is small and not more than ten. a) Pex = (125π N / m 2 ) sin ( y + 1cm ) cos 2π ( 400t )
amplitudes. If the temperature of the y1 = A cos(0.5πx − 100πt) 80
52. Two source of intensities I 0 and 4I 0 are used 2π
surrounding air increases but pressure and y 2 = A cos(0.46πx − 92πt) b) Pex = (125π N / m 2 ) cos ( y + 1cm ) sin 2π ( 400t )
remains constant, the sound produced will for interference experiment. Due to super 80
here x and y are in m and t is in s.
have 2π
(A) Larger wavelength (B) Larger frequency
position the resulting intensity can be 58. The number of maxima heard in one second c) Pex = ( 225π N / m ) sin ( y + 1cm ) cos 2π ( 200t )
2
80
(C) Larger velocity (D) Larger time period (A) 9I0 (B) 4.5I 0 (C) 5I0 (D) 4I 0 will be
46. As a wave propagates : 53. A listener is at rest with respect to the source (A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1 d) ex (
P = 225π N / m 2
) 280π ( y + 1cm ) sin 2π ( 200t )
cos
(A) the wave intensity remains constant for a plane of sound. A wind starts blowing along the line 59. The speed of the higher frequency waveform
is 65. Assume end correction approximately equals
wave joining the source and the observer. Which of to (0.3) x (diameter of tube), estimate teh
(B) the wave intensity decreases as the inverse of the following quantities do not change ? (A) 200m/s (B) 180m/s (C) 140m/s (D)120m/s
60. Find the number of times y1 + y2 becomes zero approximate number of moles of air present
the distance from the source for a spherical wave (A) Frequency (B) Velocity of sound inside the tube ( Assume tube is at NTP, and
(C) the wave intensity decreases as the inverse per second, at x=0.
(C) Wavelength (D) Time period (A) 96 (B) 48 (C) 192 (D) 100 at NTP, 22.4 litre contains 1 mole)
square of the distance from the source for a 54. Two identical straight wires are streched so
spherical wave Passage-III: 10π 10π
as to produce 6 beats/sec when vibrating A string whose ends are tied to the walls are (A) (B)
(D) total intensity of the spherical wave over the simultaniously. On changing the tension 36 × 22.4 18 × 22.4
spherical surface centered at the source remains separated by a distance of 120 cm. waves
slightly in one of them, the beat frequency produced on such a string travel back and forth 10π 10π
constant at all times (C) (D)
remains unchanged. Denoting by T1 and between the walls and standing waves are set up. 72 × 22.4 60 × 22.4
0.8
47. Y (x, t) = [(4 x + 5t )2 + 5] represents a moving It is found that the points on the string at which Passage - V
T2 the higher and lower initial tension in displacement amplitude is 3.5 mm are separated
pulse where x and y are in meters and in t Two trains A and B are moving with speeds 20 m/
the strings, then it could be said that while by 15 cm
second. Then s and 30 m/s respectively in the same direction on
making the above changes in tension : 61. The string is oscillating in
(A) pulse is moving in negative x-direction the same straight track, with B ahead of A. The
(A) T2 was decreased (B) T2 was increased a) 3rd harmonic b) 4th harmonic engines are at the front ends. The engine of trains A
(B) in 2 s it will travel a distance of 2.5 m c) 2nd harmonic d) 1st harmonic
(C) its maximum displacement is 0.16 m (C) T1 was decreased (D) T1 was increased blows a long whistle.
62. The maximum displacement amplitude is
(D) pulse is moving in positive x-direction
Intensity
48. An air column in a pipe, which is closed at one COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS a) 3.5 mm b) 3.5 2mm
end, will be in resonance with a vibrating Passage-1 3.5
c) mm d) D) 7mm
tuning fork of frequency 264 Hz, if the length A string of mass m is fixed at both ends. It is excited 2 f1 f2 Frequency
of the column in cm is to vibrate in its fundamental mode, the equation of Assume that the sound of the whistle is composed
(A) 31.25 (B) 62.50 (C) 93.75 (D) 12.5 Passage IV
the stationary wave being y = A sin kx sin (ωt + π / 4 ) In an organ pipe (may be closed or open) of 99 of components varying in frequency from f1 = 800
49. Velocity of sound in air is 320 m/s. a pipe closed Hz to f2 = 1120 Hz, as shown in the figure.
at one end has a length of 1 m. Neglecting end 55. The amplitude of oscillation of a point on the cm length standing wave is setup, whose equation
string which is at a distance of one – third of is given by longitudinal displacement The spread in the frequency (highest frequency –
corrections, the air column in the pipe can lowest frequency) is thus 320 Hz. The speed of
resonate for sound of frequency: the length of the string from one of the fixed 2π
(A) 80 Hz (B) 240Hz (C) 320 Hz (D) 400 Hz ends is ξ = ( 0.1mm ) cos ( y + 1cm ) cos 2π ( 400 ) t sound in still air is 340 m/s.
80 66. The speed of sound of the whistle is
50. Standing waves can be produced : A Where y is measured from the top of the tube in (A) 340 m/s for passengers in A and 310 m/s for
A 3A
(A) on a string clamped at both ends a) A b) c) d) centimeters and it in t second. passengers in B.
(B) on a string clamped at one end and free at 2 2 2
(B) 360 m/s for passengers in A and 310 m/s for
the other 56. The minimum time after t = 0 at which the
passengers in B.
(C) when incident wave gets reflected from a kinetic energy of the string is maximum is
wall y (C) 310 m/s for passengers in A and 360 m/s for
(D) when two identical waves with a phase π π 3π 2π passengers in B.
a) b) c) d) (D) 340 m/s for passengers in both the trains.
difference of p are moving in the same direction ω 4ω 4ω 3ω
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67. The distribution of the sound intensity of the 71. The maximum and minimum pressure at the 76. Match the following : Column B
whistle as observed by the passengers in train closed end of the pipe are respectively Column A (P) 255 Hz (Q) 1 : 1 (R) 442 Hz (S) 2 : 1
A is best represented by (A) P0 + ∆ P0 , P0 − ∆ P0 (A) Stiff string has N segments 79. T1 and T2 are higher and lower tensions in
(B) Open pipe of smaller diameter two identical strings stretched to produce n
∆ P0 ∆P (C) Closed pipe
(B) P0 + , P0 − 0
Intensity
beats per second when vibrating
2 2 (D) String one end connected to rigid simultaniously. The beat frequncy remains
(A) (C) P0 − ∆ P0 , P0 − 2 ∆ P0 (D) P0 , P0 boundry and other end is free unchanged when tension is slightly changed
f1 f2 Frequency Column B in one of them. If the beat frequency remains
Passage - VII v unchanged, match the options of the two
A long wire PQR is made by joning 2 wires PQ (P) All harmonic of exist
2l columns :
Intensity
and QR of equal radii. PQ has a length 4.8 m and
mass 0.06 kg, QR has length 2.56 m and mass v
(B) (Q) Fundamental frequency, ν = Column-I Column-II
0.20kg. Wire PQR is under tension of 80 N. A 2l
(A) T1 is (P) Increased
f1 f2 Frequency sinusoidal wave pulse of amplitude 3.5 cm is sent 2l
along the wire PQ from end P. No power is (R) Wave length = (B) T2 is (Q) Decreased
N
dissipated during propagation of wave pulse. (S) Odd harmonics are only available (C) [(T 1 – T2)/2] is
Intensity
72. Find the speed of wave in wire PQ: (when T2 is constant)
( l = length of string / pipe, v = velocity of wave)
(C) (A) 80 m/sec (B) 75 m/sec 77. Match the appropriate condition in Column-I (D) [(T1 – T2)/2 is
(C) 60m/sec (D) 70m/sec with Column-II (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4………..) (when T2 is constant)
f1 f2 Frequency 73. Find the time taken by wave pulse to reach Column – I
from P to R 80. Three stars x,y and z have slightly different
(A) Constructive interference
(A) 0.10sec (B) 0.12 sec temperatures Tx , Ty and Tz respectively. All
Intensity
(B) Destructive interference
(C) 0.14sec (D) 0.16sec (C) Maximum intensity (D) Minimum intensity stars are receding from the earth with speeds
(D) 74. Find the amplitude of reflected wave pulse 78. A source of sound in moving along a circular Vx , V y and Vz repectively relative to the earth.
f1 f2 Frequency after the incident wave pulse crosses the orbit of radius 3 m with angular velocity of
joint Q : They radiate the maximum energy at the same
68. The spread of frequency as observed by the 10 rad s–1. A sound detector located for away
(A) 1.5 cm (B) 1.25cm wavelength of the light. Match the options of
is executing linear SHM with amplitude 6 m
passengers in train B is (C) 1.75cm (D) 2.0cm the following columns :
on line BCD as shown. The frequency of
(A) 310 Hz (B) 330 Hz (C) 350 Hz (D) 290 Hz.
MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS 5 Column-I Column-II
Passage - VI detector for oscillation is per second. The
The air column in a pipe closed at one end is made
75. The figure shows a string at a certain moment π
(A) Vy > Vx (P) Tx > Ty > Tz
as a transverse wave passes through it. Three source is at A when detector at B at t = 0. (B) Vx > Vz (Q) Tx < Ty < Tz
to vibrate in its second overtone by a tuning fork of
particles A, B and C of the string are also Source emits a continuous sound wave of
frequency 440Hz. the speed of the sound in air is (C) Vx = Vz (R)
shown. Match the physical quantities in the frequency 340 Hz. (velocity of sound = 330 ms–
330 m/s. end corrections may be neglected. Let (D) Vy > Vz (S)
left column with the description in the column 1
). Match the column A with B. (T is time
P0 denote the mean pressure at any point in the on the right. period of oscillation). ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS
pipe and ∆P0 the maximum aplitude of pressure A
B N (A) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True;
variation then Statement – 2 is a correct explanation for
69. The amplitude of pressure variation at the C M Statement – 1.
A B C D
middle of the column is Column A Column B (B) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is True;
∆p0 ∆p0 ∆p0 ∆p0 (A) Velocity of A (P) Downwards, if the P Statement – 2 is NOT a correct explanation
(A) (B) (C) (D) wave is travelling Column A for Statement – 1.
2 3 2 3 (C) Statement – 1 is True, Statement – 2 is False.
towards right (A) The frequency of sound recorded by the
70. The maximum and minimum pressure at the (B) Acceleration of A (Q) Downwards, if the detector at t = 3T/4 (D) Statement – 1 is False, Statement – 2 is True.
open end of the pipe are respectively wave is travelling (B) The frequency of sound recorded by the 81. STATEMENT – 1 : The basic of Laplace
P0 P0 towards left detector at t = T/4 correction was the exchange of heat between
(A) Po,Po (B) ,
2 2 (C) Velocity of B (R) Downwards, no (C) The ratio of the time period of source and the the region of compression and rarefaction in
matter which way detector air is not possible. because
P0
(C) 2 P0 , 2 P0 (D) P0 , the wave is travelling (D) Maximum velocity of detector maximum STATEMENT – 2 : Air is a bad conductor of
2 (D) Velocity of C (S) Zero. velocity of source heat and velocity of sound in air is large.
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82. STATEMENT – 1 : The velocity of sound in 89. Statement – 1: Two tuning forks having 97. The string fixed at both ends has standing 102. A transverse wave is travelling in a string at
air, at constant temperature, does not depend frequency 410 Hz and 524 Hz are kept close wave nodes for which distance between any moment a small element ' dx ' is at
on the ambient pressure. and made to vibrate. Beats will not be heard. adjacent nodes is x1. The same string has
because Statement – 2 : Sound waves superimpose only another standing wave nodes for which inclination 30o with the direction of
STATEMENT – 2 : This is a consequence of when the frequencies of superposing waves are distance between adjacent nodes is x2. If l is propagation of the wave. After some time
the fact that the velocity of sound is a function equal or nearly equal. interval its inclination Changes to 60o with
x2 l
P 90. Statement-1 : Two sound waves of equal the length of the string, then x = ( l + 2 x ) . direction of propagation. Potential energy of
of the ratio but as P increases, ρ increases
ρ intensity I produced beats. The maximum 1 1
this small element is initially U 0 and finally it
by the same factor at constant temperature. intensity of sound produced in beats is 4I. What is the difference in number of the loops
in the two cases? is K . U 0 find the value of K
83. STATEMENT – 1 :speed of sound in air was Statement-2 : If two waves of amplitudes a1
found wrong because, he assumed process as and a 2 superpose, the maximum amplitude of 98. Two vibrating strings of the same material but 103. A stretched string is fixed at both ends. When
isothermal. the resultant wave = a1 + a2. of lengths L and 2L have radii 2r and r it is vibrating in the fundamental mode the
because INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS respectively. They are stretched under the maximum kinetic energy of the string is E1 and
STATEMENT – 2 : Flow of sound wave in a same tension. Both the strings vibrate in their
91. Transverse wave is propagating in a string. amplitude at anti-node is A1 . When it is
medium is very fast. Quick process suppress fundamental modes, the one of length L with
heat exchange, hence this process must be Tension in the string becomes twice to the vibrating in the 3rd harmonic, the maximum
adiabatic in nature. initial tension. Simultaneously, area of cross- frequency ν1 and the other with frequency kinetic energy of the string is E2 and amplitude
84. STATEMENT – 1 : If an observer places his action of the string is increased so that there
is no change in speed of the wave. Initial cross- ν1 at anti-node is A2 . If E1 = E2 Find A1 / A2
ear at the end of a long steel pipe, he can hear ν 2 . Find the ratio ν
two distinct sounds, when a workman hammers section area is A0 . Final cross-section area is 2 104. A motor car moving away from a cliff with a
the other end of the pipe. 99. The ends of a stretched wire of length L are velocity of 90 kmph sounds the horn and the
because KA0 . Find the value of K echo is heard after 20 seconds. Assuming the
fixed at x = 0 and x = L. In one experiment the
STATEMENT – 2 : Longitudinal as well as 92. A cylindrical tube, open at both ends, has a velocity of sound in air to be 335 ms −1 , if the
transverses wave can be propagated in steel. fundamental frequency ν . The tube is dipped πx
displacement of the wire is y1 = A sin distance between the car and cliff when the
85. STATEMENT – 1 : Soldiers are asked to vertically in water so that half of its length is L
horn is sounded is (P+ 0.1)Km, then P value is
break steps while crossing the bridge to avoid inside the water, find ratio of new fundamental sinω t and energy is E 1 and in other
resonance situation. frequency to old fundamental frequency ? experiment its displacement is y2 = A sin LEVEL-V - KEY
because 93. A guiter string is 90 cm long and has a SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS
STATEMENT – 2 : When frequency of two 2πx
fundamental frequency of 124 Hz. It is pressed sin(2ω t) and energy is E2 = mE1 .Find 1) B 2) A 3) A 4) C 5) A 6)D 7) D
oscillating system are equal, their amplitude at a distance 10x cm from one end to produce L
of vibration become very high. the value of ‘m’ 8) D 9) C 10) A 11) B 12) B 13) A 14) A
a fundamental frequency of 186Hz. Find the
86. STATEMENT – 1 : When standing waves are 15) C 16) B 17) B 18) C19) A 20) D
produced in a closed organ pipe, the pressure value of x. 0.8
94. A 20 cm long string, having a mass of 1.0 g, is 100. Y (x, t) = [(4x + 5t)2 + 5] represents a moving 21) A 22) B 23) C 24) B 25) C 26) A 27) A
at the closed end is a constant.
fixed at both the ends. The tension in the string 28) C 29) D 30) C31) A 32) C 33) C 34) A
because pulse in a material medium, where x and y are
STATEMENT – 2 : The closed end is 0.5 N. The string is set into vibrations using 35) C 36) A 37) D 38) A 39)C 40) A 41) D
in metres and t in second. The maximum
corresponds to a node and hence the pressure an external vibrator of frequency 100 Hz. Find 42) B 43) A
displacement of medium particle in
is constant. the separation (in cm) between the successive MULTI ANSWER QUESTIONS
transporting energy of pulse is
87. STATEMENT – 1 : In the case of stationary nodes on the string.
(N X 0.08) m.Find N. 44) C,D 45) A,C 46) A,C,D
wave, a person hear a loud sound at the nodes 95. When two progressive waves y1=4sin(2x- 6t)
as compared to the antinodes. because 101. Transevers wave is propagating in a string. 47) A,B,C 48) A,C 49) A,B,C
π
STATEMENT – 2 : In a stationary wave all and y 2 = 3sin 2x − 6t − are superimposed. Tension in the string is increased to twice the 50) A,B,C 51) A,B,C,D 52) A,B,C,D
the particles of the medium vibrate in phase. 2 initial tension. Simultaceonly, area of 53) A,D 54) B, C
88. Statement – 1: In case of beats, intensity of Find amplitude of resulting wave. crossection of the string is increased so that
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
sound at some positions in space remains 96. The average power transmitted across a cross- there is no change in speed of the wave. Intial
maximum and at others, it remains minimum section by two sound waves moving in the 55) D 56) C 57) C 58) A 59) A 60) A 61) B
Statement – 2: Beat are formed due to same direction are equal. The wave lengths crossection area is A0 Final crossection area 62) B 63) A 64) A 65) B 66) B 67) A 68) A
superposition of sound waves of unequal of two sound waves are in the ratio of 1:2, then is KA0 , Value of K is 69) A 70) A 71) A 72) A 73) C 74) A
frequencies. find the ratio of their pressure amplitudes.
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MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS ⇒ ω = 2π f = 10π and wave number k = 10 πm−1 17. ∆P = BAk
75) A-P; B-R; C-Q; D-S 2π 2π π ω 50π dy dy
76) A-P,Q,R; B-P,Q,R; C-S ; D-S K= = = cm−1 Now wave speed v = = =5m/s 18. P = − B At R, is most negative,
λ 4 2 k 10π dx dx
77) A-Q,R; B-P,S; C-Q,R; D-P,S Therefore, option (D) is wrong. So pressure is maximum.
2 2
78) A-R; B-P; C-Q; D-S at t = 0, x = 0, y = 2 2 × 10−3 m = cm π 3π
10 Displacement node occurs at 10πx = ,
2 2
etc 20. ξ = A sin ( kx − ωt )
79) A-Q; B-P; C-Q; D-P
80) A-Q; B-P; C-S; D-P 2 2 Or dξ
⇒ × 4 × 10−1 sin (φ ) 1 3 Pex = − B = − BAk cos ( kx − ω t )
ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS 10 x= , or x = 0.05m and 0.15 m dx
81) A 82) A 83) A 84) B 85) A 86)D 87) C 20 20
2 2 1 π 3π amplitude of Pex = − BAk
88) D 89)C 90)A ⇒ × 4 × 10−1 sin (φ ) ⇒ φ or ,
Displacement antinode occurs at
10 2 4 4 10πx = 0, π,2π, 3π etc. 2π
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS = ( 5 × 105 )(10 −4 ) = 5π × 10 Pa
2
3π or x = 0, 0.1 m, 0.2 m and 0.3 m
0.2
91) 2 92) 1 93) 6 94) 5 95) 5 96) 1 taking at x = 1.5, t = 0 y = 0 ⇒ φ λ = 2 (distance between two consecutive nodes
97) 2 98) 1 99) 4 100) 2 101) 2 102) 9 4 So correct ans is D
or antinodes)
103) 3 104) 3 π x 3π = 2 (0.1) = 0.2 m λ
⇒ y = 0.4 sin 10π t − + 21. For minimum, ∆x = ( 2n − 1)
LEVEL-V - HINTS 2 4 09. Velocity of transverse wave in a string 2
SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS 04. y2 = 5 sin 3π t + 3 cos 3π t =
T
i.e
The maximum possible path difference = distance
Aρ between the sources = 3m.
01. Vs = 4km / sec π π For no minimum
= 5 1 + 3 sin 3π t + = 10 sin 3π t + V1 ρ2 2ρ
3 3 V p = cons tan t ⇒ = = = 2 λ V 330
y 12.8 × 1010 ρ1 ρ > 3; λ < 6
VP = = V2 ∴ f = < = 55
ρ 2000 So, A1 = 10 and A2 = 10 2 λ 6
Y 1011
= 8000m / sec = 8km / sec 2π 12. Vs = = = 103 m / sec ∴ If f < 55 Hz , no minimum will occur..
05. ∆φ = × ∆x ρ 10.0 × 104
l l λ 22. If y1 = a sin ( kx − ωt )
− = 3min = 3 × 60sec 2l 2 × 100
Vs Vp T 35 v t== = 0.2 sec
06. v = µ
=
3.5 × 10−3
= 100 m / s , λ = = 1 m V 1000
y2 =
a
sin ( kx − ωt + π / 2 )
l l f 13. (T + dT) + µ gdz − T = 0 ; dT = - µ gdz 2
− = 3 × 60 ; l = 1440 km
4 8 2π
∴ k= = (2π )m −1 also T = µυ 2 a
λ y3 = sin ( kx − ω t + π )
2π As υ is independent of z
02. ∆φ = ( ∆x ) and ω = v × k = (200π) rad / s
3
λ d υ = 0; dT = υ 2 d µ a/3
at x = 0, vp = maximum
π 2π From equation (1) and (2), we get
= (1) ⇒ λ = 4cm ; v = f λ = 6cm−1 particle velocity = wavevelocity × slope dµ
2 λ g z − g / υ z
µ∫ = − 2 ∫ dz ;
2
A a/2
∴ A=
slope × wave velocity µ υ 0 µ = µo e
dy dy
03. v p = −v , = tan 60 = 3 ω θ
dx dx 14. f1D 1 = f 2 D 2
π a
v p = −v 3 ⇒ P is moving along upward direction × (100) ( 300 )(1) = ( f 2 )(1.5) ; 200Hz = f 2
=
20
= 0.025 m a/2
⇒ wave must be travelling along negative x 20π 15. Vmax = ωn A ⇒ Tanθ = = 3/4
2a / 3
direction
= ( 2π F ) A = ( 2π )( 440 ) (10 )
07. x1 and x2 are in successive loops of std. waves. −6 23. use super position of waves
The equation of the wave is
So φ1 = π and 24. Mass per unit length of the string,
y = A sin (ωt − Kx + φ ) = 2.76 ×10 −3 m / sec
3π π 7π φ1 6 10–2
φ2 = K ( ∆x ) = K − 2π 1 m= = 2.5 × 10–2 kg/m
20 3 = = = 16. P0 = B. K .S 0 = B D S0 ⇒ P0 α D . 0.4
−3
A = 4 × 10 m, v = = 20cms −1 2 K 3K 6 φ2 7
3 ∴ Velocity of wave in the string,
08. From the given expression for y : Thus pressure amplitude is highest for minimum
0.2 amplitude A = 0.02 n wavelength, other parameters B and S 0 being same T 1.6
=
λ = 4 ×10−2 m = 4cm ; f = 4 ×10−2 5 Hz angular frequency ω = 50π rad / s D 3 < D 2 < D1 v=
m 2.5 × 10–2
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v = 8 m/s v 43. λi = Wavelength of the incident sound
For constructive interference between successive 35. f1 = ; (2nd harmonic of open pipe)
l
u
v 10u −
2l (2)(0.4) = 0.10 s f2 = n 4l ; (nth harmonic of closed pipe) = 2 = 19u
pulses : Dtmin= =
f 2f
v 8 Here, n is odd and f2 > f1
(After two reflections, the wave pulse is in same l It is possible when n = 5 f1 = Frequency of teh incident sound
phase as it was produced, since in one reflection 5v 5
its phase changes by p and if at this moment next For Because with n = 5; f2 = 4 l = 4 f1 10u − u 18
= f = f = fr =
identical pulse is produced, then constructive u 19
4π 3 10u −
interference will be obtained.) = a.sin 3 cos ωt = − a. cos ωt V V 2
2 36. fc = f0 3 c = 2 0
4 L Frequency of the reflected sound
1 T 2 L0
25. f = λr = Wavelength of the reflected sound
2l µ l 3a
i.e, at x = ; the amplitude is 4 V0 4 ρ1
3 2 on solving L0 = L = 3 L 10u + u 11u 11× 19 u
If radius is doubled and length is doubled, mass = = × 19 =
per unit length will become four times, hence
3 Vc ρ2 fr 18 f 18
.
f
29. For waves along a string : υα T ⇒ Dα T
37. To get beat frequency 1,2,3,5,7,8, it is possible
1 2T f λi 19u 18 f 9
f =
1
= Now, for 6 loops : 3D 1 = L ⇒ D 1 = L / 3 when other three tuning fork have frequencies 551, = × =
2 × 2l 4 µ 2 2 553, 558, etc.., λr 2 f 11× 19u 11
& for 4 loops : 2D 2 = L ⇒ D 2 = L / 2 38. With increases in tension, frequency of vibrating
26. λ = 2l = 3m MULTI ANSWER QUESTIONS
string will increases, since number of beats are
Equation of standing wave ( As x=0 is taken as a D1 2 9 9 2π ω
⇒ = ⇒ T2 = × T1 = × 36 = 81N decreasing. Therefore frequency of vibrating string = 2, A = 0.001 mm . v =
node) D2 3 4 4 44. (C,D); ω = 50 ;
or third harmonic frequency of closed pipe should λ K
y = 2 A sin kx cos ω t ; y= A as amplitude is 2A be less than the frequency of tuning fork by 4.
1 T γP
A = 2A sin kx 30. n = V 340 45. (A,C); ν = and ν = f λ
2l µ ∴ 3 + 4 = 3 + 4 = 344 Hz ρ
2π π 1 4l 4 × 0.75
x = ⇒ x1 = m and 46. (A, C, D); For a plane wave intensity (energy
D 6 4 31. So y will be maximum when cos ( 96π t ) =max=1 39. Apparent frequency
crossing per unit area per unit time) is constant at
2π π π
.x = + ⇒ x2 = 1.25m ⇒ x2 − x1 = 1m ymax = 2 3cm at x = 5
n' = n
( u + vw ) all points.
D 2 3
32. At 25 cm, there will be antinode. (u + vw − vs cos 600 ) 1 2
nv
27. 384 = − − − − − (1) So wire will vibrate in two loops 510 ( 330 + 20 )
2l =
2 T ×l T 20 330 + 20 − 20 cos 600
mv v= or v = =
288 = − − − − − ( ii ) 2l M Ml 5 × 10−4 × 1 = 510 ×
350
= 525 Hz
2l 340 1 2
= 4 ×104 Hz = 200 Hz But for a spherical wave intensity at a distance r
n 4 V +V V −V
from equation (i) and (ii) = from a point source of power P (energy transmitted
f1 − f 2 = f 0 ; V − V f − V + V f = f0
0 0
m 3 1 T 1 41.
33. v = or vα s s per unit time) is given by
So, n = 4From equation (i) Dl π d D
f 0 2 f (Vs + V0 ) Vf0 S
384 =
4v
=
10v v1 30 100 = ; (Vs − V0 ) =
2× 3 / 4 3 Now v − 1 × 100 = 31 − 1 ×100 = − = −3.2 f V 2f
31
v = 144 m/s v + v1 v + v2 l
v 42. f1 = 5.5 = f 0 ; f2 = 6 = f0
28. For a string vibrating in its nth 34. Fundamental frequency of open pipe is f0 = v v S
2l
overtone ( ( n = 1) hormonic )
th
v - velocity of sound
v
Third harmonic of the closed pipe fc = 3 4l v1 - velocity of A ; v2 - velocity of B r
( n + 1) π x
y = 2 A cos ωt v2 P 1
L Given: 3
v
=
v
+ 100 or,
v
= 200 Hz On solving v = 2 I=
4 πr 2
or I α
r2
4l 2l 2l 1
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47. (A, B, C); The shape of pulse x = 0 and t = 0 48. (AC); For closed organ pipe, 56. K.E is maximum after covering a phase of dξ
would be as shown, in figure (A). v nv π π 3π 3T 3 2π 3π 64. Pex = − B
+ = = time of = = dx
0.8
f = n 4l where, n = 1, 3, 5 …;
∴ l = 4f
4 2 4 8 8 w 4w 2π 2π
= ( 5×105 )×( 0.1×10−3 )
y (0, 0) = = 0.16 m
5 (1)(330) l 2 sin ( y +1cm) cos2π ( 400) t
1 1m 1 80 80
For n = 1, l1 = 4 × 264 × 100 cm = 31.25 cm 57. ∫ dk = ∫ 2 dmv = ∫ 2 l dx [ A sin kx w] = 4 mA w
2 2 2
y
2π
= (125π N / m 2 ) sin ( y + 1cm ) cos 2π ( 400t )
0
For n = 3, l3 = 3l1 = 93.75 cm
0.16m
For n = 5, l5 = 5l1 = 156.25 cm 2π 2π π 80
(here k = = = )
49. (ABC); For closed pipe. λ 2l l 10
65. End correction = (0.3) d = 1cm ; d = cm
v Passage II 3
f = n 4l n = 1, 3, 5 …..
–x 0 x 2
t = 0 (a) 100π 92π d2 π 10
58. (A) fb = f1 − f 2 = − = 4 Hz vol. of tube = π 4 l = 4 3 ×100cm
2
v 320
From the figure it is clear that ymax = 0.16 m For n = 1, f1 = 4l = 4 × 1 = 80 Hz 2π 2π
Pulse will be symmetric For n = 3, f3 = 3f1 = 240 Hz w 100π 10π
(Symmetry is checked about ymax) if at t = 0 59. (A) V = = = 200m / s (take 1=0.99m ≈ 1m) = lit
For n = 5, f5 = 5f1 = 400 Hz k 0.5π 36
Y(x) = y(–x) ∴ correct options are (a), (b) and (d). 60. (A) At x = 0 y = y1 + y2 = 2A cos 96 π t cos4 π t
10π
From the given equation 50. (ABC); Standing waves can be produced only Frequency of cos(96 π t) = 48Hz. resultant Moles = moles (22.4 lt.conmtains 1
frequency of the wave is 48 Hz. 36 × 22.4
0.8 when two similar type of waves (same frequency
y ( x) = 10π 10π
16 x 2 + 5 and speed but amplitude may be different) travel in Passage-III
mole lt contains mole)
and
0.8 at t = 0
opposite directions. 61-62. In this question there are two possiblity 36 36 × 22.4
y (– x) = 51. (ABCD); Beats are periodic variations in the x=0 D Passage-V
16 x + 5
2
intensity of sound when two sound wages of nearly 66 (B) The speed of sound in air is 340 m/s; the
or y(–x) = y(–x) equal frequencies travel in the same direction. One A x=0 B C passengers in A are moving at 20 m/s against the
Therefore, pulse is symmetric. loud sound followed by a faint sound from one beat 15cm 15cm direction of propagation while those in B are moving
Speed of pulse and the number of beats formed per second is called In case 1 if x = 0 is taken at antinode then at 30 m/s in the direction of propagation.
At t = 1 s and x = – 1.25 m beat frequency. A = a coskx ...(i) 67. (A) The engine as well as the passengers in train A
y y 52. (ABCD) I = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1I 2 cos φ In case 2 if x = 0 is taken at node then are moving with the same velocity, therefore the
A = a sin kx ...(ii) distribution of sound intensity in the whistle remains
0.16m 0.16m I max = 9 I 0 I min = 9 I 0 From (i) and (ii) unchanged.
all intensities between I max and I min can be obtained π 68. (A) The spread in frequency (as observed by
53. (A,D) If there is no relative motion between source a cos kx = a sin kx or kx = passengers in B)
4
–x x and sound the frequency remains same. 30
x = –1.25m x=0 Passage-IV 1−
t = 1s t=0 54. (B,C) T1 > T2 and so, v1 > v2 = ∆f . 340 310
2π 20 = 320 × = 310 Hz.
value of y is again 0.16 m, i.e., pulse has traveled a it implies f1 > f 2 and f1 − f 2 = 6 Hz 63. ξ = ( 0.1mm ) cos ( y + 1cm ) cos 2π 7 ( 400 ) t 1− 320
distance of 1.25 m in 1 second in negative x- 80 340
direction or we can say that the speed of pulse is On increase of T1 , f1 will increase or ( f1 − f 2 ) end correction is 1cm, so at = -1cm Passage -VI
1.25 m/s and it is traveling in negative x-direction. 2π 2π x
Therefore, it will travel a distance of 2.5 m in 2
will increase.On decrease of T1 , f1 will decrease ξ = ( 0.1mm ) cos ( −1cm + 1cm ) 69. P = ( ∆P0 ) sin
80 λ
seconds. The above statement can be better but now ( f 2 − f1 ) may be equal to 6 Hz.On 5λ L 5λ
understood from figure (B). = ( 0.1mm ) cos ( 0 ) for second overtone L = at x = =
increase of T2 , f 2 will increase and now again 4 2 8
Alternate method = Antinode pressure amplitude at middle
If equation of a wave pulse is y = f (ax ± bt) ( f 2 − f1 ) may become equal to 6 Hz. 2π 5λ 5π ∆P0
So upper end is open. at lower end y = 99cm p = ∆P0 sin ∆P0 sin
b
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS ; =
The speed of wave is in negative x direction for λ 8 4 2
2π
ξ = ( 0.1mm ) cos ( 99 + 1)
a
Passage- I 5λ
y = f (ax + bt) and positive x direction for y = (ax –
2π x 2π l π
80 71. at closed end x = L =
bt). Comparing this from given equation we can 55. Amplitude = A sin Kx ; Kx = = × = . 4
λ 2l 3 3 5π
= 0.01cos = 0 ⇒ Node 2π 5λ
find that speed of wave is
5
= 1.25 m/s and it is 2 P = ∆P0 sin = ∆P0
A 3 λ 4
4 ∴ = tube is closed at lower end So tube is open - closed.
traveling in negative x-direction. 2 ⇒ Pmax = P0 + ∆P0 Pmin = P0 − ∆P0
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Passage-VI1 80. λx , λ y and λz are actual wavelengths at which v1 L2 124 99. Energy E ∝ (amplitude)2 (frequency)2
0.06 1 maximum energy is radiated. 93. 6; v = L ⇒ L2 = 186 × 90 = 60cm Amplitude (A) is same in both the cases, but
72. Mass per unit length of PQ, m1 = = 2 1
frequency 2ω in the second case is two times the
4.8 80 From Wien’s law λxTx = λyTy = λzTz 94. 5; l = 20m ; m = 1 gm; T = 0.5 N; f = 100 Hz frequency (ω) in the first case.
0.2 If Tx > Ty > Tz , λx > λz 1×10−3 Therefore, E2 = 4E1
Mass per unit length of QR, m2 =
1 0.5
µ= = ×10−2 ; V= = 10m / s
2.56 20 × 10−2 2 0.5 × 10−2 100. The shape of pulse x = 0 and t = 0
As these wavelength appear equal on reaching
would be as shown, in figure (A).
T ground, λx has increased more than λ y and so λ
Speed of wave in wire PQ , v1 = m = 80m / sec λ = 0.1 ; = 0.05m = 5cm .
2 0.8
on, Hence Vx > Vy > Vz or Vx > Vz etc.
1
y (0, 0) = = 0.16 m
73.. Speed of wave in wire 95.. 5 ; A = A12 + A 22 + 2A1A 2 cos φ 5
T ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS y
QR , v2 = = 32m / sec 81. (A); According to Laplace, the changes in pressure 1
m1 96.. P = ρω 2 A2 sV
and volume of a gas, when sound waves propagates 2
0.16m
Time taken by pulse to reach from P to R through it, are not isothermal, but adiabatic. A gas λ1 1 f1 ω1 2
4.8 2.56 is a bad conductor of heat. It does not allow the since λ = 2 , f = ω = 1
= + = 0.14 seconds free exchange of heat between compressed layer, 2 2
v1 v2 rarefied layer and surrounding. since P1 = P2 , ω1 A1 = ω2 A2 –x 0 x
74. Reflected amplitude is given by 84.. (B); Two sound of heard because of different sound
Pressure amplitude, P0 = B0 Ak t = 0 (a)
Ar =
v2 − v1
Ai =
( 32 − 80 ) × 3.5 speed in air and steel.
= −1.50cm 87 (C); The person will hear the loud sound at nodes
v2 + v1 ( 32 + 80 ) than at antinodes. We know that at anti–nodes the ( Po )1 / ( Po )2 =
A1 k1
T T
A2 k 2 101. v = =
MATRIX MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS displacement is maximum and strain is minimum µ µA
76. (A) – (p), (q), (r), (B)–(p),(q),(r), (C) – (s), (D)–(s) while at nodes the displacement is zero and strain
A λ
= 1 2 =
is maximum. The sound is heard due to variation of 1 2 2
Fixed points of the string are nodes and free end is = 1 1 ∂y
antinodes Wave length corresponds to N segments pressure. Further, P = – E(dy/dt), where E is A2 λ1 2 1 102. P.E = T . .dx ; K=9
elasticity and dy/dt is strain. As strain is maximum 2 ∂x
2l nv
when both end are fixed λ = n fn = 2l with n = 1, at nodes, hence there is maximum variation of 97. let no. of loops formed in first case =n ; x1 n = 1
pressure and loud sound is heard. Let no. of loops formed in second ; case = (n+k) 104. d= (V 2t 2 − L2 ) / 4
2, 3, In closed end organ pipe closed end will be
node while free end will be antinode. 82. (D) ;In beats resultant amplitude is function of time. T L R
x2 l
79. f1 − f2 = n Hz 89. (C) ; Number of beats = 524 − 410 = 14 x2 ( n + k ) = l ; = ,k = 2
Due to persistence of hearing we can hear more x1 l + kx1 d
f1 > f 2 or V1 > V2 or T1 > T2 than 10 beats per second two waves of same On comparing we get k=2
If T1 is increased, f1 will increase or ( f1 − f 2 ) frequencies and amplitude superimpose give
stationary waves. 1 T
will increase and then f1 > f 2 ≠ n Hz i.e. beat 90. The correct choices is (a). When two waves of 98. Fundamental frequency is given by V=
2l µ
(with
frequency changes. But if T1 is decreased, f1 will amplitudes a 1 and a 2 superpose to produce beats, both the ends fixe(D)) LEVEL-VI
the resultant amplitude of the maximum of intensity
decrease or ( f1 − f 2 ) ≠ nHz . So (A)Q. is l = a1 + a2. 1 SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS
T T ∴ Fundamental frequency v ∝
In the same way ( T1 − T2 ) / 2 = 1 − 2 = INTEGER ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS l µ 1. The amplitude of a wave disturbance
2 2 propagating in the positive x–direction is
T T [for same tension in both strings]
T1 91. 2; v = = is constant A ∝ T
ρA Q? where µ = mass per unit length of wire 1 1
− K decreases, f1 will decrease, then µ given by y = at t = 0 and y = at
2 = ρ.A (ρ = density) = ρ(πr2) 1 + x2 2 + x2 − 2 x
( f 2 − f1 ) may become equal to nHz . Similarly if 92. 1; Open tube f1 =
V
l t = 2s , where x and y are in meter. Assuming
2L Or µ ∝ r; ∴v∝ that the shape of the wave disturbance does
T2 is increased, f 2 will increase and now rl
not change during the propagation, the speed
V
( f 2 − f1 ) may be equal to n Hz. But if T2 is f2 =
L ;
f2
=1
v1 r2 l2 r 2L of the wave is
Close tube 4 ∴ = r l = = l (A) 0.5 m/s (B) 1 m/s
decreased, f 2 will decrease and ( f 2 − f1 ) ≠ nHz . 2
f1 v2 1 1 2r L (C) 1.5 m/s (D) 2 m/s
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2. S1 and S2 are two coherent currents sources 6. A string has a linear mass density ' µ ' and a 10. In the experiment for the determination of 14. A train moves towards a stationary observer
of radiations separated by distance 100.25 λ , length L = 3m. Its two ends are D =2m apart. the speed of sound in air using the resonance with speed 34 m/s. The train sounds a whistle
where λ is the wave length of radiation. S1 column method, the length of the air column and its frequency recorded by the observer is
leads S2 in phase by π / 2 . A and B are two Two blocks of mass M = 8 kg each aree that resonates in the fundamental mode with f1. If the train’s speed is reduced to 17 m/s,
points on the line joining S 1 and S 2 as shown in suspended from the string as shown in the a tuning fork is 0.1 m. When this length is the frequency registered is f2. If the speed of
figure. The ratio of amplitudes of sources S1 figure. The time taken by a wave pulse to changed to 0.35 m, the same tuning fork f1
and S2 are in the ratio 1 : 2. The ratio of travel from point A to point B is resonates with the first overtone. The end sound is 340 m/s then the ratio f is :
2
correction is
IA (A) 0.012 m (B) 0.025 m
18 1 19
intensity at A to that of B I is (A) (B) (C) 2 (D)
19 2 18
B T1 (C) 0.05 m (D) 0.024 m
T2 15. A simple harmonic oscillator of frequency ‘f’
B
11. A massless rod of length l is hung from the
A S1 S2 B A is attached to the end of a cord that has a
ceiling with the help of two identical wires
attached at its ends. A block is hung on the linear mass density ' µ ' and is under a tension
100.25λ
rod at a distance x from the left end. In this ‘T’. The power that must be provided to the
1 cord by the oscillator to generate a sinusoidal
(A) ∞ (B) (C) 0 (D) 9 M M case, the frequency of the 1 st harmonic of the
9 wave of amplitude ‘A’, angular frequency
3. The ends of a stretched wire of length L are wire on the left end is equal to the frequency
µ L µ L g L µ of the 2nd harmonic of the wire on the right. ' ω ' and speed ‘v’ is
fixed at x = 0 and x = L. In one experiment the A) L B) C) D)
g 2 g 2 µ 3 g The value of x is µω 2 A2 v
πx A) µω 2 A2 v B)
displacement of the wire is y1 = A sin L 7. A rope of mass ‘m’ and length ‘L’is 2
sin ωt and energy is E 1 and in other suspended vertically. If a mass ‘M’is µω 2 A2 v 2 3µω 2 A2 v
experiment its displacement is suspended from the free end of the rope, the C) D)
2 2
2πx time taken by a transverse wave pulse 16. Two wires of different linear mass densities
y2 = A sin L sin 2 ωt and energy is E2. generated at the bottom to travel to the top is
are joined, consider the junction to be at x = 0.
x
Then:
A) 2 mg ( M + m − m ) B) mg ( M + m − m )
L L An incident wave y1 = Ai sin ( ωt − k1x ) is
(A) E 2 = E1 (B) E 2 = 2E1
(C) E2 = 4E1 (D) E 2 = 16E1 travelling to the right from the region x ≥ 0 .
At the boundary the wave is partly reflected
C) 2 mg ( M − m ) D) mg ( M − m )
4. A transverse sinusoidal wave moves along a 1 L L
l l l l and partly transmitted. If Ai , A r a n d At
string in the positive x–direction at a speed of (A) (B) (C) (D)
10 cm/s. The wavelength of the wave is 0.5 m 8. An object of specific gravity ρ is hung from a 2 3 4 5 respectively represent the incident reflected
and its amplitude is 10 cm. At a particular thin steel wire. The fundamental frequency 12. A police car moving at 22 m/s chases a A
and transmitted amplitudes then A = (
r
time t, the snap–shot of the wave is shown in for transverse standing waves in the wire is motorcyclist. The police man sound his horn
figure. The velocity of point P when its at 176 Hz, while both of them move towards a t
300 Hz. The object is immersed in water, so
displacement is 5 cm is stationary siren of frequency 165 Hz. If the given k2 is the wave number of transmitted
that one half of its volume is submerged. The
y motorcyclist does not observe any beats, the wave)
new fundamental frequency (in Hz) is : speed of motor cycle is
12 12 2k1 k1 − k 2
P 2ρ – 1 2ρ (velocity of sound is 330ms −1 ) (A) k − k (B) 2k
x (A) 300 2ρ (B) 300 2ρ – 1 1 2 1
Police car Motorcycle
k1 + k2 2k1
2ρ 2ρ – 1 (C) (D) k + k
(C) 300 2ρ – 1 (D) 300 2ρ 2k1 1 2
3π 3π ˆ Stationary siren 17. Two loud speakers are being compared, and
(A) ĵ m / s (B) − jm/s 9. Two vibrating strings of the same material 22m/s, 176Hz V one is perceived to be 32 times louder than
(165 Hz)
50 50 but of lengths L and 2L have radii 2r and r
(A) 33 m/s (B) 22 m/s (C) zero (D) 11 m/s the other. The difference in intensity levels
3π 3π respectively. They are stretched under the between the two when measured in decibels.
(C) î m / s (D) − î m / s 13. A string of length 0.4 m and mass 10–2 kg is
50 50 same tension. Both the strings vibrate in their tightly clamped at its ends. The tension in the is
5. The displacement y of a particle executing fundamental modes, the one of length L with string is 1.6 N. Identical wave pulses are (A) 60 (B) 40 (C) 50 (D) 30
periodic motion is given by frequency v1 and the other with frequency v2. produced at one end at equal intervals of time 18. There are three source of sound of equal
y = 4 cos 2 ( t ) sin (1000t ) . This expression may be intensities with freqency ( n-1) ,n, ( n+1) Hz.
v1
The ratio v is given by: ∆t . The minimum value of ∆t , which allows The beat freqency heard if all the sources are
considered to be a result of the superposition 2 constructive interference between
switched on simultaneously is
of waves : (A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) 1 successive pulses, is :
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 0
(A) two (B) three (C) four (D) five (A) 0.05 s (B) 0.10 s (C) 0.20 s (D) 0.40 s
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19. The temperature at which the fundamental 6000 6000 25. Figure shows two snapshots of medium 28. Two coherent narrow slits emitting wave length
freqncy of an organ pipe is independent of (C) Hz, Hz particles within a time interval of 1/60 s. Find λ in the same phase are placed parallel to
small variation in temperature in terms of the 30 − 2 2 30 + 2 2 the possible time periods of the wave each other at a small separation of 2 λ , the
coefficient of linear expansion (α ) of the (D)
6000
Hz,
6000
Hz Y sound is detected by moving a detector on the
material of the tube is 30 − 4 2 30 + 4 2 1 1
screen S at a distance D (>> λ ) from the slit
22. A whistle of frequency f 0=1300Hz is dropped 0.866
2
1 1 1 1 from a height H = 505 m above the ground. At
X S1 as shown in figure.Find the distance x such
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
α 3α 2α 4α the same time, a detector is projected that the intensity at P is equal to the intensity
20. The figure shows the location of a source and 1
upwards with velocity υ = 50 ms −1 along the at O.
detector at time t = 0. the source and 1 1
detector are moving with velocities same line. If the velocity of sound is
V=300ms-1, The frequency detected by the A) 10 ( 6n + 1) B) 10 ( 5n + 1) P
υ = 5$i m / s and υ = 10 $j m / s respectively..
s D detector after t = 5s is (g=10ms-2) 2λ x
The frequency of signals received by the (A) 1600 Hz (B) 1500 Hz 1 1
C) 10 ( 6n − 1) D) 20 ( 6n + 1) O
detector at the moment when the source (C) 1700 Hz (D) 1800 Hz S1 S2
crosses the origin is ( the frequency of source 23. 2) Two coherent sources S1 and S 2 at a 26. Airport authority has made the regula
is 100 Hz.velocity of sound 330 ms −1 ) distance interference effect at point P,O is tions that maximum allowable intensity level
D S
the middle point of S1S 2 and origin of the detected by a microphone situated at the end
coordinate system, as shown, such that of 1630 m long runway can be 100 dB. An
aeroplane when flying at a height of 200 m D
S ∠POX = θ . Find the coordinate of source S1 A) D B) 3D C) 3D D)
produces an intensity level of 100 dB on 3
when sources are rotated about point O so ground. While taking off, this aeroplane makes 29. Radio waves coming at angle α to vertical
100m
100m
that no interference effect is observed at P: are received by a ladder after reflection from
a angle 300 with horizontal. Find the maximum
D distance this aeroplane can cover on the a nearby water surface and also directly. What
P
runway, so that the regulations are not violated can be height of antenna from water surface
(A) 97Hz (B) 47Hz (C) 90Hz (D) 60Hz S1
(assume no reflection). so that it records a maximum intensity (a
21. A boy is moving along a circular track in θ maxima) (wavelength = λ )
0 A) 1200 m. B) 1230 m C) 1430 m D) 1530 m.
anticlockwise sense. A children train moves
along a square path with centres of circular S2 27. Sound from two coherent sources S1 and S 2
track and square both coinciding, as shown in are sent in phase and detected at point P
the figure. the train as well as the boy start d d d d equidistant from both the sources. Speed of
from points B and A such that points O, A and (A) − sin θ , cos θ (B) sin θ , cos θ
2 2 2 2 sound in normal air is V0 , but in some part in
B always lie on the same radial line. The h
d d d d α
velocity of listener is 11 m/s. The train sin θ , cos θ path S1 , there is a zone of hot air having
(C) cos θ , sin θ (D)
continuously whistles at frequency 300 Hz. 2 2 2 2 temperature 4 times, the normal temperature,
during one such complete rotation the 24. How long will it take sound waves to travel and width d. What should be minimum λ λ λ λ
maximum and minimum frequency heard by the distance/between the points A and B if the frequency of sound, so that minima can be A) B) C) D)
the boy. are respectively ( Take velocity of 2 cos α 2 sin α 4 sin α 4 cos α
air temperature between them varies linearly found at P?
sound 330 m/s) MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS
γR
C B from T1 to T2 ? (T2 > T1 ) and α = . S1
30. A wave equation which gives the
M d
l
displacement along the y-direction is given
4T
A) α (T − T ) T2 − T1
D by: y = 10–4 sin (60 t + 2x) where x and y are in
0
a 2 1
a/4
metres and t is time in seconds. This
4l represents a wave:
B) α (T − T ) T2 − T1 P (A) traveling with a velocity of 30 m/s in the
2 1
E negative x-direction
2l
(A)
9000
Hz ,
9000
Hz C) α (T − T ) T2 − T1 S2 (B) of wavelength π m
30 − 2 2 30 + 2 2 2 1
(C) of frequency 30/ π hertz
V0 4V0 V0 2V0
l A) B) C) D) (D) of amplitude 10–4 m traveling along the
D) 2α (T − T ) T2 − T1
9000 9000
(B) Hz , Hz d d 2d d
30 − 4 2 30 + 4 2 2 1
negative x-direction
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31. A wave is represented by the equation; 34. A wave disturbance in a medium is described 37. A sound wave of frequency f travels 39. y (x, t) = 5 sin [ ω t - x/5]
y = A sin (10 π x + 15 π t + π /3) π
horizontally to the right. It is reflected from a (A) Not a traveling wave
where x is in meters and t is in seconds. The by y(x, t) = 0.02 cos 50πt + 2 cos (10 π x), large vertical plane surface moving to left (B) A traveling wave with speed v = 10
expression represents: with a speed v. The speed of sound in medium (C) The wave is traveling in +ve x direction
(A) a wave traveling in the positive x-direction where x and y are in metre and t is in second is C : (D) The wave is traveling in - ve x-direction
with a velocity 1.5 m/s. (A) a node occurs at x = 0.15 m (A) The number of wave striking the surface per 40. A traveling wave is of the form y (x,t) = A cos
(B) a wave traveling in the negative x-direction (B) an antinode occurs at x = 0.3 m
(c + v) (kx - wt) + B sin (kx -wt), which can also be
with a velocity 1.5 m/s (C) the speed of wave is 5 ms–1 second is f written as y (x,t) = D sin (kx - wt - f) where
c
(C) a wave traveling in the negative x-direction (D) the wavelength is 0.2 m (A) D = A + B (B) D = AB
with a wavelength 0.2 m c (c – v)
35. Two tuning forks P and Q are vibrated (B) The wavelength of reflected wave is f (c +v) (C) D2 = A2 + B2 (D) D = A - B
(D) a wave traveling in the positive x-direction together. The number of beats produced are 41. Consider the snapshot of a wave traveling in
with a wavelength 0.2 m represented by the straight line OA in the (c + v ) positive x-direction
32. A transverse sinusoidal wave of amplitude a, following graph. After loading Q with wax (C) The frequency of the reflected wave is f ( c – v )
wavelength λ and frequency f is traveling on again these are vibrated together and the (D) The number of beats heard by a stationary
a stretched string. The maximum speed of beats produced are represented by the line 2vf A
v OB. If the frequency of P is 341 Hz, choose listener to the left of the reflecting surface is c – v
any point on the string is , where v is the the correct option(s)
10
38. Energy density E (energy per unit volume) of
speed of propagation of the wave. If a = 10–3 the medium at a distance r from a sound source B
m and v = 10 m/s, then λ and f are given by : A vary according to the curve shown in figure.
B Which of the following are possible?
3 (A) The particle A is moving in -ve y-direction and
(A) λ = 2 π × 10–2 m (B) λ = 10–3 m particle B is moving in +y-direction
Beats
2 Rectangular
103 hyperbola (B) The particle B is moving in -ve y-direction and
(C) f = Hz (D) f = 104 Hz particle A is moving in +y-direction
2π
33. A triangular pulse is moving with speed 2 cm/ 1 E (C) Both are moving in the +ve y-direction
s along a rope (kept along x-axis) whose one (D) Both are moving in -ve y-direction
end is free at x = 0 as shown in the figure. 0 t(s) Passage : II
1 2 r Superposition of waves results in maximum and
Choose the correct option regarding this
pulse. A) The source may be a point isotropic source. minimum of intensities such as in case of standing
(A) 341 Hz (B) 338 Hz (C) 344 Hz B) If the source is a plane wave source then the waves. This phenomenon is called as interference.
1cm (D) on waxing Q the no. of beats decreases medium particles have damped oscillations. Another type of superposition result in
36. In a large room, a person receives direct C) If the source is a plane wave source then power interference in time which is called as beats. In this
X=0 of the source is decreasing with time case waves are analyzed at a fixed point as a
A O B sound from source at 120m away. He also
D) Density of the medium decreases with distance function of time. If the two waves are of nearby
2cm 1cm 1cm receives waves from same source after
r from the source same frequency are superimposed, at a particular
reflection from 25 m high ceiling at a point
half ways between them. Find wavelength(s) COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS point, intensity of combined waves gives a
from which two sound waves interfere Passage : I periodic peak and fall. This phenomenon is beats.
2cm
constructively A traveling wave on stretched string can be If ω 1 and ω 2 are the frequencies of two waves
(A) 0.5 cm
understood by the function y = f(x -vt). Here v is then by superimposed y = y1 + y2, we get at x = 0,
C the wave speed ‘x’ is co-ordinate of point and ‘y’
2cm x=0 At t=1s ω − ω2 ω1 + ω2
is its instantaneous displacement. To describe the y = 2 A cos 1 .t sin .t
wave completely, we must specify the function f. 2 2
If the wave moves in negative x-direction y (x, t) = Thus amplitude frequency is small and fluctuates
2cm f(x + vt) and if it moves in positive x-direction y (x, slowly. A beat i.e., a maximum of intensity occurs,
(B) t) = f(x - vt). The general relation for a traveling also intensity depends on square of amplitude. The
2cm x=0 At t=1s d 2f 1 d2 y beat frequency is given by
S P wave must satisfy the relation = . , if
(C) particle speed (between A to O) at t = 0 s is Source Detector dx 2 v2 dt 2 ωbeat =| ω1 − ω2 |
1 cm/s plane wave exists. The particle velocity and wave Number of beats per second is called as beat
(D) particle speed (between A to O)at t = 0 s is 10 velocity are related by Vpa = - (slope) (wave frequency. A normal ear can detect only upto 10
(A) 10 m (B) 5m (C) 7 m (D) m
2 m/s. 3 velocity ). Answer the following questions Hz of frequency because of persistence of ear.
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42. If two sound sources of frequency difference 46. If a minima is formed at the detector then, the Passage V MATRIX MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
25 Hz are sounded together. Then which of magnitude of wavelength of the wave A train approaching a hill at a speed 40 km/hr 57. Column I represents the wave speeds in four
the following is correct ? produced is given by sounds a whistle of freqency 580 Hz, when it is a cases while column II represents the
(A) A normal human ear will hear 25 Hz beat distance of 1 km from the hill. A wind with speed expressions for speeds. Match column I and
3 4
frequency (A) 2πR (B) πR (C) πR (D) None of these 40 km/hr is blowing in the direction of motion of II so that the wave speed in column I matches
2 5 the train. (Velocity of sound in air = 1200 km / hr )
(B) A normal human ear will hear only 10 Hz the corresponding expression in column II.
47. The maximum intensity produced at D is 51. The frequency of the whistle as heard by an Column – I Column – II
beat frequency
(C) A normal human ear cannot detect this given by observer on the hill is
γP
frequency difference (A) 4I0 (B) 2I0 (C) I 0 (D) 3I0 (A) 599Hz (B) 590Hz (C) 610Hz (D) 620Hz (A)Longitudinal wave in solid rod (P)
52. The distance from the hill at which the echo ρ
(D) A normal human ear can hear maximum of Passage IV from the hill is heard by the driver is T
the two frequency sounded together Observe O is ahead by L from source S which
31 29 29 30 (B)Longitudinal wave in a liquid (Q) µ
43. The phenomena of beats can take place for (A) km (B) km (C) km (D) km
are moving along same line with velocities V0 and
(A) Only transverse waves 29 31 30 29
53. The frequency of echo is B
(B) Only longitudinal waves VS respectively. The speed of sound is V.. (C)Longitudinal wave in a gas (R)
(A) 599Hz (B) 590Hz (C) 610Hz (D) 620Hz ρ
(C) Both longitudinal & transverse waves The source emits a wave pulse that reaches the
(D) For sound waves only Passage VI Y
44. The frequency of beats produced in air when obsever in time t1 . . A source is moving across a circle given by the (D)Transverse wave in (S) ρ
two sources of sound are activated, one L equation x 2 + y2 = R 2 with constant speed a stretched string
emitting wavelength 32 cm, other 32.2 cm is S SI O 58. The diagrams in Column A show transverse
330π
(Take Vsound = 350 m/s)
At time t=T, the source reaches at S | . It is obvious υs = m / s in clockwise sense. A detector is sinusoidal standing/travelling waveforms on
(A) 14 (B) 18 (C) 7 (D) 10 6 3 stretched strings. In each case, the string is
Passage -III that the observer will not be at O this time. The stationary at the point ( 2R, 0 ) w.r.t. the centre of oscillating in a particular mode, and, its shape
A narrow tube is bent in the form of a circle of source emits a wavepulse at this time to reach the the circle. The frequency emitted by the source is and other characteristics are shown at time t
radius R, as shown in the figure. Two small holes S observer in time t2 , which is measured from t=0. f s . ( velocity of sound 330 ms −1 ) = 0. The maximum amplitude (in all the cases)
and D are made in the tube at the positions right 54. The coordinates of the source when the is A, the velocity of the waveform on the
48. Find the time t1 string is c, the mass per unit length of the
angle to each other. A source placed at S detector records maximum frequency is
generates a wave of intensity I 0 which is equally L VL string is µ and the frequency of vibration is f
R R 3 R 3 R
divided into two parts: one part travels along the (A) V + V (B) (V − V ) V (A) 2 , 2 (B) 2 , 2 (angular frequency = ω ). The kinetic energy
longer path, while the other travels along the
0 0 0 of the string (of length L) is represented by
the functions in Column B. Match the correct
shorter path. Both the part waves meet at the point V0 L L (C) ( R , 0 ) (D) ( 0, − R ) entries in Column B.
D where a detector is placed. (C) (V − V ) V (D) (V − V ) 55. The coordinates of the source when the
0 0 0 Column A Column B
detector detects mimimum frequency is Fixed Fixed
49. Find the time t2 end end
R 3 R 3 R
(A) R / 2, 2 (B) 2 , 2 A 9π2 µc 2 2
R L + (V − V0 ) T (V − Vs ) (A) (p) A
(A) (B) V − V .T 4 L
S (V − Vs ) ( 0) (C) ( R, 0 ) (D) ( 0, − R ) L
Fixed Free
L + (V − Vs ) T L − (V − Vs ) T 56. The values of the maximum and minimum end end
(C) (D) frequencies. are respectively A
(V − V0 ) (V − V0 ) (B) (q)
9π2 µc 2 2
A sin2 ωt
6 3 6 3 4 L
50. Two pulses are emitted by sources at S (A) f s π − 6 3 , f s π + 6 3 L
D and S | . What is the time lag by which Free Free
observer observe them ? 6 3 6 3 end end
45. If a maxima is formed at a detector then, the (B) f s π , f s A
magnitude of wavelength of the wave − 12 3 π + 12 3 9π2 µc 2 2
A sin2 ωt
V − Vs V + Vs (C) A (r)
16 L
produced is given by (A) V + V T (B) V − V T 6 3 6 3
πR 0 0 (C) f s π − 3 3 , f s π + 3 3 L
(A) πR (B)
2 V + Vs V − Vs A
6 3 6 3 π2 µc 2 2
πR (C) V + V T (D) V − V T (D) f s π − 3 , f s π + 3 (D) (s) A sin2 ωt
(C) (D) all of these 0 0
L 4 L
4 Travelling wave
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59. Two sources of sound S1 and S2, emitting Column - I 66. A source of sound S and a detector D are 72. A closed and an open organ pipe of same
waves of equal wave length 40 cm are placed i) If the speakers are incoherent, then placed at some distance from one another. A length are set into vibrations simultaniously
with separation of 10 cm between them. ii) If the speakers are driven coherently and in phase big cardboard is placed near the detector and in thier fundamental mode to produce 2 beats.
Amplitudes of waves emitted are 6 mm and 8 at P perpendicular to the line SD as shown in The length of open organ pipe is now halved
mm respectively. Four observers A, B, C, D iii) If the speakers are driven coherently and out of figure. It is gradually moved away and it is and of closed organ pipe is double. Now find
lie on line joining them as shown. phase by 1800 at P, then found that the intensity changes from a the number of beats produced.
A S1 C D S2 B maximum to a minimum as the board is 73. The displacement Vs time graph for two
iv) If the speaker S 2 is switched off, then
5cm 2.5cm 5cm 7cm moved through a distance of 20 cm. The waves A and B which travel along the same
Column-II
frequency of the sound emitted is found out to string are shown in the figure. Their intensity
10cm a) I R = 64 µW / m 2 b) I R = 25 µW / m 2 be "70 x " Hz . Find the value of x ?
Column – I IA
c) I R = 34 µW / m 2 d) I R = 4 µW / m 2 (Velocity ofsound in airis336 m s-1) ratio I is
(A) Resulting amplitude received by A B
(B) Resulting amplitude received by B INTEGER ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS y A
(C) Resulting amplitude received by C 62. A train approaching a railway crossing at a 3
(D) Resulting amplitude received by D speed of 120 km/hr sounds a short whistle at S D
t
Column – II frequency f 0 = 640 Hz .when it is 300 m away 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(P) 12.95 cm (Q) 14 cm (R) 10 cm (S) 7 cm 67. Calculate the frequency of beats produced in
from the crossing. The speed of sound in air is -2 B
60. Match the Following: 340 m/sec. A person standing on a road air to the nearest integer value when two
In column I the location of observer, wall and perpendicular to the track at a distance 400 m sources of sound are activated, one emitted a
source with their corresponding uniform non wavelength of 32 cm and the other of LEVEL-VI - KEY
from the crossing, hears frequency f1 . The 32.2cm.The speed of sound in air is
zero speeds ( observer is stationary) are SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS
indicated and in column II corresponding value of f1 − f 0 = 10 x . Find the value of x ? 350 ms-1.
information are given. Match them. 68. Two tuning forks with natural frequencies of 1) A 2) B 3) C 4) A 5) B 6) B
63. A closed organ pipe is vibrating in
Column I fundamental frequency. There are two points 340 Hz each move relative to a stationary 7) A 8) A 9) D 10) B 11) D 12) B
A and B in the organ pipe as shown, at a observer. One fork moves away from the 13) B 14) D 15) B 16) B 17) C 18)A
observer, while the other moves towards him
distance AB = L n . Ratio of maximum at the same speed. The observer hears beats 19) C 20) A 21) A 22) B 23) A 24) C
(A) (B) pressure variation at point A to point B is of frequency 3 Hz. The speed of the tuning 25) A 26)B 27) A 28) C 29) D
O S S O
W W 2 / 3 find value of n. fork is found out to be " 6 / n " ms −1 find n? MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS
( given (velocity of sound 340 ms −1 ) 30) A,B,CD 31) B,C 32) A,C
69. An observer standing at a railway crossing 33) A,C 34) A,B,C,D 35) C,D
(C) (D) receives frequency of 2.2 kHz and 1.8 kHz
S O O S B when the train approaches and recedes from 36) A,B,D 37) A,B,C,D 38) A,B,C,D
W W L/n the observer. The velocity of the train is 10n COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS
Column II then find n. [The speed of the sound in air is 39) C 40) C 41) A 42) C 43) D 44) C
(p) Beats must be detected A 300 m/s]
(q) Beats may be detected 64. A wire having a linear mass density 70. nth harmonic of a closed organ pipe is equal 45) D 46) A 47) B 48) D 49) C 50) D
(r) Wavelength of sound wave after reflection 5.0 × 10−3 kg / m is streched between two rigid to mth harmonic of a open pipe. First over tone 51) A 52) B 53) D 54) B 55) D 56) A
from wall may decrease to a value smaller than supports with a tension of 450N. The wire frequency of the closed organ pipe is also
actual value with stationary source. MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS
resonates at a frequency of 420Hz. The next equal to first overtone frequency of the open
(s) Wavelength of sound wave after reflection organ pipe. Find the value of n, if m=6. 57) A-S; B-R; C-P; D-Q
higher frequency at which the same wire
from wall increase to a value greater than actual resonates is (420 + 10x) Hz. Length of wire is 71. Two sound sources are moving away from a 58) A-Q; B-R; C-S; D-P
value with stationary source. 2.1 m. Value of x is nearly. stationary observer in opposite directions with
61. Two identical speakers emit sound waves of 59) A-R; B-R; C-P; D-Q
65. A source emitting sound of frequency is
frequency 103 Hz uniformly in all directions. velocities V1 and V2 (V1 > V2 ) . The frequency 60) A-Q,R; B-P,S; C-P; D-P,R
placed in front of a wall at a distance of 2m
The audio output of each speaker is from it. A detector is also placed in front of of both the sources is 900Hz. V1 and V2 are 61) (i ) → c; (ii ) → a; ( iii ) → d ; (iv ) → b
9π /10 mW . A point ‘P’ is at a distance 3 m the wall at some distance from it. Find the both quite less than speed of sound V=300m/ INTEGER ANSWER QUESTIONS
minimum distance (in meter) between the
from the speaker S1 and 5 m from speaker source and the detector for which the sec. Find the value of (V1 − V2 ) so that beat 62) 4 63) 3 64)7 65) 3 66) 6 67) 7
S 2 . Resultant intensity at P is I R . Match the detector detects a maximum of sound speed frequency observed by observer is 6 Hz. (in 68) 4 69) 3 70) 9 71) 2 72) 7 73) 1
items in Column I with the items in column II. of sound in air = 360 m/sec m/sec)
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LEVEL-VI - HINTS 6. mxg 1 T
Tension at A = T = Mg + 9. (D) ; Fundamental frequency is given by v = 2l µ
SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS L
T1 ⇒ velocity of pulse at A is given by (with both the ends fixed)
1 1− y
1. (A) At t = 0 , y = , or x = = x1 T2
1+ x2 y ( M + mx ) g ⇒
dx
=
g 1 T v1 l2 r2 2 Lr
A B dt
∴ ⇒ v = 2l ; = = = =1
v=
dx
= L mx µ πr 2ρ v2 l1 r1 L2r
y=
1
=
1 M+ g
At t = 2s, dt µ L
2 + x 2 − 2 x 1 + ( x − 1) 2 10. (B) ; Let ∆l be the end correction.
on integrating
Given that, fundamental tone for a length 0.1 m =
1− y 1− y M M
or, ( x − 1) = y or, x = 1 + y = x2
2
2L mx g first overtone for the length 0.35 m.
M+ g = t
∴ Speed of the wave m L 0 µ v 3v
T1cosθ 4(0.1 + ∆l )
= 4(0.35 + ∆l )
∆x x2 − x1 1 T1
v= = = = 0.5m/s
∆t t2 − t1 2 − 0 θ t=
2L
m
M
Lg
( M +m − M ) Solving this equation, we get ? l = 0.025m
11. (D)
2. (B) ; For interference at A : S2 is behind of S1 by a T2
T1sinθ v = λf
λ
distance of 100λ + (equal to phase difference
4
t=2
L
mg
( M +m− M )
π π 8. (A) ; The diagrammatic representation of the given
). Further S2 lags S1 by . Hence the waves T1
2 2 problem is shown in figure. The expression of
T1 cos θ = Mg ; T1 sin θ = T2 ⇒ T2 = Mg tan θ x T2
from S 1 and S2 interfere at A with a phase difference
1 T
of 200.5 π + 0.5 π = 201 π = π . fundamental frequency is v =
L 3 2l µ
Hence the net amplitude at A is 2a – a = a = m
4 4 Mg
For interference at B : S 2 is ahead of S 1 by a distance θ
λ π T T
of 100λ + . (equal to phase difference ) T1
4 2
µ 2Lf
π = T1
Further S 2 lags S 1 by . T2 Lf ; T = 4
2 2
1 L 1 Water µ
Hence waves from S 1 and S 2 interfere at B with a D = m ρw=1g/cm3
2 2 4
phase difference of T1 + T2 = Mg ; T2 = Mg/5
200.5 π − 0.5 π = 200π = 0 π . 1 vρ ' g StB = 0 ⇒ Mg × l = (Mg/5) × L; l = L/5
Hence the net amplitude at A is 2a + a = 3a ⇒ tan θ =
1 T
⇒v= 2 =
Mg
=
g T = mg = vρ ' g ; f = 12. (B); The motorcyclist observers no beats, so the
2l µ
3. (C); Energy E α (amplitude)2 (frequency)2 8 µ 8µ µ apparent frequency observed by him from two
Amplitude (A) is same in both the cases, but V source must be equal
frequency 2w in the second case is two times the L L µ T ' = mg − ρw g
frequency ( ω ) in the first case.
t AB = ; t AB = 2 330 − V
f1 = f 2 ∴ 176
330 + V
= 165
330 − 22 330
2v 2 g
Therefore, E2 = 4E1 v
vρ ' g − ρ w g ∴ v = 22 m/s
∂y ∂y 1 2
4. (A) vP = = −v is positive and can only be f '= 13. (B) Mass per unit length of the string,
∂t ∂x 2l µ
L-x
along y–axis. 10 –2
f' 2 ρ '− ρ w ρ' m=
0.4
= 2.5 × 10−2 kg/m
5. (B) Given : y = 4 cos 2 ( t ) sin (1000t ) A = ρ
f 2ρ ' ρ w = specific gravity = ∴ Velocity of wave in the string,
= 2 [1 + cos 2t ] sin (1000t )
7. x T 1.6
= 2sin1000t + 2sin1000t ⋅ cos 2t 2ρ −1 v = m = 2.5 × 10 –2 ; v = 8 m/s
f ' = 300 Hz
= 2 sin1000t + sin1002t + sin 998t 2ρ
Thus the periodic motion consists of three M For constructive interference between successive
components. pulses :
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2l (2)(0.4) I2 I1 21.
= = v γ RT
∆t min v 8
= 0.10 s 17. ∆β = β 2 = β1 = 10 log I = 10 log I 19. f = , l = l0 1 + α ( T − T0 ) ; v =
0 0 2l M
(After two reflections, the wave pulse is in same C B1 B G
phase as it was produced, since in one reflection I ⇒ we have to find the temperature at which vT 0
10 log 2 45
its phase changes by p and if at this moment next I1 f ( T ) = f ( T0 ) vT A1 θ
identical pulse is produced, then constructive Increasing the intenscity by a factor 10 changes
interference will be obtained.) γ RT γ RT0 D O a
the sound level by 10dB, increasing by 100 changes
v β by 20 dB. since M = M
14. (D) f1 = f v – v 2l0 1 + α (T − T0 ) 2l0
s
32 = 25 ∆β = 5 (10 ) = 50dB E F
340 340
f1 = f = f 306 18. y = A sin 2p ( n − 1) t + A sin 2p nt T
= 1 + α ( T − T0 ) And velocity of boy and train around ‘O’ is same
340 – 34
T0
+ A sin 2p ( n + 1) t a d a
340 340
and f2 = f 340 – 17 = f 323 ; ∴ f =
f1
=
323 19
1/ 2 BB1 = Tanθ ⇒ vT = Tanθ
306 18 = 2 A sin ( 2π nt ) cos ( 2π t ) + A sin ( 2π nt ) T − T0 2 dt 2
1 + = 1 + α ( T − T0 )
2
15. let us consider a small element of mass ‘dm’
T0 a 11
⇒ resulting amplitude is R = A (1 + 2cos 2π t ) vT = sec 2 θω ; ω = ⇒ aω = 44
⇒ dm = µ ( dx ) 2 a/4
⇒ Iα R 2 1 T − T0 1
⇒ Total energy of element is 1+ = 1 + α (T − T0 ) ⇒ T0 = aω 44
2 T0 2α velocity of train at B = = = 22ms −1
Iα A2 [1 + 2cos 2π t ]
2
1 2 2
dE = ( dm ) ω 2 A2 20.
2 Just before the turn at ‘C’ vT component along
dI
for I to be maximum or minimum =0 the line joining boy and train is away from boy just
1
µω 2 A2 ( dx ) dt 90-θ
after turn at C, the component is towards boy ⇒
2
d
⇒ (1 + 2 cos 2π t ) He hears max and min at the turn.
2 D2
The rate at which energy is supplied is given by
dt r
100m
velocity of train at
dE 1 1
P= = µω A ( dx ) ⇒ P = µω A v 2 [1 + 2cos 2π t ] ( 2sin 2π t ) .2π = 0
2 2 2 2
aω
dt 2 2 S θ C= sec 2 45 = 22 × 2 = 44ms −1
S
1
d O 2
16. 1
x<0 0 x>0 ⇒ 1 + 2cos 2π t = 0 ⇒ 2 cos 2π t = − v
100m
2 f min = f
yi = Ai sin ( ωt − k1 x )
100m
v + vs cos 45
2π
⇒ 2π t = 2nπ ±
yt = At sin ( ωt − k2 x ) 3
where n = 0, 1, 2...... D1
330 30
= 300 × = 300 ×
yr = Ar sin (ωt + k1 x ) 1 Time taken by ‘S’ to travel from S to 0 = 20sec 330 + 22 2 30 + 2 2
or t = n ± where n = 0, 1, 2......
at the boundary the displacement and slope of the 3 In this time detector goes from D1to D2 v 30
f max = f = 300 ×
wave is continuous then 1 1 3 The signal received by detector at t = 20sec is not v − vs cos 45 30 − 2 2
yi + yr = yt ; Ai + Ar = At ⇒ t = 0, , , ..... that produced by source at ‘O’ but produced from
2 1 2 22. As sound takes finite time to travel, so the sound
also sin 2π t = 0 a position S 1 prior to ‘O’ received at t = 5 sec should have been emitted
yi y y
+ r = t or 2π t = nπ where n = 0, 1, 2..... earlier.
ϑ x ϑx ϑ x r d d vs 5 1
= cosθ = = = = Let t1 be the time at which source emits sound
− Ai K1 cos ωt + Ar K1 cos ωt = − At K 2 cos ωt n 1 2 v vs r v 330 66
or t = where n = 0, 1, 2.... ⇒ t = , ... which is detected at t = 5 sec.
⇒ − Ai K1 + Ar K1 = − At K 2 2 3 3 2 v − v0 sin θ Then the time duration for which sound moves is
1
cos 2π t = 1, −1, +1,..... sin = 1 − = 1 ⇒ f D = f
K1 − K 2 2 K1 66 v − vs cos θ t t − t1
on solving Ar = K + K Ai , At = K + K Ai for these times ⇒ I = 9 A2 , A2 ,9 A2 ,.... Let ‘h’ be dist moved by detected
1 2 1 2
330 − 10
⇒ In one second we get two minima and two = 100 1 2 1
( ) ( )
2
= 97 Hz h = ut − gt ; H = g t1 − h = v t − t1
maxima. Hence beat frequency is 2. 330 − 5 / 66 2 2
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25. The wavelength of the wave
1
( ) 1 2
( ) 1 ω 30
2 d
505 − g t1 − ut + gt = v t − t1 |Path difference| = | − 1 d |= Frequency f = = Hz.
2 2 λ = (12 − 0 ) = (14 − 2 ) = 12 units 2 2 2π π
2π
( ) − 125 = 300 (5 − t ) Therefore, in time 1/60 s, the distance moved by
2
505 − 5 t1 1 λ d Wavelength l = =m
the wave is For minima, path difference = ( 2n + 1) = k
2 2 Further, 60 t and 2x are of same sign. Therefore,
(t ) − 60 (t ) + 224 = 0 ⇒ t = 4sec
1 2 1 1 d = 2 + n (λ ) =
λ
6
+ nλ ; n ∈ J d
=λ =
V
V ( 2n + 1) V the wave should travel in negative x-direction.
( 2n + 1) f ; f = ; f min = ∴ All the options are correct.
d d
v + vs d λ 31. (BC) ; ω = 15 π , k = 10 π
f = f0 28. When detector is at O, we can see that the path
Velocity of wave: v = 1/ 60 = 6 + nλ 60
v − vs ( ) difference in the two waves reaching O is ω
Speed of wave, v= = 1.5m/s
v0 = u − gt = 0 ; vs = gt1 = 40ms −1 d = 2λ thus at O detector receives a maximum k
λ 1
λ = = sound. When it reaches p and again there is a 2π 2π
300 T= λ 10 ( 6n + 1) maximum sound detected at P the path difference Wavelength of wave l = = = 0.2 m
= 1300 × = 1500 Hz. v + nλ 60 k 10π
300 − 40 6 between two waves must be ∆ = λ . Thus from 10 π x and 15 π t have the same sign. Therefore,
23. No interference effect is observed if S1| S 2| is 26. Since aeroplane is producing intensity level of 100 the figure the path difference at P can be given as wave is traveling in negative x-direction.
dB at a distance of 200 m from it, and this is also ∆ = S1P − S 2 P ; S1Q = 2λ cos θ ∴ correct options are (B) and (C).
perpendicular to OP ( ∆x = 0 ) the maximum allowable sound level so as not to 32. (A, C) ;
d violate the regulations, the maximum distance of Maximum speed of any point on the string = a ω
P
x-coordinate of S1 = − sin θ
|
the plane from micro phone has to be 200 m. The = a(2 π f)
2 Q
diagram that follows shows the situation exactly.
d d θ O
v 10
∴ = 10 = 10 = 1 (Given : v = 10 m/s)
Let the aeroplane leave the runway, before x metres
(since OS1 = ); y-coordinates of S 2 = cos θ
| |
of the location of micro phone. Then, PM is the S1 d = 2λ S2
2 2
1
24. For linear variation of temperature, we can write shortest distance between the microphone and the ∴ 2 π af = 1 ; ∴f =
2πa
temperature at a distance x from point A is aeroplane. D S –3
a = 10 m (Given)
T2 − T1
Tx = T1 + x And we have point P, path difference ∆ = λ , thus 1 103
l ∴ f = 2π × 10–3 = 2π Hz
Microphone
Thus velocity of sound at this point is given as ∆ = 2λ cos θ = λ
Speed of wave v = f λ
90 0 1 π
T −T cos θ = ; θ=
v = α T1 + 2 1 x 2 3 103 –1
∴ (10 m/s) = 2π s λ
0
l 30
Thus the value of x can be written as x = D tan θ
dx M
= dt π ∴ λ = 2 π × 10–2 m
dx T −T = D tan = 3D
= α T1 + 2 1 x ⇒ α T1 + T2 − T1 x x 33. (AC); Superposition of two displacement is added
dt l l 3
y = y1 + y2
Integrating the above expression within proper x 29. Total path difference = AB + BC + λ / 2 = λ
PM = x sin 300 = dy
limits, we get 2 for maxima Hence Answer is (A); v p = v w ×
dx
1 1 h sec α cos 2α + h sec α = α / 2
dx x 2
⇒ PM = 200 =
∫ T −T
= ∫ dt
2
⇒ x = 400 m
h sec α ( 2 cos 2 α ) = α / 2 ; h =
α Hence, v p = 2 ×
2
= 1 cm / s
0
α T1 + 2 1 x 0
So, the required distance is 1630-400=1230 m. sec α
l For the particle between A and O.
27. Path difference = ( µ − 1) d MULTIPLE ANSWER QUESTIONS 34. (ABCD) ; It is given that
2l T2 − T1
1
30. (ABCD) y(x, t) = 0.02 cos (50 π t + π /2) cos (10 π x)
T1 + x = t γ R (T0 ) y = 10–4 sin (60t + 2x) ≅ A cos( ω t + π /2) cos kx
α (T2 − T1 ) l 0 V0 m0 1 A = 10–4 m, w = 60 rad/s, k = 2m–1 π 3π
µ= = = Node occurs when kx = , etc.
2l 2l V' γ R ( 4T0 ) 2 ω 2 2
⇒t = T2 − T1 t = Speed of wave v = = 30 m/s
α (T2 − T1 ) ; α T2 − T1 m0 k π 3π
10 π x = , ⇒ x = 0.05 m, 0.15 (option a)
2 2
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Antinode occurs when kx = π , 3 π , etc. P 1 For maxima : ∆x = n λ Passage: V
10 π x = π , 3π I= or I α 2
4π r 2 r πR v+v 1200 + 40
⇒ x = 0.1 m, 0.3 m (option b) ∴ n λ = π R ⇒ λ = n ,n = 1,2,3,... 51. f = f 0 v + v − v = 580
m
= 599 Hz.
Hence, the shape of the curve between I and r will m s 1200 + 40 − 40
Speed of the wave is given by also be same as that given in figure of the question. λ 52. Let ‘x’ be the distance from hill where echo is heard
ω 50π Hence option (a) is correct. 46. (A) For minima = πR = (2n − 1)
= 2
v=
k 10π
= 5 m/s (option c)
If the source is a plane sound source then intensity Thus, the possible values of l are ⇒ the distance travelled by train = (1 − x ) km
Wavelength is given by at every point in front of the source will be same if 2 2 2 1− x 1 x 29
damping does not take place. But if damping takes 2πR, πR, πR, πR,..... = = + ⇒x= km
2π 2π 1 3 5 7 40 1240 1160 31
l = k = 10π = 5 m = 0.2 m (option d) place then the amplitude of oscillation of medium
( ) v − v + v0
2
particles decreases with distance. Hence, the 47. (B) ; Maximum intensity, Imax = I1 + I2
53. fecho = f v − v
m
35. (C D ) nQ = 341 ± 3 = 344 Hz or 338 Hz
intensity decreases with the distance from the m
on waxing Q the no. of beats decreases source. In that case, the curve between I and r I0
36. (ABD) ; SCP = 130 m Here I1 = I2 = given Here f is the frequency that incidents on hill
may have the same shape as shown in the figure 2
∆x = 10 m ; ∆x = n λ given in the question. Hence option (b) is also 580 × 1240 1200 − 40 + 40 580 × 1240 1200
2 = = × =620 Hz.
correct. I I 1200 1200 − 40 1200 1160
∴ Imax = 2 + 2 = 2I0
0 0
10 10 10
λ= ; λ = 10,5, , & so on. If the source is a plane wave source, intensity at
n 3 4
every point of the source will be the same. Passage VI 54,55,56
37. (A, B, C,D); The number of waves encountered Passage IV
But if power of the source is decreasing with time
by the moving plane per unit time is given by 48. Total distance travelled by wave pulse in
then intensity will also decrease with time. But at A
distance travelled an instant, intensity at every density at every point t1 = L + V0t1
3R
n = wavelength in front of source will also be same, though it will R
(because observe moves by V0t1 in time t1 )
decrease with time. Hence, option(c) is wrong. 600 C
c+v c v v This distnce is also given by Vt1 O
= = 1 + = f 1 + (option a) 600 2R
λ λ c c Intensity , I = 2π 2 n 2 a 2 ρ v (2R,O)
Since, intensity I α ρ (density of medium) and L
The stationary observer meets the frequency f ’ of
So, Vt1 = L + V0t1 ; t1 = 3R
the incident wave and receives the reflected wave density I is decreasing with distance, therefore, the V − V0
B
of frequency f” emitted by the moving platform as density ρ also decreases with distance 49. Total distance travelled by wave pulse in time t 2
f′ f (1 + v c ) f (c + v ) from the source. Hence, option (d) is also correct. Frequency detected by detector is maximum when
f”= 1 – v c = 1 – v c = (c – v) (option c) (measured from S ' ) = ( L − VsT ) + V0t2 source is directly towards it and minimum when it
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS is directly away from it.
c c c – v Passage:II Actual travel time = ( t2 − T ) From the geometry of diagram frequency detected
Wavelength, l” = = (option b)
f ′′ f c + v 42. (C) Beats will be detected by the ear only if beat The above distance is also given by V ( t2 − T ) is maximum when source is at ‘A’ minimum when it
frequency fb = f1 - f2 < 10 Hz is at B
f (1 + v c )
Beat frequency= f”–f = (1 – v c) – f 43. (D) When two sound waves of nearly equal V ( t2 − T ) = ( L − VS T ) + V0t 2 3R
frequency travel in same direction produces beats. Time taken by source =
L + (V − V S )T
v
1+ v c (1 + v c) f 2vf
= f 1 – v c – 1 = (1 – v c) = c – v V 350 × 100 t2 =
44. (C) f1 =
λ
=
32
= 1093.75 (V − V0 ) distance travelled by source = vs .
3R
38. (A,B,C,D); Due to propagation of a wave the 50. When source approaches stationary obeserver v
350 × 100 × 10
energy density at a point is given by E=I/v f2 = = = 1086.95
330π
Where I is intensity at that point and v is wave
322 V ⇒ angle swept out = 6 3 . 330 = π / 6
3
f1 = f > f (but consant)
propagation velocity. fb = f1 - f2 = 7Hz V − VS
It means energy density E is directly proportional Passage:III When source recedes from stationary π π π
⇒ angle from horizontal = − =
to intensity I. 45. (D) Path difference produced is 3 6 6
V
If power emitted by a point source is P then intensity 3 π observer f 2 = f V + V < f R 3 R
∆x = πR − R = πR
at a distance r from it is equal to 2 2
S
⇒ coordinates of source 2 , 2
(but constant)
NARAYANAGROUP 107 108 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- VII WAVES WAVES JEE-ADV PHYSICS-VOL- VII
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II
similarly the coordinates of source when minimum P
n T n T v
frequency is detected are ( 0, - R ) 61. I = 64. 7 ; v = ⇒ 420 = 69. From the relation, f ’ = f v ± v , we have
4π r 2 2l µ 2l µ s
v v 330
f min = f s = fs = fs S1
v + vs v + vs 330π n +1 T 300
330 + 3m 420 + 10 x = 2.2 = f 300 – v …(1)
6 3 P ; Solving x = 7
A 2l µ T
6 3 6 3 65. 3
= fs 300
; similarly f max = f s 5m and 1.8 = f 300 + v …(2)
π +6 3 π−6 3 S2
S T
MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS Here, vT = vs = velocity of source/train
B
58. (A) – (q), (B) – (r), (C) – (s), (D) – (p) Solving Eqs. (1) & (2), we get vT = 30 m/s ; n = 3
y = a sin kx cos ωt 0.9π mW 1 x
I1 = = mW = 25 µ W / m 2 V V
4π ( 3) 70. n 4 L = m 2L
2
4 -------------(1)
1 c 0
dk = × (µdx)[ a sin kx ω cos ωt ]2
2 9π mW 9
I2 = = mW = 9 µ W / m 2 V V
40π ( 5 )
2 D
1
= µdx × a ω sin kx sin ωt
2 2 2 2 1000 also, 3 4 L = 2 2 L ----------(2)
2 c 0
For incoherent source, 1
1 x2 2 Lc 3
I R = I1 + I 2 = ( 25 + 9 ) = 34 µ W / m 2
l
k = µa 2 k 2 c 2 sin 2 ω t ∫ (sin 2 kx) dx 2 22 + − x = 2 ⇒ x = 3m
2 0 4 From equation (2) L = 4
o
For coherent source, ∆=0 λ v 336
1 2 2 2 2 L 66. = 20 ; l = 80 cm ; f = = × 100 From equation(1)
= µa k c sin ωt now put the value of I R = I1 + I 2 + 2 I1I 2 4 λ 80
2 2
n L 6 3 9
2π
( ) = 2 c = = =
2
= ( 5 + 3) = 64 µ W / m 2
2
k= I1 + I 2 m
λ λ1 ? Lo 4 2 6
( )
2
S1 D 4 = 420 Hz
59. A - r, B - r, C - p, D - q For δ = ±π , I R = I1 − I 2 n = 9 if m = 6
(A)
300
= ( 5 − 3) = 4 µW / m 2
2
2π π 350 350 71. f1 = 900 = 900 − 3V1
∆ x = 10 cm ; ∆φ = × ∆x = 67. 7; ∆f = − ≈7 300 + V1
λ 2 If the speaker S 2 is switched off, 0.32 0.322
68. Given f1 – f2 = 3 Hz likewise, f 2 = 900 − 3V2
A = A12 + A 22 = 10 cm I R = I1 = 25 µ W / m 2
v v
(B) ∆ x = 10 cm ; (C) ∆ x = 7.5 - 2.5 or f v – v – f v + v =3 given f 2 − f1 = 6
INTEGER ANSWER QUESTIONS s s
∆φ =
2π
×5 =
π 340 340 3 (V1 − V2 ) = 6 ; V1 − V2 = 2m / sec
V or 340 340 – v – 340 340 + v =3
40 4 62. (4) f1 = f 0 V − V cos θ
s s
72. f 0 − f c = 2 ; V − = 2 ;
s
1 1
V /L =8
1 vs
–1
A = 62 + 82 + 2 × 6 × 8 × vs 2 L 4L
2 = 167.88
340 or 340 1 – 340 – 340 1 + 340 = 3
= 640 × = 680Hz f1 − f 0 = 40
340 − 20 in second case,
A = 12.95 cm as vs << 340 m/s
63. (3) y = 2Asin kx cos ωt V V 7V 7
(D) ∆ x = 0 Using binomial expansion, we have f 0| − f c| = − ; = (8 ) = 7
∆P = 2BAk cos kx cos ωt vs vs
L 8L 8L 8
∆f=0 340 1 + 340 – 340 1 – 340 = 3
I a2 f 2 (3)2 (8)2
A = A1 + A2 = 14 cm ∆P A 12 73. (1) I = a 2 f 2 = (2)2 (12)2 = 1
1 1 1
= = 2 × 340 × vs
60. (A - q,r); (B - p,s); (C -p); (D -p,r) ∆P B π 3 ; n = 3. ∴ = 3; ∴ vs = 1.5 m/s
2 2 2
cos 340
Apply Dopplers effect 2n
NARAYANAGROUP 109 110 NARAYANAGROUP
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