Abstract

In the present generation, the social life of everyone has become associated with the online

social networks. Adding new friends and keeping in contact with them and their updates

has become easier. The online social networks have impact on the science, education,

grassroots organizing, employment, business, etc. Researchers have been studying these

online social networks to see the impact they make on the people. Teachers can reach the

students easily through this making a friendly environment for the students to study,

teachers nowadays are getting themselves familiar to these sites bringing online classroom

pages, giving homework, making discussions, etc. which improves education a lot. The

employers can use these social networking sites to employ the people who are talented and

interested in the work, their background check can be done easily. Social Networks are

gaining more momentum in businesses around the world and has become one of the most

used and popular platforms of digital marketing and to check the latest trends among the

public and to better understand what people wants. Fake Social Profiles are increasing

rapidly that spreads fake news and information over this growing channel
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

A social networking site is a website where each user has a profile and can keep in

contact with friends, share their updates, meet new people who have the same interests.

These Online Social Networks (OSN) uses web2.0 technology, which allows users to

interact with each other.

These social networking sites are growing rapidly and changing the way people keep in

contact with each other. The online communities bring people with same interests together

which makes users easier to make new friends

History

These social networking sites starting with http://www.sixdegrees.com in 1997, then came

http://www.makeoutclub.com in 2000. Sixdegrees.com couldnt survive much and closed

very soon but new sites like myspace, LinkedIn, Bebo became successful and facebook

was launched in 2004 and presently it is the largest social networking site in the world

Social Impact

In the present generation, the social life of everyone has become associated with the online

11
social networks. These sites have made a drastic change in the way we pursue our social

life. Adding new friends and keeping in contact with them and their up- dates has become

easier.

The online social networks have impact on the science, education, grassroots organiz- ing,

employment, business, etc. Researchers have been studying these online social networks to

see the impact they make on the people. Teachers can reach the stu- dents easily through

this making a friendly environment for the students to study, teachers now-a-days teachers

are getting themselves familiar to these sites bringing online classroom pages, giving

homework, making discussions, etc. which improves education a lot. The employers can

use these social networking sites to employ the people who are talented and interested in

the work, their background check can be done easily using this. Most of the OSN are free

but some charge the membership fee and uses this for business purposes and the rest of

them raise money by using the advertising. This can be used by the government to get the

opinions of the public quickly.

The examples of these social networking sites are sixdegrees.com, The Sphere, Nex- opia

which is used in Canada, Bebo, Hi5, Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+,

Orkut, Tuenti used in Spain, Nasza-Klasa in Poland, Cyworld mostly used in Asia, etc. are

some of the popular social networking sites.

There are many social networking sites are available through which we build a network

among various people around us this is known as social network. Thousands of social sites

are available Nowadays for ex. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Whatsapp and many more.

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Social network is becoming a business even many persons run their work with the help of

this network. We can attach intentionally or unintentionally with many people on the

social network. Social networks having many advantages and disadvantages also. Due to

our daily requirement whether it could be official or unofficially we are dependent on the

social networking sites. Facebook is one of the most popular social networking sites and

most commonly used and Facebook was perhaps the first that surpassed the landmark of 1

billion user accounts. Apart from the ability to network with friends and relatives you also

relate with many unknown users and different applications are available to promote your

business brand and products by using Facebook ads. But recently there is a major issue

which arise trust issue about millions of users which are accessing Facebook whether they

are trusted or not. We discuss about trust issue in this paper. Here the motive is to just

predict that whether the person created account is trusted or not many of the surveys had

been done on this and on the recently research according to that trust issues are still alive.

Because of huge amount of data is available on the Facebook. So, it is not easy to predict

whether the Facebook account is fake or not. We tried to predict fake accounts on

Facebook using machine learning. According to Facebook privacy and security policies. It

ensures to people that the profile which is created is not fake while creating accounts on

Facebook. Facebook rights and responsibilitiesusers should provide their real and rigid

information. Once they created their profiles. Even due to this policies also, there are many

fake accounts also created. We discuss briefly on this topic about fake Facebook profiles in

this paper, we focused on the problem of how predicting fake accounts and presenting a

smart predicting system to handle this problem based on prediction and classification

13
technique of data mining. Our work is motivated by works presented. In where researchers

presenting a smart detection system (FB Checker) to predict our motive is to better analyze

data and to improve predictions on fake profiles and to develop better technique which

precisely predict fake accounts on Facebook

Statistics

These online social networks are growing rapidly and there are more than 160 major social

network websites exist in the world. 300 million active accounts in Facebook, 50

Issues

The social networking sites are making our social lives better but nevertheless there are a

lot of issues with using these social networking sites. The issues are privacy, online

bullying, potential for misuse, trolling, etc. These are done mostly by using fake profiles.

Motivation and Objective

In todays online social networks there have been a lot of problems like fake profiles,

online impersonation, etc. Till date, no one has come up with a feasible solution to these

problems.

In this project we intend to give a framework with which the automatic detection of fake

profiles can be done so that the social life of people become secured and by using this

automatic detection technique we can make it easier for the sites to manage the huge

number of profiles, which cant be done manually.

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Nowadays, Online Social Media is dominating the world in several ways. Day by day the

number of users using social media is increasing drastically. The main advantage of online

social media is that we can connect to people easily and communicate with them in a better

way. This provided a new way of a potential attack, such as fake identity, false

information, etc.A recent survey suggest that the number of accounts present in the social

media is much greater than the users using it.This suggest that fake accounts have been

increased in the recent years. Online social media providers face difficulty in identifying

these fake accounts. The need for identifying these fake accounts is that social media is

flooded with false information, advertisements, etc

In today's world, Online Social Media is king in a number of forms the number of people

who use the service is growing every day. The use of social media is skyrocketing. The

primary benefit is that we can easily communicate with people via online social media and

communicate with them in a more effective manner. This opened up a new avenue of a

possible attack, such as a forged identity, false information and so on. According to a

recent study, the number of accounts in the number of people who use social media is

much higher than the number of people who use it. These fake accounts are difficult to

detect for online social media providers. Since social media is flooded with false

information, ads, and other types of content, it is essential to recognise these fake accounts.

From an online social media dataset, we offer a method for detecting fraudulent accounts.

We employed boosting methods to improve the accuracy of the standard technique, rather

than employing typical machine learning classifiers.

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16
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Fake profiles are the profiles which are not genuine i.e. they are profiles of persons who

claim to be someone they are not, doing some malicious and undesirable activity, causing

problems to the social network and fellow users.

Why do people create fake profiles ?

2.1Social Engineering

Social Engineering in terms of security means the art of stealing confidential infor- mation

from people or gaining access to some computer system mostly not by using technical

skills but by manipulating people themselves in divulging information. The hacker doesnt

need to come face to face with the user to do this.

The social engineering techniques are like Pretexting, Diversion theft, phishing, bait- ing,

quid pro quo, tailgating, etc.

Eg: Creating a profile of some person X not in some online social networking site like

facebook. Adding the friends of the X in facebook and making them believe that its the

profile of X. They can get the private information meant for only X by commu- nicating

with Xs friends in facebook. yahoo news which shows the best example of social

engineering done using an online social network facebook, in which some spies created a

17
fake facebook account in the name of James Stavridis, the chief of NATO. They sent

requests to many other officials in NATO and some officials in other important

organizations and are able to extract a lot of important information.

2.2Online impersonation to defame a person

The other reason why people create fake profiles is to defame the persons they do not like.

People create profiles in the name of the people they dont like and post abusive posts and

pictures on their profiles misleading everyone to think that the person is bad and thus

defaming the person.

Fig 2.2 shows the screenshot from a website which shows that a man named Mohammad

Osman Ali has created a fake profile of a woman in Facebook and tried to defame her. The

police finally caught and arrested him. This shows a very serious problem existing now-a-

days

Advertising and Campaigning

Imagine a scenario where a movie is released and one of your friends in facebook posted

that the movie was awesome. This makes a first impression on you that the movie is good

and you would want to watch it. This is how advertising and campaigning works through

OSN.

The review posted by a genuine user is always desirable but these reviews when posted by

fake profiles and completely undesirable.

Assume that Fig 2.3 shows a social graph where the blue nodes shown are real profiles, the

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red circled profiles show fake profiles and the edges show the connections between them.

If the fake profiles start advertising a brand or campaigning for some politician then the

users connected to the fake profiles are misled in believing them. Inturn the profiles who

didnt add the fake profiles are effected using the mutual connections.

screenshot, which shows the post in Newyork Times showing the most successful internet

campaigning done by Obama which collected around 500 million dollars of election fund

for him. Obama might not have used fake profiles in his internet campaigning but this

shows the power of internet campaigning. Imagine a case where a non deserving candidate

used this fake profiles to campaign. That is a

very highly undesirable situation.

2.3 Social Bots

Social bots are semi-automatic or automatic computer programs that replicate the human

behavior in OSN. These are used mostly by hackers now-a-days to attack online social

networks. These are mostly used for advertising, campaigning purposes and to steal users

personal data in a large scale.

These social bots communicate with each other and are controlled by a program called

botmaster. The botmaster may or may not have inputs from a human attacker. The social

bots look like human profiles with a randomly chosen human name, randomly chosen

human profile picture and the profile information posted randomly from a list prepared

from before by the attacker. These social bots send requests to random users from a list.

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When someone accepts the request, they send requests to the friends of the user who

accepted the request, which increases the acceptance rate due to existence of mutual

friends.

Recently a researcher from university of british Columbia made a social botnet of 103 bots

in facebook and added 3000 friends in just 8 weeks. He was able to extract around 250 GB

of personal data of users. This shows the extent of the applications of social bots by the

attackers.

Facebook Imune System(FIS)

When we consider facebook, it has its own security system to protect its users from

spamming, phishing, etc. and this is called facebook immune system. FIS does real

time checks on every single click and every read and write operation done by it. This is

around 25 Billion checks per day and as high as 620,000 checks per minute at peak as of

may, 2011.

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the adversarial cycle in which the top part is controlled by the attacker and the bottom part

shows the response by the FIS to control the attack, which when detected by the attacker,

he/she mutates the attack and attacks it again. This goes on like a cycle and is never

ending. FIS is able to detect the spam, malware and phishing produced by the

compromised ad fake accounts. They are actually able to reduce the spam to less than 0.4

FIS is not successful in detecting the social bots and the fake accounts created by humans.

This can be seen by the example mentioned above where a researcher created

103 social bots to collect a lot of personal data of users and facebook couldnt detect this

attack.

2.4 FAKE ACCOUNT DETECTION USING MACHINE LEARNING:

The gradient boosting algorithm is similar to the random forest algorithm in that it relies

heavily on decision trees. We have modified the way we find fake accounts, using new

approaches to locate them. Spam commenting, interaction rate, and artificial behaviour are

some of the techniques used. The gradient boosting algorithm uses these inputs to build

decision trees, which are then used in the gradient boosting algorithm. Even if some inputs

are missing, this algorithm produces a result. This is the primary reason for using this

algorithm. We were able to obtain extremely accurate results by using this algorithm.

XGBoost and GBM performed brilliantly when compared with the previous work. It

outperforms the accuracy of fake account identification by a large margin even with the

default values of the hyperparameters provided in. Finally, we achieved a better result than

earlier attempts.

The main objective of this paper is to detect fake accounts. Gradient boosting algorithm is

21
used in this project to detect fake accounts accurately. Identifying these fake accounts is

that social media is flooded with false information, advertisements

As proposed earlier, this detection method uses gradient boost and extreme gradient

boosting algorithms to detect fake accounts. The technologies we have used are Python

and Python’s Standard libraries like Numpy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Scipy and Sklearn. A.

Python Python is our major programming language. It is used for our dataset to detect fake

accpounts. It provides various tools and libraries that help in detecting fake accounts upto

high accuracy levels.

To produce final predictions, a Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) combines predictions

from multiple decision trees. Keep in mind that in a gradient boosting machine, all of the

poor learners are decision trees.But how is using a hundred decision trees better than using

a single decision tree if we're using the same algorithm? What are the different ways that

different decision trees capture different signals/information from data? The trick is that

each node in the decision tree uses a different subset of features to choose the best split.

This means that the individual trees aren't all the same, and they can absorb different

signals from the data as a result. EXTREME GRADIENT BOOSTING MACHINE

(XGBM): Another widely used boosting algorithm is XGBoost (Extreme Gradient

Boosting). In reality, XGBoost is just a tweaked GBM algorithm! XGBoost follows the

same steps as GBM in terms of operation. XGBoost builds trees in a sequential fashion,

attempting to fix previous trees errors. However, there are a few features that render

XGBoost slightly superior to GBM:One of the most significant differences between

XGBM and GBM is that XGBM uses parallel pre-processing (at the node level), making it

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faster. Regularization strategies in XGBoost help to reduce overfitting and improve overall

efficiency. Setting the XGBoost algorithm's hyperparameters allows you to choose the

regularisation technique.

.2.5 Fake Profile Identification in Online Social Networks:

There is a tremendous increase in technologies these days.. Mobiles are becoming smart.

Technology is associated with online social networks which has become a part in every

one’s life in making new friends and keeping friends , their interests are known easier. But

this increase in networking online make many problems like faking their profiles, online

impersonation having become more and more in present days. Users are fed with more

unnecessary knowledge during surfing which are posted by fake users. Researches have

observed that 20% to 40% profiles in online social networks like facebook are fake

profiles. Thus this detection of fake profiles in online social networks results into solution

using frameworks. Online social media is the place each person has a outlook then be able

to keep connecting their relations, transfer their updates, join with the people having same

likes. Online Social Networks makes use of front end technologies, which permits

permanency accounts in accordance with to know each other. Facebook, Twitter are

developing along with humans to maintain consultation together with all others. The

online accounts welcome people including identical hobbies collectively who makes users

easier after perform current friends. Gaming and entertaining web sites which have extra

followers unintentionally that means more fan base and supreme ratings. Ratings drives

online account holders to understand newer approaches not naturally or manually to

compete more with their neighbours. By these analogies , the maximum famous candidate

23
in an election commonly get more number of votes. Happening of fake social media

accounts and interests may be known. Instance is fake online account being sold on-line at

a online market places for minimum price , brought from collaborative working offerings.

More often feasible to have Twitter fans and Facebook media likes in online. Fake user

accounts may be created by humans or computers like bots , cyborgs. Cyborg is half bot

and half human account. These accounts are usually opened by human, but their actions

are made by bots. The another reason for people to create fake profiles for defaming

accounts they dislike. This type of users create accounts with the username of the people

they hate and post irrelevant stories and snap shots on their accounts to redirect everybody

so that they assume that particular person is awful and make their reputation low. Most

attackers are in it to make money. They make money by distributing unwanted ads (spam)

or capturing accounts they can reuse or resale (phishing). Spammers gather resources to

know fake and real users, email ids ,ip locations and computing knowledge power. Every

one of these advantages can have a huge expense related with them, and an assault, similar

to any business adventure, needs benefit to continue onward. Attackers more often use

facebook logins, applications, Events, Group users to gather login credentials, spam users,

and ultimately gain profits. They need email records, treats, and a wide scope of IP

delivers to go around notoriety based protections. Moreover, they use telephone numbers,

taken charge cards, and CAPTCHA arrangements trying to go around validation checks.

Facebook security privileges its system to gather users to prevent spams and fishing

accounts. Facebook Immune System does continuous minds all gather and each its activity

made by it. Social bot is a known that stops and controls social online accounts. Bots

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socially is an auto generated software. Precised way a social account duplicates relies upon

at the social media, also in contrast to general bot, a social bot interacting more in different

customers that the social bot is a actual man or woman. More auto generated programs or

semi generated computer programs that duplicate the human behaviour in Social media. So

to use them hackers attack online social networks. Thus primarily used for campaign,

advertise and also thieve user non-public in more large scales. The bot online master

gather inputs because of attackers. Cyborg bots appear like accounts of human from

random calls of human, often selected human users image and user records published more

often from collective accounts to be prepare from before online account attackers. Cyborg

bots ship gather random users. If a person acknowledge the request from user, ship to get

request of the account who agree request, will increase popularity price because of

lifestyles of mutual friends.

2.7 A dataset for the detection of fake profiles on social networking services.:

—The use of multiple social media platforms is a common practice on more than two-third

of all Internet users, according to OurWorld In Data. From this perspective, the

verification of a real profile is a matter of growing interest, because false virtual identity

could trigger problems such as spoofing, bots, grooming, sextortion, just to name a few.

This paper presents a method to detect fake profiles on social media platforms by

deploying some machine learning detection methods over a novel dataset. The dataset was

designed with 17 metadata features from real and fake profiles and it was tested on

Instagram profiles. After deploying different machine learning algorithms, the obtained

25
detection rate was near to 96% with good false positive rates.

Online impersonating or identity theft has become a bigger problem with each year that

passes. According to [1] impersonating and phishing are becoming uprising threats

because of the evolution of technology. This evolution is helping these kind of attacks to

become more and sofisticated and thats why security technologies have to evolve too.

Also, the consecuences of this kind of online attacks may keep becoming worse as their

scope grows, embracing the stealing of personal information and money. According to the

proposal of [2], this type of attack mostly represents a challenge for authentication

methods in different types of networks and also for the early detection of cases of

impersonation and phishing. This can be achieved through the implementation of different

technologies such as PHY security in IoT systems. All this taking into account the factors

of efficiency and robustness of authentication. Impersonation, phishing and other kind of

problems can be found in social networks too and they are becoming the most used tool for

this malicious purposes because of the social networks increasing usage. As said in [3],

social networks such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and tumblr are some of the most used

social networks having millions of connections in just one day. Millions of people using

social networks are mostly unaware of the dangers and security risks that exists in this

types Project funded by El Bosque University of communications. These risks include

privacy risks, fake profiles, sexual harassment among others. Personal information stealing

and impersonation are strongly related problems as one can derivate from the other. In [3],

expose a hypothetical of creation of a fake Facebook profile and the privacy consequences

it may have is included. Exposed step by step, the attacker created a profile with detailed

26
false information and tried to establish contact with the victim by sending a friend request.

In this case, if the victim agrees, part of the information is automatically exposed.

Additionally if the attacker tries to dig deeper, more sensitive information can be exposed

to an unwanted third party. All the information extracted using this technique, such as lists

of friends, places of work and study, can be used for future and wider attacks or simply as

a collection of valuable information. Fake profiles are not always managed by a person,

these profiles can be bots that mimic human behavior and are in charge of accumulating

information from different users. In [3] it is mentioned that these bots are also often used

to cause massive spam, manipulation of social network statistics and sudden increases in

server traffic. additionally, friend lists are often used to expand and multiply the impact of

the consequences of these bots. Another bot related attack that can be made using any

social networks fake accounts it’s called Sybil attack. According to [4] this kind of attack

seeks for establishing a huge and solid fake accounts network to later attempt to

manipulate the system in ways it is not meant to be manipulated. In fact, this is contrary to

the most common rule on social media wich dictates that one user can have one account

only. After establishing these fake accounts into the network by sending an enormous

quantity of friend requests or follow request, these fake accounts become more a more

trustfull cause they have been building relevance in the selected platform. Additionally as

stated in [4], this accounts can be used to manipulate poll results and for spreading false

27
CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

EXSISITNG SYSTEM:

Social networking sites like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter etc.., where each user has a

profile and can keep in contact with friends, share their updates, meet new people who

have the same interests. These Online Social Networks (OSN) use web2.0 technology,

which allows users to interact with each other. Social networking sites are growing rapidly

and changing the way people keep in contact with each other. But some cyber criminals

use this technology in a wrong way and one among them is taking details of women

including their profile picture. Using those details they create a fake account and start

misusing in the name of the victim. To prevent this we have proposed a model which helps

to identify fake accounts.The social network, a crucial part of our life is plagued by online

impersonation and fake accounts. According to the ‘Community Standards Enforcement

Report’ published by Facebook on March 2018, about 583 million fake accounts were

taken down just in quarter 1 of 2018 and as many as 3-4% of its active accounts during this

time were still fake. In this project, we propose a model that could be used to classify an

account as fake or genuine. This model uses Support Vector Machine as a classification

technique and can process a large dataset of accounts at once, eliminating the need to

evaluate each account manually. The community of concern to us here is Fake Accounts

28
and our problem can be said to be a classification or a clustering problem.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:

The Application Domain of the following project was Community Detection. Community

detection is key to understanding the structure of complex networks, and ultimately

extracting useful information from them. In this project, we came up with a framework

through which we can detect a fake profile using machine learning algorithms so that the

social life of people become secured.

1. Classification starts from the selection of profile that needs to be classified.

2. Once the profile is selected, the useful features are extracted for the purpose of

classification.

3. The extracted features are then fed to trained classifier.

4. Classifier is trained regularly as new data is fed into the classifier.

5. Classifier then determines whether the profile is genuine or fake.

6. The result of classification algorithm is then verified and feedback is fed back into the

classifier.

7. As the number of training data increases the classifier becomes more and more accurate

in predicting the fake profiles.

FLOW DIAGRAM

29
APPLICATIONS:

The social networking sites are making our social lives better but nevertheless there are a

lot of issues with using these social networking sites.

The issues are privacy, online bullying, potential for misuse, trolling, etc. These are done

mostly by using fake profiles.

In this project, we came up with a framework through which we can detect a fake profile

using machine learning algorithms so that the social life of people become secured.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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CHAPTER 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

PYTHON 3.7:

Python is an interpreter, high-level, general-purpose programming language. Created by

Guido van Rossum and first released in 1991, Python's design philosophy emphasizes code

readability with its notable use of significant whitespace.

Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has efficient high-

level data structures and a simple but effective approach to object- oriented programming.

Python’s elegant syntax and dynamic typing, together with its interpreted nature, make it

an ideal language for scripting and rapid application development in manya reason most

platforms and

may be freely distributed. The same site also contains distributions of and pointers to many

free third party Python modules, programs and tools, and additional documentation. The

Python interpreter is easily extended with new functions and data types implemented in C

or C++ (or other languages callable from C). Python is also suitable as an extension

language for customizable applications. This tutorial introduces the reader informally to

the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a

Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so

the tutorial can be read off- line as well. For a description of standard objects and modules,

see library-index. Reference-index gives a more formal definition of the language. To

write extensions in C or C++, read extending-index and c-api-index. There are also several

books covering Python in depth. This tutorial does not attempt to be comprehensive and

32
cover every single feature, or even every commonly used feature. Instead, it introduces

many of Python’s most notes worthy features, and will give you a good idea of the

language’s flavor and style. After reading it, you will be able to read and write Python

modules and programs, and you will be ready to learn more about the various Python

library modules described in library-index. If you do much work on computers, eventually

you find that there’s some task you’d like

to automate. For example, you may wish to perform a search-and-replace over a large

number of text files, or rename and rearrange a bunch of photo files in a complicated way.

Perhaps you’d like to write a small custom database, or a specialized

GUI application or a simple game. If you’re a professional software developer, you may

have to work with several C/C++/Java libraries but find the usual write/compile/test/re-

compile cycle is too slow. Perhaps you’re writing a test suite for such a library and find

writing the testing code a tedious task. Or maybe you’ve written a program that could use

an extension language, and you don’t want to design and implement a whole new language

for your application.

Typing an end-of-file character (Control-D on Unix, Control-Z on Windows) at the

primary prompt causes the interpreter to exit with a zero exit status. If that doesn’t work,

you can exit the interpreter by typing the following command: quit(). The interpreter’s

line-editing features include interactive editing, history substitution and code completion

on systems that support read line. Perhaps the quickest check to see whether command line

editing is supported is typing Control-P to the first Python prompt you get. If it beeps, you

have command line editing; see Appendix Interactive Input Editing and History

33
Substitution for an introduction to the keys. Ifnothing appears to happen, or if ^P is

echoed, command line editing isn’t available; you’ll only be able to use backspace to

remove characters from the current line. The interpreter operates somewhat like the Unix

shell: when called with standard input connected to a tty device, it reads and executes

commands interactively; when called with a file name argument or with a file as standard

input, it reads and executes a script from that file. A second way of starting the interpreter

is python -c command [arg] ..., which executes the statement(s) in command, analogous to

the shell’s -c option. Since Python statements often contain spaces or other characters that

are special to the shell, it is usually advised to quote commands in its

entiretywithsinglequotes.SomePythonmodulesarealsousefulasscripts. These can be invoked

using python-m module [arg]...,which executes the source file for the module as if you had

spelled out its full name on the command line. When a script file is used, it is sometimes

useful to be able to run the script and enter interactive mode afterwards. This can be done

by passing -i before the script.

There are tools which use doc strings to automatically produce online or printed

documentation or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to

include doc strings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a

function introduces a new symbol table usedfor the local variables of the function. More

precisely, all variable assignments in a functions to read the value in the local symbol

table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local

symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the

table of built-in names. Thus, global variables cannot be directly assigned a value within a

34
function (unless named in a global statement), although they may be referenced. The actual

parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the

called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the

value is always an object reference, not the value of the object).1 When a function calls

another function, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition

introduces the function name in the current symbol table. The value of the function name

has a type that is recognized by the interpreter as a user-defined function. This value can

be assigned to another name which can then also be used as a function.

Annotations are stored in the annotations attribute of the function as a dictionary and

haven o effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a

colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the

annotation. Return annotationsare defined by a literal ->, followed by an expression,

between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement.

The comparison operators in and not in check whether a value occurs (does not occur) in a

sequence. The operator is and does not compare whether two objects are really the same

object; this only matters for mutable objects like lists. All comparison operators have the

same priority, which is lower than that of all numerical operators. Comparisons can be

chained. For example,a<b==ctestswhetheraislessthanbandmoreoverbequalsc. Comparisons

may be combined using the Boolean operators and the outcome of a comparison (or of any

other Boolean expression) may be negated with not. These have lower priorities than

comparison operators; between them, not has the highest priority and or the lowest, so that

A and not B or C is equivalent to (A and (not B)) or C. As always, parentheses can be used

35
to express the desired composition. The Boolean operators and are so-called short-circuit

operators: their arguments are evaluated from left to right, and evaluation stops as soon as

the outcome is determined. For example, if A and C are true but Bis false, A and B and C

does not evaluate the expression C. When used as a general value and not as a Boolean,

the return value of a short-circuit operator is the last evaluated argument.

Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality together. Creating a new class

creates a new type of object, allowing new instances of that type to be made. Each class

instance can have attributes attached to it for maintaining its state. Class instances can also

have methods (defined by its class) for modifying its state. Compared with other

programming languages, Python’s class mechanism adds classes with a minimum of new

syntax and semantics. It is a mixture of the class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3.

Python classes provide all the standard features of Object Oriented Programming: the class

inheritance mechanism allows multiple base classes, a derived class can override any

methods of its base class or classes, and a method can call the method of a base class with

the same name. Objects can contain arbitrary amounts and kinds of data. As is true for

modules, classes partake of the dynamic nature of Python: they are created at runtime, and

can be modified further after creation. In C++ terminology, normally class members

(including the data members) are public (except see below Private Variables), and all

member functions are virtual. A sin Modula-3, there are no short hands for referencing the

object’s members from its methods: the method function is declared with an explicit first

argument representing the object, which is provided implicitly by the call. A sin Small

talk, classes themselves are objects. This providesSemantics for importing and renaming.

36
Unlike C++ and Modula-3, built-in types can be used as base classes for extension by the

user. Also, like in C++, most built-in operators with special syntax (arithmetic operators,

sub scripting etc.) can be redefined for class instances.(Lacking universally accepted

terminology to talk about classes, I will make occasional use of Smalltalk and C++ terms. I

would use Modula-3 terms, since its object- oriented semantics are closer to those of

Python than C++, but I expect that few readers have heard of it.)

Objects have individuality, and multiple names (in multiple scopes) can be bound to the

same object. This is known as aliasing in other languages. This is usually not appreciated

on a first glance at Python, and can be safely ignored when dealing with immutable basic

types (numbers, strings, tuples).However, aliasing has a possibly surprising effect on these

mantic of Python code involving mutable objects such as lists, dictionaries, and most other

types. This is usually used to the benefit of the program, since aliases behave like pointers

in some respects. For example, passing an object is cheap since only a pointer is passed by

the implementation; and if a function modifies an object passed as an argument, the caller

will see the change — this eliminates the need for two different argument passing

mechanisms as in Pascal.

A namespace is a mapping from names to objects. Most name spaces are currently

implemented as Python dictionaries, but that’s normally not noticeable in any way (except

for performance), and it may change in the future. Examples of name spaces are: these to f

built-in names (containing functions such as abs(), and built-in exception names); the

global names in a module; and the local names in a function invocation. In a sense the set

of attributes of an object also form a namespace. The important thing to know about

37
namespaces is that there is absolutely no relation between names in different namespaces;

for instance, two different modules may both define a function maximize without

confusion — users of the modules must prefix it with the module name. By the way, I use

the word attribute for any name following a dot — for example, in the expression z. real,

real is an attribute of the object z. Strictly speaking, references to names in modules are

attribute references: in the expression modname.funcname, modname is a module object

and funcname is an attribute of it. In this case there happens to be a straight forward

mapping between the module’s attributes and the global names defined in the module: they

share the same namespace!1 Attributes may be read-only or writable. In the latter case,

assignment to attributes is

possible. Module attributes are writable: you can

write modname.the_answer = 42. Writable attributes may also be deleted with the del

statement. For example, del mod name .the_ answer will remove the attribute the_answer

from the object named by mod name. Namespaces are created at different moments and

have different lifetimes. The namespace containing the built-in names is created when the

Python interpreter starts up, and is never deleted. The global namespace for a module is

created when the module definition is read in; normally, module namespaces also last until

the interpreter quits.The statements executed by the top-level invocation of the interpreter,

either read from a script file or interactively, are considered part of a module called main,

so they have their own global namespace.(The built-in names actually also live in a

module; this is called built ins.) The local namespace for a function is created when the

38
function is called, and deleted when the function returns or raises an exception that is not

handled within the function. (Actually, forgetting would be a better way to describe what

actually happens.) Of course, recursive invocations each have their own local namespace.

To speed uploading modules, Python caches the compiled version

of each module in the pycache directory under the name

module.version.pyc, where the version encodes the format of the compiled

file; it generally contains the Python version number. For example, in CPython release 3.3

the compiled version of spam.py would be cached as

pycache/spam.cpython-33.pyc. This naming

convention allows compiled modules from different releases and different versions of

Python to coexist. Python checks the modification date of the source against the compiled

version to see if it’s out of date and needs to be recompiled. This is a completely automatic

process. Also, the compiled modules are platform-independent, so the same library can be

shared among systems with different architectures. Python does not check the cache in two

circumstances. First, it always recompiles and does not store the result for the module

that’s loaded directly from the command line. Second, it does not check the cache if there

is no source module. To support anon-source (compiled only) distribution, the compiled

module must be in the source directory, and there must not be a source module. Some tips

for experts:

39
You can use the -O or -OO switches on the Python command to reduce the size of a

compiled module. The -O switch removes assert statements, the -OO switch removes both

assert statements and doc

strings. Since some programs may rely on having these available, you should only use this

option if you know what you’re doing. “Optimized”

modules have an opt- tag and are usually smaller. Future releases may change the effects

of optimization.

A program doesn’t run any faster when it is read from a .pyc file than when it is read from

a .py file; the only thing that’s faster about .pyc files is the speed with which they are

loaded.

The module compile all can create .pyc files for all modules in a directory.

There is more detail on this process, including a flow chart of the decisions

40
CHAPTER 5

MODULES USED

Tk/Tcl has long been an integral part of Python. It provides a robust and platform

independent windowing toolkit, that is available to Python programmers using

the tkinter package, and its extension, the tkinter.tix and the tkinter.ttk modules.

The tkinter package is a thin object-oriented layer on top of Tcl/Tk. To use tkinter, you

don’t need to write Tcl code, but you will need to consult the Tk documentation, and

occasionally the Tcl documentation. tkinter is a set of wrappers that implement the Tk

widgets as Python classes.

tkinter’s chief virtues are that it is fast, and that it usually comes bundled with Python.

Although its standard documentation is weak, good material is available, which includes:

references, tutorials, a book and others. tkinter is also famous for having an outdated look

and feel, which has been vastly improved in Tk 8.5. Nevertheless, there are many other

GUI libraries that you could be interested in. The Python wiki lists several alternative GUI

frameworks and tools.

The tkinter package (“Tk interface”) is the standard Python interface to the Tcl/Tk GUI

toolkit. Both Tk and tkinter are available on most Unix platforms, including macOS, as

well as on Windows systems.

Running python -m tkinter from the command line should open a window demonstrating a

simple Tk interface, letting you know that tkinter is properly installed on your system, and

also showing what version of Tcl/Tk is installed, so you can read the Tcl/Tk

documentation specific to that version.

41
Tkinter supports a range of Tcl/Tk versions, built either with or without thread support.

The official Python binary release bundles Tcl/Tk 8.6 threaded. See the source code for

the _tkinter module for more information about supported versions.

Tkinter is not a thin wrapper, but adds a fair amount of its own logic to make the

experience more pythonic. This documentation will concentrate on these additions and

changes, and refer to the official Tcl/Tk documentation for details that are unchanged.

Tcl/Tk is not a single library but rather consists of a few distinct modules, each with

separate functionality and its own official documentation. Python’s binary releases also

ship an add-on module together with it.

Tcl

Tcl is a dynamic interpreted programming language, just like Python. Though it can be

used on its own as a general-purpose programming language, it is most commonly

embedded into C applications as a scripting engine or an interface to the Tk toolkit. The

Tcl library has a C interface to create and manage one or more instances of a Tcl

interpreter, run Tcl commands and scripts in those instances, and add custom commands

implemented in either Tcl or C. Each interpreter has an event queue, and there are facilities

to send events to it and process them. Unlike Python, Tcl’s execution model is designed

around cooperative multitasking, and Tkinter bridges this difference (see Threading

model for details).

Tk

Tk is a Tcl package implemented in C that adds custom commands to create and

manipulate GUI widgets. Each Tk object embeds its own Tcl interpreter instance with Tk

42
loaded into it. Tk’s widgets are very customizable, though at the cost of a dated

appearance. Tk uses Tcl’s event queue to generate and process GUI events.

Ttk

Themed Tk (Ttk) is a newer family of Tk widgets that provide a much better appearance

on different platforms than many of the classic Tk widgets. Ttk is distributed as part of Tk,

starting with Tk version 8.5. Python bindings are provided in a separate

module, tkinter.ttk.

Internally, Tk and Ttk use facilities of the underlying operating system, i.e., Xlib on

Unix/X11, Cocoa on macOS, GDI on Windows.

When your Python application uses a class in Tkinter, e.g., to create a widget,

the tkinter module first assembles a Tcl/Tk command string. It passes that Tcl command

string to an internal _tkinter binary module, which then calls the Tcl interpreter to evaluate

it. The Tcl interpreter will then call into the Tk and/or Ttk packages, which will in turn

make calls to Xlib, Cocoa, or GDI.

Tkinter Modules

Support for Tkinter is spread across several modules. Most applications will need the

main tkinter module, as well as the tkinter.ttk module, which provides the modern themed

widget set and API:

from tkinter import *

from tkinter import ttk

class tkinter.Tk(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=1)

The Tk class is instantiated without arguments. This creates a toplevel widget of Tk which

43
usually is the main window of an application. Each instance has its own associated Tcl

interpreter.

tkinter.Tcl(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=0)

The Tcl() function is a factory function which creates an object much like that created by

the Tk class, except that it does not initialize the Tk subsystem. This is most often useful

when driving the Tcl interpreter in an environment where one doesn’t want to create

extraneous toplevel windows, or where one cannot (such as Unix/Linux systems without

an X server). An object created by the Tcl() object can have a Toplevel window created

(and the Tk subsystem initialized) by calling its loadtk() method.

The modules that provide Tk support include:

tkinter

Main Tkinter module.

tkinter.colorchooser

Dialog to let the user choose a color.

tkinter.commondialog

Base class for the dialogs defined in the other modules listed here.

tkinter.filedialog

Common dialogs to allow the user to specify a file to open or save.

tkinter.font

Utilities to help work with fonts.

tkinter.messagebox

Access to standard Tk dialog boxes.

44
tkinter.scrolledtext

Text widget with a vertical scroll bar built in.

tkinter.simpledialog

Basic dialogs and convenience functions.

tkinter.ttk

Themed widget set introduced in Tk 8.5, providing modern alternatives for many of the

classic widgets in the main tkinter module.

Additional modules:

_tkinter

A binary module that contains the low-level interface to Tcl/Tk. It is automatically

imported by the main tkinter module, and should never be used directly by application

programmers. It is usually a shared library (or DLL), but might in some cases be statically

linked with the Python interpreter.

idlelib

Python’s Integrated Development and Learning Environment (IDLE). Based on tkinter.

tkinter.constants

Symbolic constants that can be used in place of strings when passing various parameters to

Tkinter calls. Automatically imported by the main tkinter module.

tkinter.dnd

(experimental) Drag-and-drop support for tkinter. This will become deprecated when it is

replaced with the Tk DND.

tkinter.tix

45
(deprecated) An older third-party Tcl/Tk package that adds several new widgets. Better

alternatives for most can be found in tkinter.ttk.

turtle

Turtle graphics in a Tk window.

Tkinter Life Preserver

This section is not designed to be an exhaustive tutorial on either Tk or Tkinter. For that,

refer to one of the external resources noted earlier. Instead, this section provides a very

quick orientation to what a Tkinter application looks like, identifies foundational Tk

concepts, and explains how the Tkinter wrapper is structured.

The remainder of this section will help you to identify the classes, methods, and options

you’ll need in your Tkinter application, and where to find more detailed documentation on

them, including in the official Tcl/Tk reference manual.

46
CHAPTER 6

RESULTS

47
CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The model presented in this project demonstrates that is an elegant and robust

method for binary classification in a large dataset. Regardless of the non-

linearity of the decision boundary it is able to classify between fake and

genuine profiles with a reasonable degree of accuracy (>90%). This method

can be extended on any platform that needs binary classification to be deployed

on public profiles for various purposes. This project uses only publicly available

information which makes it convenient for organizations that want to avoid any

breach of privacy, but organizations can also use private data available to them

to further extend the capabilities of the proposed model.

ther existing approaches based on the larger data set and more profile

information. Our research can be a motivation to work on limited social

network information and find solutions to make better decision through

authentic data. Additionally, we can attempt similar approaches in other

domains to find successful solutions to the problem where the least amount of

information is available. In future work we expect to run our model using more

sophisticated concepts such as ontology engineering, in order to semantically

analyze user posts, and comportments. This later concept can improve the

quality of prediction of fake or genuine profiles.

4
8
 FUTURE WORK

Since we have limited data to train the classifier, our approach is facing a high

variance problem which can be observed in the learning curve as follows High

variance problems can usually be mitigated by increasing the size of the dataset

which should not be of much concern to Social Networks Organizations which

already have fairly large datasets

4
9
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