developed by the force in one cycle; (b) the frequency @ st which

is maximum and the value of this maximum average power

max - p03) = Sar FO) Ono Pay = Be 25. An extemal harmonic force F of constant amplitude but variable frequency acts on a mass m suspended by a massless spring. The damping coefficient is factor n smaller than the aur frequency wx, By how much rent does the mean power

developed by the force F at the frequency o differ from the maximum mean power

mux? [Answer: (8)

= ] (a

(Answer: kg/m?, and the acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s. Calculate the value of the group velocity v, when it becomes equal to the phase velocity vp [Answer: vp = vg = 0.2 nvs.] 225 8%30. Two strings are joined together to form along composite string, which is subjected to atension T= 100N. String / has a mass per unit length 4; = 10“ kg/m, while string 2 has 442 = 4x10 kg/m. A pulse is incident from string / onto string 2. (@) Calculate the amplitude reflection coefficient r and the amplitude transmission coefficient 1 [Answer: r= -(1/3) ; t= (2/3)] (b) Check that (r’ +) # 1. Explain how this does not violate energy conservation. 31. A longitudinal standing wave & = a cos kx . cos otis maintained in a homogeneous medium of density p. Find the expressions for: (a) potential energy density and (b) kinetic energy density. 2(4).w, =(1/2)pa?@? sin? ke. cos? bin. (6), f(1/2)p07e? cos? ke.sin ? ot Interference 32, Demonstrate that when two harmonic oscillations of the same frequency are added, there is no interference if: (a) both have the same direction and are incoherent; (b) their directions of oscillations are transverse to each other. 33. Consider two point sources 1 and 2 radiating waves of wavelength 2 located in the plane of the paper (see Figure). The distance between the sources is d. The phase of the oscillations of the source 2 lag in phase by an amount @ with respect to the source 1 6c e268 waleos Figure [Problem 33] [Answer: (a) cos @ = (k - $/2n) Vd, k=0,+1, +2, (0) $= 1/2, d/A =k + 1/4, k =0, 1, 2,.. +] 34.A stationary radiating system consists of a linear chain of parallel oscillators i separated by a distance d. The phase of the oscillators varies linearly along the chain, ie Find the time dependence of the phase difference Ap between neighboring oscillators such that the principal maximum of the radiation will be ‘scanning’ the surroundings with a constant angular velocity w, po (Answer: g = 2a[k -(d/A)sin( of + a oun where wk = Ot 1,22 one] es 35. In a Lloyd's mirror experiment (see Figure), a light wave emitted directly by the —source § interferes with ce. Wve reflected by the mirror M. As a result, an i interference fringe pattem 1s fornjed on the screen Sc. The source and the screen are al separated by a distance |= Im. At. certain position of the source the fringe width on the screen is equal to Ax = 0.25 mm. After the source is moved away from the plane of the mirror by Ah = 0.60 mm, the fringe width decreases by a factor n = 1.5. Find the wavelength of the light. lon van Not 99; tof Figure [Preblem 35] (Answer: A= 0.6 um ] 22736. Two coherent plane waves of light propagating with a divergence angle y << | fall ‘almost fall almost normally on a screen. The amplitudes of the waves are equal. Demonstrate that the distance between the neighboring maxima on the screen is equal to Ax = (Wy), where A is the wavelength. 37. Figure illustrates the interference experiment with Fresnel's mirrors. The angle between the mirrors a is @ = 12'; and the distances r and b are: r = 10.0 cm and b = 130em. The wavelength of light is A= 0.55 ym. Find: (a) the fringe-width on the screen and the number of possible maxima; (b) the shift of the interference pattern on the screen when the source slit S is displaced by 81 = 1.0 mm along the arc of radius r about the center O; (©) the maximum width 8 mx of the source slit at which the fringe pattem on the screen can stil be observed sufficiently sharp. Figure CPvoblem 37] [Answer: (a) 4x = 1.1'mm, f maxima; (b) x =.13 mm; (¢) 5 max = 43 pm) 38. A plane light wave falls on Fresnel mirrors with an angle a = 2.0' between them. Determine the wavelength of light if the fringe-width on the screen is: Ax = 0.55 mm. [Answer: 2. = 0.6 pm] 39. Billet's Split Lens: A lens of diameter 5.0 cm and focal length f = 25.0 cm is cut along its diameter into two identical halves. A layer of the lens a = 1.00 mm in thickness is reméved and the two remaining halves of the lens are cemented together to form a composite lens. A slit is placed in the focal plane emitting monochromatic light of wavelength A = 0.60 jum. A screen is located behind the lens at a distance b = 50 cm from the lens. Find: (a) the fringe width on the screen and the number of possible maxima; 228 41 42. 43,(©) the maximum width of the slit 8 max at which the fringes on the sereen will still be visible sufficiently sharp. (Answer: (a): Ax = 0.15 mm; 13 maxima (b): 8 max = 37 pm] 40. The distances from a Fresnel bipnsm to a narrow slit and a screen are equal toa = 25 cm and b = 100 em respectively. The refracting angle of the glass biprism (41 1.5) is equal to6 20: Find the wavelength of light at which the fringe width on the screen is Ax = 0,55 mm. (Answer: X= 0.6 um] 41. A plane wave of light with ‘wavelength 4 = 0.70 um falls normally on the base of a biprism made of glass (n = 1.520) with a refracting angle 0 = 5°. Behind the biprism (see Figure) there is a plane parallel plate, with the space between them filled up with benzene (n'= 1.500), Find the fringe width on a screen placed behind this system. Hud Ryyyy? Figure [Problem 41] (Answer: Ax = 0.20 mm] 42. A plane monochromatic light wave falls normally on a diaphragm with two narrow slits separated by a distance d= 2.5 mm and a fringe pattern is formed on a screen at a distance 1 = 100 cm behind the diaphragm. By what distance will these fringes be displaced when one of the slits is covered by a glass plate of thickness h = 10 jm and refractive index n = 1.5? (Answer: Ax =2.0 mm] 43. Figure shows an interferometer used to measure the refractive index of gases. Here S is a slit illuminated by monochromatic light of wavelength 4 = 589 nm, 1 and 2 are {identical tubes with air of length 1 = 10.0 cm each and D is a diaphragm with two slits. When the air in tube 1 is replaced with ammonia gas, the interference pattem 229 ion Not 99;‘on the screen is shifted upwards by N = 17 fringes. The refractive index of air is equal ton = 1.000277, Find the refractive index of the ammonia gas, Figure [Problem 43] (Answer: n!* 1.000377] 44. A parallel-beam of white light falls on a thin film whose refractive index n= 1.33. The angle of incidence @; = 52°, Find the film thickness at which the reflected light is colored yellow (2 = 0.60 jum) most intensely, : (Answer: d= 0.14(1+2k) pm, where k = 0, 1 45. Find the minimum thickness of a film with refractive index 1.33 at which light with wavelength 0.64 jum experiences maximum reflection while light with wavelength 0.40 pum is not reflected at all. The angle of incidence is equal to 30°, (Answer: d mia * 0.65 um) 46. Diffuse monochromatic light with wavelength 2 = 0.60 jum falls on a thin film whose refractive index n = 1.5. Determine. the film thickness if the angular seperation of neighboring maxima observed in reflected light at angles close to 0 = 45° to the normal is equal to 68 = 3.0°. (Answer: d= 15 ym) 47, Pohl fringes: Monochromatic light passes through a hole inthe screen as shown in the Figure. On-reflection from a thin transparent plate of thickness d and refractive index 1 it produces circular fringes on the sereen. The radii ofthe ith and Ath dark rings are tiand n,. Find the wavelength of the light if ix << 1, where | is the distance between the plate and the screen. 230 49.L aaFigure [Problem 47] (Answer: 4 = rat 48. A plane monochromatic light wave with a wavelength 2 falls on the surface of a glass wedge of refractive index n. The angle of the wedge a << 1°, The plane of incidence is normal to the edge and the angle of incidence is @}. Find the distance between neighboring fringe maxima on a screen placed at right angles to the reflected light. (Answer: Ax = 49. Light with wavelength A = 0.55 um falls normally on the surface of a glass wedge (n = 11.5). A fringe pattern whose neighboring maxima on the surface of the wedge are separated by a distance Ax = 0.21 mm is observed in the reflected light. Find: (a) the angle between the wedge faces; (b) the degree of light monochromatism (AA/A) if the fringes disappear at a distance | = 1.5 cm approximately from the edge of the wedge. [Answer: (a) = 3'; (b) (A4/A) = 0.014) 50. The convex surface of a plano-convex lens of glass with a radius of curvature R = 40 cm is placed on a glass plate. A certain ring observed in reflected light has a radius r =2.5 mm. Watching this ring, the lens is shifted upwards by a distance Ah = 5.0 um. What is the new radius of the ring? [Answer: = 1.5 mm] 51. At the crest of the spherical surface of a plano-convex lens there is a ground-off plane ‘spot of radius ro = 3.0 mm through which the lens comes into contact with a glass plate. The radius of curvature of the convex surface of the lens R= 150 cm. Find the radius of the sixth bright ring when observed in reflected light with a wavelength 2 = 655 nm. (Answer: r¢ = 3.8 mm} 231 8? 9; of52. A plano-convex glass lens with a radius of curvature R= 12.5 em is pressed against a a glass plate, The diameters of the 101th and the 15 th dark Newton's rings in reflected ; light are equal to d; = 1.0 mm and d3 = 1,50 mm. Find the wavelength of the light. ( [Answer: 2 = 0.50 pm] ¢ 53. Two plano-convex thin glass lenses (n = 1.5) are brought into contact with their spherical surfaces touching each other. Find the optical power of such a system if in reflected light with a wavelength A = 0.60 ym the diameter of the fifth bright ring is d = 150mm. (Answer: © = 2.4 D] $4. Two thin symmetric glass lenses, one biconvex and the other biconcave, are brought Fra into contact to make a system with optical power © = 0.50 D. Newton's rings are observed in reflected light with a wavelength 2 = 0.61 jum. Determine: soll (2) the radius of the tenth dark ring; i (b) how this radius will change when the space between the lenses is filled up with water. (Answer: (a) r= 3.5 mm; (b) ° = 3.0 mm] 60.4 58. The spherical surface of a plano-convex lens comes into contact with a glass plate. ¥ The space between the lens and the plate is filled up with a transparent liquid: The b refractive indices of the lens, liquid and the plate are given by: ny = 1.50, ny = 1.63, ny = 1.70 respectively. The radius of curvature of the spheric surface of the lens is ¢ equal to R = 100 cm. Find the radius of the fifth dark Newton's ring in reflected light of wavelength 4 = 0.50 ym. « [Answer: r= 1.17 mm] { 6. In a two-beam Michelson interferometer, the orange mercury light composed of the 6A two wavelengths 2, = 576.97 nm and 42 = 579,03 nm is employed. What is the least a order of interference at which the sharpness of the fringe pattem is worst? ° (Answer: k mia = 140] li $7.In a Michelson’s interferometer the yellow sodium light composed of the two 62.) wavelengths 41 = 589.0 nm and 42 = 589.6 nm is employed, When one of the mirrors a is moved away, the fringe pattem vanishes periodically. Find the displacement of the tt mirror between two successive positions of the sharpest pattern. [Answer: Ah = 0,3 mm] v 23258, For the Fabry-Perot etalon of thickness d = 2,5 cm find: (a) the highest order of interference of light with wavelength A = 0.50 um; (b) the spectral interval AA of wavelengths around % within which there is still no overlap with other orders of interference. (Answer: (a) k max = 1.0 x 105; (b) A= 5 pm] Fraunhofer Diffraction 59. A plane wave of light with a wavelength A = 0.50 um falls on a slit of width b= 10 1m at an angle = 30° to its normal. Find the angular position of the first minima located on both sides of the central maximum. (Answer: 33° and 27°] 60. A plane light wave of wavelength 4 = 0.60 pm falls normally on the face of a glass wedge with refracting angle @ = 15°, The opposite face of the wedge is opaque and has a slit of width b = 10 um parallel to the edge. Find: (@) the angle 49 between the direction to the zeroth order Fraunhofer maximum and the direction of the incident light; () the angular width of the zeroth order Fraunhofer maximum, (Answer: (a) 7.9° and (b) 7.3°) 61. A monochromatic beam of light falls on a reflection grating with period d= 1.0 mm ata glancing angle ao 1.0°. A Fraunhofer diffraction maximum of the second order occurs at a glancing angle a = 3.0°. Find the wavelength of light. [Answer: = 0.6 um] 62. With light falling normally on a diffraction grating, the angle of diffraction of second order is equal to 45° for a wavelength 41 = 0.65 jum. Find the angle of diffraction of third order for a wavelength 42 = 0.50 um. (Answer: 55°] 233 8? Yor »; of63. Light with wavelength 535 nm falls normally on a diffraction grating. Find its period if the diffraction angle 35° corresponds to one of the Fraunhofer maxima and the highest order of the spectrum is equal to five. (Answer: d= 2.8 pm) 64, Find the wavelength of monochromatic light falling normally on a diffraction grating with period d = 2.2 jum if the angle between the directions to the Fraunhofer maxima of the first and the second order is equal to 40 = 15°, (Answer: 4 = 0.54 um} 65. Light witha wavelength of 530 nm falls on a transparent diffraction grating with a period d= 1.50 ym. Find the angle relative to the grating normal at which the Fraunhofer maximum of the highest order is observed when light falls on the grating: (a) at right angles; (b) at an angle of 60° to the normal. (Answer: (a) 45%; (b) -64°] 66, Light with a wavelength A = 0.60 jm falls normally on a diffraction grating inscribed con the plane surface of a plano-convex cylindrical glass lens with a radius of curvature R =20 cm. The period of the grating is equal to d= 6.0 pm. Find the distance between the principal maxima of first order located symmetrically in the focal plane of the lens. [Answer: x= 8 cm] 67. A plane light wave with a wavelength 4 = 0.50 pm falls normally on the face of a tglass wedge with an angle @ = 30°, On the opposite face of the wedge is inscribed a transparent diffraction grating with period d = 2.00 pm, with lines parallel to the wedge's edge. Find the angles that the directioi of the incident light forms with the directions of the principal Fraunhofer diffraction maxima of the zero and the first order, What is the highest order of the spectrum? At what angle to the direction of the incident light is it observed? [Answer: - 18.59, 0°, +6, +78.5°] 68. A plane light wave with a wavelength 2 falls normally on a phase diffraction grating whose side view is shown in the Figure. The grating is cut on a glass plate with refractive index n. Find the depth h of the lines at which the intensity of the central Fraunhofer diffraction maximum is zero. What is the diffraction angle of the first maximum for this value of h? 234Figure [Problem 68] (+7) face oe Gay ih E12 ; A asin o, = 5 69. Figure illustrates an arrangement employed in observations of diffraction of light by ultrasound. A plane light wave with a wavelength A = 0.55 jum passes through the water-filled tank T in which a standing ultrasonic wave is sustained at a frequency v = 4.7 MHz. As a result of diffraction of light by the optically inhomogeneous periodic structure a diffraction pattern can be observed in the focal plane of the objective O with a focal length f= 35 cm, The separation between the neighboring maxima is Ax = 0.60 mm. Find the propagation velocity of ultrasonic oscillations in water. ° f Figure (Problem 69) [Answer: 1.5 kas] 235 on on 8 f70.To measure the angular separation y of the components of a double star by Michelson's method, a diaphragm with two narrow parallel slits is placed in front of. the telescope's lens. The slit separation d is adjustable. While decreasing d, the first smearing of the pattem is observed in the focal plane of the objective at d= 95 cm. Find y assuming the wavelength of light to be equal to 4 = 0.55 ym. (Answer: 0.06") 71.A transparent diffraction grating has a period d= 1.50 ym. Find the angular dispersion D ( in minutes per nanometer) corresponding to the maximum of the highest order for a spectral line of wavelength 2 = 530 nm of light falling on the grating () at right angles; (b) at the angle 8) = 45° to the normal. (Answer: (a) 6.5 min/am; (b) 13 min/nm) 72. Light with a wavelength 2 = 589.0 nm falls normally on a diffraction grating with a period d= 2.5 1m, comprising N = 10,000 lines. Find the angular width of the diffraction maximum of the second order, {Answer: 46 = 11") 73. Demonstrate that when light falls normally on a diffraction grating the maximum resolving power of the grating cannot exceed the value (L:/ 4), where L is the width of the grating and 2 is the wavelength of light. 74, Using the diffraction grating as an example, demonstrate the frequency difference of two maxima resolved according to the Rayleigh criterion is equal to the reciprocal of the difference of propagation times of the extreme interfering oscillations, i. 8v = 1 / a. 75. Light composed of two spectral lines with wavelengths 600,000 and 600.050 nm falls normally on a diffraction grating 10.0 mm wide. Find the value of the diffraction angle @ at which these lines are barely resolved. [Answer: 6 =46°] 76. Light falls normally on a transparent diffraction grating of width L = 6.5 em with 200 Lines per mm, The spectrum under investigation consists of a spectral line of wavelength 4 = 670.8 nm and another component differing by 6% = 0.015 nm. Find: (a) in what order of the spectrum these components will be resolved; (b) the minimum wavelength difference that can be resolved by this grating in a wavelength region around 2, = 670 nm. [Answer: (a) In the fourth order; (b) 7 pm] 23677. With light falling normally on a transparent diffraction grating 10 mm wide, it is found that the components of the yellow line of sodium (589.0 and $89.6 nm) are resolved beginning with the fifth order of the spectrum. Evaluate: (a) the period of this grating; (b) the width of a grating with this period such that a doublet at 2. = 460.0 nm and components differing by 0.13 nm can be resolved in the third order. [Answer: (a) d= 0.05 mm; (b) L = 6 cm) 78. A transparent diffraction grating of a quartz spectrograph is 25 mm wide and has 250 lines per millimeter. The focal length of an objective in whose focal plane a photographic plate is located is equal to 80 cm. Light falls on the grating at right angles. The spectrum under investigation consists of a doublet with-wavelengths 310.154 and 310.184 nm, Determine: (a) the distances on the photographic plate between the components of this doublet in the spectra of the first and the second orders; (b) whether the components will be resolved in these orders. [Answer: (a) 6 and 12 um; (b) ‘no’ in the first order and 'yes' in the second order.) 79. The triangular prism of a spectrograph is manufactured from glass whose refractive index varies with wavelength according to the formula: n = A + (B/A”), where the constant B is given by 0.010 um?. Find: (a) the value of (/8A) in the vicinity of A; = 434 nm and 22 = 656 nm if the base of prism is b= 5.0 cm wide; (b) the width of the base of the prism capable of resolving the yellow doublet of sodium (589.0 and $89.6 nm). [Answer: (a) 1.2 x 10°, 0.35 x 10%; (b) 1.0 cm] 80. How wide is the base of a prism which has the same resolving power as a diffraction grating with 10,000 lines in the second order of the spectrum if the modulus of (ddA) = 0.10 pm’? [Answer: About 20 em] 237