UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
(CHE485)

NAME : MUHAMMAD MUAZ MOHD ZAHARI

STUDENT NO. : 2022835456
GROUP : CEEH2202F
EXPERIMENT : DETERMINATION ACETIC ACID IN VENIGER
DATE PERFORMED : 29.3.2023
SEMESTER :2
PROGRAMME / CODE : CEEH220
SUBMIT TO : DR. -ING. AMIZON BT AZIZAN

No. Title Allocated Marks (%) Marks

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 10
3 Aims 5
4 Theory 10
5 Apparatus 5
6 Methodology/Procedure 10
7 Results 10
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussion 20
10 Conclusion 5
11 Recommendations 5
12 Reference / Appendix 5
TOTAL MARKS 100

Remarks:
Checked by : Date :
 Abstract

Acids and bases have been known for a long time. When Robert Boyle described acids in
1680, he noted that they disintegrate a variety of materials, alter the hue of some natural dyes
(for instance, turning litmus from blue to red), and lose these characteristics when they meet
alkalis (bases). The fact that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to release a gaseous
material (now known to be CO2), and combine with alkalis to generate neutral compounds was
discovered in the eighteenth century. The objective of the experiment is to determine the
morality of a solution and the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by using method
titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution. At the end of the experiment, it was
observed that the average molarity of NaOH from both titration of KHP and NaOH is 0.58M,
average molarity of vinegar is 0.88M in vinegar and NaOH titration and the percent mass vinegar
in both titration is 5.28%. also find the equivalent point for vinegar and NaOH titration is the same
which is at 15.25ml. in conclusion, in this experiment, the equivalence point happens when the
solution's moles of acid and base injected throughout the titration are equal. The titration curve
of Ph with ml of NaOH solution can be used to obtain this information. In this experiment, KHP is
used to calculate the molarity of a NaOH solution, which will later be used to calculate the
molarity of vinegar.

1. Introduction

Concentration of solution is the amount of solute in each amount of solvent. A

concentrated solution contains relatively large quantity of solute in each amount of solvent.
Dilute solutions contain relatively little solute in each amount of solvent. There are 2
specifics term to express concertation, which is molarity and percent by mass.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Percent by mass is the mass in gram of solute per 100 grams of solution.
 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = × 100%
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. The molecular formula for acetic acid is
CH3COOH. Both molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in a vinegar solution can be
determine by performing a titration. A titration is a process in which small increments of
a solution of known concentration are added to a specific volume of a solution of
unknown concentration until the stoichiometry for that reaction is attained. Knowing
the quantity of the known solution required to complete the titration, calculation of the
unknown solution ca be done. The purpose of titration is to determine the equivalence
point of the reaction. The equivalence point is reach when the added quantity of one
reactant is the exact amount necessary for stoichiometric reaction with another
reactant.

2. Objective

To Determine the morality of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in
vinegar by titration with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.

3. Theory
In the titration process, a burette is used to dispense a small, quantifiable increment
of solution of known concentration (Figure 1.1). A typical burette has the smallest
calibration unit of 0.1mL (Figure 1.2), therefore, volume dispense from the burette
should be estimated to the nearest 0.01mL.
 In this experiment, the equivalence point occurs when the moles of acid in the
solution equals to the moles of base added in the titration. For example, the
stoichiometric amount of 1 mole of the strong base, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is
necessary to neutralize 1 mole of the weak acid, acetic acid (CH 3CO2H), as indicated
in equation 3.

NaOH (aq) + CH3CO2H(aq) → NaCH3CO2 (aq) + H2O (l) (Equation 1-3)

The sudden change in the pH of the solution shows that the titration has reached
the equivalence point. pH in an aqueous solution is related to its hydrogen ion
concentration. Symbolically, the hydrogen ion concentration is written as [H 3O+]. pH
is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration.
pH = - log [H30+] (Equation 1-4)

pH scale is a method of expressing the acidity or basicity of a solution. Solutions

having a pH < 7 are acidic, pH = 7 are neutral, pH > 7 are basic. For example, a solution
having [H30+] = 2.35 x 10-2 M would have a pH of 1.629 and is acidic. Ph electrode will
be used in this experiment. The titration is initiated by inserting a pH electrode into
a beaker containing the acid solution (pH within 3-5). As sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is
incrementally added to the acid solution, some of the hydrogen ions will be
neutralized. As the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the pH of the solution will
gradually increase. When sufficient NaOH is added to completely neutralize the acid
(most of the H3O+ ions are removed from the solution), the next drop of NaOH added
will cause a sudden sharp increase in pH (figure 2-2). The volume of based required
to completely neutralized the acid is determine at the equivalence point of titration.

In this experiment, titration of vinegar sample with a standardized sodium hydroxide

solution will be done. To standardize the sodium hydroxide solution, of a primary
standard acid solution is initially prepared. In general, primary standard solutions are
produce by dissolving a weighed quantity of pure acid or base in a known volume of
solution. Primary standard acid or bases have several common characteristics:
• They must be available in at least 99.9% purity.
• They must have high molar mass to minimize error in weighing.
• They must be stable upon heating.
• They must be soluble in the solvent of interest.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate KHC8H4O4, and oxalic acid, (COOH)2, are common
primary standard acid. Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, is the most used based. Most
acids and bases (e.g., HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, and KOH) are most available as primary
standard. To standardize one of these acids or based solutions, titration of the
solution with a primary standard should be done. In this experiment, NaOH solution
 will be titrated with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The equation for this
reaction will be:

KHC8H4O4 (aq) + NaOH (aq)→ KNaC8H4O4 (aq) + H2O (l) (Equation 1-5)

Once the sodium hydroxide solution has been standardized, it will be used to titrate
10.00mL aliquots of vinegar. The equation for the reaction of vinegar with NaOH is

CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCH3COO (aq) + H2O(l) (Equation 1-6)

Knowing the standardized NaOH concentration and using equation 6, we can

determine the molarity and percent by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar solution.

4. Methodology

4.1 MATERIALS AND APPARATUS

Material
a. Distilled water
b. 0.6M Sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution
c. Potassium hydrogen phthalate, KHP solid
d. Vinegar
Apparatus
a. 250mL beaker
b. High precision analytical weighing balance
c. pH electrode
d. Burette
e. Retort stand
f. Funnels
g. Measuring cylinder magnetic stirrer
 h. Volumetric pipette

Figure 2 titration experiment setup

4.2 Procedure
Standardization of sodium hydroxide solution
1. 250 mL of approximately 0.6 M NaOH solution was prepared and poured
inside a beaker. Any calculation is recorded.
2. 250 mL beaker was weighted to record its mass with decimal point 0.001g.
Add 1.5 grams of KHP was added to the beaker and the final mass of both KHP
and the beaker was recorded to 0.001g decimal places. The difference in mass
after KHP is added is calculated and recorded in the table. 30mL of distilled
water was added to the beaker. The solution was stirred until the KHP has
dissolved completely.
3. the solution was titrated with NaOH, and the pH was recorded with additions
of 1 ml of NaOH solution.
4. Steps 1 to 3 was repeated to perform a second and third trial to standardize
the NaOH solution.
5. the graph of pH versus NaOH was ploted using Microsoft Excel. the volume of
NaOH required neutralizing the KHP solution in each titration was determined
and the molarity also been calculated.
6. The average morality of sodium hydroxide solution for titration 1 and 2 was
calculated and the resulting sodium hydroxide concentration will be used in
part B of the experiment.

Molarity of acetic acid and percent of vinegar.

1. 10.00mL of vinegar was transfer to a clean, dry 250 mL beaker using a 10mL
volumetric pipette. Sufficient water was added in range of, 75 to 100 mL, to
cover the pH electrode tip during the titration.
2. 1 ml of NaOH was added to the vinegar solution and the pH recorded.
3. The step is repeated twice.
4. the graph of pH vs volume NaOH added was plotted. And from the plots
volume of NaOH required to neutralized vinegar in each titration was
calculated and determined. The data was then recorded.
5. Calculate the molarity of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2.
6. Calculate the average molarity of acetic acid for each titration.
7. Calculate the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar for titration 1 and 2
8. Calculate the percentage by mass of acetic acid in vinegar.
5. Result and discussion
Standardization of NaOH solution
1. Calculations for preparing 250mL of approximately 0.6M sodium hydroxide
solution. Molarity = 0.6M X 1Mole NAOH/0.25L= 0.15mole

Mass NaOH,g = 0.15mole X mass NAOH/(16+1+23) = 6g

2.
Titration 1 Titration 2

Mass of beaker (g) 99.08 99.511

Mass of beaker + KHP (g) 100.582 101.011

Mass of KHP (g) 1.502 1.500

Volume of NaOH to 12.75 12.5

neutralize the KHP
solution (mL)

Titration 1

pH NaOH, mL

3.21 0

3.28 1

3.55 2

3.74 3

3.83 4
 3.95 5

4.17 6

4.3 7

4.42 8

4.55 9

4.67 10
4.98 11
5.36 12
5.9 12.5
11.49 13
12.15 14
12.39 15
12.53 16
12.6 17
12.66 18
12.75 19
12.75 20

Titration 2

pH NaOH, mL

3.04 0

3.23 1

3.51 2

3.65 3

3.88 4

3.98 5

4.16 6

4.33 7
 4.4 8

4.6 9

4.74 10

5.01 11

5.2 11.5

6.7 12

7.06 12.5

11.61 13
12.28 14
12.39 15
12.55 16
12.65 17
12.74 18
12.74 19

Table 1 titration KHP and NaOH

3. Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration 1 and 2.

• Calculation moles of KHP in titration 1

1.502 g KHP x ( 1MOL KHP ) = 0.00735 mol KHP

204.22 𝑔 𝐾𝐻𝑃

• Calculation for the moles of NaOH used to neutralize the moles of KHP in
titration 1.

0.00735 mol KHP x ( 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑜ℎ ) = 0.00735 mol NaOH

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃

• Calculation for the molarity of the NaOH solution in titration 1:

1𝐿
12.75 mL NaOH x ( ) = 0.01275 L NaOH
1000𝑚𝑙
 Molarity NaOH = 0 .00735𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=0.58 M of NaOH
0.01275 𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

• Calculation moles of KHP in titration 2:

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃
1.5 g KHP x ( ) = 0.0073 mol KHP 204.22 𝑔 𝐾𝐻𝑃

204.22 𝑔 𝐾𝐻𝑃

• Calculation for the moles of NaOH used to neutralize the moles of KHP in
titration 2.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑜ℎ
0.0073 mol KHP x ( ) = 0.0073 mol NaOH
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐻𝑃

• Calculation for the molarity of the NaOH solution in titration 2:

1𝐿
12.5 mL NaOH x ( ) = 0.0125 L NaOH
1000𝑚𝑙

Molarity NaOH = 0.0073 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=0.58 M of NaOH

0.0125𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

4. Calculate the average molarity of sodium hydroxide for each titration 1 and 2.

0.58𝑀 + 0.58𝑀
= 0.58M of NaOH solution
2

From Calculation above the mol of KHP in titration 1 and 2 is 0.00735 and 0.0073
based on their respective mass recorded in the table above. The amount of moles needed
to neutralize KHP using NaOH solution is both titration is 0.00735 and 0.0073. while the
amount is significantly the same but amount of volume of NaOH solution differs from
both experiment trials. In titration 1 the amount of NaOH solution needed is 12.75 ml
while in titration 2 is 12.5. This value is different because maybe there are some errors
during the experiment, but it doesn’t completely control or does have any effect on the
result because as calculated it doesn’t any significant effect towards the result. The
Molarity for both titration is 0.58M and the average molarity of NaOH from both titration
is 0.58M.

titration KHP & NaOH

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
mL, NaOH

titration 1 titration 2

Figure 3 graph titration KHP & NaOH

Figure above shows the titration of KHP and NaOH where the pH is recorded for every
1ml aliquot of NaOH used. The equivalent point for both titration is 12.75 ml and 12.5 ml
of NaOH. In both titrations the mol of NaOH is the same 0.0073 mole and the mol of KHP
remain the same too which is 0.0073mole.
Standardization of NaOH solution

1. Titration 1 Titration 2

Volume of vinegar 10 10
(ml)
Volume of 15.25 15.25
NaOH required
to neutralize
vinegar (ml)

Titration 1

pH NaOH, mL

1.59 0

2.40 1

2.70 2

2.95 3

3.14 4

3.29 5

3.46 6

3.57 7

3.74 8
3.85 9

4.00 10

4.13 11

4.34 12

4.55 13

4.82 14

5.47 15

9.94 15.5
11.26 16
11.77 17
12.04 18
12.18 19
12.31 20
12.31 21

Titration 2

pH NaOH, mL

2.80 0

2.75 1

2.95 2

3.14 3

3.31 4

3.45 5

3.58 6

3.71 7

3.85 8
 3.95 9

4.10 10

4.25 11

4.42 12

4.71 13

5.13 14

5.30 14.5

5.95 15

10.59 15.5

11.57 16.5

11.85 17.5
12.05 18.5
12.17 19.5
12.26 20.5
12.26 21.5

Table 2 titration vinegar and NaOH

• Calculation of the moles of NaOH that reacted in both titrations using

average molarity:

15.25 mL NaOH x ____1L = 0.01525 L NaOH

1000𝑚𝑙

0.58 𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
0.01525 L NaOH x ( ) = 0.0088 mol NaOH
1 𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 • Calculation the moles of NaOH used to neutralize the moles of Vinegar in
both titration:

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
0.0088 mol NaOH x = 0.0088 mol Vinegar
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

1𝐿
10 ml vinegar x = 0.01L
1000𝑚𝑙

0.0088 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟

= 0.88 M of vinegar.
0.01𝐿

• Calculation of the mass of the vinegar solution in both titration (in solution):

1 𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
10 mL vinegar solution x ( ) = 10 g vinegar
solution
1 𝑚𝐿 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Mass of vinegar in both titration

1𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
0.0088 mol of vinegar x______ 𝑔 =0.528g of vinegar
60.05 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙

• Calculation of the percent by mass of vinegar in the solution in both titration:

Percent mass vinegar = ( 𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 ) x 100%

𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

0.528 𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
Percent mass vinegar = x 100% = 5.28% vinegar
10 𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑟
 From Calculation above the mol of Vinegar in both titration is 0.0088M based on
the amount of NaOH solution with the same mol to neutralize the Vinegar. It is because
the volume of NaOH solution used in both experiments is the same for titration 1 and 2
which is 15.25mL. the percent mass vinegar in both titration is 5.28% and the average
molarity for both titration is 0.88M. This shows there are correlation between the amount
of NaOH solution to neutralize vinegar with the molarity of vinegar. If the amount of NaOH
solution to neutralize the vinegar increases, so does the molarity of the vinegar increase
too.

titration vineger & Naoh

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
mL NaOH

TITRATIOIN 1 TITRATION 2

Figure 4 graph titration vinegar & NaOH

Figure above shows the titration of Vinegar and NaOH where the pH is recorded
for every 1ml aliquot of NaOH used. The equivalent point for titration 1 and 2 is 15.25 ml
of NaOH. In both titration the mol of NaOH and Vinegar is 0.0088mol. the molarity of both
titration is same due to the same in mol of the solution.
 Conclusion

From the finding of the experiment, it can be concluded that the average molarity achieve
in equivalent point is 0.58 M for KHP and NaOH titration. Next experiment the molarity of acetic acid is
0.88M and by calculating mass of vinegar which is 0.528g we can get the percentage of mass vinegar is
5.28% respectively. The average molarity for the acetic acid experiment is 0.88M.

A few techniques to achieve accurate titration is homogenize the sample. Depending on the kind
of sample under consideration, homogenization should be considered. In relation to titration, it is a
mechanical procedure that makes sure a sample is homogenous and can help make sure analyte molecules
are totally accessible to react with the titrant. Next, air bubble in burette. Whether conducting titrations
manually or automatically, air bubbles can occur in the burette. When it looks that there was more titrant
measured than was really ingested, air filling up space in the burette can provide erroneous results. Lastly,
standardize the titrant. The titration system is normalized during standardization, which also yields the
most precise titrant concentration necessary to determine the analyte content of a sample.

Reference

1. How to achieve accurate titration. -

https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=16982
2. Introduction to acid and base introductory chemistry -
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-
mccintroductorychemistry/chapter/arrhenius-acids-and-bases/

3. Sheppard, K. (2006). High school students’ understanding of titrations and related

acid base phenomena. Chemistry Education. Research and Practice, 7(1), 32–45.
https://doi.org/10.1039/b5rp90014j
4. introduction titration (osmosis)-
https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Introduction_to_titrations