Vivekanand Education Society’s

College of Arts, Science and Commerce

(Autonomous)
Sindhi Society, Chembur, Mumbai, Maharashtra – 400 071.

Accredited by NAAC “A Grade” in 3rd Cycle - 2017

Best College Award – Urban Area, University of Mumbai (2012-13)
Recipient of FIST Grant (DST) and STAR College Grant (DBT)

Affiliated to the

University of Mumbai

Syllabus for

Program: B.Sc. (Mathematics)

(Program code: VESUSMT)

As per Choice Based Semester and Grading System (CBSGS)

with effect from Academic Year 2022 - 2023

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Program Outcomes (PO):

A leaner completing B.Sc.(Mathematics) will be able to:

PO1 Demonstrate analytical skills in applying appropriate science principles and

methodologies to solve a wide range of problems.

PO2 Design, carry out experiments and analyze results by accounting uncertainties in
different quantities measured using various scientific instruments.

PO3 Demonstrate professional behavior of being unbiased, and truthful in all aspects of
work as an individual as well as team.

PO4 Ability to communicate science effectively by written, computational and

graphic means .

….
Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s)

On completion of B.Sc. (Mathematics) program, learners will be enriched with knowledge and
be able to

PSO1 Think in a critical manner.

PSO2 Know when there is a need for information, to be able to identify, locate, evaluate,
and effectively use that information for the issue or problem at hand.
PSO3 Formulate and develop mathematical arguments in a logical manner.
PSO4 Acquire good knowledge and understanding in advanced areas of mathematics
chosen by the student from the given courses.
PSO5 Understand, formulate and use quantitative models arising in social science,
business and other contexts.

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 F.Y.B.Sc. (Mathematics)

(SEMESTER I)

CALCULUS I

Course Code UNIT TOPICS Credits L / Week

VESUSMT101 I First order First degree Differential equations. 2 3

II Real Number System.

III Sequence in ℝ.

ALGEBRA I

VESUSMT102 I Functions, Relations and Binary Operations 2 3

II Countable Sets, Integers, Divisibility,

III Polynomials

PRACTICALS

VESUSMTP101 Practicals based on VESUSMT101 and VESUSMT102 2 2

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 (SEMESTER II)

CALCULAS II

Course Code UNIT TOPICS Credits L / Week

VESUSMT201 I Limits and Continuity. 2 3

II Differentiability of functions.

III Applications of Derivative.

DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

VESUSMT202 I Preliminary Countings 2 3

II Advance Countings

II Permutations and Recurrence relations.

PRACTICAL

VESUSMTP201 Practicals based on VESUSMT201 and VESUSMT202 2 2

Objectives:
(1) Give the students a sufficient knowledge of fundamental principles, methods and a
clear perception of innumerous power of mathematical ideas and tools and know low
to use the by modeling, solving and interpreting.
(2) reflecting the broad nature of the subset and developing mathematical tools for
continuing further study in various fields of science.
(3) Enhancing students’ overall development and to equip them with mathematical
modeling abilities, problem solving skills, creative talent and power of communication
necessary for various kinds of employment.
(4) A student should get adequate exposure to global and local concerns that explore
them many aspects of Mathematical Sciences.

Learning Outcomes:

1. Calculus (Sem I & II): The portion on first order, first degree differentials prepares
learner to get solutions of so many kinds of problems in all subjects of Science and
also prepares learner for further studies of differential equations and related fields.
This course gives introduction to basic concepts of Analysis with rigor and prepares
students to study further courses in Analysis. Formal proofs are given lot of emphasis
in this course which also enhances understanding of the subject of Mathematics as a
whole.
2. Algebra I (Sem I) & Discrete Mathematics (Sem II): This course gives expositions to
number systems (Natural numbers and integers), like divisibility and prime numbers

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 and their properties. These topics later find use in advanced subjects like
cryptography and its uses in cyber security and such related fields.

Teaching Pattern for Semester I

(1) Three lectures per week per course.
(2) One Practical per week per batch of one lecture for each of the courses
VESUSMT101 and VESUSMT102.

Teaching Pattern for Semester II

(3) Three lectures per week per course.
(4) One Practical per week per batch of one lecture for each of the courses
VESUSMT201 and VESUSMT202.

Semester I
VESUSMT101 : CALCULUS I

Note: All topics have to be covered with proofs in details (unless mentioned otherwise) and
examples.

Unit 1: First order First degree Differential equations. (15 lectures).

Review of Definition of differential equation, order, degree, ordinary differential equation and partial
differential equation, linear and nonlinear ODE. Solution of homogeneous differential equations of first
order and first degree. Notion of partial derivatives.
(1) Exact equations: General solution of Exact differential equations of first order and
first degree. Necessary and sufficient conditions for Mdx + Ndy = 0 to be exact.
Non-exact equations: Rules for finding integrating factors (without proof) for non
exact equations, such as:
1
i) is an I. F. if Mx  Ny  0 and Mdx  Ndy  0 is homogeneous.
Mx  Ny
1
ii) is an I. F. if Mx  Ny  0 and Mdx  Ndy  0 is of the form
Mx  Ny
f1 ( x, y) ydx  f 2 ( x, y) xdy  0 .
1 M N
e ( resp e 
f ( x ) dx g ( y ) dy
iii) ) is an I. F. if N  0 (resp M  0 ) and (  ) ( resp
N y x
1 M N
(  ) ) is a function of x (resp of y) alone.
M y x
iv) Linear and reducible linear equations of first order, finding solutions of first order
differential equations of the type for applications to orthogonal trajectories, population
growth and finding the current at a given time.

3. Reduction of order:
(i) If the differential equation does not contain only the original function y, that is equation
of type F ( x, y / , y // ) =0.
(ii) If the differential equation does not contain the independent variable x that is, equation
of the type F ( y, y / , y // )  0

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Unit 2: Real Number System (15 lectures)
(1) Real Number System IR and order properties of ℝ, absolute value | | and its
properties.
(2) AM-GM inequality, Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Intervals and neighborhoods, interior
points, limit point, Hausdorff property.
(3) Bounded sets, statements of l.u.b. axiom and its consequences, supremum and
infimum, maximum and minimum, Archimedian property and its applications, density
of rationals,

Unit 3:: Sequences in IR (15 lectures)

(1) Definition of sequence and examples, Convergence of sequences, every convergent
sequence is bounded. Limit of convergent sequence and uniqueness of limit,
Divergent sequences.
 1 
(2) Convergence of standard sequences like   a  0 , (b ) b , 0  b  1,
n

 1  na 
1 1
(c n ), c  0 and (n n ) .
(3) Algebra of convergent sequences, sandwich theorem, monotone sequences,
n
 1
monotone convergence theorem and consequences as convergence of 1   .
 n
(4) Definition of subsequence, subsequence of a convergent sequence is convergent
and converges to the same limit, definition of a Cauchy sequence, every convergent
sequence is a Cauchy sequence and conversely.

Reference Books:
1. R. G. Bartle – D. R. Sherbert, Introduction to Real Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
2. R. R. Goldberg, Methods of Real Analysis, Oxford and IBH, 1964.
3. K. G. Binmore, Mathematical Analysis, Cambridge University Press, 1982.
4. Sudhir Ghorpade and Balmohan Limay, A course in Calculus and Real Analysis, Springer
International Ltd, 2000.
5. G. F. Simmons, Differential Equations with Applications and Historical Notes, McGraw Hill,
1972.
6. E. A. Coddington, An Introduction to Ordinary Differential Equations, Prentice Hall, 1961.
7. W. E. Boyce, R. C. DiPrima, Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value
Problems, Wiely, 2013.

Additional Reference Books

1. T. M. Apostol, Calculus Volume I, Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd.
2. Ricahrd Courant – Fritz John, An Introduction to Calculus and Analysis, Volume I, Springer.
3. Ajit Kumar and S. Kumaresan, A Basic Course in Real Analysis, CRC Press, 2014.
4. James Stewart, Calculus, Third Edition, Brooks/ cole Publishing Company, 1994.
5. D. A. Murray, Introductory Course in Differential Equations, Longmans, Green and Co. 1897.
6. A. R. Forsyth, A Treatise on Differential Equations, MacMillan and Co. 1956.

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 VESUSMT102 : ALGEBRA I

Prerequisite:
Set Theory: Set, subset, union and intersection of two sets, empty set, universal set,
complement of a set, DeMorgan’s laws, Cartesian product of two sets, Relations,
Permutations n Pr and Combination n C r .
Complex numbers: Addition and multiplication of complex numbers, modulus, amplitude and
conjugate of a complex number.

Unit I: Functions, Relations, Binary Operations & Mathematical Induction (15 Lectures)
(1) Definition of relation and function, domain, co-domain and range of a function, composite
functios, examples, Direct image f(A) and inverse image f -1(B) for a function f, injective,
surjective, bijective functions, Composite of injective, surjective, bijective functions when
defined, invertible functions, bijective functions are invertible and conversely, examples of
functions including constant, identity, projection, inclusion, Binary operation as a function,
properties, examples.
(2) Equivalence relation, Equivalence classes, properties such as two equivalence classes are
either identical or disjoint, Definition of partition, every partition gives an equivalence
relation and vice versa.
(3) Statement of well ordering property of non-negative integers, Principle of finite induction
(first and second) as a consequence of WOP.

Unit II: Integers and Divisibility (15 Lectures)

(1) Finite and infinite sets, countable and uncountable sets, examples such as ℕ, ℤ, ℕ ×
ℕ, ℚ, (0,1), ℝ.
(2) Divisibility in integers, division algorithm, greatest common divisor (g.c.d.) and least
common multiple (l.c.m.) of two non zero integers, basic properties of g.c.d. such as existence
and uniqueness of g.c.d. of two non zero integers a and b and that the g.c.d. can be expressed
as ma+nb for some integers m, n. Euclidean algorithm.
(3) Primes, Euclid’s lemma, Fundamental Theorem of arithmetic, The set of primes is infinite,
there are arbitrarily large gaps between primes, there exists infinitely many primes of the form
4n – 1 and of the form 6n – 1.

Unit III: Polynomials (15 Lectures)

(1) Congruence, definition and elementary properties, Results about linear congruence equations.
Examples, Congruence is an equivalence relation on the set of integers, Residue classes and
partition of ℤ, Addition modulo n, Multiplication modulo n.
(2) Definition of a polynomial, polynomials over F where 𝐹 = ℚ, ℝ 𝑜𝑟 ℂ, Algebra of
polynomials, degree of polynomial, basic properties.
(3) Division algorithm in 𝐹[𝑋] (without proof), g.c.d. of two polynomials and its basic properties,
Euclidean algorith (proof of the above results ay be given only in the case of ℚ[𝑋] with a
remark that the results as well as the proofs remain valid in the case of ℝ[𝑋] and ℂ[𝑋].
(4) Roots of polynomial, relation between roots and coefficients, multiplicity of a root,
Elementary consequences such as the following:
(i) Remainder theorem, Factor theorem.
(ii) A polynomial if degree n has atmost n roots.
(iii) Complex and non-real roots of a polynomials in ℝ[𝑋] occur in conjugate pairs.
(Emphasis on examples and problems in polynomials with real coefficients).
p
(5) Necessary condition for a rational number to be a root of a polynomial with integer
q

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 coefficients (viz. p divides the constant and q divides the leading coefficient), corollary for
monic polynomials (viz. a rational root of monic polynomial with integer coefficients is
necessary an integer). Simple consequences such as the irrationality is necessarily of √𝑝 for
any prime number p . Irreducible polynomials in ℚ[𝑋], Unique Factorization Theorem.
Examples.

Reference Books:
1. David M. Burton, Elementary Number Theory, Seventh Edition, McGraw Hill Education
(India) Private Ltd.
2. Norman L. Biggs, Discrete Mathematics, Revised Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.

Additional Reference Books:

1. I. Niven and S. Zuckerman, Introduction to the theory of numbers, Third Edition, Wiley
Eastern, New Delhi, 1972.
2. G. Birkoff and S. Maclane, A Survey of Modern Algebra, Third Edition, Mac Millan, New
York, 1965.
3. N. S. Gopalkrishnan, University Algebra, New Age International Ltd. Reprint 2013.
4. I. N. Herstein, Topics in Algebra, John wiley, 2006.

PRACTICALS
VESUSMTP101
Calculus I

(1) Solving exact and non-exact, linear, reducible to linear differential equations.
(2) Reduction of order of Differential Equations, Applications of Differential equations.
(3) Algebraic and Order Properties of Real Numbers and Inequalities.
(4) Hausdorff Property and LUB Axiom of ℝ, Archimedian Property.
(5) Convergence and divergence of sequences, bounded sequences, Sandwich Theorem.
(6) Cauchy sequences, monotonic sequences, non-monotonic sequences.
(7) Miscellaneous Theoretical Questions based on full paper.

Algebra I
(1) Functions, Bijective and Invertible function Composite of functions, Binary Operations.
(2) Equivalence Relations, Partition and Equivalence classes, Mathematical induction.
(3) Division Algorithm, Euclidean algorithm in ℤ, Examples on expressing the gcd of two non-
zero integers a and b as ma  nb for some 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ.
(4) Primes and the Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic, Euclid’s lemma, there exists infinitely
many primes of the form 4n – 1 and of the form 6n – 1.
(5) Polynomial (I)
(6) Polynomial (II)
(7) Miscellaneous Theoretical Questions based on full paper.

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 Semester II
VESUSMT201 : CALCULUS II

Reference Books:
1. Thomas G. B., Finney R. L., & Weir M. D., Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 1996.
2. R. R. Goldburg, Methods of Real Analysis, Oxford and IBH 1964.
3. James Stewart, Calculus, Third Edition, Brooks/Cole Publishing company, 1994.
4. T. M. Apostol, Calculus Vol –I, Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd.

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 VESUSMT202 : DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

Unit I: Preliminary Counting (15 Lectures)

(1) Addition and multiplication Principle, counting sets of pairs, two ways counting.
(2) Sterling Numbers of second kind S (n, k ) or S nk , Simple recursion formulae satisfied by
S(n,k) for k  1,2,...n .
(3) Pigeonhole principle simple and strong form and examples, its applications to geometry.
(4) Permutation and combination of sets and multi-sets, circular permutations, emphasis on
solving problems.

Unit II: Advanced Counting (15 Lectures)

(1) Binomial and Multinomial Theorem, Pascal identity, examples of standard identities such as
the following with emphasis on combinatorial proofs:

(2) Non-negative integer solutions of equation x1  x 2  ...  x k  n .

(3) Principal of inclusion and exclusion, its applications, derangements, explicit formula for Dn,
deriving formula for Euler’s function  (n) .

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 VESUSMTP201
Calculus II

Discrete Mathematics

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 Internal Evaluation of 25 marks
(i) One class test of 10 martks (on any type of objective questions).
(ii) One assignment of 10 marks (Different Problems to each group consisting not
more than 2 students).
(iii) 5 marks for active participation.

II. Semester End Theory Examinations: There will be a Semester end external Theory
examination of 75 marks for each of the courses VESUSMT101, VESUSMT102 OF
Semester I and VESUSMT201, VESUSMT202 OF Semester II.

III. Semester End Examinations Practicals:

At the end of the Semesters I and II Practical examinations of three hours duration and
100 marks shall be conducted for the courses VESUSMTP101, VESUSMTP201.
In semester I, the Practical examinations for VESUSMT101 and VESUSMT102 are
held together.
In semester II, the Practical examinations for VESUSMT201 and VESUSMT202 are
held together.

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Practical Course Part A Part B Marks out of Duration
VESUSMTP101 Questions from Questions from 80 3 hours
VESUSMT101 VESUSMT102
VESUSMTP201 Questions from Questions from 80 3 hours
VESUSMT201 VESUSMT202

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