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Full notes of organic chemistry by pankaj sir

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91 views37 pages

Full Organic

Full notes of organic chemistry by pankaj sir

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deepanshuyadav01234
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av Jasin EN Reso Bu CH,—CH,~O" > > CH,—C—0" > Num 0 LP & ~ve charge « size of C . ; t F< CI < Br” CI” > Bro > . Priority Order Aromatic mesomerie Hyprecasjugation Inductive Orders +M:~ CH >NH7>07> NH, » OH Actas ; . tt i > OCH, » NH-C—CH, > Q—C-R E> Ch Br F +b-CHy»NH>O™ > RCOO™ > 3°Butyl > isopropyl > Et > Me >T>D>H * -M:~ CH, > NO, > CN > SO.H > CHO » COR > COOR > CONH, ~ Deactivators > Coo ~t:- NE, > -NR, » -NHy > NO, > CN > SOjH > CHO > COR > COOH > COOR > Halogers > OCH, > OH > => NH,» Ph >= —> Shows -M + with respect to group already present, it's Meta position is not affected by Meso or Reso effect. Only Inducti + Cyclic > Linear > Cross conjugation. + Move equivalent t Acidic Nature t resonating structure of CB Rules for Resonating Structure Stability: least stable: (++) or (~-) near 4. Octet complete. 2. Neutral structure > Charged ones. 3. Move EN = ~ve Charge Less EN = #ve Charge. 4, we & -ve charge near to each other Bredt's Rule 1 At bridge head carbon, -ve is not accepted till total no. of carbon in the ving is 8. After 8-carbon sp” chalega’ Effect of Resonance 2. Max e” density. 8 t0.~ BL «= Reso Heat of hydrogenation as 2 x bond Avomaticity « Reso Energy = Reso aM Stability Order WWM > INN > [FN HOH Order [P\ > WM > INS Hyperconjugation [H > O>T] Alkane:~ 0 ~ n* overlap Mex 7H Cay 7CHs mer vt me’ SH HZ SH 7 Germinal cis + Heat of hydrogenation is energy required to convert double into single bond in a molecule. stability! — HoHT Reactivity of eaare Me moth Me-cme OOOO eH=3 aH=2 oH + Reactivity o aH VIMP TRICK D N P mn f / | Distance Number = Power vege a) @Hes | 3aD Bar (stability) *A > aaKH ARS. + : CH, > Phe on aHed 40 RS.) Reso Cyclopropyl Methyl Carbocation. Stability Order of Carbocation Dopl> Dj Do Organic Chemistry Q > O > PhiC’ > Ph Co cH, > (CHs)C > © > IN+ > [CHy],cH 7 CHy-CH, 7 CH, > // mah OH oe ie (Stability) ~1 Max. a Min +M dist™ independent »s M. . . CH, CH, cl < @ -| Max ~i less -1> eM w~position only inductive | + Stability of C’ and C~ + +l order T>D>H. V.inap Examples 7 Equivalent CH, Lo > © CH, Reso. i O gortital os F cl t) oA cuz? 8 as v Anti 7 2RS. IRS. aromatic (4n ne") 9 Bhan Reso WrC-H 7 © ? ° ra ~ Wl ~C-H > CH,-CH-C-H PLB oO o 10 jae ve a S \ a x Ph,C > PhCH > PhCH, “Syscuiey ege > ehOHy. e Gocu, XOCH, XOCH, o¢H. +Mx2 No. +M Got Is Ph Rhea YN 7 PAV Sy Ph Ph CY 7 Ph-ch, World Most x Stable C Thuory Acid Base : i anaiee Be Was) ovat 1 2 sree eg? sere | ‘I bait CP Omer Acidic Noture of Carbon Acids 2> COOH Lobe 2 HCOOH cooH 2> HCOOH > Ph-COOH > CH,-COOH en HCOOH ie H Aromatic SP. sp’ in Benzoie Ortho Effect } ‘anne! Repulsion b/w COOH. & ortho group such that COOH goes out of plane & +M does not operate. «Acidity t (Acidic strength) Basic nature of amine ic. > Aromatic eos NH, R-NH, — R-N-H R-N-R @ Qo, @ @ ar Gas Phase (or non-polar solvent): = BP? 2° > 2 NHE Polar protic Solvent R= CHy. R= Ethyl. 2929 32NH, 2730 2.NH, a 1 Basicity « eed “Kromaticity 7) o density ddeceeases Basicity order Guanidine > R-NH, > NHs |. > Aromatic amine > R-C-NH, > R-CEN ih Guanidine:- H,N-C=NH ‘i a 2 Basicity = es Ea Organic Chemistry There is no repulsion b/w para group & NHf so after LP. donation it becomes more stable. Para > Ortho Amines Avaines. (Basic strength) NH, NH, NH,» Ni Me ? ? ? CH, CHy : net - il + R-C-H @ 1 Reactivity t. q RC, L oO “f oe Acid anhydride :- I Acyl chloride:- R-C~CI cae iad g RCONH, Ester i= R-C-OR. Got y +IH Th 4 o ® ® @ Ky © @>Or®@ ‘a> ||| sp? Benzune NON Rearrangement of carbocation Migratory Aptitude: H> Ar > R, Benzy}. Substitution Addition ¢ Rx" Rx" Single bond. Woe if bond involved Markovnikov Anti Markovnikov Rule Rule Ove part of Ove part goes to } reagent goes to multiple bonded i multiple bonded | carbon bearing more t carbon bearing less ope } "aH Br Br L™ (Peroxide) Narne of reaction Reagent Function rf > Hydrogenation:~ a ¢ Sa Alkane banao. of alkene/alkyne wi 2> Reduction of alkyl _Zn+ dil HCl X- hatao helide to alkane Gat) H- lagao 3> Wurtz reaction Na/Dry Ether Free Radical banao aur higher Io arr dine ence Alkane banco R’ => R-R 4 Decarboxylation ‘ COOH/CIONA hatao “H” lagao [R@OOH RHA A oicon [All COOH Eliminated] S> Kolbe's electrolysis of:- Cathode :- H, t Savae like Wurtz Rx". RCOONA (or RCOOK) Anode :- Alkane (R-R) Free Radical banao! rm (ond Form) Sol” = Basic [pH 1] 6> Halogenation:- —-X, / bv “HP ~ Hatao of alkane In case of Ly also use ayn lagao. F>Cl> Brot HIO, & HNO, 7> Isovnevisation:- Anhyd. AICL,/ HCl Chain isomer banao. of alkane a> Aromatisation of:- Cr,0, or V,05 Aromatic Ring banao. n-hexane or higher ig. 0 alkane a 92 Fittig rxn of:- Na - DE. ary) iodide Chlovobenzene >Ph-Ph 10> Wurtz Fittig yxn:- Na - DE. (Ar-K + R=x) ——Chlorobenzene ——-» Toluene + Ph - Ph 44> Ullmann rxni- Cu ~ DE. lodobenzene ————> Ph-Ph -C et eos 12> Corey-HOUSE Gilmann Reagent. syn: (R,Cuti) 13> Reduction of R-X:- Zn + HCl Zn + CHyCOOH Zn + NaOH Zn ~ Cu + CH.OH Al - Hg/C,H,OH H,/Ni, Pt, Pd LAH (4°, 2°Rx) > 1°-2° R-H 3°Rx) ——> 2°-3° R-H SBH (2°. Hi/Red P. © TPH (1°, 2°, 14> Grignard reagent:- R- MgX 7 Now bi* + RIK — R-R' IF 5°R-X => Alkene. \ | X hatao | H lagao 3° = Alkene 4° = No Rx" ~—-» X hatao H lagao 3°)» FRS. X hatao H ‘agao Rmgx 4 R-H R-xX+Mg PE R-Max asitie media 15> Clemmenson Zn-Hg reduction:~ Cone. HCI Beals 16> Wolff-kishner NH,NH, reduction: - NaOEt 17> HBO of Alkene:- 8 H,/ THF CHsCOOH/ 0°C 28> Hydrolysis of Al,C;+H,O carbide: - Be,C *.HO Mg,C + H29 o H il fj i H Q H i 1 HC= =O H rane acetic Acid R-CH = CH, CH, caCp+ HO ———> HC 2 CH Hydrocarbons 14> Nitration of alkane i- 2.0 Sulphonation of alkane :~ 24> Combustion: - 22> Dehydration of alcohols:~ E, = Multi Step Cv E, = Single Step fanti (R-X 3 Alleenc) 237 Dehydro- halogenation of haloalkane:~ (X, B- elimination) 24> Hoffmann elimination of quaternary avamonium hydroxide :~ 25> Copes elimination of 3° N-Oxide:- Cone. HNO, py HOt NOs eno, HO p Cone. H,SO, poy HO 180s, econ CyHayer * G4) 0, As n00, + (n+ 4) H,0 CH, + £0, ur CO + 2H, 2 i son (partial) oo 1 C CH, + O, ee? CH,- OH (partial) 7 MbO CH, + 0, Jaa? HCHO (partian KMnO, Nn 0, mes OH (partial) Cone. H,SO, Rearrangement HPO, KHSO, C’ banega POCI, /Pyridine Saytzcff Rule:- “3/7 AS Jaha pr -OH aga hoga Waha pr C’ banakr rearrange krke product likhna ! AIC. KOH Bad LG | Hoffmann (Anti Elim”) Bulky base (Major) 49,0/H,0 re wot pode (Anti Elivni®) a eZ Hoffrransn Product] FAS syn | Less Crowded B-H Eliminate MCPBA | Elim” 1* (Hoffmann Product) H,0,/h Organic Chemistry 26> Partial reduction —Lindllar’s Catalyst of non terminal alkynes: Ls y-Pa-Bas0, | Cis Alkene H,-Pd-CaCO, HL/Ni,B (Nickel or Boride). J Birch Reduction L it Trans Alkene Na or Li/Liq NHs 27> Dehalogenation of Zn dust + CH,OH or ‘ vieinal-dihalide :~ 3 // Free Radical banake Go. Acetone (ether) © vicinal Product likho... Antieliinination dihalides convert to alkene. Tetrahalides convert to alkyne. 28> Addition of H, or Raney Ni, PL/C, P/C, Alkene # Alkane alkene/Alkyne:- RWC, PtO, [Adam's aitune 8 Alkane Catalyst] 29> Addition of HX:- @®) alkene + HX ——+ Alkyl halide. C'v [Rearrangement v] (Markownikoft Obey!) vidhar C” Stable hoga DD udhar X lagega. (Major) HBr/Peroxide __—“"—(ajor) 30> Hydration of alkene:~ H* —> C° Pr Cy GR) OH Stable CR lagega 31> Addition of Non classical C' Vieinal dihalide banega. X,-CCl = ‘Anti Addition CAR, TAM. CSM, TSR. No*cl” = Tilden Reagent 32> Hydroboration @BH,/THF Less crowded pr OH uske Adjacent oxidation(HBO) gyi > OH @ from BH, (Syaiadiition) xg Ont, Y Ga) noc’ cHyCOC alkane ) Oiner or oF Ao OH 33> Oxymercuration ® Hg(OAC), 1, f0- aTHF Ag Gugino Avo demercuration @)(Et,0) NaBH, (THF) @ Nas, ~ By (OMD) (aintiadeition) Pr More Crowded Pr OH” (H,0) uske No ct adjacent H from R.A = NaBH, Hydrocarbons 34> Bayer’s reagent € + BR = Cold alkaline dil. + Vicinal diol banega [1, 2.-diol] 0s0,/pyridine/ KMnO, BR OH NaHSO, [synaddition]:~+ 0s0,/Py/NaHSO, LS Gay? AY f 35> Peracids/prevost CH,-C-O-O-H/H, Oo + Vicinal diol banega method ~~ T_4/cH,-COOAg' + Antiaddition, OH (Anti addition) s= 2M. Ww Peracids AY e OH RN H,/Pd/Pt 7 Br,/CCl, alk. KMn0, Br,/H,O/MeOH/NaCl ” O50, HOCI > HBO RCOOH/H,0" Prevost omD | 3@> Ozonolysis: ~ CH,OH or [0,] Oxidative Ozo:~ -COOH + -t- H.C GH,O, H,0,, Ag,0 futon O4/(Ph)P CH,Cl, (-78°) IO, H,0z» Aga! io" ah dy a2 I Reductive Ozo:- -CHO + -C- & AeA saat Poe Wy one Oy es on Uzn + HO, (CHs)S, Ml Nae lcohol poate Mt He Zon LAH (Ph)gP, Zn + HCI/Acetic, Acid, Thiourea 37> Oxidation:~ + Hot Cone. KMn0,/ Alkene 4 Acid Banao ! HOH" ° + KjCr0,/ d+ Nald, >e/ HOs, + CitycOOH + HIO, + [CH,COO}, Pb Br lgayega 38> Wohl-zeigler:~ + NBS/CCL,, hv Only Allylic/Benzylic Subt, (Free-Radical) +: S0,C1, Jaha kali pr C’ Stable hoga waha + Br, s00°C pe ~Br lagega, + Cl,- 500°C 59> Rx" with SeO,:- Allylic -OH Add”. orem chery 1,2 tri-hal Ac cl 40> 4,4,4 tr -nalo Gener C—H ——H-C = C-H + GAgCI covapound: ~ 41> Dehydrohalogenation:- i, Alc. KOH/A IF NaNH, use directly (Anti Elimination) ii. NaH, or KNH, Vieinal/Geminal_, : ® Jstes Re. dikalides — pieynt® or Na/liq NH; ermine! intcrmediate vinyl halide alkyne 429 Addition of Br,/CCl,on — Alkyne ® Tetrahalide banao. alkyne:~ Br Br R—C=C-R — Rs Br Br a OH ¢ ? a 43> Addition of 2HOCI:- eb in BHO, a onG-R > BEER OH by cd Jaha Stable C’ waha —C— uske Adjacent & Geminal dinalide 44> Addition of HBr:- — Alkyne — Vicinal or “Geminal dihalide. (Major) By = am 45> Higher alkynes From yin 2 Gy NaNHa, went uozc/ Nahe, Vcsey Lower alkynes: ver . 46o> Kucherovs rini~ conor 40% dil H50, AN / Ke, AY ey i On dil Ha504 AR, DV/ = i [Nu® add” rx") h HgSO, i —CH udhar lagega jaha more stable © 47> Polymerisation:~ Red -hot Fe or Cu Tube. or Ni(CN), Alkyne @ Aromatic Ring. 48> Tollen's Tollen’s:~ [Ag(NH,) ]’"——“4—> white ppt of silver or fehling . 7 7 alkynide Teste Fehling:- [2q.Cus0,+N0/K] 2 5 red ppt. of copper tavtavate “ alkeynide @ Hydrocarbons 109) ~ 1 2 49> Nitvation of Conc, HNO, + conc. H,S0, {ph —» ph-NO, ae cone. HNO il of Mirbane ; Furning HNO, | NO," BF. ~ EP / ; € f s|/ 50> Friedel craft's Anhydrous AlCl,. ee + R'-K” > ph-R jaleglation:- ther Lewis Acid. HE / 08C > RC Raph —ph-< dil. H,S0, ————» R 108 + ph —» ph-R a 0 e . It | S1> Friedall Anhydrous AICI,. ph+ R-C-X — ph-C-R “craft's a 0.0 ° acylation: ~ x aes, i b Coss Sano Fe | ph R=C-O-C-R —y ph-C-R \ ote a + R-COOH \ Sl \ 52> Halogenation- > Xy / Fe ph ——— ph-X (Fp C3 Br,» ta) Ky / FeXs 53> sulphonation C22”, cone. H,SO, ph —— ph-SO,H (Neutral E°) 7 : SOHo> C.D, > et, th oleura (H,5,0,) 54> Oxidation of alkyl KMnO, ph4Q) —+ ph-{COOH halide:~ K,Cr,0, Note:- &-H must be present . Drastic 7 55> outs fused Ph —aodition” PR-OH Benzene pr Good Leaving Group #1 @1 ae! Organic Chemistry C- 56> Gattermann Koch reaction: ~ 57> Gattermann (2) HON + aldehyde synthesis: - (2) H,0 Hydrocarbons (1) CO + Hel, AICI, NO, cone. HNO, + conc. H,SO, 60°C NO. cone. HNO, + conc. H,S0, 100°C NO, Ne conc. HNO, + cone. H,SO, 2 200°C ; NOx NO, Fuming HNO, NO, 60°r NO, ph ——— ph-CHO HCI, AlCl, ph ———> ph-CHO 1) Halogenation of Alkane :~ CH, + Cl, 2% CH, -Cl + HCl 2) Addition of HX to Alkenes : - UV HK 3 > 3) Addition of X,/CCI, Aikene :- Br ee Br Uf Br,/CCl, 4) Addition of HX to Alkyne :- __ Sx Ulf + 2H-K —— 5) Addition of X, to Alkyne :- My 9 @) Reaction with NBS :- As os Br NBS 7) From Alcohols : - Pav, Sy2. R-oH Sots Ral [Par os i PC, PCl. | “C's 5 R-CIHH,PO, Darzen's Process R-Cl+POCI, «HCI ) [Ron] Pe Bre RBs H,PO, 44 R-I+H,PO, 3 $2 8) Reaction of Alcohol with HX :- © HI > HBr > HCl > HE R-OH + HX > R-K+H,0 BPaSyh 19/22 Syh OF Syd aleahol: sett | 2 4° X Lucas Reagent:~ White Turbidity 9) Hunsdiecker- Borodin Reaction :~ ° Free Radical Mech”. i wid-oag + Br, £C4, e-Breagar + CO, a CO0Ag hatao Red > 2° > 3° “R” Ko “X” lagao! Simonini RX" :~ oO il I 2 R-C-OAg +, ——>R-C-OR+2Ag]l + COnt 10) Halide Exchange Method :- Finkelstein Rx” -~ Sy2 R-Cl+ Nal Acetone, Ris Nact ‘Swarts rx” :~ Sy R-Cl+ Age or Hg,F; ——> R-F + AgCl 12) Aryl Halides : - Cl,/Fe a © rp [oJ + © EASR ~ cl cl clyhv 6) |e = Br 7 g 3 7 ly & Up, coy of 3 : oct Niet O%6 er |g cused SIS 4) Learnt 0) & v, ly &. & ano, <1 Hel 0-5°C NH Balz-Schienann Cy Note :- Sy Sf Brera? L°>2°>>>>B° cw CK Rate « [R-x] Rate « [R-x][Ne] Weak Nu® Strong Num Polar Protic solvent | Polar Aprotic solvent R-1 > R-Br>R-Cl>R-F 42) Solvolysis:- — S,4 a H,0 a eH MOH kev 4 9 |cH,co8H , kotor, NH kilts Br HO acetone AgNO,(2q) } | SbF, (aq) | Haloalkane and Halearene Sy/E, (Porat) Souvent ‘Arroric’} S/E, WOOL acetone, DMSO, DMF, DMA (Noscratat CS,, CCl, Benzene LAH dexh 3] Ag’eN R,CuLi wet xO) RR 4 KNOG; ow Ni 2—(R-ONO) an, 2st owe RD Na’NH,, NO, nH, AIK? R.NO, EASR :- a ol 7 NO, NO. ‘oe 0 SY 6 ; No, cl Br,/Fe qd » ci on ° 4 Br Cone. H,S0, son ol ao G ) 7 © Friedel Craft's SO,H Rx ~ NASR :- Aporston~ ELoanarion Euwunarton Aoorrion F>Cl> Brot I> Br>Cl>F xp cl NH, 4, * : Ve > | ANH ipso (4.9%) Za ZO or Meisenheimer Complex NaNH,, or * NH, Birch 1 + Same as Sy2 Cine (51% . ct (James + Benzene must be connected to EWG. + °K” ko hatake Nu’ ko lagao ! Organic Chernistry ALCOHOLS Q) From Alkyl Halides :- [5, and 5,2 R-X + aq KOH ——> R-OH + KX @) From Alkene :- OH Hyde” DD =MR Js — OH. |_HBO__, /\V°" = AMR OH LOMD . AC = mR Bayer R/0sO, — OH Peroxide NaHSO. Lin O- HO" : OH ou Provost Reooone OH @) Using Grignard Reagent :- R'Mg'x (Nu* add") Qo rl Hy Oo -C-| 2° Alcohol; [7M Set ere -OH [: cohol] ° THO C4 2° Al [64 sage HOH le] 9 og ® LR ge te? e-b-on [B? Ale] +RMgX h + Ester :- ° ° I I | Ro-C-4 RMX, 4.0-R» ROMgX [nex + always two Alcohol { ROH + R-CH-OH R Cyclic Ethers ave more reactive than norraal ones! ° R-Mgx + £ \e H,0" + CYANIDE :~ + Epoxide :~ OH + RMgx ———> R-C=N-MgX R |H,O7H" gr Q z x R adr MM p be t 2.H.6 (4) Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds :~ Sodium boro hydride :- Acid halides only R-c-WR TAH/Et,0/H,0 R~ ee bon RA o wet » LAH [Strong RAT + Exceptionally reduce {cinnarwy! cond”) oO LAH, pit OM : pH-CH=CH turd? } SBH, pH. 0H Other Reducing Agents :- H,/PtO, ——» Adam’s Catalyst. Na/EtOH = —+ Bouevault Blanc Red” Aluminium ~——> MPV- Reduction isopropoxide (wa/etor] HBO] BIBAL-H] -NH, hatao (>) banao aur waha pr -OH lagao jana stable C’ bana ho! CH,-NH, HNO: cy” (Demjancy Rearrangement) *7% > CH.OH OH OH 48% @) Reaction with HX :- HI > HBr > HCI > HF. R-OH + HX ———> R-X +H,0 (®) Dehydration of Alcohols :- Cone. H,S0, , Ext Ale. e-on/| jeriroe’ V £,=5°/2°Ale Cone. HyS0,. 0" oe / Danson] ae Nieto, 7 ° " ® dae ald VIVE Tw | YN) cu Sriecn,-cri, CHE cy Hy -COCH, [keine VV Ww |v |W] nd lvixl x lv wiv 1° > 2° Ale » 3° Ale. 48 ester [YiK| X | wv [| v_| | Gop oxidation :- Acid | 1° Alcohol! ——————> Carboxylic Acid. aide VIY| X | 4 [M | % |! 2° alcoho! ————> Ketone 3° Alcohol No Rx" @) Hydrolysis of Esters :- Strong oxidising agent :- o (NB, Viasic Med acco agen KMnO, } 2°Ale —> Acid abbf | 29 Naor apontetio) |g ce.0, ) 2¢le —> Ketone ® orcia ae wou Be 4 2C60; 7 "hI Acidic Med™ "3 1 | | mon : [Acidic Med”, a coou s ag. He“ { i Lon} ocoltins = CrO, + Py * CHCl, = eer ‘ A snrett « 4 a pion ‘Sarett = CrO, + Py + HCI > yc 5. oomforth = Py = Na,Cr,0,.(Py),67,0, L&E ©) From Aliphatic Pri Amine :- 9 EET ES : Swern = DMSO + (COC, + EtyN °s Rei, MMOH, ROH +NAT eH! | ABCA x Cervie ararnonium nitrate (CAN) 3 q Cr0, dil HS0,+ Acetone * Jones: ‘tAle + Aldehyde > Acid 2°Ale > Ketone * MnO, = Allylic Benzylie -OH Oxidation 2°Alc > Ald., 3°Alc > Alkene 2°Ale > Ketone Further oxidation of ketone: - (PopofP’s rule) ° * Cu/300°C= i 5 . -C-O- FA Side WM FET less Carbon atom Bt 00H Cr,0. cy Cfcr,crt, 22% cH, -cooH + 7 Victor-meyer (RBC) test :- Pals HNO, — ierolie >A Colorless + NaOH. Acid salt pssidonitrote (Red) (Blue) Organic Chemistry DIOLS rN sore pe ‘ONa Glycerol :- ' OH A on 2H Ale (s t |x ©) Oxidation of DIOL :~ se HO, PHOAC), or NaiO, OH @) Malaprade/Criegee RXN :- (4,2) Vieinal diol same sarne hone chahiye Miinal diol bond break Karo dono Ke beech ka aur? & lagao! g 2H-C-H + HIO, OH oO H — H OH > OH —— No Rx”. "OH (Q) Pinacol - Pinacolone Rearrangement :- OH OH HO 1 ol ch,-¢ - bop Ae, Ciiy-€ - €-Ph ph ph Ph If the initially fora C’ is unstable it can undergo H > Ph > R shift & C’ will be stabilised by +M of -OH Finally pinacolone is formed! Pinacol - pinacolane type - OH NH, CHy-C - C-CHy CH, CH, PHENOLS () Dow's Process :- cl hatao _NaQH/300°C OH" lagao 300 atm (2) From Cumene :- Q (Hs _0,/bv/HBe ald Ph “CH Gil SO, PRO i CH, CH, 1 -C-O-0-H Gy Smet OH waha pr lagega jaha e° density jyada hoga uske adjacent ° lagado. @ @) Dakin Process :~ CHO OH oy” H,0,/OH" or” tt fo + -CHO ko -OH banado @Reimer - Tiemann RXN :- St = Salicylic 7 aed SoHo 2h ae) *3KOH [oJ . Resa = Kolbe’s-Schmidt reaction [Sal of Salicyclic acid] + :CCly :- DCC [E'] > (Singlet) a 4 es Cl cl Miscellaneous -Riemann-Tiemann reaction: cl (UY + accra — Cy + Joh Bad L.G. hoga woh Benzene pr lagega. (Major) CHO co, r= Intermediate ©) Lederer - Manasse Reaction :~ OH Ht oH GH. QP EASR LR +R-C-R' Ju» SR NASR | OH" ©) Friedel - Craft Acylation :~ OH OH cHcoch KN Anhgd Aci,” Wo) * Ay BF 9 -€-CH, ‘ 7 g CO at, (High 7) H,-C-Cl [CHs-e-Cl ig ‘en OH Chote Eels V~"m Rearrange (ow Fries hy x ent O=C-Me @ Clcisen-rearrangement :- Low OH B ey aU 6 NaOH/NaHt 200°C Ow ¥ BOC pees ® EASR oti Br, ar, Br of? cai, HO” OH Be. : oH of? Sib; Oe NA HO, a Cone. wm) 4,50, (Tt) NO, Come. o/P “H,50, ale Ty Hs, OF Kinetically a) stable Thermodynamically Stable Elb’s RXN (oxidation) :- OH Q (SS, _Naicr0, Oo Y H,S0, OH ° OH 4> Cro, 27 H,CrO, > Ag,CO; 4> KyS,0¢/0HW o\ 3 Violet Colour. Organic Chemistry ETHERS (©) Dehydration of Aleohols :- Cone. H,SO. 4, of Jor 165-170°C Conc. H,SO, Tee * Continuous esterific? Con et (ON © Intermolecular dehydration (SN*} @)williamson's Ether SYN : - Rex R’-0° Na’ (2? Alkyl Sy halide) R-O-R’ QRXN with Diazomethane :- R- OH + CH,-N, ———? R-O-CH, (Methyl ether) @) Alkoxymereuration :- OMD(R'-OH) eed RCHCH, ey R-CH-CH, oR’ Q)RXN with Al, or THO, :~ ALO, Peon, 280°C JOH — ALO, 380°C 7 @ dry 4,0 + ax AY AuO, 2-0-R (@) Addition of Alcohol to Alkene :- O-CH,-R -CH,-OH 2 eciten, * CHa OR e-dH-cH, cy Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers From Hydroxyl Halo Compounds :- OH, CH,-CH-CH-CH, i / CH,-CH-CH-CH, From Pevacids :- e Acid x, : 1 aRing R-CH = CH-R + R'-C-0-0-H ‘Syn-addition Q o vn ii R-CH-CH-R> + =R’-C-OH fee ee ks @ Reaction with HI :~ 2HI , ————4 R-OH + RI _| eave R-O-R | . 2H ON “tone/Hot’ 28! si 32 3° allyl, 1°, Methyl Berazyl +si:- 1 Udhar lagega jaha stable C’ hoga auy H", O° pr Ether Ke. aur Sy2 mein just inverse @® Reaction with Oxirane :- Wo OH Product an H°/CH,OH si oS eS aaidie H ! on OCs RMgx/H,0" SK Neutral R OH |. NaOH yee Basie OH @ oH R-C26 br Sy SR Sy2 Na Et i H'/C,HCOH PN / ‘OH Ne OH Organic Chemistry 1) Oxidation of Alcohol :- QUE + Mild OA, aldehyde Jones (Aleohal)+2" 88%, Ketone se —[el_, x 2) Dehydrogenation of Alcohol :- (-H,) ge GulAG, 300°C aldehude Cc 7 (Reahol 2° CAlAG.300°C Ketone Ns go CH/AG 300°C alkene 3) Ozonolysis of Alkene :- g of2nt,0, 9 & g RCH $ CR, aa gae OP RCHER-C-R 4) Kucherov + HBO :- a 40%H,S0, 1 1a HgSO, ReeaCHy “ol R-C2C-H- a-l-cH, HBO ae bt 5) Rosenmund Reduction : - “exclusively for aldehyde” oO Qo I H,-Pd BaSO. il R-d-@ —HecPA B05, Rc @ Quinoline @ No ie Kee Reactivity order Acid halide > Alkyne > Aldehyde > Alkene > Ketone @) Etard Reaction :- + Aromatic Aldehydes." CH, 2 2 cHO CrOy+CH,-C-0-C-CH, SS QO Cross, oC,” O (H307) 7 Stephen reduction - Aldehyde SYN: - R-CN R-CN HoH RCOIOR RcoC! st 8) Gattermann :- jote ee ateoree iyi + (H-C=NH) {tele He cHo [ anhyd AICI.7HO° OA az + (H-C20) Hel+co [KOCH] anhyd AICI,/H,0 b> LO, EDG=Reactivity? 4) Distifation of Ca*” & Ba’ Salts of COOH: - i i Distillation , yy, Se ee Cre Nucleophilic. Addition Reaction:~ NH, ——-5 imine @ Ald /ketone — ; __, Schiff's Joni ¢ base HR! 7 . ~Fenamine Schiffs, R-C=NR base H/R NBs @ RCHO + NH,OH ———> R-C=N-OH fy (Aleloxirne) RCOR + NH,OH ———~» R-C=N-OH he (Ketoxime) " 4 @ R-C-H + NH,-NH, ———> R-C2N-NI, (Hydrazone) il @ &-C-H + NH,-NH-Ph —3 R-C=N-NH-Ph i H aren ul hydrazone) Bek a Ne NHN : [Brady's Reagent] wo! 2A-DNP hydrazone R-C=N- tH COY-NOe HR? [Orange red yetlove ppl Distinguish 5 oO O° i il @© R-C-H/R'+NH,-NH-C-NH, (Semicarbazide) lg R-C=N-NH-CoNH, H/R' (Semicar'vazone) QO OH @e Daye Hen Atkgline, R-C-H/e! 7 ew (Recemic Mix) @ @ f RCH + NaHSO, ——? R- eos, [Whit Only Aldehyde & o* So fy a Methyl Ketone, ona LOPE Distinguish T OF sano 2 > ako, R-C-H (Hemiacctal) R-c-w | oR’ oR Be ROH, dy (acetal oR "OH ny Hea ROH ke ¢ -R (Hemi ketal) RoR ov OR’ 2egROM, RO. (Ketal) or, H,0" # MOZINGO Rx" + Diols oF thiols are used as protecting agents. 1. HS Aiw ‘HO Hs J t 2. LAH OH * Vicinal diols can be used as protecting groups in a compound if it has a multiple Fr groups & protect one of then. 6 oe LAN QM OH SH EHO-CH, H (2,LAH iO~ ~CH,3H50" Oxidation Rens om 3. H,0' CHO | aad | am) 27 RX with K,Cr,0,/H" or OH /KMnO,:- K,07,0, a see R-COOK R-C-H — K,Cr,0,/H" or OH [R260 (1H oF ON COOH Organic Chemistry 7 Cry Non a Not isable at normal condi” a “R Req, Drastic Cond”. 2 R-COOH (2°? less) A weaker base CH. CHs V's a good LG. * TOLLEN'S REAGENT: (SILVER MIRROR TEST) Aldehyde, Terminal Alkyne, Formic Acid, hydroxy Ketones. Ketones ye test nai denge ! Given by:- Note:~ a-hydvoxy Ketone:~ 00 I td CHy-CH-C-CHy TR, —> CHy-C-C-CHyAgh OH Reagent:- Ammonical Silver Nitrate (O.A.) TAg(NHs),T NOs: * HALOFORM TEST :~ =? Aldehydes & Ketones having this group Given by:— 9 cH,-¢|- Reagent:- NaOH + X, (excess) ° CH, ae H/R+NaOH+!, —? H/R~t bo ‘ONa+CHigd (iodofore) Note:~ . COOH & its derivative inspite * Bright yellow . Q crystalline ppt.* i of having CH,-C- not give test! f as we need more Acidic ox, 4 | a-Hydrogen. * BAYER-VILLIGER OXIDATION :- | f i (Peracids) R-C-R PAA, TEPAA, MCPBA, H,0,/BF, of Ro -CoR (Ketones) 11,50, (Caro's Acid) (esters) Migratory Aptitude:~ H > Bealkyl > Cyclohexyl > 2°alkyl > Bercy! > Phenyl > 2° alkyl > CH, — "Yo Migrate Karega uske Cyelie Ketones => Lactones.} baju men "0 Aldehyde, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids i g ow on-CPBA of mCPBA, M~ bond react to Form Cyclic Ethers. > with LAH, SBH, H,Pd :~ R Ear ELAM, g ove RIGWE 2 Horether IP" OH 2 with Hi/Red P:~ ©)! Baap of o a ail RA f fi r{efura HRA, lode i H 3> Clernmensen Red” :~ (Acidic Medium). q Zn-He a R{cfae 29, Reda iG cone HoT” SH 4H] fe tmole | 4 ——2n NO, -OCsHy, Aldehyde $ gut<—Hcl intermediate: - Aleohol 4 Wolf-Kishner Red” + R 2 aye tae j He NeOEW/CH 7 ‘, : OH OH intermediate :- Hydrazone Ron's due to ot 43> ALDOL. Condensation :~ (NAR) scorn St 9 oH 9 2CH,-C-H/R (i Bs, CH, eu CH, -C-H/R? cost tye (Aldo!) droxycarbonyl 4 | Compound i H-C-H/R? —— Resin © @ + Cross/Mixed Aldo! Condensation : Major Product :- Nu° = Ketone sate ad0 = Rear 7 OH CH: “oH ou, tls cH COCH, + CH,-CH,~( Intramolecular Aldol Condensation :- Product :~ Ring Size > Acidic ""H” o 7 # [OHJ* > H-C-H Aldehyde | R= RIHCHOY (ony > H Ol Ho. R= R[HCHOP [OH g oe e CHs: ] \ H-C-H Chi, & OHH e aI (chor CCH 50% NAOH CH, EWG (Priority). + TischenKo Rx" i= 7 oO 2h ® AEDs | Re a Cold alle, HC, QL aitenae ait meer foe aT on on Ja Ald. Ester. @ Q Wo _- don? AM(OEt) CH eet vo KOEN), nd 4, Pron oat Y oe oe 5 2> PERKIN Rx” (Condensation) 7 2) (NAR) | 5 Benzoin Condensation rx iad a g oH oe NaOet @) iY 9 b cx) + 0H-C-OfC-CH . aCe C-H ce HOA” Po-H | 2 ale. KCN of h abn a-B unsaturated f Cinanamic COOH Benzoin. carboxylic acid pci 9° 6-6. [0 * Ar, Aldehyde with EWG. inc. Reactivity. 3> Claisen - Condensation :~ (NSR) Benzil 6> Knoevenagel rx”. [Modified Aldol] we 9 LNAOEt 2 9 2 fa, 24,0" 9 x 2CH,-CL0Y —2— CH, ec -t-OH OEt 2. NaOH v 0 fH B- keto Acid | E-w/R + CHS rHo7a® CH COOH we ht & C08 HR ee a a, B-unsaturated DEM. Carboxylic acid. 7> DARZEN Glysidie Ester condensation :- » , n , g NaQH L \ 4> Cannizaro’s RX”: [Disproportionation Rx!) | R-C-H/R + Oat wot MOH, RG — OH t cl HR ° 9 ve i q t QH-C-H —SORNGOH_, 14-C-ona + CH,OH Epoxy ester. a (Wo at) Sal of COOH Acid (alycidic ester) Organic Chemistry 8> Beckmann Rearrangement :~ Acid ° Ph co beer HOH oy. b2N-on Syr/anti. g Anti Hel, Ph-C-NH-CH, H,PO,, H,S0, Pel, SOC, 9 Syn. Ph-S0,C!. CH,-C-NH-Ph 4 4> Wittig Rx® :- 2 Ph CH, R-C-H/R? + PhP ch,|— R-C-H/R? Ph lide DISTINGUISH TEST : - i} X)X}X) x 3 / 3 HESESTS |S 38 eZ 2 | g 8 HESIS|S TS Bs J z SISSIES y 3 N 3] \ xX |X Aliphatic | Aromatic aorenling | | KL Eben Ue 3>Benedict| g2 33 & = 3 rs 3 ae a nt + Aldehyde, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids > Tollen's Reagent :- [AANH,),I—» Silver Mirror Test 2> Tollen's Reagent :~ @ aq CuSO, Red ppt. © Nak Tartavate — Rochetls alt > Benedict Solution :~ aq CuSO, + Na/k Citrate. ~ RCH Magenta (Pink) 4> Schiff’s Reagent := p-resaniline hydrochloride “Carboxylic acids @ it’s derivative : 14> Favorskii Rearrangement :- aid eal ‘COOH 2> Hell - Volhard - Zelinsky (HVZ) RK" :~ Red P = Br,/Cl, c Pir, + Br, Gr C-0H Be/Cl ea a-halosubstituted Carboxylic acid es Aromatic COOH not give HVZ Rx’ 3> Wh of Carboxylic Acid :- (a) x-hydroxy COOH :~ ° f é 24 CHy-CH™ 9 oh, co NH, o (Cyclic diester) (0) B-hydvoxy COOH :- Ba fy f Clty -CH-CH,-C-OH 2+ CHy-CH=CH-C-OH OH & (0) y-hydroxy COOH :~ y 8B a CH. ae CH,~ CH,- COQ! (d) b-hydroxy COOH :- ° 1 CH,~CH-CH,~CH,-CH,-C Note:- Maleic Acid. t Maleic anhydride. Organic Chemistry Nitrogen Compounds (Amines) > Hoffmann Exhaustive Ammonoigsis :~ R 2k ts RNR xe R afar 2> Gabriel - Pthalimide Synthesis :- (4° Aliphatic Auwine) 9 | 13> Hoffmann's Bromamide degradation :~ (2° Ali/Arosnatic Avmine) 2" C less! { Va0H + Br, ——> R-NH, + Na,CO, + : (alkyl isocyanate» intermediate) Har» 2H,0 | + FR = Chiral => Chirality is Retained. 49 Schmidt Rx" :~ 2 nso | R-C-OH + NH = > : 5> Curtis Re” :~ 9 (alkyl isceyanate) it ailH,S0, oNeCe ReCACl+ NaN, Sty \ BNECHO Ar i (intermediate) 6> Loss - an eb [a0 oO oO OHY ° Gai R-NH, + CO. R-C-NH-O-CoAr MlMeSOr, a 7> REDUCTION of N-Containing Compounds :~ RA:- + H,/NI/Pt/Pd. + (NH,)SH us sLiAIH, — yeot f- Hue cion Me soneal ™ (gy SC on, Zn + HCl + NaBHACN ] Borch Reet Fe + HCl CHy. GH H’ I 7 CN ——> -CHz-NH2 —(Aldoxime) 4 NC —+ NH-CHy CH, gy Hy g Sean > CHy-C-NH, ~d-NH,—> -CH,-WH, CHS OH 4 (Ketoxime) Note: NO, AR Oy Anti 8> Ritter Rx” :~ HY Med", Jaha C* Stable banega waha NH, lagao. a es cHy-¢ tH, —H-GN_, cH,-C-cH, 4% dil. H,S0,/ 6 T 7 NH, amine connected to 3°C.” DM: > From Alcohols :~""""” OH hatao NH,-lagao. Al,0, or THO, R-OH + NH, a R-NH, 10> From Carbonyl Compound :~ P hata “NH, lagen NH A, R-¢nH EN, fa H/R f WB (laine) R°C-NH, HR 2° Amine NH,-R RY eee 2 4 HR -R-C-N-R (Schiff Base) yg 2 Amine Soo EE 34> Woof Bry & Baw amino acids:~ Just Remove COOH & Make it CO, “COOH” hatao"H” lagao. NH,-(CH,),-COOH a NH,-(CH,),-H (Sodalime} 42> Rx" with HNO, [NaNO, + HCI] (Diazotisation) Temp’ = 0-5°C. HNO, Nea ROM 4° Aliphatic Amine 4° Aromatic Amine N22, Ph-NzCI'+ 2H,0 «at 2° Aliphatic Araine ae RHR RNR 2° Aromatic Amine NO N-nitroso: amine. os aliphatic = RN > NO" 5° Antine (EASR) Ho-Ko IF | H,0 + No INO, Aromatic No 45> Rx" with Acylating Agents :- ond oy ¢ i awvae a oud okensnl* } 14> Schotten Baumann :~ (2°Amine with R-x) g t + RC-Cl > R-C-NH-CH,-CH, es DISTINGUISH TEST :~ 4. Hinsberg Test :~ benzene sulphonyl chloride. (Ph-80,C) kati,» Ler alkali Naor” mgr sti Pe calkali BP AIIAG —> ph-S-N-R Kage? 6 2. Hoffmann Musard Oil Test :- (Only for: °7Apnine) Ha0l/ 4 Agno intermediate :~ N-alkyl isothiocyanate R-NH, + CS R-NCS + HgS + 2HCI 5. Hoffmann Test :- (Diethyl oxalate). DEO- Q taming, Q YoY "CHR ¢ 4 ~ -NH-R fo Lf H. a 2eamine|sAmine CNR aaa No Rx cot f oO (oily liquid) OXIDATION of AMINES :~ 1. Aliphatic Amine with KMnO, :~ 2°Amines :~ R-CH,-NH, —— R-C=NH —> R-C=0 R H H RCH-NH, —> R-C=NH —# R-C=0 R R § Ro 8 ReC-NHy > R-CoNKH) > R-C-NO R R R 2°Amines i nH MRO, RAN-NR, 3°Amines i rw —KMRCe No ax" Organie Chemistry 2. Oxidation with HSO, :~ R-CH,-NH,——> R-CO-NHOH (e-hydroxy Amide) R-CH-NH, ——> R-C=N-OH — (Ketoxime) | ja 4 R RCN, — R6-NO (Nitroso alkane) R R Rg ; H,SO. ; 2° amine :- RNH 2822, R-N-OH Be amine R,N 1805, RA — Oo 5, Carbylamine Test (Hoffmann socyanide Test) :~ R-NH, + CHCl, + KOH —> R-NC + KCI + HO Ar Ar ( CCl,) = DCC. (Foul Odour) BENZENE DIAZONIUM SALTS :~ NO, ox 6 NH, Sn+HCl a i 3 y a ; 2 & g | 4/9 x 9 Sly | & ¢ bh Th | ge S| 7 4! i ais z 8 gis g 3 z 3 g Ngch usd. HNO. ae i NcHSO, NNOs N10, | 6 6 6 Nitrogen Compounds (amines) -CH4-OH (Orangedaoe Ph NNO Hg Ny Cvellow dye) Ce cH, Qi Indicator ;~ Acid Base Titration. eee Ti) atl) BIOMOLECULES Carbohydrates Classification of Carbohydrates: Ac Monosaccharides: A carbohydrate that cannot be hydrolysed further to give sinapler unit of polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone. Examples: Glucose, fructose, arabinose etc B, Oligosaccharides: These carbohydrates yield two to ten monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. They are further classified as disaccharides, trisaccharides ete, depending upon the nooF monosaccharides, they provide on hydrolysis C. Polysaccharides: They yield a large number of monosaccharide units on hydrolysis, Example : Starch, Cellulose ete. Monosaccharides : D_ ifa monosaccharide contains an aldehyde group, itis known as an aldoseiand if it contains a keto group, it is called ketose ldehude (a) Glucose: itis an aldohexose Ho ce Zeon Structure of glucose (C,H,20.) Ho=c—H OH open chain structure of glucose 2 CH,OH . D-Glucose Reaction of Glucose : i On prolonged heating with Hi, it forms n-hexane, suggesting carbons are linked in straight chain. CH,OH D> Presence of carbonyl group: (—CHO) is confirmed by the Following reactions. ol |"Son eno GH= Non (0h, HO CHon, NOH (Hon), i | CH,OH cH. CH,OH Cyanohydride Oxime of glucose D_ Carbonyl group present, is an aldehyde and it is confirrned by the given reaction HO | COOH. I ! (CHOH), (cHON), CHOH wid oa CH,OH (Gluconi acy D Acetylation of glucose gives glucose pentaacetate which confirms presence of five OH groups cro _ GH9 9 (Cro cornea ra (CHO-C=CH,), acid/acid derivatives + alcoho a cng |g L CH,9-C—CH, Ester ‘DeNEMRRENURENMNRER acids oxidised to saccharic acid by nitric acid, This indicates presence of primary -OH group OOH eon Sacchavic acid Gluconie acid Cyclic Structure of Glucose D The given observations could not explain chain structure of glucose (1) tt does not react WithiRMEa., br SERPS Weagent # I does not give 2, 4-DNP test and it does not react with Grignard Reagent. (ii) Pentaacetate of glucose does not react with NH,OH (ili) Glucose exist in two different crystalline forms, ie. o and B Forres. (Same side) H OH 4-D-(+)-Glucopyranose ——B-D-(+)-Glucopyranose Dx and B forms of glucose are called ancmers as they only differ at C2 position. Six membered cyelic structure of glucose i Roamer aResttbctire Biomokues @ (b) Fructose 9 Fructose is a kebohexose = ~O~ Nt D Following structure have been assigned to this molecule (CHs204) Paco *CH glucose ave Functional isomers of CJ eoch other Furanose ring Tests of Glucose and Fructose Both glucose and fructose reduce Tollen's reagent and Fehling's solution. They are. also called reducing sugars. Disaccharides (i) Sucrose =» x-D-Glucose + B-D-Fructose CH,OH 6 HOH a-D-glucose D_ it's dextrovotatory Dit is non reducing sugar (ii) Maltese 5 a DeGlicdse + 2D Glucose o— 1-4 glycosidic H OH linkage H OH a-D-glucose x-D-glucose : D> tis dextrorotatory D_ itis reducing sugar Dit gives positive test with Tollen’s reageent and Fehling's solution ee Organic Chemistry Ho ae glycosidic linkage H OH (reaucing sugar) OH B-D-Galactose B-D-glucose Polysaccharides (i) Starch : It is Polymer of «-D Glucose. It consists of two components. Amylose and Amylopectin. Aimylopectin (80-25% of starch) + Water insoluble component + Branched chains which is formed by €4-C4 glycosidic linkages whereas branching occurs by CL- C6 glycosidic linkages ‘Ainglose:(45-20% of starch) + Water soluble component + Unbranched chain which is formed by C1-C4 glycosidic linkage of «-D Glucose unit (ii) Cellulose + It is aditihignt ahinin: polysieeharide + (tis composed of B-D-glucose units (ill) Gigéogen + (tis called animal starch + its structure (s similar to ataylopectin and is rather more highly branched. Proteins ©” All proteins are polymers of «-amino acid © Structure of some commonly occurring arnivo acids along with their 3-letter and 1 letter symbols are given in the following table. © The amino acids which can bélgunthesistd in the-body, are known as non-essential aminoacids: No, | Name of the Characteristic feature of Three letter | o. ieeter code amino acids side chain, R symbol 2. Glycine H Gly G | Alanine CEH Ala A 3. Valine” (H5C),CH— val v 4. Leueine” “H,C),CH=CH,— Lew L 5. Isoleucine’ HyC—CH—CH— He I CHs S| arginine’ Arg R Biomolecules AS Re pmamammmmre= Lysine” HN—(CH.)4— Lys K 8. |. Glutamic acid — Ho0C—(CH,),— = Aspartic acid HOOC—CH, — Ap o 40.| Glutamine 12. | Asparagine i H.N—C—CH,— 42. | Threonine” HC-cHOH- | Th : “4s. Serine HO—CH,— | a4 | Cysteine S—CH,— 15. | Methionine’ H,C~S—CH,~CH,— 6. | Phenylalanine’ = | CH CH, i 27 | Tyrosine (DHO—C.H,—CH,— 48. | Tryptophan’ 4 3a. | Histidine’ ml 20. Proline * essential amino acid D> The amino acids:wihieh’ta aie cui as eseentiat amino acids 2 in aqueous solution, the carboxyl group can lose a proton and araino group can accept a proton, giving rise to a dipolar ion knoww'ag awiteeiblteng) This is neutral but contains both positive and negative charges: 2 Q th Wo R—-CH=C-OD = R-CH-CIOR AH, es (couiterion) Structure of Proteins (2) Fibrous proteins’: The polypeptide chains run paraliel and held together by hydrogen and disulphide bonds shows fibve like structure 5) They are insoluble in water eg. keratin (present in hair, woo, silk), myosin (present in muscles) ete. Organic Chemistry | | (0) as eben D In this case polypeptide chains coil around to give a spherical shape D_ They are usually soluble in water eg. insulin, globulin Vitamins (i) PROSBIeable WRRIBINE ; Vitarnins are soluble in fat and oils. These are vitamins A, D, E and K. (it): RAEERAWRBIRRBAIRIns : B group vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble vitamins. Name of Vitamin Deficiency Diseases 2 Vitarnin A Xerophthalmia 2. Vitamin By (Thiamine) Beri beri 3. -Mitamin'B, (Riboflavin) Cheilosis 4 MitaminB,, Pernicious anaemia 5. Vitamin'c (Ascorbic acid) Scurvy 6. Vitamin D: Rickets (in children) osteomatacia (in adults) 7 Vitamin K Increased blood clotting time Biomolecules

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