r t ! 11;'' ij"fiff,!

f[J
l¥ &!;; I
i
~?5~~1J';j<"~15l-w
!!;irt t;t~i~' ;tJi
&~"ii'fif li;i i;c~:1&1D'[v'ti
'!& 1&
I1H!i Jilt~l p:!
,µ-
i If! -W. 1s ""' t
t g l 'fli tH
§ , to' lj; to' i,;. ii; p p
& e
! ~!ithiH
~&1::l i1s!rs1c~i liri '\l'~\r~w;~ ~ii ,i,-s'.t ~-1,'.
t~ t&Jt t!1i~~1t1i t!'l&~~rs
;H
lij-riiJ i1&~!
!i L ni~Hi!t~ iu:i~ t-t~!ti t::i
'Ir
~<!&t i~~Jfli1;~1ii;t5Ji 1& 1&t~
i; · 1 1 ~i ! 1&4:it,g;:~ ~i;r ti~.;!'!&1 !~lift-
t 11' ~.;;;1L, f;~tiii;f,;,i,-
!t! i
0
f ·- l t "'° t l i s'. i · i Ji - t
·f I 1 i 1it ij pi --1i ! ~- J ti "' ~i i _l
= i!: 1ri 1: ( to' r;;
! -~
i i irs ]!4l !_rtt 4 t;
!1 '!& i1t i !4/it i I
1& i;c t~ 1s rs ,i,-
· l i';; iJ
I i !iii; I :
'I<! l Ht u:1:~i!i:i aiHt! f i:! fa ii
Ii' e i 1J' r,, is Is~ i:: <!w ,i,- i:: 's
h ii 1' 1'1
~!H ~idnl hi ~u I, ~rhH! !Hh ~1' rl
B!"
 ~ "" ,;,~ 16 ]

6 "l1l'f (Admiobtrative Co,11)- '"1V! 'lr!'R ,t; ;t,i l2l1'IR l!fc'r.itii ,i;
. ~gr-;,1;;1t~mi'l il<li'9\mmtmm.,,=.mnt 11t~
l!'l1 3Rl ,t; ll<Fn 'TT""' t "T<l"""
,i;i<i <!<ij31T ;if;.
"'.J"T'ffi131T q\J u\TTl lf' I J ~ ' T T ~ ~ ,t; lm/Wc! 'TT lml1 i 1
1_ '211'ITT uil (Tenns ofTnde)- '"1V! '1fuR l2ll'IR tm ,m,i

tlJ1 q\J l2l1'IR ml ij'.J'IR 'Rwmf) t I ~'Jr!'Rs\l 3!T>I@ ,t; Im/ 'l1'1 q\J RTT!
3rl,)q; t mSo'l'R 1f<!, mro ~WlA tR;l) 3!T>l@s\l q\JlJii il,lj Ml f'lml!
ij
~'1'TT'lITT'l!I
'lfu@-.i -'I~ tR '1fuR ,t; q\J =
ml ii 1j'lR ITT'lT l!'ll

<nRq
(Dynamic Effect of Customs Union)
'lf-'l'R ,t; =
l!'lf'! ! 3ITT ffl 1l8IJ17T
l!'l1 '2l11IR ~ =. ~ <I'll ;J;IR
3ITT <lcl!l t I ~ (Scitovsky). -
q\J t
(Balassa) o'lll
,ilrt'! (Cordcn)-l 'oR'll '1fuR ffi lt lfl!M q\J 3!'lffi ll'IT<il <!>7 311,)q;
~~tl=ll'!J<ilitl!r-!'R31~ijils<f~'llfll<ifil;,>\l~
p ,/; ffi'l 3ITT i'1f.i,/j <!>13!1ZT11'f <ff.I! full!llR t 1
ol11I (Dynamic Advantages)
1?'P 1l>Rll ,t,w.r ,i; f.19 ffi'l l
1. .Ir 'lf-'!,:R m <l 'l<li
(Stimulus to Compelilloo)- 'l>"R'!
~'1'TT'lmI1s.mntf.l;™~.,,mwiflr.rnit1vl'!~
'lf-'!,:R<ff<fltmm:"1it>ln!~'1l!l'l!..,~=t31R~~
*lml=flrniiim=~~~i\llflrllWim~t1;;1t~
l!'IT toil, 1f<!, ,/; 311ml ii 3ITT 'l'!ffi .-! ,ml\ §. 3,'<l
~'lf-'!,:R,t;=~mill'l~q;tjl sl\~ij31R1~t 1n1\
,il\ Wlc ij
=
lfilITT, 31<gIB '!ill lf'IT ~ , I " " ' 31]'1ffi tR 3ITT
q;ij f.lwr ,1 '!ilTffi!l ow ~m 1m1 *lITffiWf
,/rc!\t1s<1ll<lITT'lf-'!,:R,/;~tffiq\Jq;tjjij~,t;~ti,ij
31'R-31Jl!.,, 'i!>1W! ffl'{ ,/; Im/ 31'f'! o1'I.,, fi1;, ,'! oTrnl\ g '3-% RT'1ffi
o'll ij ffi'l l!11<1IDI <!>1 <l>l<'l! t f.); ~ ~ ~ ( E E C )
./; fll.;rn 11 s'1 <f.t <!>1 el'l ,el t1
2. m'I'! (Factor MovemeotsJ- w! 'l>"R'f 'lf-'!,:R 1f<!, <ITvITT ,;;J "'1
'1RUl W< t l!l'lf-'!,:R ./;,fuJ, if_;;fr, Wl o'lll i , W J ~ <l 'lflt 'l>«l g l
"&<Ri ,il\ q\J 'lWIT <!>1 ffl ,;;mi t. W'! <!>1 >RITT <lml) g
3ITT "&<Ri q\J = i ,raTTft t, ~ ~ ~ ~ , m l \ t1
3. t\lrril s\l (Economics of Scale)- w! 'IRcll 'lf-'!,:R ffl t ITT <ITvITT
<!>1 31T1ffi t, t 3ITT sl\ <ISTre (degree)~ t
ltm,t t
<'fT'Rl =lJ I QllA sl\ 31@ftl; o'IT <$1 ,/;
'!ITTUT~ID'1'ITTl!t l3A<!S;mr,/ilii!s<f ~q;il=-fr'<'fice!lffllci;J'l,<"1'3'!'ITlJ
'1>«fJ g 3ITT 31'A 31l<!ITT tR ;;ml\ I it m;i l!<i l!'ll
 3!Qffi<!i\'! rl m'-'ITT -/j 'J_f<i ii~ iliR"l iii< qml %I wl iR-'! <1
~ ~ ~ ;?rm %~ ~<'i'l~'!:'7 t ffi ~ ij\) illm
,ft \l1'<I r,)c1) i I -a ll1'<I r,)c1) i f<li -/j Wl, ij_vft.
om fit<r,m iTm %I "l ilim %f<l;
mvITT f<rnITT ilffi!1% f f i ~ qfturr<T <TTJ i\"lJ1 f<l; ~ ili1 3TTiliR <T0Tl
m ilil ~ 3 f i $ <'l1"l m'<l I
4. (fechnicalChanges)· qi"fVl ili1 lf1l>
!fll1<l mt f<li wi m<'t t mvITT ili1 FcrnITT mm i.
ffi ;r-ro ~. om '1>'r lITT'ITT6'I flrffiTT %I q;,j\ <!i)
31
3!"il "ff'!> ~eM m'<! m. 3l'l 3l'R1 -..m $ fm1 ~
<lix'lT %I -/j q;,n i!il $ qftu11'1f<lfi9
om~ <R<_l3fiilil fit<r,m ~<Rt'lA~-/j '31.TRiTm %1vn Q,,1 om~
m ~ 3 r i ili1 <'IT'l '3ol mi -a :ir:0W'l om fit<r,m iliT!TT Gx wi m~
<'t ~<!i<W!i<I i1 .m < ' t ~ qft"iTTA i?rm %~ ~~Mt1
5. f.t-avr ii ,f.lr (Increase in Investment)- omf<r; qi"fVl ffl "fl
t t 3!QeTT'!z<l <ffi.l f<1'~1tl1 ,w1 ilf'jffi "ilil
fil«ITT~t1~~muf.tmi~%1<!iU~-~~ ifi! J:!W'i!>7
"ftffl$~qi"fVl~tm-li~'~,imli1~ffitJ;~
qi"fVl~-/jf.lmi<l>'r~~ i1 'Rg -m,3r:f!R W!Fll~ %f<li~"i!il
f.i<@ Wll<I <fllT m m <'t <!iU '3"£TT'1l -Ii f.'lmT t. '® '!itl
'3"£TT'll -Ii f.'rcm >ft~ %I ffl "fl 3Tfl!@-im,,:Ml (impon-
competing) eiG "ITT~. ffi f.'rcm <Rg ~ ~ - I i
q;,n '1>'r ili1 m1R1 <lix'lT % f.'rcm -/j fuWl ft G'<TT'<l f.ri!<'I
(net)~ r,)c1) %1
6. l'21T'!l'( °$\ -mil ii "WITT (Improvement in Terms ofTrade)- wl 1;<li" 'lr1'R
m
-..m1 i <Ill <JTil\'\ $ t I qR 0 114f<IM. 3Tfl!@ q,ll ii!@ m
'g ~~~"flTGI~~ WK!~ %1 mq;\ ~"ft ~'lr1'R
"1icfR mi\ -/j WTT' ~%I 3WI, cZli<!R "ffi'l ~ ~ < t r
:r@R Rolfcr 'J~ -/j '11\ mc1\ 'g I
7. . "l'ffi'I <f.lr (Sustained Economic Growth)- ffl <#r
~. ~. mf1 W R ~ ili1 t@uwl -m; "ITTffi %
f<l; <!i'R'l $ tm-li 'igc'! ~ . 3WI o m ~ lf1l> ft '11'21
"(,i'C! "ft~ t I ~ <tl <r<, ul@1 %I wl m
-/j "1lcfR >Rfi,R mfr t. f.'rcm q\'t ul@1 ~ . W'l
om~~~ili1ITTITT~%. m 'il"'llmftt1
lfii,R, m "ft , ~ om f.'RITT ci'r./i lfii,R 'ii,
tffl -/j '1ITTI <'!1H I ,
8. (Monetary U n i o n ) - ~ ~ iliT <'!T'l 1;<1>
iliT f.rTToT %.lf1l><'! (S ingle) '1!rnft.
'C!"<I> fu;rcn qi']
'f!iw'fi"Elom'C!"<l>lf1l><'i~ ~ ilil "ITT"IT ~ ~ tm'ii\<l\U ~ ~
ili1 <lix'lT %I
 Uil~

l "' (Fiscal Harmonization)- l(qi "'lf-'!<R <ITT f.rtiftm

•· <ITT
ll'-11 <I>'! q;z.'\ <Ti W\;;1 &RT (Coordinated)
~~t'!TTfti1

,o~
~ - Disadvantages)
-11an11c
-nP.r7r.l q\'J f.'p..,fc:tftia mf.TTil fl :
.
<!ft 31[,la,,.Pltm: (D_isecooomics or Scale)- <Ti qiRO'J ifs<!
1. q\'J mTI\ %dT -/t d>TT l<1 ~ f l ~ tT>lR
<!ft M fl I
(Oligopolistic Collusion)- <t; q;-;f
2- - I i ~ Wi <Ti_~ >i,; 3Wffi -ij q,1 qiRO'J iA
- 11 <t; (Merger) 3lR <!R-'I (Takeover) <ITT mffiTll"'I
fi'ri'i<IT'il~~,;-rftm~%1~GT-TT<1>11M<1~~-i'i~
qi)~m-l'R=%1

3
im>T'ii <li1 <g3lr<fc'I (Malallocation or Resources)- "1', cf>TT '1vft <fi'I
· ,t; m -i'i 3lr-'!-'JfR <II'\~ M %. <!>RU!mmR flti!>fml
m 3lfuq; m <II'\ 3/R "'1 fl 1 q,J
<!jWTc'! ilm % <I>'! >ft Th'@ Ji '<1rn %I

gerai WlT<I (Polarisaton Effect)- u:rrc:m- f.rwri ,r; cTT>TT cf; 31"-T<ll -i'i
), * <ITT"'1 <ITT -..i <fl~
tTTf!~3ITT'c'!"'1~%3l=~t;fr<nT~~m~31'A't3/R3!T<ITT'ffi
q;x-'I q\'J ~<ITT~~ %1 "'lf-'!<R <nT WI"'~~ %1
i:mmf.t'I> c'IT'ffi (High Administrative Costs)- <fi
s. <!il~~~~~fl1~~,i-;;~~f<l,~~~zrftl
-Ii~~~-
'!!<!>Cl% I
cTTlTT * '5R'@ %~~ifs<! oro:

, f.ltio'I (Conclusion)- "'lf-'!<R <t; ~<!film~ WITci\ (<'ll'TT cfl'.!T .rrf.'lm)

q;i % -/t ,t; 3ll<l>R, <ll'.!T "R 3lR fcml
,\'l 'lc"fl3IT 'R f.'t,r,{ %I

fclm1·wlilcii chn -il 'F6lm«o1

(Economic Integration among Developing Countries)
<i\t 3'llq~<l<hdl
(Need of Economic Integration)

m -i'i ~ ~ ~ < I I ' \ ~ <ITT <fut <!R-'I ,r; ltn:! f.'r=r m')q;'i
in] WR! R1'lT '>IT % 1. AAlflUT '3Wl'i'i <II'\ <l>TT <ITT <IR<t;;
2. 3RR cfl'.!T 3lTT'lfu@-~ u:rrc:m- &RT; 3. u:rrc:m- <'!l1TT -ij <'ll<ITT: ; ;,JR
4. lITTfliM'! <fi fcmm- <Fi <'!11TT <ITT m;,., <IR<f; I
 i-f f i;;, ! i Jf _! I I t JHd~ i i~ 1 i
I arli 1 i,I
& 1" 1/i
t I "' t '.t t i K·~
E ( ;;, ( j 1li
fig,,.
lg
; -~ jl i
1!: ;
! ii 1L;[il t ~trs t1£ 15
f~
" ~,Ii'~
~a!'
%i!l'"~"rs
~i '<1&''!&%
[ g '?;
, i? l
is c:
!
\§
rsf
t;:
~1£ j1l;o'!r
1:ci .[ 11'
~[
.
~[
~lJ-1si
iis
tlf I I
4 1£1sg1£i
·r.;t,t
Hht 1!i! ! 1fi1 il~ i ~- ~~g!iJiH!!
~!<!fri'?; -= -~ ~1£ 'I& l§~i~l;' 4"
n? p 1i H ! _q t ot !! 1, !h1 fh' !
~1u
ir•~ !t 1111.cil h1i111~,P~
1··• !
Uh Hp 11 i th iw;:i!H H,i~~1Hd!
t I! l i? ! t<1& i i "' I "' t I i t "'-e ! l 1if fr !l
l ti! i; t,: f !t !: ! ! !t !'.t l:· .~i"' iI !J;;,1 !!ii f i -e ~if iit
1£ t;: 1£
,e ;;, rs i
_~t ffi!! ~ilt!ti~l!i~t,li111l1
-i. 1s 1& "' %< 111 4"
!lilf!Ii!!t
j I t I ! t L,, .~ I j
& 1£ .5 ,,r ,.; N '" " "' .; ,c
 il" a ; l ~
,'1"1
l) I ~<l lffiRT <I W
lf> f.'!im 'Pl <!W
~~% I "ffil1tA1 'Pl <A W@1 3lil)q; W@1 <lIB
,'j
<!I' ;inx g,i· 3l1<R'l l?tm 'g I qR 0 11%1M iIBmR q\J c'WIB iA M l ~
~ijml<ITT<f>~~~.'1vf'TR<IW WJ,)~M%1
m lf,
8
JJOl<!l
ll
'<'liii
m
q\J
"II! ITTT<!~ f.'r'llui i3Wl
<l\J fit1<2l!tmnn <1; c'fTl1
lf, 3@~
= mH 1
f.mT <li'l

3l'l< -;ftfa ;,qrm

<f) g11

lf, ll'lJ<"!> c'f!lA, ffl <IW ,t;

<!W '04T!ii q\J M %I
9. ,'j "II! f.r1\ui illirl m <l\J '1T1l <Pl 'Pl '"' wt 1 ,t;
ll<lR "w m '!\i ~ 3 / i ,'j 'lf%' ,t; m'-l it illirl f<rol <!1vITTi
<!W f.'lfitl <IB_j3TT q;i f.rim! q;,

m <l\J <IB.l = <l\J 'mil ,'j wm <'fl 'ITTiffi i 1-m <flt=

,i;"{ I

q\J = q\J '1T1l ,'j =-~ ~-

10.
l?tm %, 3lT'ITTffif
~3/j 'Ix' eflTlili1 <IW 'ilITT lf> m 'Pl f.rim! <l>"I) '"1 'fl<(; I
'll\ i t ~ ~ ,'j llT'<l <l\J ulT l) vfi1 (Take otl)
q\'\ ,'j qt,l 111( 61 I
UDC iffi (Problems ofEconomic Integration for UDC's)
=
<i\'t
m G1'1 <ITTV! 31'-l'IT :!<l'<I ITT m ,'j '@-<fl~ t 1
;,.r<ITT~ffif<!,,Jil'J<lT %:
J. • (Political)- f<lml ,fl ,'j s'lW ire, <1'-ll <li"l
3fl< 3!fuq, fcrq,m '"'x% 6T/t lJ i ~ . <!W <li"l ~'"'~~'Pl
JltA i'I "w qir!wli ,t; m'-l iRc'I 'lf1'l"I ,'j 31'!'1\ m <1w
"'== t1 ~<1m ,'j ~ " ' mm
%. <1'-ll fl3TI lf> lJ I
2. i:mrnf.'lq; (Administrative)- iRc'I 'lf1'l"I <l\J 'g'\J M ll
vIT 'lftr<l <I'll qi\ Wlmll "1 s1 lJ i 'lRl '!\i
-;j\fuzj\ ,t; ,t; <I'll tf!TT'<I irnmf.,q; "{j\'\ m t1
3. o!1"TI 3lf.tilflre f<tffiu1 (Uneven Distribution of Benefits)-
WI m ,'j
3111:ffi ,) 'g'\J M ll vlr 3l1<l ,t; f<tffiu1 ij mw! ;,(<A qzj'\
%1 <1m m ll f<li <'i'C! i't-.r-rn 31m m~
fcrs,m ij ffl "$ "2lR 'Ix' i3"fl ti\ I ~ Z1 -;,.i m "l/; m'-l
m "l/; mi 1

4. (Geographical Distances)- m WI 3W@1x 'Ix' 1s<!>

¢ "l/; <11'-l f.m;cm 'Pl WWI W %I '!\i 'lfi f?.1l
f.m;cm WI m'll 3WW!'!i %1 -;,.iii f.'l<l;ca1 M ,fr %en 'lRl
31ml <Zl<R'-ll, 'ff'1lR, <!W 1s<I> i't ,'j <1TT'4'R '"' 1:IT'l
q;1~"{j\'\Mll1
S. <1l1'ITT f<tmaA (Trade Diversion)- m ,'j <1TT'4'R '!\i "W.'!1
 = 'Ill ¥-11 i\ 3lTlTTITT t1 ~ * 'li°'
q,311i)q;ercft
(intre-regional) UIB!R 'Ill 1lT"elT i!s<I 'lTT! eTTft t I
UIB!R
oAf'I ,'\
=~ "'"'" ""' fu,,
311'1/lll
s'I
f<lfm:r=m.n* <llil<1~mi\=~m1~.,,'l>R"1
fi); T"R='lll~i\~m*ffi"IUIB!R'lll~'I<!'~~~
oAf'I <Ii!
$ ffi"I "lT1ITT "ITT'TTI <'!TB~ <f1ITfin '1IBlR m
s£im "ITTffi t I

6.
~ 3/i <Ii! =
"fl PF! (Economically Divene)-

$ lITil<lT1fi "ITT11
<!"IT f.'rmo 'li«l 'g I <f1ITfi); ,t fW<l
<l"'!R '1 m
<'!TB
i\
l!l~
l!l"lf?ts; ~3!\
WT! I
(Kind leberge r) $ ~ ' I ~ cITT " C l , ~ ~ i I 'I<!' ll<l>R "fl 'I~ ,t;
"Cl, lITil<lT1fi 3TTm!, i <1"11 il"'fil'; lITil<lT1fi «ii.J il"'fil'; 31ml i\
<RA i\
=
'li«l 'g I
7. <!ft l'lf.l (Loss of Revenue)-~~ <l"'l"R $ ffi"I i\ mf-'I i.<l"'I
<lilm->ft~m*~~i\=""""=t1~~
fil; $ ffi"I ml~ ,ft 61 I
ffi <1"11 mm -ma ,1
~3/i<m'i'"fm~«rti~<m<lGf.t<tl'lfM/\i\~m/11
f.t,q,,f (Conclusion)- i\ <1"11 i\ m
3!"1q1
l!1'k: (CACM) lffi'I i\ <!iU
(EA CM)>ll "f!llT'<l <!ix <ft~ I
=
wm'r <tl') "lffi'IT
$
'g I $ <ITT q,
1969 i\ ~<ft~
3l11fu\) <ITTlfi
<WR 'lf<k

m ii 3lffehi;- ,m <IR"'I m =
(Measures to Encourage Economic Integration among Developing Countries)

m >l\si
~mfu<:/f.1-9-~~;:;rmi,
* (<11 ITT <11= ~ ) <RA <l'-ll *
<16 <l-lT t fil; 'ff'fi "'31'11"1ll 'Pl < ' ! a ' < ! ~ ~ <ITT~ ..if.\*~
ITT m m &RT il"'fil'; m- <li1 WTT<TR f<ITTm
ffl <!ft tI
l. (Trade Libralisation)- = "i1lT'ITT <Ii!
<'!R <!ft 3flS!" =m
ITTm
"f!llT'<l <ITT"'lT ~ ,
<m
m
"1TTITT! I <16
c'!T+r =m "fl=
~3/i i\ fr~
ll1 'R
'1"'! "i1lT'ITT
lffi1iim *
lffi1iim <l>l

3Wml <IR"'I <m "ITTITT!'i 3TTS!" mt m <m m "fl 3lT<TTf<rn

~3TT'R~~<'l"'1A'Pl~~"ITTITT!ffi~~-qftmf.l'l
"ITT I

2. <2IJl!1"x "q;"f 1ifm (Trade Infrastructure)- 3T<l~ cf>" fl«i;rn *

fu<:/. ITT i\ 1iim 1ffi6'l o"IT &<ITT <!ft~ "1TTITT! I m&1'l
-wTT c1IB ,m o"IT m <1Tc1TTm1 ~m;,i\ &RT ll 1
3. <1"11 (Foreign Investment and Technology)- ~f-:1 cf>" m
;1Pl1 ~ " ' 1 ~
16'
>i <1'2TT -,t; -,t; m"ll I
~3TT ci, -,t; cW! -,t; ~ ~ < I T T mITTn '@ I
1TE tm #
\TT:iTl7't q\') <11!.fl ci, <ITT # f.ru\"q
~<'(~'@1 fct<m# -,t; 'Pl"ffieJUJ 3ITTITT<li'@1
cZIT'fR" (Counter-Trade)-~ c2lTtJR q;r <1'2.fl 3llx u)-e
4. # -,t; ~- 3l2ffi1 ~3ri <!\'I <!\'I <!vim ~3ri ~'2TT wn3ri
<ITT 1;fRll fclRn I

S. ~ . (Regional Istitutions)- 3@~ c2lTtJR # c'fR -,t;

c2lTtJR ~ - cirrm Wlo-,. c2lTtJR ~-
c2WTT< (Processing)~ 3l1fu <R t I
6_ "iit! <ITT (Balance of Payments Support)- 3@~ <Z!Jt!R #
°Q<~~ "TJ<IR~ ~3TT '1" "ITT<ltl <lil :flclR #
~~c/,~101,~~~~ft!m;~~~~"l!GA
<lR <!'2-ll tm <ITT 3MGR f.lftt # "ITT I

7. 'JltUI (Credit Facilities)- q;r ?ftUl -,t; <l'2TT

3Wmfil,l ci, '1Rll xfr.n "\!GA ci, 3llx <lcfllR
~3!1 <l'2TT w q\') fiITTrr3ll # -,t;
finm I 3T<I~ <ZlJt!R <!\'I # ."ITT7ll I
8. (Fiscal Incentives)- vf<f t cTT m"t
<lil #, \if[ <!il <ls<! 'WT "ITTclT t. <ls<!
cl, ;,rn:~ 'Nie 3T<RUTT (Transfers) &TT!. 6lf.'r <!\'I
I # 101> 3l'R1<ITT fclRn '311 WITTn '@ <!WI,
<ITT <RT I

# EITTT -ore:~ WTR ci,

1\') '311 t I 101> 3R! fclq;m fclRn \iTT cl,
o'2.fl ioWlTI # f.rcm c/, c/, 3ll'cITT: