ESIC MEDICAL COLLEGE & PGIMSR

RAJAJINAGAR, BENGALURU-10.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY
Work Book on Charts, Problems and Case history

NAME

ROLL NO.

BATCH

YEAR

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 CHARTS

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 Identify the graph

a. What is A? Define it.

b. What is B? Define it.
c. What is C? Define it.
d. What is D on ‘Y’ axis?
e. What is E on ‘X axis?

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 1. Identify the diagram
2. What is the importance of myosin head?
3. What is a cross bridge?
4. What are the functions of sarcotubular system?

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 1. What is shown in the above diagram inside the blood vessel?
2. What is exposed below the endothelial cells?
3. Which pathway is activated in response to this event?
4. Name the first factor which is converted to active form.

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 1. Label the various parts.
2. What are the degrees of heart block?
3. Write the conduction velocities in each of these tissues.

1 2 3 heart block

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 1. Identify and label the diagram.
2. Explain the ionic basis of pacemaker potential.
3. What is the effect of vagal stimulation on pace maker tissue?
4. What is vagal tone?

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 1. Identify the graph. Label them.
2. What are the causes of different phases?

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 a. What does this graph depict?
b. Add the units to the numbers on the left side of the graph.
c. Identify each of these graphs.

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 1. Identify the diagram.
2. Name the areas
3. Add a note on heart sounds.

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 Percussion
wave in
arterial
ejection durin
systole
Dicpotic
wave
rebound
of blood
in andclosed
1. Identify the graph label.
2. What are the aortic
causes of different phases?
3. What is Radiofemoral delay and in which condition is it seen?
valv
during
diastolic

Notch
closure
of aortic
val

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Pulmonary hypertension causes jvp raised

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 1. Identify the graph.
2. Identify all the parts and label them.

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 1. Name the event.
2. Write the events in all five diagrams.
3. Correlate to ECG.

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 1. Identify the diagram.
2. Name the various layers of this.
P
3. Write the values of pO2 & pCO2 in arteries & veins.

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Volume
Pressure

Intra
pulmonary
pressure
1. Identify the different graphs.
2. Write the muscles of inspiration.
3. How the tranverse, longitudinal & vertical diameter increase during inspiration?

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 1. Identify the graph
2. Label the diagram from 1 to 7 and write their normal values.

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 1. Identify the graph.
2. Write the units on X- axis and Y- axis.
3. What is the P50?
4. What are the advantages of steep lower portion and flat upper portion?

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 1. Identify the diagram.
2. What are the effects of sections at various levels?
3. Where is the rhythmicity originated?

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A fev1
A fev2

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 1. Identify the condition.
2. What is the cause of diabetes in
this condition?
3. What are somatomedins?
4. What is the action on growth?
5. Write three differences between
pituitary dwarfism and cretinism.

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 1. Identify the condition.
2. Name the clinical features of this
condition.
3. What is the action of this
hormone on CNS.

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 1. Identify the condition.
2. Mention the important clinical
features of the condition.
3. What is myxedema madness?
4. Mention the steps involved in
synthesis of thyroid hormones.

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 1. Label the stages of oogenesis.
2. What is the role of LH on ovulation?
3. What is Corpus luteum?
4. What are the actions of progesterone?

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 1. Mention the tests done for detection of ovulation.
2. What is the cause of increase in basal body temperature after ovulation.
3. What is LH surge?

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 1. What does these graph depict?
2. The dark line graph is for what?
3. The grey line graph is for what?
4. Write three functions of each.

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 1. Identify the picture & explain.
2. Mention the different methods which serve as ovulation indicators.
3. What is Mittelschmerz?
4. What is Spinnbarkeit?

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 1. Identify the diagram.
2. What is the innervation of Gastrointestinal tract?
3. What is the effect of sympathetic & parasympathetic stimulation on
motility?

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 1. Identify the diagram.
2. What is Sham feeding?
3. What are the differences between Pavlov’s pouvch & Heidenains
pouch?
4. What are the phases of gastric secretion?

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 1. Label the parts.
2. Write the components of basal ganglia.
3. Write any 2 afferent & efferent connections of basal ganglia.
4. What is the role of basal ganglia in the maintenance of rigidity.
5. Write any 2 hypokintetic and 2 hyperkinetic features of parkinsonism.
6. What is the role of L Dopa in parkinson’s disease treatment?

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 1. What are the receptors for stimulation of vestibular apparatus?
2. Trace the vestibular pathway.

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 1. Identify the diagrams and label the parts.
2. What is near point? Why it recedes.
3. How accommodation occurs for a near object.
4. What is the role of ciliary muscle in accommodation.

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 1. Identify the diagram and label the parts.
2. What is blind spot?
3. Where is the crossing of optic fibres?
4. Where is the lesion in homonymous and heteronymous hemianopia?
5. Where exactly is the synapse of optic fibers in midbrain and thalamus?

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 PROBLEMS

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GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

1 Calculate the total body Water(TBW)

a) Amount of deuterium injected=100ml
b) Amount of deuterium excreted in 1 hour= 4 ml
c) Plasma conc. of deuterium at the end of 1 hour=0.002ml/ml

1. What is the normal percentage of total body water?

2. Name the body fluid compartments?

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 2 Calculate the extra cellular fluid(ECF)Volume

a) Amount of inulin injected = 4 mg

b) Inulin conc. in plasma at the end of 1 hour = 0.02mg/100ml
c) Amount of inulin excreted in 1 hour = 1.2mg

1. Comment on the value

2. Why inulin is used?
3. What are the other substances which can be used to measure ECF
volume?

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3) Calculate the interstitial fluid volume from the following data;

• Amount of inulin injected - 120mg

• Amount of inulin excreted in 1 hr - 5mg

• Plasma concentration of inulin after 1 hr - 0.01mg/ml

• Plasma volume measured - 3500ml

1- What does the interstitial fluid volume indicate?

2- Can we measure intracellular fluid volume?

3- Compare ICF with ECF

4- Define odema.

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4) Calculate the sucrose space from the following data and calculate total
body water;

Amount of sucrose injected- 140mg

Amount of sucrose excreted in 1 hr- 10mg

Plasma concentration of sucrose at the end of 1 hr - 0.01mg/ml

Amount of intracellular fluid- 28 Liters

1- Define sucrose space.

2- Why sucrose is used?

3- What are the other substances which can be used to measure ECF
volume?

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RENAL SYSTEM:

5) Calculate the PAH clearance

a) Conc. of PAH in plasma = 0.02mg/ml

b) Conc. of PAH in urine = 14mg/ml
c) Urine flow rate = 1ml/min

1. What do PAH clearance of a substance indicate?

2. What is meant by renal clearance of a substance?
3. Comment on the values.

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 6) Calculate the renal plasma flow from the following data

a) Plasma conc. of. PAH = 0.01mg/ml

b) Urine conc. of PAH = 5.85mg/ml
c) Urine flow rate = 1ml/min
d) Extraction ratio = 0.9

1. What is the normal value of renal blood flow?

2. List the peculiarities of renal blood flow

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7) Calculate the inulin clearance

a) Urinary concentration of inulin = 29 mg/ml

b) Plasma concentration of inulin = 0.25mg/ml
c) Urine flow rate = 1ml/min

1. Comment on the value.

2. What does inulin clearance indicate and Why?
3. What are the other substances that can be used for this purpose
in place of inulin?

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8) Calculate the Net filtration pressure from the following data and calculate
GFR.

a) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure = 60mmHg

b) Glomerular oncotic pressure =32 mm Hg
c) Bowman’s capsular pressure =18 mm Hg
d) Filtration coefficient = 12.5 ml / min / mmHg

1. Define GFR
2. Name 2 conditions where Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
is increased
3 .Name 2 conditions where Glomerular oncotic pressure is increased.

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9) Calculate the GFR from the following data,

Filtration pressure= 10 mm Hg

Filtration coefficient= 12.5ml/min/mm Hg

1. Define GFR
2. Name 2 conditions where Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is increased
3. Name 2 conditions where Glomerular oncotic pressure is increased.
4. What is filtration coefficient?
5. Name the conditions which increase Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic
pressure.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

10) Calculate the alveolar ventilation in the following cases.

Case Tidal vol(ml). Resp. Rate/min Min. vent(litres) Dead space (ml)

1 150 40 6L 150

2 500 12 6L 150

3 1000 6 6L 150

a) What does alveolar ventilation indicate?

b) What is the difference between minute ventilation and alveolar

ventilation?

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11) Calculate the breathing reserve & Dyspnoeic index

a) Maximum voluntary ventilation =120L/min

b) Minute ventilation =8L/min

1. Define Dyspnoeic index and breathing reserve

2. Comment on the value.

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12) Calculate the respiratory dead space volume

a) Tidal volume = 500ml

b) Expired air PCO2 = 28mmof Hg
c) Arterial PCO2 = 40mm of Hg

1) Comment on the value

2) Define respiratory dead space
3) What are the types of respiratory dead space?
4) What are the effects of increased dead space air on alveolar
ventilation?

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13) Calculate the functional residual capacity (FRC) from the given data.

a) Amount of expired air collected = 40000ml

b) N2 conc. In the collected expired air =5 %
c) Concentration of N2 in expired air is 80%

1. Write the importance of Functional residual capacity.

2. Mention the methods used for FRC measurement

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14) Calculate the amount of oxygen delivered to tissues from the following
data.

a. O2 content of arterial blood = 19 ml %

b. O2 content of venous blood =14 ml %

c. Cardiac output = 5 liters/min

1) What is hypoxia? Explain the types of hypoxia with examples.

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15) Find out the Inspiratory capacity from the following data

Vital capacity = 4500 ml

Tidal volume (T.V) = 500 ml

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = 1100 ml

1- What does inspiratory capacity indicate?

2- Name lung volumes and capacities?

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16) Calculate the respiratory minute volume and alveolar ventilation from
the following data

Respiratory rate – 16/ min

Tidal volume – 400 ml

Anatomical dead space – 160 ml

1- Define respiratory minute volume and alveolar ventilation?

2- What happens to alveolar ventilation when respiratory rate increases?

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17) Which of the following is likely to have airway obstruction?

Vital Capacity (Ltrs) FEV1(Ltrs)

Subject A 5.0 4.0

Subject B 4.0 2.3

Subject C 2.4 2.0

Explain your answer.

Define VC and FEV1.

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:

18) Calculate the cardiac output in an average adult male

a) Oxygen consumption = 250ml/min

b) Arterial oxygen content = 19.5ml/100ml of blood
c) Mixed venous oxygen content = 14.5.ml/100ml of blood

1. Define the cardiac output and cardiac index.

2. Comment on the values
3. State the principle on which this calculation is based.
4. What is mixed venous blood? Name the site from where it can be
collected.

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19) Calculate the cardiac output & cardiac index

a) Amount of Evans blue injected = 5.0 mg

b) Time for single circulation of dye though heart = 40 sec.
c) Mean concentration of dye in arterial blood = 1.5mg/L
d) Body surface area = 1.6 sq mt.

1) Define cardiac output &cardiac index

2) Comment on values

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20) Calculate the cardiac index from the following data.

a. Stroke volume = 60 ml.

b. Heart Rate = 60/ min.

c. Total body surface area = 1.8 sq. meter

1) Define cardiac output & cardiac index

2) Comment on values

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21) Calculate the ejection fraction from the following data.

a. End diastolic Volume = 110 ml

b. End systolic Volume = 40 ml.

1) Define ejection fraction.

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22) Calculate Mean Arterial pressure from the following data.

a. Systolic BP = 130 mm Hg.

b. Diastolic BP = 90 mm Hg.

1) What does mean arterial pressure indicate?

2) Name few conditions where blood pressure is increased.

3) Name few conditions where blood pressure is decreased.

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23. Calculate MCV and MCH from the following data:-

PCV = 28%
RBC count = 4 Million cells/mm3
Hb = 9 gm%

a. What is the above condition?

b. Name the other blood indices and give their normal values.

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24. A patient has the following values –

Hb = 10 gm%
RBC count = 3 million cells /mm3
PCV = 25%

Calculate his MCV, MCH, & MCHC and comment on the above values.

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 CASE HISTORY

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Blood –

1. A female aged 55 years complains of intermittent soreness of tongue,

periodic diarrhea, fatigue, breathlessness, and pins and needles
sensation in the extremities. On examination, skin and mucous
membrane are pale, with a beefy red tongue.

Investigations revealed
Achlorhydria by histamine augmented test
RBC count = 3 million cells/mm3, irregular in size & shape
Leucopenia
Thrombocytopenia

QUESTIONS:

1. What is this condition?

2. What is the cause and basis of treatment?

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 2. A 3-year-old male child was brought to the doctor with complaints of
bleeding profusely with trivial injury. Careful history revealed similar
bleeding tendency in male relatives.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the probable diagnosis?

2. What investigation will you do to confirm it?
3. Why are females not affected?

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 3. A term female newborn is noted to have oedema, dyspnoea, cyanosis
and marked jaundice. Mother is AB negative. Her previous childbirth
was an uneventful full-term vaginal delivery. The mother did not
receive any subsequent immunizations after her first delivery. On
examination, there was pallor, marked jaundice, hypotonia,
hepatosplenomegaly, and generalized oedema.

Laboratory investigation showed,

Blood group of the mother is AB negative,
Blood group of father is Rh positive, and
Blood group of the first child is A positive.
Mother’s serum showed increased Anti-D antibody titre.
Neonate’s serum showed increased indirect bilirubin.

QUESTIONS:
What is your diagnosis? Discuss.

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 4. During a physiology practical class, a student was found to have a
reticulocyte count of 5%. Questioning revealed that he had donated
blood a few days back.

QUESTIONS:
1. Comment on his reticulocyte count.
2. What response is he showing?
3. What is the physiology underlying this response?

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 5.A healthy subject went to spend his vacation at Darjeeling. After 3
weeks stay, his PCV was found to be 60%.

QUESTIONS:

Comment on this finding and explain the underlying physiological

mechanism.

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6.A child from a low-income group shows the following features:

a. Reduced Haemoglobin
b. Hook worm infestation

QUESTIONS:

1. What type of anaemia is the child suffering from?

2. What is the probable cause?

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7. A woman aged 30 years complains of general fatigue, breathlessness on
exertion, giddiness and palpitation. On examination, patient had pallor of
skin and mucous membrane, glossitis and koilonychia.

Investigations revealed:

Haemoglobin : 6gm/100ml
RBC count : 3million cells/cumm of blood
MCHC : 28%
MCV : 60 cubic microns
WBC : Eosinophilia
Stool examination: Hookworm ova present.

Questions –
a. To which morphological classification of Anaemia, the case belongs?
b. To which etiological classification of Anaemia, the case belongs?
c. Write any two other causes of anaemia.
d. What is a microcyte?
e. What is the exact role of Vit B12 and folic acid in erythropoiesis?
f. What is the normal Hb content?
g. Write the breakdown product of Hb. Write its normal value.

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II CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:

8) A lady complained of swelling in the feet from the last 2 days only. It was pitting in
nature. Blood pressure was normal. Swelling receded in 2 days. On the previous day of her
visit to the doctor, she had under taken a long distance bus journey.

QUESTIONS:
1. What is the cause of edema in this case?
2. What are the other causes of edema?

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9) An individual met with an accident and suffered severe blood loss and was brought to
the hospital. On examination, he showed the following signs:

Pale, cold clammy skin

Rapid thready pulse
Hypotension
Oliguria

QUESTIONS:
1. What is your diagnosis?
2. How do you explain the signs & symptoms?
3. What immediate treatment will you suggest?

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III RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

10) A premature infant was admitted with severe dyspnoea and cyanosis. The cardio
vascular system was found to be normal.

QUESTIONS:

1. What could be the underlying disorder?

2. Explain the mechanisms involved.

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 11) A patient with congestive cardiac failure was admitted in the intensive care unit. He
is seen to breathe rapidly for a few minutes followed by a short period of apnea.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is this type of breathing called?

2. Briefly state the underlying mechanism.
3. What are the types of periodic breathing?

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IV ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

12) A young girl aged 9 years is very short statured for her age.

QUESTIONS:

1. Mention two possible endocrine causes for the same.

2. Mention three signs and symptoms that will differentiate between the two causes.

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13) A 37 year old woman complains of diplopia and blurred vision. She also has lactation
with altered menstrual cycle. MRI scan revealed a pituitary mass.

QUESTIONS:

1. Diagnose the above condition.

2. What are the various cell types and hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?

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14) A male aged 40 years complains of severe joint pains, widening of spaces between
teeth is seen; his nose, hands and feet are unusually large. He reveals that his shoe size
has increased from 10 to size 16.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is your diagnosis?

2. Which endocrine gland is involved?
3. What is its action on growth?

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15) A patient comes with history of excess drinking water and passing of excess colorless
urine frequently. He is markedly dehydrated with water deprivation.
Investigation revealed that patient passed 15L of urine in 24 hrs. Specific gravity of urine
was 1002-1004, with no sugar or albumin.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is your diagnosis?

2. What is cause of polyuria & polydypsia?
3. What other hormone is secreted by the same lobe of the gland?

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16) A middle aged man complains of weakness, polyuria , polydypsia & increased
appetite. He also has poor wound healing.

Investigations revealed:

Fasting blood sugar: 160mg/100ml

Postprandial blood sugar: 260mg/100ml

QUESTIONS:

1. What is your diagnosis?

2. What is the cause of hyperglycemia?
3. Explain the cause of polyuria and polydipsia.
4. Why is there poor wound healing?

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17) A patient was admitted to the hospital with multiple fractures after a fall.

QUESTIONS:

1. Which endocrine dysfunction could have led to this condition?

2. What change would you expect in the serum calcium level in this patient?
3. What change would you expect in the urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate?
4. What change would you expect in the x-ray appearance of his bones?

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18) Mrs ‘Q’aged 39 years complains of polyuria (frequent urination), nocturia (urination
during night). Also complains of weakness of muscles, change in the Voice and deepening
of voice recently, excess hair growth over face and body, amenorrhea (stoppage of
monthly menstruation). On examination, face is seen round and puffy, arms and legs
appear thin, purple striae are seen over abdomen. Her blood pressure was 160/104mm of
Hg. Fasting blood Sugar was 148mg/100ml of blood. Wound healing was poor.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is your diagnosis?

2. Which endocrine gland involved?
3. What is the cause of hirsutism?
4. What is the cause of amenorrhea?
5. What is the cause of hyperglycemia?
6. What is the treatment?

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19) A 22 year old married woman has been menstruating regularly.

QUESTIONS:

1. Mention a test to find out if she is ovulating.

2. Mention one method she can use to plan her family.

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20) A newly married lady wants to know if she has conceived.

QUESTIONS:

1. What laboratory test would you like to carry out?

2. What is the basis of the pregnancy tests?
3. Enumerate the functions of placenta.

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21) Semen analysis of a male aged 30 years reveals tail less sperms, many non motile
sperms and a sperm count of 10 million per ml.

QUESTIONS:

1. Comment on these findings.

2. What impact are these likely to have on his reproductive life?
3. Write the normal composition of semen.
4. What hormones influence spermatogenesis?

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22) A couple in their mid-thirty’s has two healthy children and decide to have no more
children. They seek advice on contraception from a doctor.

QUESTIONS:

1. What method is he likely to advocate?

2. Give reasons for his choice.

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V GASTRO INTESTINAL SYSTEM:

23) A middle aged man had extensive resection of his ileum for malignancy. Following this
he complains of loss of weight and of passing bulky stools. Examination of the patient
revealed hypoproteinemia and evidences of multiple vitamin deficiencies.

QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the probable physiological basis of these signs and symptoms.

2. What is the mechanism of glucose absorption?
3. How proteins are digested?

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24) A man 35 years old complains on and off epigastric pain for the past 3 years. Pain
increases after his meals.

QUESTIONS:

1. Diagnose the above condition.

2. Why the pain increases after food intake?
3. What is the Composition of Gastric Juice?
4. What is the mechanism of HCl production?

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25) On the 4th post-operative day, a patient complains of not passing stools since surgery.
He complained abdominal distension with spasmodic pain. On examination, bowel sounds
are absent.

QUESTIONS:

1. Diagnose the above condition.

2. What are the various types of intestinal movements?
3. What is the role of nerves in the intestinal movements?

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26) A patient comes to a doctor with history of yellowish discoloration of skin and mucous
membrane. Stool was clay colored and foul smelling.

Investigations revealed:

Stool: stercobilinogen absent.

Blood : coagulation time prolonged
Urine: bilirubin present
Serum alkaline phosphates: very high
Vanden berg reaction: direct positive

QUESTIONS:

1. What is your diagnosis?

2. Why are stool pale, bulky & foul smelling?
3. Why is the vanden berg reaction : direct positive?

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27) A chronic alcoholic patient showed the following on clinical examination,
– Severe jaundice
– Increased clotting time
– Increased alkaline phosphate level of blood

QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the physiological basis of these observations.

2. Differentiate between hepatic, pre hepatic and post hepatic jaundice.
3. What organ is likely to be affected?

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VI MUSCLE NERVE PHYSIOLOGY, CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and SPECIAL SENSES:

28) A young female exhibits abnormal fatigability of muscles. Muscular movements

though initially strong , rapidly tire as the day advances or after a vigorous exercise. The
symptoms to appear are ptosis, weakness while chewing, swallowing and speaking. She
was unable to undertake work above the level of the shoulder. Symptoms are
precipitated by emotions, infections and pregnancy. CNS - normal. Remarkable recovery
was seen after injection of neostigmine intramuscularly.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is your diagnosis?

2. Name the drugs which block the transmission across neuromuscular junction.
3. How will you treat and what are its principles?
4. What is end plate potential?

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29) A student complained that he is not able to see what was written on the blackboard
by the teacher.

QUESTIONS:

1. Diagnose the condition & give correction.

2. What are the other defects& their correction?

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30) A 50 year old woman complained that she couldn’t read news paper while keeping
the paper at normal distance.

QUESTIONS:

1. Identify the above condition.

2. How do you manage the above condition?
3. What are the changes occurring during accommodation?

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31) A man aged 25 years was disqualified for the post of engine driver, as he could not
recognized green light.

QUESTIONS:

1. Name and classify the above condition.

2. Identify the persons in whom the color vision is tested

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32) A man walks to E.N.T out patient department complaining of deafness from the last 3
months. During history taking, it was found out that he is suffering from pulmonary
tuberculosis and is on anti-tubercular treatment from the last 6 months.

QUESTIONS:

1. What may be cause of deafness?

2. What are the types of deafness?

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33) Following repeated middle ear infections on the left side, a little girl complained of
some hearing impairment. On examination, the Rinne’s test showed that bone conduction
was better than air conduction on the left side.

QUESTIONS:

1. What type of deafness is this?

2. How is it caused?
3. If a Weber’s test is done, what will be the finding?
4. Name a test done to quantify hearing defects.

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34) A 69 year old man goes to the physician. He observes tremors in his hand and fingers.
His face is unexpressive, makes few movements. He walks slowly without swinging his
arms. His speech is monotonous and muscles exhibit rigidity.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is your diagnosis?

2. Explain the sign and symptoms?
3. How will you treat?

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35) A man in neurology OPD was seen walking like a drunkard. He had slurred speech On
examination, there was hypotonic, pendular knee jerk, nystagmus.

QUESTIONS:

1. Where is the lesion? Discuss

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36) An elderly man woke up one morning to find that the limbs on the right side of his
body were paralysed. The muscles became spastic. On chewing food, he found that the
food collected on the right side of the mouth.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the name given to this type of paralysis?

2. What would be the tone and reflexes on the affected side?
3. Where exactly is the lesion and on which side?

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37) A middle aged man was found to have unsteadiness of gait with eyes closed.
Sensations were impaired in the lower limbs. Light reflex was absent but constriction of
pupils occurred on accommodation.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the name given to this type of pupil?

2. Explain the basis of the findings in this man.

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38) Mother of 6 year old child noticed weakness in her child’s lower limb muscles.
Weakness progressed to flaccidity of the lower limb muscles. Child had a history of fever
for 5-6 days with severe headache. CSF examination revealed viral infection.

QUESTIONS:

1. Diagnose the condition

2. What is the type of lesion?
3. Differentiate lower motor neuron lesion from upper motor neuron lesion.

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 AMPHIBIAN GRAPHS

184
Identify the graph and explain.

185
Identify the graph and explain.

186
Identify the graph and explain.

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Identify the graph and explain.

188
Identify the graph and explain.

189
Identify the graph and explain.

190
Identify the graph and explain.

191
Identify the graph and explain.

192
Identify the graph and explain.

193
Identify the graph and explain.

194
Identify the graph and explain.

195
Identify the graph and explain.

196
Identify the graph and explain.

197
Identify the graph and explain.

198