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Exercise
1. 2015/1/15 Which of the following epithelium tissues line blood capillaries?
A. Cuboidal tissue
B. Squamous tissue
C. Columnar tissue
D. Glandular tissue
Comment The simple squamous epithelium line the blood capillaries. This is
because it is thin to allow easy diffusion of material through it.
2. 2014/1/4 The function of the nucleoli in a cell is to form
A. The nuclear membrane
B. Ribose
C. The spindle during nuclear division
D. Centrioles
Comment The nucleolus is the site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA which is
combined with protein in the cytoplasm to make ribosome
3. 2013/1/4 The figure below shows a glandular tissue

In which part of the mammalian body is the tissue likely to be?

A. Ileum
B. Lungs
C. Stomach
D. Skin
Comment The figure shows a coiled tubular gland. This is typical of the sweat
 gland in mammalian skin
NB.
The ileum contains simple, tubular glands called crypts of Lieberkühn
The stomach contains simple branched, tubular glands called gastric
glands
The lung do not contain glandular epithelium. Their air sacs are lined
with simple squamous epithelium, whose function is to allow
exchange of gases between gland and alveolar air.
4. 2013/1/12 Which one of the following consists of a pair of tissues specialized for
support?
A. Parenchyma and collenchyma
B. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma
C. Parenchyma and sieve tubes
D. Xylem and phloem
Comment - Collenchyma and sclerenchyma; collenchyma cell have
thickened cellulose wall whereas sclerenchyma have lignified
walls for support.
- Parenchyma tissue is a packing tissue that fills up spaces in plant
organ and as storage tissue but may also be involved in support,
especially when turgid in non-woody plants.
- Xylem is used mainly for transportation of water and mineral salts
- Phloem is mainly for transport of manufactured food.
5. 2012/1/20 The type of feeding mechanism shown in figure below is

droplets

Plasma membrane

A. Pinocytosis
B. Phagocytosis
C. Filter feeding
D. Predation
Comment A form of bulk transport across the plasma membrane in which the
cell membrane invaginates and takes in liquid droplets is called
pinocytosis (cellular drinking)
6. 2012/1/28 One disadvantage of multicellular state is the individual cells
A. Are always small in size
B. Lose independence
C. Becomes less functional
D. Become less specialized
Comment In multicellular organism, cells become specialized to perform certain
 functions and therefore lose ability to perform other functions. As a
result, cells become dependent on each other for functions they are not
specialized for.
7. 2012/1/36 The walls of collenchyma cells stained deep blue by methylene blue
but not aniline hydrochloride. This shows that the wall
A. Are not thickened
B. Are thickened by lignin
C. Contains living protoplasm
D. Are thickened by material other than lignin
Comment Thickening of plant cell walls occurs by deposition of extra layer of
cellulose wall of by deposition of lignin or suberin (cock). These
materials are identified in microscopy by their ability to take up
certain stains.
Lignin, for example stains yellow with aniline hydrochloride but does
not stain with methylene blue.
Cellulose does not stain with aniline hydrochloride but stains deep
blue with methylene blue.
8. 2012/12 Squamous epithelium is made up of thin and delicate sheets of cell as
an adaptation to
A. Rapid cell division
B. Facilitation of liquid movement
C. Shortening diffusion distance
D. Protecting the body from abrasion
Comment Squamous epithelium is made of thin delicate call to shorten diffusion
distance.
9. 2010/1/4 The figure below represents a human tissue

The tissue would most likely be lining the

A. Salivary gland
B. Stomach
C. Ileum
D. Oviduct
No answer because the tissue shown is pseudostratified ciliated
epithelium is found in trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
NB
- The ileum is lined with columnar epithelium possessing microvilli
on their free surface to increase surface area for absorption of
food, it is not ciliated.
- Some renal tubules, e.g., the loop of Henle is lined with cuboidal
epithelium possessing microvilli on their free surfaces to increase
surface area for reabsorption of materials.
- The oviduct is lined by ciliated columnar epithelium, which is
differentiated from pseudo-epithelium ciliated epithelium by the
 nuclei of its cells being aligned at the same level

Basement membrane
Goblet cell

Ciliated columnar
epithelium
10. 2010/1/7 The figure below represents a

A. Tracheid
B. Xylem vessel element
C. Sieve tube
D. Phloem parenchyma cell
A xylem vessel is formed of a chain of elongated cylindrical cells
placed end to end. Their end wall break dawn partially or completely
and their side walls are perforated by numerous pits.
NB
Tracheid is similar to vessel except that they are
typically five or six-sided in cross section and instead
of being open at the end their tapering end walls are
perorated by pits.

Tracheid
- A sieve tube is long and cylindrical but has no pits, it has end wall
perorated by tinny pores.
-
11. 2009/1/20 Which of the following is not correct about cells of a tissue?
A. Are of one type
B. Have the same origin
C. Have same particular function
D. Are physically linked
Comment A tissue is a group of linked cells and associated intercellular
substances that is specialized for a particular function (s). the cells
share a common origin, but do not necessarily perform the same
function, for example, cells of the blood tissue perform different
functions e.g. red blood cells transport oxygen while white blood cells
 fight germs.
12. 2008/1/2 The epithelial type lining the mammalian alveoli is
A. Columnar
B. Cuboid
C. Stratified
D. Squamous
Comment Squamous epithelium lines mammalian alveoli and is thin to reduce
diffusion distance.
13. 2008/1/16 A probable function of Endoplasmic reticulum is to
A. Control entry and exist of materials form the cells
B. Facilitate intracellular transport of materials
C. Act as a template for in protein synthesis
D. Enable substances diffuse against concentration gradient
Comment Endoplasmic reticulum is intracellular channel system that facilitate
intracellular transport.
14. 2007/1/1 Which of the following is a simple branched tubular gland?
A. Brunner’s gland
B. Salivary gland
C. Sweat gland
D. Mammary gland
comment The glands presented in this case are of the following type

Gland Type Shape

Brunner Simple branched

Salivary gland Compound tubular

Mammary glands Compound saccular

15. 2007/1/9 Which of the following is not correct about cells of a tissue?
A. Have similar function
B. Are of the same origin
C. Are of one type
D. Have physical linkage
comment A tissue is a group of linked cells and associated intercellular
substances that is specialized for a particular function (s). the cells
share a common origin, but do not necessarily perform the same
function, for example, cells of the blood tissue perform different
functions e.g. red blood cells transport oxygen while white blood cells
fight germs.
16. 2007/1/24 A property of cells in a multicellular organism is that they
A. Small
B. Less functional
C. Less specialized
D. Dependent
comments In multicellular organism, cells become specialized to perform certain
functions and therefore lose ability to perform other functions. As a
result, cells become dependent on each other for functions they are not
specialized for.
17. 2007/1/25 Which one of the following tissues has the least power of
regeneration?
A. Blood tissue
B. Epithelial tissue
C. Bone tissue
D. Nerve tissue
Comment Nerve tissue has the least power of regeneration in the body because
they cannot divide.
18. 2006/1/3 Which one of the following structures is found in both xylem and
phloem in higher plants?
A. Sieve tracheid
B. Parenchyma cells
C. Companion cells
D. Hollow vessels
19. 2006/1/11 Which of the following have a sole function of offering support to the
plants?
A. Sclerenchyma and vessel elements
B. Vessel elements and tracheid
C. Sclerenchyma and collenchyma
D. Parenchyma and collenchyma
Comment Collenchyma and sclerenchyma; collenchyma cell have thickened
cellulose wall whereas sclerenchyma have lignified walls for support.
20. 2006/1/31 Which one of the parts of a mammal possesses an epithelial tissue as
shown in the figure below?

A. Oviduct
B. Ileum
C. Respiratory tract
D. Loop of Henle
Comment In oviduct ciliated epithelium propels an egg towards the uterus
through the fallopian tubules whereas in the trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles, the cilia propel the dust from the breathing system to the
esophagus.
21. 2005/1/4 The main distinguishing character of a eukaryotic cell is
A. Membrane organelles
B. Lack of a nucleus
C. Presence of a nucleus
D. Presence of DNA double strand
22. 2005/1/6 Which of the following organelle would most likely be abundant in the
tail of a tadpole at a time of its reabsorption during metamorphosis?
A. Centrioles
B. Lysosomes
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
Comment Lysosome contain enzymes that digest tissues
23. 2004/1/11 In higher plants, the lateral roots originate from the
A. Endodermis
B. Epidermis
C. Pericycle
D. Cambium
Pericycle is layer of parenchyma cell between the cortex and the
cambium from which lateral roots develop.
24. 2003/1/3 A plant tissue which is tubular, open ended, with lignified and
thickened walls is
A. Tracheid
B. Xylem vessel
C. Parenchyma
D. Sieve tube

A xylem vessel is formed of a chain of

elongated cylindrical cells placed end
to end. Their end wall break dawn Xylem
partially or completely and their side
walls are perforated by numerous
pits.

Tracheid is similar to vessel except that they are

typically five or six-sided in cross section and
instead of being open at the end their tapering end
walls are perorated by pits.

Tracheid
- A sieve tube is long and cylindrical but has no pits, it has end wall
perorated by tinny pores.
- Parenchyma is a storage tissue. Although, turgid parenchyma cells
provide support in no woody plants
25. 2003/1/21 Viruses cannot reproduce outside the body because
A. Not all of them contain DNA
B. They are too small to reproduce
C. They are unable to synthesize their own DNA
D. They are unable to absorb raw materials from the surroundings.

26. 2003/1/28 Rapid transport of materials within the cytoplasm of a cell is

associated with the presence of
A. Spindle fibers in the dividing cell
B. An extensive endoplasmic reticulum
C. Many plasma membrane pores
D. Extensive Golgi apparatus
Endoplasmic reticulum is intracellular channel system that facilitate
intracellular transport.
27. 2003/1/34 Which of the following types of epithelia lines the walls of the
mammalian alveoli?
A. Columnar epithelium
B. Cuboidal epithelium
C. Stratified epithelium
D. Squamous epithelium
 Squamous epithelium lines mammalian alveoli and is thin to reduce
diffusion distance.
28. Which of the following does not always form part of a bacterium cell?
A. Cell wall
B. Flagellum
C. Cytoplasm
D. Ribosome
29. 2002/1/10 Which one of the following cell organelles would be most active at
sites where substances move against diffusion gradient?
A. Ribosome
B. Lysosome
C. Mitochondria
D. Golgi bodies
Mitochondria provide energy for active transport
30. 2002/1/15 Which one of the following is not correct about viruses? They
A. can only reproduce in living cells
B. Are the smallest living organisms
C. Are facultative parasites
D. Do not have cellular structures
Viruses cannot reproduce without the host and for this reason
they are obligate parasites.
31. 2001/1/16 Which one of the following structures operate independently of
nervous control?
A. cilia of paramecium
B. flagella of euglena
C. stinging cells of coelenterates
D. pigment cells of fishes
Paramecium lack a nervous system.
32. 2001/1/26 Which one of the following features would be prominent in mucus
secreting cells?
A. Large nucleus and dense matrix
B. Numerous rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body
C. Numerous mitochondria and lysosome
D. Dense matrix and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

33. 2001/1/40 Which one of the following types of epithelia experiences the highest
wearing?
A. Stratified
B. Columnar
C. Glandular
D. Ciliated
Stratified epithelium is found in areas where the lining is subjected to
some abrasion. E.g. oral cavity, skin, esophagus, vigina, rectum and
anal canal.
34. 2000/1/21 In which one of the following is ciliated epithelium found?
A. Kidney tubules
B. Small intestines
C. Lining of capillaries
D. Lining of alveoli
Small intestine and kidney proximal convoluted tubule contain
microvilli to increase surface area for reabsorption.
35. 2000/1/35 Which of the following gland is compound saccular?
A. mammary gland
B. sebaceous gland
C. sweat gland
D. gastric gland
Compound saccular glands are found
Compound
Mammary glands and pancreas.
saccular
glands

36. 2000/1/37 Which one of the following cell organelle is associates with the final
stage of most cell secretion?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. Ribosome
D. Golgi Apparatus
The main function of Golgi apparatus is collection, packaging and
distribution of molecules synthesized at one location and utilized at
another within the cell or outside it.
37. 1999/1/1 Which of the following is a function of the Golgi body in the cell?
A. Secreting substances out of the cells
B. Synthesis of proteins
C. Assembling of raw materials for secretion
D. Synthesis of carbohydrates
38. 2000/1/2 Which of the following cell types are unlikely to be found in the
mammalian intestines?
A. Columnar
B. Ciliated
C. Stratified
D. Squamous
Squamous tissue is unlikely to be found in the intestines because it is
delicate cannot withstand friction due to passage of food.
39. 1998/1/24 Which one of the following glands has a compound tubular structure?
A. Mucus gland in the skin of frog and other amphibians
B. Salivary gland in the mouth of a mammal
C. Brunner‟s gland in the walls of a mammalian small intestine
D. pancreas
 Compound tubular makes up parts of
the pancreas which secretes digestive Compound
enzyme and mammary gland and tubular gland
salivary gland.

40. 1999/1/25 What role is associated with the endoplasmic reticulum?

A. Site for protein synthesis
B. Isolation and transport of the proteins synthesized
C. Synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids
D. Production of amino acids
Endoplasmic reticulum a frame work of phospholipid bilayer
embedded in protein matrix has the following additional functions.
- Provides large surface area for those chemical reactions in the
cell that depend on membrane system such as photosynthesis
and protein synthesis.
- It provides a frame work of support in the cell.
- Intracellular transport system
- Modification of synthesized proteins to form glycoproteins by
addition of carbohydrate group.
- Manufacture of cell membrane components such as
phospholipids.
41 Which of the following is the main function of the Golgi apparatus in
a living cell?
A. Destruction of worn out cell organelles
B. Synthesis of cell wall components
C. Synthesis of proteins
D. Intracellular transport
42 1997/1/32 Which one of the following epithelial tissue is illustrated in figure
below?

A. Columnar
B. Squamous
C. Cuboidal
D. stratified
43 1997/1/39 Cells with uniformly thickened and lignified walls are likely to be
A. Phloem
B. Parenchyma
C. Collenchyma
D. Sclerenchyma
44. 2015/1/23 Which one of the following plant tissues perform both storage and
support functions?
A. parenchyma
B. sclerenchyma
C. collenchyma
D. phloem
 Turgid parenchyma cells provide support to herbaceous plants.
45. 2014/1/27 The figure below shows an epithelial tissue

The function of the tissue is to

A. Increase surface area for absorption of material
B. Provide smooth lining for movement of materials
C. Act as a junction between different tissues
D. Move materials along the surface
The epithelium shown is a ciliated epithelium. The beating of the cilia
creates a current of fluid which move materials along the surface lined
by this kind of epithelium.
46 2014/1/36 The figure below is a section of a structure from a plant tissue.

The tissue with such a structure is the

A. Collenchyma
B. Parenchyma
C. Phloem
D. Xylem
The structure shown is that a tracheid. Tracheid constitute xylem tissue
47. Viruses resemble living organism because they possess
A. A nucleus
B. Genetic material
C. A cell membrane
D. Oxidative enzymes
Living organism are distinguished from nonliving organisms due to
presence of genetical materials.
48. 201/1/7 A companion cell has a large nucleus because
A. It supports the sieve tube element which has no nucleus
B. It controls a large volume of cytoplasm
C. Movement of material in the sieve tube is active process
D. of its high metabolic rate
The nucleus of a cell controls all metabolic activities of the cell and as
such, the size of the nucleus of s cell is directly proportional to the
metabolic activity of the cell. The companion cell is a site for intense
metabolic activity and thus has a large nucleus.
49. Which one of the following tissues would be stained deepest red by a
dye that stains nucleic acid?
A. Sieve tube
B. Tracheid
C. Collenchyma
D. cambium
Cambium contain dividing cell with high concentration of nucleic acid
especially at prophase when they have double the nucleic acid.
50. 2015/21 Which one of the following plant tissues, have cell with walls least
adapted to support?
A. Sclerenchyma
B. Collenchyma
C. Tracheid
D. Xylem vessels
Sclerenchyma, tracheid and xylem are lignified and as such have
increased tensile strength to provide support to the plant.
Collenchyma tissue only has extra deposition of cellulose and pectin in
cell wall which provide less support compared to lignin.
51. 2014/1/28 Growth in size of a single cell is limited by the
A. Cytoplasm
B. Nucleus
C. Cell wall
D. Cell membrane
The nucleus is directly proportional to the size of the cell because it
directs activities of the cells.
52. 2004/1/18 The tails pf the phospholipids lie in the center of the cell membrane
due to their being
A. Light
B. Hydrophilic
C. Polar
D. Hydrophobic
Hydrophobic or water insoluble
53. 1998/1/10 A young herbaceous stem maintains an erect position mainly due to
A. Lignified tissue in the stem
B. Water pressure in xylem tissue
C. High turgor pressure in the parenchyma cells
D. Low osmotic pressure in the parenchyma cells
54. 2015/1/26 In sponges, the different types of cells are independent of each other in
function because
A. The different cells show division of labor
B. Collar cells maintain the flow of water
C. Sponges are made of collar flagellates
D. The cells are not coordinated
In sponges, the different types of cells are functionally independent of
one another as there is no trace of nervous system to coordinate the
cells.
 This is called colonial organization and sponges are best regarded as
colonies are best regarded as colonies of single cells rather than
multicellular organism.
55 2012/1/8 Which one of the following parts would show a distinct blue color if a
cross section of a dicotyledonous plant was stained with iodine
solution?
A. Pericycle
B. Poriferous layer
C. Endodermis
D. pith
In dicotyledonous plant, endodermis cells are rich in starch grain. Thus
are stained by iodine solution.
57 1996/1/21 Chromophores are
A. reproductive cells
B. fat-containing cells
C. carotenoid containing cells
D. pigment-containing cells in certain vertebrates
 Paper 1 Section B
1. (2013/1/44) (a) Name two areas in plants where each of the following tissue is found?
(i) Sclerenchyma (1mark)
 vascular bundle
 hypodermis of monocotyledonous plant
 pericycle of dicotyledonous plant in form of secondary xylem and secondary
phloem
 sclerenchmatous fibers on the surface of seeds, e.g. cotton
 endocarp of nut
(ii) Collenchyma (1marks)
 In petiole and leaf lamina
 Stems of herbaceous plants
 Hypodermis of dicotyledonous stems, as a complete cylinder encircling the
entire stem in periphery
(b) Give three structural adaptation of the sclerenchyma tissue for its function (3marks)
(i) cells are highly lignified thick walls to provide enough resistance to environment
(ii) cells are dead and therefore place no extra metabolic demand on plant
(iii) sclerenchyma fibres are elongated and arranged in sheets or strands to increase
their strength
(iv) sclerenchyma fibres are interlocked to enhance their combined strength
(c) Explain the importance of collenchyma tissue in leaves and young stems (02marks)
Collenchyma is the strengthening mechanical tissue of leaves and young stems it
supplements the effect of turgid parenchyma in maintaining shape and form of leaves and
young stem.
(d) Outline three structural differences between the chlorenchyma and sclerenchyma
tissue. (03marks)
Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Consist of living cells Consist of dead cells
Cell wall is thickened with cellulose Cell wall is thickened with mainly
lignin
Cell wall thickening is nonuniform Cell wall thickening is uniform
Many contain chloroplast Does not contain chloroplast
Cell cavity is wide Cell cavity is narrow or even closed
Has no pores May be perforated with pores in the
wall
2. (2011/1/43) (a) Describe the adaptations of each of the following tissues for their
functions, giving one example of the site where each of them is found.
(i) Stratified tissue (3marks)
Location
Surface of the skin
Lining of vigina
Lining buccal cavity
Linin upper 3rd of the esophagus.
Adaptations
- Stratified epithelium consists of a number of layers of cells. it is therefore thick forming a
tough impervious barrier.
- Cells are continually replaced from the mitotic divisions of the germinal layer. This
allows the stratified epithelium to withstand friction
- In some areas, the cells on the surface are transformed into a dead horny layer of
keratin, protect the inner cell from friction and water loss.
(ii) Collagen tissue (3marks)
Location
Connective tissues
Tendons
Adaptations
- Consists of collagen fibres which are densely packed in a bundle to provide support to
connective tissue
- The fibres have limited elasticity to provide tensile strength

(b) Explain how the structure of proteins enable them to form body tissues and structures
(4marks)
- Fibrous proteins are used to form body tissue and structures such as muscles because they
are insoluble and have high tensile strength due to coiled and cross linked polypeptide
chains.
- Structural proteins such as keratin have a secondary structure in form of an extended
spiral helices with cross linking disulphide bridges between neighboring chains, this
provide hardness allowing keratin to be found in wool, hair and nails.
3. (1996/1/part B No. 6)
(a)State two important difference which can be recognized under the light microscope
between plant and animal cells

Differences between plant cell and animal cell

Plant Cell Animal cells
1 Has chloroplast Lack chloroplast
2 Has cell wall Lack cell walls
3 Has large central Lack a vacuole or has small vacuoles
vacuole
4 Has starch granule Lack starch granule
5 Nucleus at the side Nucleus centrally placed

(a) (i) Name the membrane-bounded channels which form a network and almost fill the
cytoplasm of most cells and are only recognizable under the electron microscope
Endoplasmic reticulum
(ii) What are the „small granules‟ associated with the channels mentioned in (i) and
what is their function?
Ribosome
C (i) Give one way by which you would recognize the “colloidal state” of protoplasm
Using electron microscope with appropriate dying techniques
(ii) Which constituent of the protoplasm are responsible for its colloidal state?
Proteins and oils
(b) Viewed under the electron microscope, the cell membrane has a three-layered
structure. What is the chemical nature of each of these layers?
Paper 2
1. (2012/1/4) Describe how each of the following tissues are related to their functions
(i) Parenchyma (03marks)
 Have thin, permeable cell walls for transport of materials
 Have air space (are loosely packed) for gaseous exchange
 Have large vacuoles for food storage
 Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
 Cells are approximately spherical in shape to package in small space in
order to provide support to non-woody parts of the plant.
(ii) Collenchyma (03marks)
 Cells are polygonal in outline with deposition of extra cellulose at the
corner to provide mechanical support
 The cells are elongated parallel to the longitudinal axis of t of the organ in
which they are found, providing more support.
 The tissue is living and allow for growth of the plant.
(iii) Sclerenchyma (06marks)
 Cells have cell walls thickened with deposits of lignin. This provides tensile
strength for support
 Have elongated fibres which are arranged into strands or sheets to provide
support to the plant
 The end walls of the cells interlock with each other increasing their
combined strength.
(b) Explain the distribution pattern of mechanical tissue in a stem and root of a
dicotyledonous plant. (08marks)
 In stems, mechanical tissues are found in vascular bundles, pith, cortex and
pericycle around the periphery where they resist compression and extension
as the stem bend.
 In roots, mechanical tissues are arranged in a central stele where they exert a
force that counteract the pull of the shoots which are often blown from side
to side. They also resist compressional forces from the surrounding soil.

2. (2011/2/2) (a) Describe the structure of the plasma membrane according to fluid
mosaic model (10marks)
According to fluid mosaic model the plasma membrane consist:

- A bimolecular phospholipid layer with inwardly directed hydrophobic tails and

outwardly directed hydrophilic heads. This phospholipid layer is capable of much
molecular movement, i.e. is fluid in nature
- A variety of globular proteins molecules with an irregular arrangement within the
bimolecular phospholipid layer. Some proteins occur on the surface of phospholipid
 layer (peripheral or extrinsic proteins) while others extend into it (transmembrane
protein). Viewed from the surface, the proteins are dotted throughout the phospholipid
layer in mosaic arrangement. Hence the name fluid mosaic model.
(b) Explain how exocytosis and endocytosis occur across the plasma membrane.
(05marks)
Exocytosis and endocytosis are process of transport of materials out of and into the
cell respectively. The material involved are those too large to be absorbed by
diffusion or active transport.
During endocytosis, the cell membrane invaginates to form a cup shaped
depression in which material is enclosed. The depression is then pinched off to form
a vacuole in the cytoplasm of a cell. If the material taken in is a solid, this is called
phagocytosis. And if the material taken is a liquid, the process is called pinocytosis.
During exocytosis, a vacuole containing material to be excreted fuses with cell
membrane from within. The membranes unite and open up the vacuole releasing the
contents to the outside.
(c) Explain the role of proteins within plasma membranes. (05marks)
- they provide structural support for the membrane. By various interactions, they
help to anchor the phospholipid bimolecular layer.
- They assist in active transport of materials across the membranes by acting as
channels through which especially hydrophilic materials pass
- In combination with carbohydrates, as glycoproteins, they act as recognition sites.
- They act as enzymes, catalyzing many membrane-associated reactions.
- They facilitate diffusion by acting as channels and carriers.
- They act as transducers. For example, proteins of the electron transport system in
mitochondria
- They act as electron carriers in many reactions.

3. (2010/2/2) (a) Describe the structure of the vascular system in higher plants (7marks)
The vascular system in higher plants consists of two types of vascular tissue, the xylem
and phloem.
- The xylem contains two types of conducting cells: tracheid and vessel elements. Both
types of conducting cells are hollow, nonliving, and lack end walls. They are connected
end to end to form continuous pipelines for water and mineral salts transport. The xylem
elements have lignified side walls which are perforated by numerous border pits.
- The conducting cells of phloem are sieve tubes, each associated with a companion cell.
Sieve -tube cells contain cytoplasm but no nuclei. Strands of cytoplasm called
plasmodesmata, extend from one cell to another through the sieve pores in the sieve
plates.
- The vascular system extends from the roots to the leaves and vice versa. In roots, the
vascular tissue is located in the vascular cylinder; in stems, it forms a avascular bundle.
And in leaves, it is found in leaf veins.

(b) How is the stem in (a) adapted to its function? (13marks)

Adaptations of xylems to its functions
- Its cells have no end walls to allow unimpeded flow of water.
- Lignin in the cellulose side walls makes it impermeable to water and solutes. This
prevents wastage during transport.
- Having spiral an annular thickening gives a high tensile strength and prevents the
vessel from collapsing.
- Presence of pits allow water in and out of the lumen.
- Lignin also strengthen the vessels in order to give structural support to the plant.
- Have elongated cylindrical cells for continuous flow of water
- Torus in bordered pits act as a plug for controlling passage of water in some
plants
Adaptations of phloem to its functions
- The sieve tubes are elongated, cylindrical cells connected, end to end. Their end
walls have perforated sieve plates to allow easy flow of materials
- The sieve tubes have no nuclei to create room for movement of materials
- Within the lumen of sieve elements are cytoplasmic filaments/strands which are
continuous rom cell to cell to enable continuous flow of materials.
- The companion cells have nuclei and other organelles. They control the flow of
materials through the phloem sieve tubes.
4. (2010/2/4) (a) Explain how organisms have overcome the challenges of being
multicellular. (12 marks)
These challenges have been overcome in the followings:
(i) There is division of labor, different cells being adapted to perform specific
functions. This has improved efficiency in co-ordination of life-sustain
process.
(ii) Specialized respiratory surfaces have been developed to enhance gaseous
exchange
(iii) A specialized transport system has been developed to move gases and other
materials to and from the body cells. For example, in higher plants and
animals
(iv) In some, the body is flattened, thus reducing between the two body surfaces
enhancing the process of diffusion. For example, in flatworm and leaves of
plants
(v) A specialized supporting system such as a skeleton in most animals has been
developed to provide support, protect and assist locomotion of the organism.
 (vi) In some, the body is constructed such that the tissues are thin. This reduces
the diffusion distance. For example, in hydra.
(vii) In some, there exist a system by which the external medium is brought into the
body so that it comes into intimate contact with all tissue in order to enhance
exchange of materials by diffusion. For example, tracheal system.
(b) Explain the movement of animals from place to place (08marks)
(i) to find food
(ii) to avoid being captured by predator
(iii) to find new favorable habitat
(iv) to look for suitable mates
(v) to avoid overcrowding or intraspecific competition.

4. (1999/2/2)
(a) Describe the structure of cartilages and bones.
Structure of cartilages
 Cartilages consist of a tough, transparent and homogenous matrix called chondrin
formed of a special glycoprotein, chondromucoid.
 The matrix is secreted by chondrocytes enclosed in fluid filled spaces called
Lucina
 Cartilages are bound externally by white fibrous connective tissue called
perichondrium.
 Blood vessels are present in the perichondrium but not in the matrix.
Structure of bone

(i) The bone is made of a hard matrix and cells.

(ii) The matrix of compact bone is made of collagen fibers together with inorganic
substances such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorous. These components are
arranged in concentric circles called lamellae, around an Haversian canal
containing an artery, a vein, lymph vessel and nerve fibers.
(iii) Bone cells or osteocytes are found in spaces in the lamellae known as lacunae
and fine channels called canaliculi link lacunae.
(iv) The system of lamellae around one Haversian canal is called an Haversian
system.
(v) The bone is enclosed in a tough sheath called periosteum which contain blood and
lymphatic vessels.

(b) How is cartilage replaced by bone?

(i) the process by which cartilages is replace by bone is called endochondral
ossification.
(ii) A primary center of ossification appears in the middle of the shaft. The
chondroblasts arranged in rows, divide rapidly, and become hypertrophied.
(iii) Calcium and phosphates salts are laid down in the matrix.
(iv) These changes begin in the center and move outwards. At this stage, we have
calcified cartilage and the perichondrium becomes periosteum
 (v) Osteoblast lay down fibers on the surface of cartilage.
(vi) Cartilage then become calcified to form a compact bone.
(vii) Osteoclasts erode through bones into cartilage to make canals for blood vessels
(viii) Osteoblast deposit bone salts in the spaces created to be able to strengthen the
bone.
6. (a) Describe the fluid mosaic structure of the plasma membrane. (10marks)
The fluid mosaic model of the cell
- The cell membrane is about 7nm thick
- It consists of a continuous phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are scattered in
a mosaic manner.
- Proteins penetrate through the bilayer at a varying degree to form intrinsic and
extrinsic proteins
- Intrinsic proteins are those that penetrate through the bilayer while extrinsic
proteins are those that float on top as islands in a sea.
(b) How does the structure account for the movement of materials in and out of the
cells.
- Lipid soluble substances are freely permeable in the lipid membranes.
- Water soluble substances are facilitated by carrier proteins.
- Ionic substances are taken by active transport through the protein channel
- The phospholipid by bilayer can invaginate to form a cup to take in solid or
liquid particles that cannot be taken in by diffusion.

7. (2007/2/3) Explain how the epithelial tissue is adapted for its function. (20marks)
In this question structural modification of epithelial tissue to fit different functions are
required
- Epithelial tissues serve to protect underlying tissues from mechanical injury, desiccation
and chemical injury
- It has compact cells with tight junctions to form an impervious barrier. It is also made in
several layers of cells impregnated with keratin in in some part of the body (skin) to
increase strength of the cover.
- As absorptive epithelia in the intestine, genital tract contains numerous villi or cilia to
increase surface area for absorption.
- Secretory epithelia are packed with secretory substances to secrete mucus or digestive
enzyme.
- Some epithelia are modified into exoskeleton structures such as nails, scales, hair, etc.
- Epithelia lining alveoli (squamous epithelia) is thin and single celled to facilitate
diffusion of gases.
 - Some epithelia have hairy structures that serve as sensory structures for example hair on
skin, and in nose detect stimuli.
- Epithelia tissue provide pigmentation to the body for example skin
- Some epithelial tissue makes in-folding in the underlying surface to form channels or
ducts which they secret their substance as glands
- Transitional epithelial found in the renal pelvis, urinary bladder and parts of the urethra
has a few layers of flattened cells which are mobile over one another to help in distension
of the organ.
- Stratified squamous epithelium is subjected to high forces of wear and tear and has a
rapid dividing basal layer of cells that divides and replaces those that die and shed of
daily.

8. 1995/2/2
(a) Outline the changes in cell structure, which lead to formation of mature vascular tissues in
higher plants.
- Vascular tissues in higher plants develop from vascular cambium.
- Vascular cambium divides mitotically into three layers of cells. The inner layer
eventually differentiates into secondary xylem and phloem. The middle layer remains
meristematic.
- After cambial division,
o Cells destined to form xylem vessel elongate and develop thickened
secondary wall. The walls are later lignified. The cell content dies and
cross section walls degenerate to form continuous open tube.

o Cells destined to become sieve elements elongate, most cell organelles

degenerate leaving cytoplasmic filament. The plasmodesmata of the
end wall widen forming sieve pores.

(b) Give structural differences between xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes.
Xylem vessels Phloem tissues
Are open ended with no cross walls Cross walls perforated with pits found
between cells
Cells are large and wide Cells very small and narrow
Cells have pits in the walls Pits occur only on the sieve plate
Cells are dead and contain no cytoplasm Cells are living and contain cytoplasm
Form annular rings and sclereids None is formed on the phloem
No companion cells Have companion cells
(c) State three evidences in support of the phloem as the channel of transport of organic material.
(i) Ringing experiment show accumulation of materials in the upper part of the ring
/girdle on the stem
 (ii) Feeding of aphids and analysis of sap from aphid stylets indicate presence of organic
material.
(iii) Killing the back with steam/poisonous chemicals stops the process of translocation.
(iv) Use of tracers‟ technique such as radioactive carbon-14, if radioactive carbon-14
carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, products can be traced in photosynthesis.

Answers to the objective type questions

1 B 11 B 21 A 31 A 41 B
2 B 12 D 22 B 32 B 42 B
3 D 13 A 23 33 A 43 D
4 B 14 A 24 B 34 A 44 A
5 A 15 B 25 C 35 A 45 D
6 B 16 D 26 B 36 D 46 D
7 D 17 D 27 D 37 C 47 B
8 C 18 B 28 B 38 D 48 D
9 D 19 C 29 C 39 D 49 D
10 B 20 A 30 C 40 B 50 B
51 B 52 D 53 C 54 D 55 C
56