19 Columns and Struts 18.1. INTRODUCTION Column or strut is defined as a member of @ structure, which is subjected to axial ‘compressive loed. If the member of the structure is vertical and both ofits ends are fixed ‘gly while gubjocted to axial comprossive load, the member is known as column, for example 2 vertical pillar hetween the roaf and floor. Ifthe member of the stracture is not vertical and ne or beth ofits ends are hinged or pin joined, the bar is known as strut. Examples of struts fre : connecting rods, piston rods ete. 19.2. FAILURE OF A COLUMN Tho failure of extumn takes place due to the anyone ofthe allowing sence up in @ Direct compressive stresses, Gi) Buckling stresses, and (Gid) Combined of direct compressive and buckling stresses, 192.1, Failure of a Short Column. & short column of uniform cross-sectional area A, ‘subjected to an axial compressive load P, is shown in Fig. 19.1. The compressive stress induced cegiven by a P pi ena If the compressive load on the short columa Is gradually ineroased, a tage will reach when the column will be on the point of failure by crushing. she stress induced in the column correspending to this load is known as erush= ing stress and the load is called crushing load. Let, = Crushing losd, 9, = Crushing stress, and | A= Area of cross-section Then ° je Fg. 103 A All short columns fail due to crushing 19.22. Failure of a Long Column. Along column of uniform cross-sectional area And, ot length, subjected to an axial compressive load P, iz shown in Fig. 19.2. A coluron is known as ong column ifthe length of the column in comparison to its lateral dimensions, is very large. ‘such columns do not fal by erushing alone, but also by bending (also known buckling) 8 shown, 08 7 CcowuMms AND STRUTS 208 in Fig. 19.2. The load at which the column just buckles, is known as buckling load or eritisal just or erippling load. The buckling load is ess than the erush- ingloed for a long column, Actually the value of buckling load for Tong columns {slow whereas for short columns the value of buckling load is relatively high, Refer to Pig. 19.2. Let I= Length ofa long column P= Load (compressive) at which the column has just buckled A= Cross-sectional area of the column, = Maximum bending of the column at the centre P 0) = Stress due to direct load = a, Stress do o bending a he enue of te eam = PE where Z = Section modulus about the axis of bending, P “The extreme stresses on the mid-section are given by Fe. 102 ‘Maximum stress = a9 + 0, and Minimum stress = 0) ~ oy ‘The column will fal when maximum stress (i.e dy + 6,) is more than the crushing stresso,, Bat n ease offong columns, the direct compressivo stresses are nogligible as compared to buckling stresses, Hence very long columns are subjected to buckling stresses only. 193, ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THE EULER'S COLUMN THEORY ‘The following assumptions are made in the Buler’s column theory 1. "The column is initially perfectly straight and the load is applied axialy. 2, The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length. 3. The column material is perfoetly elastic, homogeneous and isotropic and obeys Hook's law. 4.‘The length of the column is vory large as compared to its lateral dimensions. 5. The direet stress is very small as compared to the bending stress, 6. The column will fail by buckling alone. 7. The seleweight of column is negligible 19.4, END CONDITIONS FOR LONG COLUMNS {a cose of long columns, the stress due to direct load is very small in comparison with the stress due to buckling, Hence the failure of long eolumns take place entirely due to buck ling (or bending). The following four types of end conditions of the columns ate important 1. Both the ends of the column are hinged (or pinned). 2, One end is fixed and the other and is free 3. Both the ends ofthe column are fixed. 4 One end is fixed and the other is pinned. Fora hingod end, the deflection is zero. For fixed ond the deftection and slope are 220 For a free ond the defleetion is not zero,10 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 194.1. Sign Conventions. The following sign con- ventions for the bending ofthe columns will be usod : 1, A moment which will bend the column with its convexity towards its initial central line as shown in Fig. 19.8 (a) Is taken as positive. In Fig. 19.3 (@), AB represents the initial centre line ofa column, Whether the column bends taking the shape AB’ or AB", the moment producing this type of eurvature is positive. 2, A moment which will tend to bend the olumn with its concavity towards its initial centre line as shown. in Fig. 19.3 (6) taken as negative (0) Posie Fig. 193 Neos 195, EXPRESSION FOR CRIPPLING LOAD WHEN BOTH THE ENDS OF THE ‘COLUMN ARE HINGED ‘The load at which the column just buckles (or bends) is called crippling Joad. Consider acolumn AB oflength/ and uniform erose-ectional area, hinged at both ofits ends A and B. Let P be the erippling load at which ths column, has ust buelded. Due tothe crippling load, the column will deflect intoa curved form ACB as shown in Fig. 19.4 Consider any section at distance + from the end A. Let,y = Deflection (lateral displacoment) st the eection. ‘The moment duo to the crippling load at the section = — Py (ve sign is taken due to sign convention igen in Art. 19.4.1) But moment =EI Equating the two moments, we have ay ay BI Spa-P ey o BSE +P.y=0 by PB at Bp 77 The solution” ofthe above dfforentis! equation is PE [Pp C om (x Jes sin (45) 0 Where C; and C, are the constants of integration. The values of are obtained a eee tegration. The values of C, and C, are obtained as “ye Pea fe ae” The wltion the ogtn ey = C+ Cine) -o0 (ff) sans) “he equation ay canto witen es 2 40 vtawate Poe COLUMNS AND STRUTS att Gv, x=0 and y = 0 (See Fig, 19.4) ‘Substituting theso values in equation (i), we get 02 G, . 080° +C, sin 0 BC,x140,%0 aC, O,=0. i) (i) ALB, x= Land y= 0 (Gee Fig. 194. ‘Substituting these values in equation (i), e get 9-0,.c0('4E) +c sn fe] (s €080= Land sin 0= 0) 7 soveysin( fpr) [2 cy+0 tom equaton a 7 aim (iE) rom equation (if, itis clear that either C, = 0 . wa(0{E) ‘As C, = 0, then if C, is also equal to 20r0, thon from oquation (i) we will get y= 0. This means that the bending of the calumn will be zoro or the column will not bend at all. Which is oo (2) so(i(E)-0 (fz) i if ex i or asa 19.6, EXPRESSION FOR CRIPPLING LOAD WHEN ONE END OF THE COLUMN I FIXED AND THE OTHER END IS FREE Consider a colunnAB, of length / and uniform cross-sectional area, fixed at theendA and {roe at tho end. The free end will way sideways when load Is applied at free end and curvature in the length { will be similar to that of upper half ofthe eolumn whose both ends are hinged. et P is the crippling load at which the column has just buckled, Due to the crippling load ?, the column will deflect as shown in Fig. 19 in which AB is the original position ofthe column and ABY, is the deflected position due to crippling load P. Consider any section at distance x from the fixed end A.we STRENGTH OF MaTERILS cous ato sTAUrS is Tay = Deletion or lateral dsplacemen) at dhe section Deflection at the re end B ‘then moment a the ection due tothe eipling ood = P(a— 9) (eve signi tan dust sgn convention given in Art. 18.43) bated dty Jat moments also af But a af _Bquling the tvo maments, wo got d’y =Pia-yinP.0-P.y Eh Paya? a-Py es ay ra ete ee But rth sping led P the vat of canna bo oqo 2, 1B r 0 96-00 (=fg7] «6.2 [xf] = i) Subatitating he valu fC, =~ and C= in oquatin (we ge whore C, and are constant of ntaration. The valuas of C, and C, are obtained fom -a.cos(2 [P| 0 «iy boundary conditions, The boundary conditions are sd ver) *° (Por fxod end, the defection aswel as elope is zero Bat atthe he ond of th elma, xx and =a Henco at ond A (which i xed) the dalection y= 0 and also slope =o j ere aes eee >) Hemost dse=dandy=0 | oncaeid) ** ‘Substituting these values in equation (i), we get. nf O=C,.co90-rCysinO+e P| ie , % or on-a.cor(t- fF) or acne (0. fE rd But cant be equal to 210 Gene Aiey (fz bn Setiiay ent. [E or cos © or At A,x=Oand 7 a [Poe oe “Ver "2 2 2 F) F | FE). \ Taking the hast practice! value, | fE-z ow (E-% *The equation (A) ean be written aa j ar 8 ae ,, I PET ay | z SF tb atxy =a? xa where at = or fz 118.2) a? + : Fl al ‘The complete solution of this equation is y= C, ca (ax + Cin a.) + 3% 19.7. EXPRESSION FOR CRIPPLING LOAD WHEN BOTH THE ENDS OF THE He ¢ COLUMN ARE FIXED e ([P f cs oe( (Et sete) ai mea ategas Peieteacson tae eae as oeon STRENGTH OF MATERIA (COLUMNS At STRUTS ane Due to the crippling load P, the column will deflect as shown in Fig. 19.6. Due to fixed ends, there will be fixed end moments (say M,) at the ends A ‘and B. The fixed end moments will be aceting in such direstion so that slope ft the fixed ends becomes zero. Consider a section at a distance x from the end A. Let the deflection of the cotumnn at the section is y. As both the ends of the eoluinn are fixed fand the column carries a crippling load, there will be some fixed end mo- ments at A ond B. Let My = Fixed end moments st A and B. ‘Then moment at the section = M, ~ Py ay But moment atthe section is also = BI Bquating the two moments, we get ay P ‘The solution* of the above differential equation is (c.f) 6 inlet), Me 96.00 (= fE}+6,.00 (fs) Me © tihare ©, and C, are consiant of integration and their values ate obtained frm boundary ‘onions, Boulary conditions ar: ls cata, «dance «Bassai =O and also % = 0 a8 B is also a fixed ond. Go ate, @ “Tie equation (combo ition oo ay Ma a BI ‘he completa selina his equation fe o((Fe}-6 c.f) eas fen fe] oe sobcy= BP where a= Substituting the value x = 0 and y = 0 in equation (), we get » eos Me 02 0,x140,x04 2 (eo 0=) tio) i : ~ F) Fy cpcu(e[2). se odie): Lm veel) cutting te aes «an & = hain onion bcos vancynorcyeie [EZ ——( sndndanteet= er VET pasa tied tier aes urate 0, But for a given P evppling load P the value o | cannot be sal ozo pling lead P, UE cannot be onal & Me 7 Now substituting the values of C, =— “Ft and C= 0in equation (D, we get Me fe Ma ya AP coo [aE] +0048 Ait ‘At the end B of the colusnn, x ‘Substituting these values in equation (i), we get on M(t fF) Me Pol Er)? My ) o Bol fh) zi)" ? ( Me P or cos Op gg 7 1 = 0080; 608206 A 605 Beate STRENGTH OF MATERIALS gee ze y ir Lapa Be or ass) 19.8, EXPRESSION FOR CRIPPLING LOAD WHEN ONE END OF THE COLUMN IS FIXED AND THE OTHER END IS HINGED (OR PINNED) Consider a column AB of length Land uniform cross-sections area fixed at the end A and hinged at the end B as shown in Fig. 19.7. Let Pis the crippling load at which the column has buckled. Due to the crippling load P, the column will deflect as shown in Fig. 19:7. ‘There will be fixed end moment (Mg) at the fixed end A. ‘This will try to bring back the slope of deflected column zoro at A, Hence it will be acting anticlock wise at A The fixed end momont M, at A is to be bal- fanced. This will be balanced by a horizontal reaction (H) at the top end B fs shown in Fig. 197. Consider a section at a distance x from the end A. Let y = Deflection ofthe column at the section, MM, ~ Fixed end moment at A, and HE = Horizontal resction at B. ‘The moment at the section = Moment due to crippling load at B 4 Moment éue to horizontal reaction at B =-P.y+H d-2) But the moment at the section is also @. =a} equating the two moments, we get ay pO YP ysHu-s) ai or Hd-2 @y Po or SSR gee Cividing by BD 1A) H ggg? 2 b=? sa po P (OWNS AND STRUTS: at? ‘The solution* of the above differential equation ia {, P) [P) # where C, and C, are constants of integration and their values aro obtained from boundary conditions. Boundary eonditions are (@ At the xed end 4, x= 0, 7 (@ Atthe hinged end B, x =1andy = 0. Subotituting tho value x = 0 and y = 0 in equation (), wo got ay and aloo 2 =0 H Ht Ox 140x900 F d-oa0, et H Q=-5 cay Differentiating the equation (i) wir. x, we get (sin =0, 0801) in equation (0), we get sin (f%)-$o-» ete equation (A) cabo written as fy H eo esate aoa E w on fh ‘The ot stn inet Hun Elxa® ef <*) eae 3) = ar tz (Er woyanlonfE J can[oxfB] Len y= Gone (@.2)+ Cysin(e.0+at6 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘At the ond B, x= Candy Hronce the above equation bacomes as Te siuton ote stove suai. | «Brain Sauarng both ids, we get eee F a4ste202s a Pena But approximately 20.26 = 2x* 2x7 BI pe # ca9.4) 19.9, EFFECTIVE LENGTH (OR EQUIVALENT LENGTH) OF A COLUMN ‘The effective length of a given coluan with given end conditions is the length of an ‘equivalent eolumn of the same material and eraas-section with hinged ends, and having the vvaluo of the erippling load equal to that of the givon ealumn, Effective length is also called ‘equivateat length, Let 1, Rifective length of a column, Actual length of the column, and P= Crippling lead for the column, ‘Then the crippling load for any type of end condition is given by x61 pes «195 ‘The crippling load (Pin torma of actual length and fective length and also the elation letvaeneetive length and act longth aro given ia Pablo 10.1, a coum ano STRUTS a9 ‘TABLE 19.1 [ SiNo. | Bnd conditions Crippling load in terms of | Relation between of clu ‘fst longt “eta ete ‘iets tengih—|_andactuelongth ear 1. | ath endo hinged | pt | yet EL Ope end is xed oa etl andotberiefeee | acter EL a 2, | Both ends xo — it z | | see sel net 4 | onmand ted and) Ss = me [other ir hinged | eee "There are tw values of moment of inertia i, I,, and J, "The valuo of (moment of inestia) in the shove expressions should be taken as the least ‘value of the two moments of inertia as the column will tnd to bend in the direction of least ‘momont of inertia, 199.1. Crippling Stress in ‘Terms of Effective Length and Radius of Gyration, ‘The moment of inertia (2) cam be expressed in terms of radius of gyration (A) as T= Ak? whore A= Area of erose-section, ‘As Ils the least valuo of moment of inertia, then ‘= Least radius of gyration of the column section, [Now erippling load P in terms of effective length is given by (rear) (19.8) ‘And the stress corresponding to erippling load is given by ippling load _ P = REX + (Substituting the value of P) (3) wE 19.7) 7820 ‘STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 19.9.2, Slenderness Ratio. The ratio of the actual length of a column to the least radius of gyration ofthe column, is known as slenderness ratio, ‘Mathematically, slenderness ratio is givon by ‘Actual Tongth 1 Slenderness ratio = 77 radius of gyration ~ & ass) 19.10. LIMITATION OF EULER'S FORMULA Prom equation (19.6), we have SE (a) For a column with both ends hinged, Z, = J, Henoe Crippling stress becomes as Crippling stress 1 where {ia slenderness ratio, tk endorse (ie, 1)iamal he pling oes th ston ar) wil be high, But or the eolmim materia, the erpping stress cannot grater than the Crushing srese, Hence whan the slendernese rails than acertanasBulors formula {Gives a valus of crippling stesa greater han tering tess. tn the ling eave, We can Bnd the val o/h for which crippling srs equa to crusing tees or example, fr aid tel colton with both end hinged, Crushing sires = 390 Nim? Youngs medals, B= 21» 18 Nam? quating he eriplingstres to the cashing stress corosponding othe ign valuo of slender sat, we go Crippling sires ~ Crushing stress vE o PE asa op 228 i) () (1 _ xtxzax to! (a) «gr - eee 24x 108 (6282 = 79.21, say 80. Hono, if the slendorness ratio is less than 80 for mild steel column with both ends hinged, then Kuler’ formula will nat be valid Problem 19.1. A solid round bar 3 m long andl 5 em in diameter io used ae a strut with both ends hinged. Determine the erippling (or collapsing) load. Take B= 2.0 10° N/mn2. COLL AND STRUTS ez Sol. Given Length of bar, 1=3m=3000 mm Diameter of bar, d=8em= 50mm Young's modulus, B= 2.0x 10° Nim? ‘Moment of inertia, T= J x 5¢= 90.68 em! = 90.68 x 10% mint Let P = Crippling load. ‘As both the ends of the bar are hinged, honee the erippling load is given by equation (en. s2EL x2 x2x 10% «30.68 x 10" Gite 3000" Problem 19.2. For tte problem 19.1 determine the erippling load, when the given strut is used with the following conditions : (a) One end of the strut ia fixed and the other endl is free Gi) Both the ends of strut are fixed lid) One end is fixed and other is hinged. Sol. Given ‘The data from Problem 19,1, 8 1 = 3000 mm, diemotor = 50 mm, £ = 2.0 x 10° Nimm* and Z = $0.68 x 10! ma Let P= Crippling load. G) Crippling load when one end is fixed and other is free 2x2 10° «8065x108 e = 16822N. Ans. 4x 3000 Using equation (19.2), Alternate Method ‘The erippling loed for any type of end enndition Is given by equation (19.5) a, EL i Le where Z, = Rifeetive length. ‘The effective lonath (L,) whein one end is fixed and other end is tree trom Table 19.4 on page 819 is given 9s, y= 2» 2 9000 = 6000 mm Subaisuting the value of Zin equation (), we get so x 210° 3068 « 108 a G00 (ii) Crippling load when both the ends are fixed Using onaton 19.9, P= AEE = Hh 2 BRITT HOOS OT 9162 N= 260.152 KN, Ans. = = 19822.N. Ans.we eee cous ano seus os ‘Alvernate Bethod EL Using equation (19.5), P = “2 i Selita ede: | Moment oferta ofthe ection about Zao a ae sae eee eat 3000 He ( t=3000) And momont of inertia of tho cvtion about 00 mm YY me 2n20%10 9066010 aggga Ans 25 ont Git) Crippling load when one end is fixed and the other is hin, ‘S625 x 10¢ met. ima eng tnd enon ied and te thi gd | sadn te i tin Using equation (19.4), P= “= 22.0% 10" «S068 * 10" 194576N, Ans. | ‘will tend to bucicle in ¥-Y direction, 7 2000 ‘An the valoa of il bo las value ofthe [Alternate Method to monotone i 28T 5625 cm‘ = 5625 x 10¢ mint t Using equation (19.6), P= “Py ‘Substituting the values of J = 6025 x 10" mm \y where Z, = Effective length. ‘and L = 3000 mm in equation Gi), we get Fig. 19.8. ~ 1 | 1 115 «5605108 ‘fg (when one end is fixed and the other is hinged) = 000 LOTMMB KN. Ans, po | (i) Saf toad forthe column. ae / Fair fey (given Crigling lad 1070.48 a? 20105 x x 108 fe loac Crippling lead _ 107048 _ 350.8 aa: pe SaBOaIOE D520 ayse6 8 Ane Seto "Pactra egy ge ASN AY BONN, An (@e) Problem 184.4 hollow mild ste! tbe 6 song 4m internal diameter and 6 mm thick a is used as a strut with both ends hinged. Find the crippling load and safe load taking factor of Problem 193.4 coun oftinbor ection 15cm «200m is 6 meirlangbothends ing —«|-—=—altpus Take BD 10°N no fei he Youngs medal for fiber 2125 BN eter Sot Given, (O Grinning lod ond Length oftsbe, = 8m=600em (8) Sof toad othe coon if fect of ae | Interna in, Sol Given Thies, Dinension fssction = 18 20m Beart, Acti inet 16m 0000 am Youn mos, Yoong modulus, 115i tro efty Obet P Cipling lod Using equation (19.5), we get “ ‘when both the ands are fixed) Moment of inertia of ection, 2= gy (*= dtbs 154 48} om’ et $F (625 ~ 256) = 18.11 emt = 18.11 « 108 mm! Since both ends of the strut are hinged, Elective length, L, = 1= 600 em = 6000 mm Lot P = Crippling load[STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘Using equation (29.5), wo get x51 Te £2 x20 «108 « 18.11% 10" ‘6000 Crippling load 9930 _ Factor of safety ~ 30 ~ SS10N- Ans. Problem 19.4 (a). simply supported beam of length 4 metre is subjected t0@ uniformly distributed load of 30 N/m over the whole span and deflects 15 mum at the centre, Determine the crippling loads when this beam is used as a column with the following conditions one end fized and other end hinged (Gi both the ends pin jointed. Sol. Given Length, = 9929.9 say 9930 N. Ans. ‘And safe load (Annamalai University, 1990) 30 kN/m = 80,000 Nima Nimun = 30 Nina Deflestion atthe centre, & = 15 mm, For a simply supported beazn, carrying U.D.L. over the whole span, the deflection at the contre is given by, 300008 EI 30x 40004 15 “5, 8x 256 = 351 @ Crippling load when the beam is used as a column with one end fixed ani other end hinged. ‘The crippling load P for this case in terms of actual length is given by equation (19.4) as 2a x FL weve 1 = actual length = 4000 mm ne 2 19H ’, x10! = 3 x 10! N mn? +2108 Beat 230 4.5 1N. Ans. ong? ~ S45 G2) Crippling load when both the onds are pin,jointed ‘This is given by equation (19.1) in terms of actual length as ‘couuns ano STRUTS 225 Problem 19.5, 4 solid round bar 4 m long and 5 em in diameter was found to extend 4.6 mm under a tensile loack of 50 RN. This bar is ute asa strut with both ends hinged. Determine ‘he buckling load for the bar und also the safe load taking factor of safety ae 40. Sol. Given ‘Actual length of bar, £ = 4m = 4000 mm Dia, ofbar, d= ‘Area ofbar, A= 6.25n cmt = 6.25: x 10? mm? = 695 mm? Extension of bar, AL. = 4.6 mm, Tensile load, W = 50 kN = 50000 N. In this problem, the values of Young’s modulus (is not given. But it ean he caloulated from the given data Tons tease (ie) ‘Tensile strain (Prana “outta ) + Young’s modulus, Z = te ature (+ sets 2.214 x 106 Nitam?, Sinco the strut is hinged at its hoth ends, ‘Bllective length, Z, = Actual length = 4000 mm Let P = Crippling or buckling load. Using equation (19.5), we got _ SE ae 2214 «108 Fn 54 108 a ( 1eZoxst srt mint) O60 4000) ca = 4189.99 say 4190 N. Ans. Crippling load _ 4199 = Factor of safety 4 1O475.N. Ans. Problem 19.6. A hollow alloy tube 5 m long with external and internal diameters ‘An safe load 40 mre and 25 mm reapectively was found to extend 6:4 mm under a tensile load of 60 EN. Find the buckling load for the tube when used as a ealuran with both ends pinned. Also find the safe load forthe tube, taking a factor of safe 4 (AMIE, Summer 1989) Sol. Given ‘Actual length, External dia Internal dia Extension, ‘Tensile load, Safety factor m= 5000 mm.926 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. Croae-section area, (40? 25%) = 766 mme Moment ofinertia, 7 ota & caseoo0 260025 = 2 x 210995 = 105560 mnt ‘ho vale of Young mae cosine agro aoe Toneilo stress Frese sein “(3 ) 60,000) ‘766 _) _ 60,000 5000 64 766 * Gh (eo) ‘Since the column is pinned at both the ends. Defective length, L, = Actual length = 5000 mm Lot P = Buckling load Using equation (19.6), we get 1945 x 104 Nina? 104 106500, 5000 ar Factor of safety 4 * S43-%N. Ans. Problem 19.7. Calculate the safe compressive load on a hollow cast iron column (one end rigidly fixed and other hinged) of 15 em external diameter, 10 em internal diameter and 10m in length Use Buler’s formula with « factor of safety of § and B = 96 KN mm. (AMIE, Wintor 1981) 2573.1N. Ans. And safe load Sol. Given External dia, D= 15 em, Internal dia.,d = 10 em Actual length of column, £= 10 m = 10000 mam, Factor of safety = 5.0 Young’s medulus, E = 95 kNimm? = 95000 Nimm? Moment of inertia of hollow colume, = Gy Did!) =F (15+ 109 = Z (50625 - 10000) = 1994,175 ens# = 1994.175 » 104 mm ‘Since one ond of the column is fixed and other end is hinged. 1 10000 aR Effective longth, 2, Let P = Crippling load, cous AN STRUTS 27 ‘Using equation (19.5), we get (2) 2 x 95000 x 1994175 x 108 x2 “~~ 10000% 10000 Crippling load _ 373.95 = Factor of safety 5 Problem 19.8. Determine Buler's erippling load for an I-section jist 40 em x 20 om x tem and 6 m long which is used as a strut with both ende fized. Take Young/s modulus for the Joist as 2.1 10 N/mm? 378950 N = 373.95 kN But cafo load 7479 KN, Ans. Sol. Given : fe zoemp Dimensions of Laeetion = 40 em x 20emx 16m | ie Longth actual, = 5 m = 5000 mm i Young’s modulus, B= 2.1 «10° Nimo? ; Moment of inertia ofthe ssction about XX avi, ! pq = M.OLL of rectangle of dimension _ rela 20 em x 40 cm ~ MOL. of vectanale of dimension | f@0- 9, (40-1- 01 ist 1 H “2 ! . 1 1 —_— oh xzocaot— sh x19 x98" eon Gr by219,d,=38) Fg 199 = 19786 emt Similarly the moment of inertia of the section about ¥-Y axis 10.1 of vectangle of dimension (88 = 1) 4 MLOJ. of two rectangles of dimension (1 x 20) Iw 1 1 . Sp 88 4 Ge 1 20 166 x 1888.38 = 1386.5 om, Least value of the moment of inertia is about YY axis. T= 1388.5 em = 1836.5 « 10 mm ‘As toth the ends of the strut are fixed 1 5000 Bective length, Le= 9 =p 2500 mam Lot P = Crippling load,20 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ccoLums ano sreuTs e209 Using equation (19.5), we get SEL _ xt x21x10% x te ‘25008 += 4482080 N= 4.482.MIN. Ans, Problem 19.9. Determine the crippling load fora T-setian ofdimensions 10m x 10cm <2em and of length 5 m when iis used as strut with both of its ends hinged. Take Young's modulus, B=2.0x10 Ninn 155 x10" Pe Sol. Given so] Dimensions of T-sction= 10 em x 10 em x Bem ; it Longth actual, = 5 m = 5000 ram i F Young's modulus, B = 2.0 x 108 Nim’ First ofall, caleulate the C.G. of the section. The given ‘section fs symmetrical about the axis ¥-Y, hence the C.G. of ‘the section will Hie on YY axis, et J Distance of C.G. of the section from bottom end. For the flange, we have a, = 10x 2= 20 em? 1» Distance of C.G. of area a, from the bottom end. For the web, wo have a, = 8 x2 = 16 em* yg" Distance of CC. of area a from bottom end = © = 4.em Using ihe ean, 7 = SP * 20416 a6 = 8.777 cm Mocect finer ofthe etine toes thas, (26% = (6.687 + 98.834) + (85,393 + 128,987) - 214.221 em ‘Moment of inrtia ofthe section about the exis 'Y, 2x10? | 8x28 = 186.67 + 6.83 = 172 em, ag tag = 186: Least value of moment af inertia is about ¥-¥ axis T= 172 em! = 172 « 108 mnt Since the strut is hinged at both ofits end Effect length, Let P = Crippling load Using oquation (19.5), we got wPEL _ x2 x 2.010% «172 «108 ae "5000" 4, Ps = 135805.7N. Ans. Problem 19.10. Calculate the Ruler’s crtieal load for a strut of T-section, the lange width being 10 em, overall depth 8 em and both flange and stem 1 em thick. The strut tm long and is buile in at bath ends. Take = 2 x 10% N/mm (AME, Winter 1990) Sol. Given Actual length, = m = 9000 mma Value of E = 2x 108 N/a? ‘The dimensions of T-section are shown in Fig. 19.10 (o) First ofall, eateulate the CG. of the section. The given section is symmetrical about the y-y axis, Hence the C.G. will ie on y-y axis Lat Distance of C.G. ofthe section from the bottom end. For the flange i= Distanse of. of rs a, Ss the bat na atedetsen For the stm ore, = Area ote = Th 1 [stom ren ® a y Fig. 19.10 @) Now using the relation, 7 = hag yy 10018 788 nee torn 54068 985 ae Now esleuat the moment of neta about xx as and yan, fox" fa= |e 85 em. +4, «O15 05)" | xt A535)" +a «(6.85 -85) “ .oa8-250]STRENGTH OF MATERIALS (COLUMNS ANO STRUTS est 230 : 10 2). [29 7 cons? “ ty PP =[ Hh 301.05" [2 +1 «208 «05.208 om or een oe {Dividing by BD) tA ate Pow za foye AOE 22 a v0.80 = e8016 mt BoP The least value of moment of inertia is about y-axis. 2 PH BI'°” Br I= Iyy = 88.916 cm = 899160 min‘. ‘As the strut is fixed at both ends, hence its effective length (L,) will be halfot its setual length. e 6D Let P = Euler's critical load. a 2008 = 1600 min Using cation 199), P= SHE g Haka BSE =736100N= 79839 KN. Ans Problem 19.1.4 strut length moment of inertia fees scion = Luniorm through ut and modulus of material = hls fe ce lower end, and upper end i lately Supported laterally fy spring fife Show frm the fst prineples tht the opting tonal) P ere ereeeeeete Cee HEE where at = Sol. Given Length of atrut at Moment of inertia =I Young's modulus =. ‘Silaess of spring CCrippting load ‘Tho strut is shown in Fig. 19.11 in which Lateral force due to spring of stifiness Deflection of the end B ‘Then _-H = Stiess of spring x Deflection of end B hx @ Consider any section ata distance x from the fixed ond A. aehaae Lot y = Dellectivis ut ne voto ‘Then moment al the section = Moment due to crippling loed ‘+ Moment due to lateral force H =P@-y)-H-9=P.a-P.y-HU-2) ay But moment is aleo = A 52 a Eguting the two moments, we Bob 7 a2}. pe-Py-HU-n) ae dty i a © spy-Pa-HU-» The solution® of the above differential equation is ye ows E}o oo ((E, cor .a)+ Cy sine ad+e- Bd») (« _ oF) He ir values sre obtained from boundary H plen where C; and C, are consiant of integration and th conditions, The boundary conditions aro = dy andy =0 also % 0 (0 For fixed end A, nae. .y ea. ‘Substituting the values ), 9 = 0 in equation (ii), we get 0n,.140. 020-2 0-0) corde tsindn0) H are Gear Er iit) Differentiating equation (ii) wart. x, we get dy iH Bo G,.a.sing.ao+6,.0,o06.0040-# en 7 H =O, a sinbe +0, e008 (e.a)+ "The equation (A) can be waitten 6s #4 H [P Eb vateyeutxa- fh los) whewea= gp or 6 Vz ‘The complete solution of thie uation ix xo Haw y= Ocala 4 Cyainla ee cus (Bes an fos} eo (xo fF] coin [x HuwSTRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘counts Ano STAUTS - sxe Sol. Given = 0,in the abov equi, we et Pr oreariacies So aeee 2 Re if ihn Internal dia ofhaow shat = 2 Both th shafts are made ef the came mateval and have the samme length rose setonl A arca and ond eonditions, Av ares of eld ard hallow shafts ar ol = ‘Area of oid sha = Area ohollow shaft Substtting tho values of; tnd C, in equation, we get ae i #1) H H o [>*-(3) ]oca[or-% a4) costed sinteayen- Aas) ts (e (0-40) coster-F sinteadea- Fil 0) 2 q Attheend B,2=1and y= 48D i Substituting those valu in equation (0, we gt 2 H Z Bn Buckling load of calm as gven by ul’ orm =(2-Bi) ost F sintad «05 ser a : a {seo equation (19.59 (0-F 1) coed % sin(tey+a As the shafs are having tho samo length, same materia, same eros-tctional areas a 7 and same end conditions. Hens the Yale of 4 and for oth sas are se oe er(oHilntaree Zante Pt ed Band team) 0 P Let P, = Buckling load of the hollow column ai ~ Fr) costor=- Haina) = Bucking lon of solid clara 7 = Least moment of inertia ofthe hollow stun (oF) py pt 1s sin (a) 2 Alps (PY) [pe XB x sate OL & (a palo] eee ow Least moment of neta of he soli enka H)) oP o tania (0-$) aa.P Hy ab ra tanaye S82, Hy oP aaP sha=- SP vette H a from equation (i) Dividing by a, we get tan (a. Problem 19.12, Determine the ratio of buckling strengths of two columns one hollow ‘and the other solid. Both are mode of the sarne material and have the same length, cross: sectional area and end conditions. The internal diameter of hollow column is half ofits exter- nal diameter (AMIE, Winter 1982, Summor 1985) 16 [Buckling load of hollow esluma Buckling load of cold column = 1.667, Ans.204 STRENGTH OF marERIALS Tobin 1918 Ug Ras maa au tal tres or eat ee fe eee at Me nk he hg ie! tne ged ane aka se eB 2085 10M Sot chens (DC ores when bth ending Stereos 408128, 10 nd 20 (Annamalai University, 1990) wk ZY @) where L, = Effective length Bu for both ends hinged, L, ‘where | = actual length Critical etrese Critical stress (Lad. an 4h ese eter oe EXE _ 924205108 io 1600 80, the ertical stress becomes as aE _ x? x25 x10 wo" Ga L ‘When 5 = 120, the critical etress becomes as eB xt 2.05 «10° eo? 4400 1 When j; = 160, the eritical stress aE _ x2 9205x108 <3 Sone = 79.03. Nimm® Ans, then £20, th etal tee xB _ 32 x205%10° Spor tong 7 5058 Nimm?, Ans, eee a Fa aaa ies i eae oa ive =, thea ses bcs a bebe bux? 4205 10° t ao (i) Axx? 2205 «10° {ao = 5058.16 Nim? Ans. When £ = 8, tho enticl stress becomes ss Set Aer? 9205108 “pe 7 8 @ ‘when 4 = 120, th eritca stross becomes as 264.54 Nimm?, Ans. k AEE die 205010" oo nome, *y20" 120% eee Wen 16, thee! tress esos ss __ a x2.05 198 ar = 816.135 Nimm?, Ans. vinen £00 tho til sss coms as 4x 2.05 «10° Z = SABO 210" aon.92 Nim? Ans. 10,11, RANKINE'S FORMULA In Art 19.10, wo have loarnt that Bulor's formula gives correct results only for very long. columns. But what happens vehen tho coluran is a short or the column is not a very long. Ox. tho basis of results of experiments performed by Rankine, he establiched an empirical formal ‘which is applicable to all columns whether they are short or long, The emapirieal formula given by Rankine is known as Rankine's formula, which is given as,[STRENOTH OF MATERIALS F< ae: BR @ where P= Crippling load by Rankine’s formula Po = Crushing load = 0, A 0, = Ultimate crushing stress A = Area of eross-section P= Crippling load by Buler's formula = EL yh = itv tenth For a given caluman material the crushing stross o, is a constant. Hence the crushing load Pp whith ie equal to 0, x A) will also be constant for a given cross-sectional area of the ‘oluran. In equation (), Pz is constant and hence value of P depends upon the value of Py. But fr a given column material and given cross-sectional area, the value of P depends upon the effective length of the column. If the column is a short, which means the value of L, is small, then the value of 1 Pg will be Lexge. Henoe the value of ~ will be small enough and is negligible as compared to 1 in equation (0, we get 1 the value ofp - Neglecting the value ot reeee fod w Pore Hence the eippling load by Rankine's formula fora shot clam s approximately equ to crashing oad. In Art 10.21 also we have seen that short cous fall de to rushing i fhe column is long, which means the value of sarge. Then the value of Fl bo small and the vale of wile Tage en ih ompared with 7 Hence the value of he ray be neglected in equation ( 1 Bap o Pate once te expaling loud by ankles formala fo ong columns is approximately equal to crippling load given ty Bulers formal a +e Hence the Rankine’ formals 3 = 2» 2 sity ra for ng alunns, ranging from short to lng column ; ta Now the Rankine formula = Ze ‘aking reciprocal to both sides, wo have Pet Pe FoPe PoP Fo Pee Po 1, Fo (Dividing the numerator and denominator by P,) Ccotunms AND STRUTS _ 1s ook om i} agen oe cao pte ns (By Se SeE Pia, -Aand Py = But oA tt asm re ; where « = —25 and is known as Rankine’s constant nea nto howe esis cnt ‘The equation (19.9) gives crippling load by Rankine’s formula. As the Rankine formula is empirical formula, the value of ‘sis Laken from the results of the experiments and is not calculated from the values of o, and E. "The values of 0, and a for diferent columns material are given below in Table 19.2 TABLE 192 [sx [Marat ain Ninh 7 1 | Wrote | 20 = ‘cas Iron 580 | ea a | Md Stet 320 a « Hit 4 rimber %0 a Problem 18.13. The external and internal diameter of « hollow cast iron column. are Gem and 4 em respectively. If the length of this column is 3 m and both of its endo are fixed, determine the erippling load using Renkine's formula. Take the values of 9, = $50 N/mm? and 1 ae a= ig in Rankin’ forma. ol. Given: External ia, D = Som thrnal day = em Ava, Ae TG) e226? = 25010 mn? = 26n t Momentof Inertia, I= Gy (54— 44] = 5.7656 xem = 5.76560 x 10¢ mm‘ = 67656 mmm*STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Least radius of gyration, (STE Be = 25.625 mm Length of colurnn, I= 8 ‘As both the ends are fixed, Bifoctive length, L, Crushing stress, g, = 560 Némm? Rankine's constant, Lat P = Crippling load by Rankine’s formula Using equation (19.9), we have aA “Ey ea ~(amay 7k x00 “| 25.005, 50 225 = SRA = 129750 N. Ans. Problom 19.14. hollow cylindrical ast iron column és 4 m long with both ends fived. Determine the minimum diameter ofthe column if has to earry a safe load of 250 RIV with a factor of safety of 6. Take the internal diameter ae 0.8 times the external diameter. Take 0, = 550.N min? and a = (AMIE, Winter 1988) Sol. Given Length of column, ¢= 4m = 4000 mm End conditions 4 . bag & Reahine’s formula Bifective length, L, Safe load, Factor of safety, Let External dia, Internal dis. Crushing stress, Value of'a? Fag in Raukine’s formula ue of Fg 1” Renkine’s formal Now factor ofsafory = Ci8bling load, _ Citipping load ‘ate load Crippling load, P= § x 250 = 1250 KN = 1260000 N (D*-(0.8D9) ‘Area of eolumn, 0.090" ‘Moment of Inertia, z =2 pe fInertia, I= Gy (DS (0.8D 4} = (D+ 0.400609 “or D* 8038 ‘coLUMINS AND SiRUTS a9 By * 0.5904 x DS = 0.009225 x x x DE But [= A #2, where i is radius of gyration (oosaas wx tok revo “0” mr Now using equation (19.9), P 7 rasne = 850222000" e nL (a0 ino" (aa 1250000 Dt Di xD DP mand Bede x009 * or 80980? + 8038 x 24414 196239700 = 0. ‘The above equations is a quadratic equation in D®, The solution is 8088 = 8035" + 4x 1x 196289700 2 Ds Roots= =P __ 8088 « \GT6004 4 TEAVEBIOD _ 803829147 2 2 3a 038+ 20147 - Meera = 18592.5 mm? D> Ji85925 = 196.3 wm Bxtornal diameter = 136.8 mm. Ans. Internal diameter = 0.8 x 1363 = 109mm. Ans. Problem 19.15. 1.5 m long column hes @ cireular cross-section of & om diameter. One of the ends ofthe column is fixed in direction ond pesition and other end is free, Taking factor of safety ae 3, ealonlate the safe load using (The othar reot is not possible) ( Ranknés mul, taki re, 02860 mond =i or ied nh (©) Buler’s formule, Young's modulus for Ci. = 1.2 x 108 N/mm’, (AMIE, Summer 1976) Sol. Given Length, I= 1.5 m = 1500 mm Diameter, d =5 em: ermenaTh OF MATERIA'S coeunve avo rete - aa 7 Sol. Given a, x 58519636 emt = 19.695 > 10" mm? : a eae External diameter, D= 5 em Moment ofinertia, I= gy x5¢= 80.7 emt = 90.7 x 104 mnt Internal diameter, d = 4 er roar * tay ir _ [ sorx108 ‘roa, Fo. ‘cad Teast radius of gyration, A= 5" Yag.ga5x 10" 7125 mm aaa Monentefineria, I= 2 (5t-49= 4 Te FUG 44 = Fy (625 ~ 256) End conditions = One end is fixed and other end ia fre. Effective length, D, + 1500 = 3000 mm Factor of eafoty = 3 (a) Safe load by Rankine’ formula Yield stress, 0, = 560 N/mm? : 1 Rankine's constant, a= F555, Let P » Crippling lead by Rankine’s formula ‘Using equation (19.9), we have pa eA Ly re(Z) 0 10635 98 = 000 min and Tifa 00 2.5) Crilnged ‘Safe load Factor of safety (Send by Baers forma ous Modus 12.10 Ni? Bl Le stesaw? 20908 ail Using equation (19.5), = 40200 poling load Safe load * Factor of safety Problem 19.16. A short length of tubo, dem internal diameter and 8 em externat diam ster, failad in compression at a load of 240 RN. When a 2 metre length of the same tube wes eatod'as strut with fixed ends, the load at failure was 158 RN. Assuming that o, in Rankine’s Formula in given by the first test, find the value of the constant cin the same forms, What will "athe crippling load ofthis tube ifitis used as a strut 8 m long with one end fixed and the other “hinged ? (MIE, Summer 1983) = 5.7656 « m om = 876568 x mn! Dnt nin eterin A= f= RE cxration be (Eo FE 6m Crushing load 240 kX The value of , fn Rankin's formula is given bythe érushing lad of 240 KN, he valowat 9, £tuHhg oud of 240 LN ‘Area 240 = ZS - 03305 umn Length of he strut, = 2 m » 2000 ram End condition = Both the ends are zed EBoctive length, Z, = 4 = 79° «1000 man Crushing loa of strut, P= 158 KN. (0 Value of constant Lote = Value of Rankine'’s constant Using equation (19, we have aye pee, rea. (% (=) vo = O80 205 x 20909 tae. (1000) ~ 1+390025%0 e) 150028 xan 222 si59 15189 —1.0 1 #18910 . oqg01828= as. Ane (Crippling food for the strat of ength 3 m when one endl fied and ethers hinged ‘etna length, = 3m = 2000 mm Eid conditions = One end fixed and others hingod 1 3000 Efietive length,» = ae ae LetP. rippling load,B42 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ee Using equation (19.9), mJ 0.33985 x 2255 regan BM J 1590 “| V2 = 16. 120518 120i Problem 19:7 Find the Euler crashing loa fora hallow clndrzal east ron column 20 om earnaldismeter and 26-mm ticki te m long ad hinged at bath ends Te Betgn to Ninn. ‘Compare the load with the crashing load ee giv bythe Rankin’ formula, taking 1 1 (+ A-s60- 5) =TLOTKN. Ans. 2,9 550 N/mm and «= eg ; for what length of the column would these two formula give the same erushing load # (AMIE, Winter 1984) Sol. Given ‘External dia, D = 206m ‘Thickness, = 25 mm = 2.5 om Internal dia, d=(D-2x1)=20-2x25 = 15cm. © 175% Area, F capt 358) = MEF 5 197.46 em? = 19744 mam? Monentotnria, 1=-5(0~18= & aon -ste29 Ses ot mt = tno mnt Least radiue of gyration, 7, fie fedgalaaadtttalioei esta re wae and ee boat 8) SEI st ar nating a by atin ral foes cere : 1600 Value of cous ano stAuTs oa Let P = Crushing load by Rankine's formula Using equation (19:9), a 0 pete A SONI ragnot Ane, rea(Zy re sox( M0) (iE) 3600" as ‘Teo length ofthe column fr which the sbove two formulue giver tho same crushing toed iat = Length of the column Crushing aby ler forma - 2 Crushing load by Rankine's formal [Equating the erushing loada given by the above two formulae, we got EL oa al ‘Substituting the all known values except ‘L’, we get 7x 1.210% x 59659900 _ _ 95019744 = dele) 1600 " (625, 12 10° «53689300 Bg ‘al 550 x 13744 eee * 250000 or 8411800 = £ ok wsi000 nay o- —esnowo[ + eas] =2* 1600 o «rasan + S11u808 oe 412800 «1.946 4 = 4 of 1.94618 = 1 =~ 6611800 = oAnTeoo or f= 8411800 or LZ» (= 91800 0246 14 =—6411800 or b= aS ‘The above equation gives the imaginary value of length . Hence itis not possible to have the same length of the columns, which have the same crushing foad for the two given formulae. Ans.aa STRENGTH OF MATERIA 4 Problem 19:18. A hollow cast ir column 200 mm outside diameter andl 150 mm in- ide diameter, Bu long hae both ends feed. It's subjected to.an axial compressive load. Tabing Janse ine the sofe Rankine factor of softy a8 6, 0, = 560 N/mm?, a = 755 , determine the safe Rankine lod. (AMIE, Summer 1990) Sol. Given External dia., D = 200 mm Internal dia, d= 160 mm Length, = 8 m = 8000 mm Ea conditions = Both the ends are Crushing etree, 0, = 860 Win? ; a Rankine’ constant, = hs Safety factor = 6 ‘Area of cross-section, A= WDP~ a) = = | (40000 - 22500) Moment of inertia, T= Ze D*—d8) = Zr (2008 1508) = Gq (2800000000 ~ 506250000) Lat P = Crippling load by Rankine formula, eA (& 625mm Using equation (19.9), P altel 560 «18744 174000)" ‘696640 7696540 358 P= 1 17 Safe load = Faebr of calety 7 eg = 800.3295 KN. Ans Problem 19.19. A hollow C.J, column whose outside diameter is 200 mm has a thick hese of 20 mm, It i 4.5 m long and is fied at both ends, Caleulate the sofe load by Rankine’s farmila using @faetor of safety of 4, Caleulate the slendarness ratio and the ratio of Buler’s and ‘Ranhine's critical loads, Take 0, = 550 N/m? a= 08 me? 1 2 Bee Topo Ronkine's formula and E= 9.4 (AMIE, Winter 1979 ; Annamalai University, 1991) | ‘coLLNs AND STRUTS 34s Sol. Giver Outside diameter, D = 200 mm "Thickness, (= 20 mm Inside diameter, d= D-2x¢= 200-2 x 20-160 min Area, & (pt aty= ¥ cao0* — 160%) = 11310 mm? Moment ofinertia, I= 2 D*-d) = ‘And the least radius of gyration, T T0000 fh Sin Length of column, P= 4.5 m= 4600 mm End condition = Both the ends are fixed (2008 1608) = 48370000 ment a 1 4500 Effective length, actor of safety Value of 0, = 850 Ninn? 1 1600 Value off = 94 x 10¢ Nin @ Stenderness ratio Using equation (18.8), we got 1 3500 Bt oe (0 Safe loo by Rankin’ formula Tot P» Crippling load by Rennes formula o.xA_ 850% 11910 LP 1_ (22507 vel) tree) Ceippling oad _ 3511000 Safe load Factor of safety "4 (Gi) Ratio of Buler’s end Rankine’ ertcal loads et Pp = Euler’ exiticl load Buler’s critical load is given by equation (19.5) BEBE _ at 9.45108 46970000 2950 maa Value of Slenderness ratio 7030, Ans. Using equation (19.9), P = 351100 N 777. Ans. - 49770 N Pana? 2250" | Bulor'seritical load _ Te Ronkine's critical load ~ P anal Cy P= 3511000 N) 3511000 242. Ans.546 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. BA Problem 19:20, A column is made up of wo channel 1850 200 and two 25 em x 1 em flange plate as shown in Fig. 19.12. i F ‘Determine by Rankine’ formula the safe load, the column of 6m length, with both ends fixed, ean carry with @ factor of safety 4. The properties of one channel are 2.77 cm, [yy = 1,161.2 em? and Tyy = 84.2 emt Distance ofcontroid from back of web = 1.97 om. Take 0, = 0.82 kN mmaé and Rankine's constant = 117,500. Sol. Given Length of the colurnn, {= 6 m = 600 mom Factor of safety » 4 Yield stress, 0, = 0.92 N/mint asm wf 1 Rankine’s constant, @= 755g, Let P = Crippling load on the column. From the geometry of figure, we find that area of eolumn, A= 7.77 +95 xD) 5.54 em! = 6554 mm? ‘and moment of inertia ofthe column seetion about X-X axis, 5x1 f= tx nth +2 12105" ont 7890.0 emt 499.0 emt Similarly, ee sae 16+ son} em ‘Since Jy is less that fy therefore the column will tend to buckle in y-y direction. Thus ‘we shall make the vals of a Iyy = 4,499 em‘. Moreover as the column is fixed at ite both tends, therefore equivalent length of the eolumn, 1 6000 220° 3000 mm, and = 4499 emt = 4499 « 10¢ mm Wo know that the least radius of gyration, {i - (ee “VA TV B554 o..A with asual notations 5 mma Using the relation, L uel) 05245554 sagan vg) Tao 725 ‘We know thatthe safe load on the eslumn £ 2228 557 KN. Ans. Factor of salety ~~ 4 . ‘COLMANS AND STRUTS . a7 19,12. STRAIGHT LINE FORMULA 1. The pin joints are not practically frictionless, 2, The ond fixation is never perfectly rigid. 3. In case of Euler's formula, the effect of difect compression has been neglected. 4 The load is not exactly applied as desired 5. The members are never perfectly straight and uniform in section, 6. The material of the members is not homogeneous and ieotropic. On account of this, the empirical straight line formula are commonly used in practical designing. They are of the form P=o.xA (19.19) where P= Crippling load on the column, Compreceive yield stress, Le A= Area of eroes-section ofthe column, $= Slonderness catf, and n= A constant whese value depends upon the moterial of the column. In equation (19.10) iP pated agin (12) nel sd ne a nes the equation (19.10) reprosonts a straight line formula, Tho equation (19,10) ean also be wait tenas 7 aceon (8) P where & reprosents the stress corresponding to load A. |. JOHNSON'S PARABOLIC FORMULA ‘The critical load according to Prof. Johnson, is given by Pee, Anr(Ie) ea 19.) Compressive yield stress, ‘r= Aconstant whose value depends upon the material of the eolumn and is taken as = Gag» where & = Young’s modulus & Fi = Slenderness ratio A= Crois-coctional area of column, tn onan 910 pat agit (2), wel at aa ue ed hhonce the formula represented by equation (19,11) is known as a parabolie formula.948 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 9 19:14, FACTOR OF SAFETY “The ratio of the critical load to the safe load Is known as factor of safety. The valuos of the safety factors usually used for different materials are given below : Column material Factor of safety ‘ld es) a _| Wrought ion 3 Cast iron Ss EEE ‘Timber _ é 19.15, FORMULA BY INDIAN STANDARD CODE (18. CODE) FOR MILD STEEL ‘The direst stress in compression on the gross area of the section of an axially loaded compression member shall notexceed the values of o, ealeulated as follows and given in ‘Table 18.3. (tr 5e ot 180} te and above} wt : rn) oe) o: (12-anbr] where, = Alloweble axial eompresson stroseabtained fro Table 19.8 ‘A value obtained fom the above secant formula 6, = The guaranted minimum yield stress taken as 260 N/mm? for mild stot m= Bactor of safety taken as 1.68 ly 2. e stenderness ratio E = Modulus of elsticity = 2.047 « 10° Nima? Safe stresses (o,) in axial compression according to LS. eode for mild steel column is given in Table 19.8 for various values of slenderness ratio, TABLE 19.8 ‘Slenderness, ‘Sof sre, ‘Sendernese ‘Soft stress, 9, (Nam) ratio Be 0, (lina) ° ESS wa 10 @3 2 313. 30 236 00 210 24a a9 80 100.7 %0 28 100 540 no 763 120 or 130 507 v0 | wa Problem 19.21. Determine the safe load by 1.8. code for a holiow cylindrical mild eel tube of 4.0 em external diameter and em internal diameter when the tube is used as a column of lengts 2.5 m long with both ends hinged. Sol. Given : External diameter, J = 4 em Internal diameter, gem 2 Area, Aw Eig? -9812 15x em? = 175¢mn 7948x-em* Moment ofinertia, I= G5 (4*- 9" 27343x mm* Length of column, !=2.5 m = 2500 mm End conditions = Both ends hinged Eilective length, Z, = ! = 2500 mm ‘To determine the safe load by IS. code, first find the value of slenderness ratio. Then corresponding to the slenderness ratio, obtain the safe compressive stress (i.e, value of 0,] from the Table 19.8, Safe load will bo equal to the product of 9, and arca A. Le Now slendorness ratio = 2 Tr _ (eras where h = Least radius of gyration = JZ = here b = Least radi = ioe = 15.02 2500 Slenderess ratio = 720s From Table 19.8 corresponding to slendorness ratio of 160, the allowable compressive strese i 42.3 Nim? ac = 42.8 Nite? +, Safe load for the eolumn = 9, x A 12.3 x 17a N = 28258.6 N. Ans. 19.16, COLUMNS WITH ECCENTRIC LOAD Fig. 19.18 (@) shows a column AB of length 'f fixed at end A and free at end B. ‘The column is subjected to a load P which is eecentrie by an amount of '¢. The free end will eway sideways by an amount a and the column will deflect as shown in Fig. 19.13 @. Here a = deflection at froe ond B Eccentricity Aw Aven of cross-section of column Consider any esetion at a distance = from the fixed end A.STRENGTH OF MATERIALS aca raed (G- ve signs taken due to sign convention given in Art. 19.4.) ay But moment is also = EIT ay BEY spase-y=Paro-Pxy | FE =Pase-y=Po y ey on OY PeyaPare BIEZ + Pxy=Plased oY Pye Piore a af are et? A a ‘The above equation ean be written as « o Pg. 1913 ‘where ‘The complete solution of the above equation is, y=C,c08 (.2)+0, sin (a.s)+(are) roen(ee(E)ecusm[ fe] sero 0 coasts 6, [acenf E] = eealm(*~ far] VE? « (os @-4e is constant, Hence differential is. 2070) In equations (?) and (i) C, and C, are constant of integration. Their values are obtained from boundary conditions. : dy GW) AbA,an 0)» —Oand sleo $Y =0 (Gs Aina fixed one) we get Ge-@re From equation (i) where x «0 and y 0=C, tare From equation (i) where x 4 and %~0, we we got (e onyx la 8 & Subotituting the values of C, and Cy im equation (i), wo got pe-tsnen(en{ Esteem (¢ Epessntn sen) Co CcoLUMs AND STRUTS a5 (2) at == 1,y =, honce equation (ii) becomes as o=-@s0.e('x ver or Gree [tn fF) -neenane ate Ao) tata ae et lcli etal ae sna baa eat sei cane wi ba beang tat eed ee es 640 opmiar ye det dees Safer tending sos oe poe ie an lathe scm whee bending ements mask nom, Senay tae ne the haed a Mecbaca Ae Pte +) wing coon [ weraeelnfE Hence maximum compressive stress becomes as Prewe{«{F) amt op oy2 Bt oan ‘The equation (19.12) i wed for a clunn whose one end a Fed, other end fro and Toad is excontic to the colurnn. In shis equation, {isthe actual length of the column, The relation between actual length and effective length fr colutan whose ono ond i fxed and Cher ond in re ie given by Ee 1,2 or In Substituting the value of Jis equation (19.12), we get general formula which cam be used for any end condition, Hence general formula ie Prowme[ iE) z 19.18) ay82 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Problem 19.22. A column of eireular section is subjected to ¢ load of 120 RN. The load is parallel tothe axis but eccentric by an amount of 2.5 mm. The external and internal diameters ‘ofoolumns are 60 mm and 50 mm respectively. If both the ends ofthe column are hinged andl “pltunn is 2.1 m long, then determine the maximum stress in the coluran. Take E = 200 GNim?. Sol. Given Load, P= 120 kN = 120x 10° Beventrcity, ¢ = 2.5 mm = 2.5 x 10% m 30m = 005 95, d= 80 mi = 005 mim, Both ons are hinged, Z,=0= 2.110 Value of = 200 GN" 20% 10° Nin? ‘Tho mesmo tess given by equation (19.19) a8 1. [P) rrocwel tear z “a where A = Area of section wa x 0.0011 = 8.689 «10-4? 7 10.06? ~ 0.05%) Moment of inertia = (Dt) & (0.000.054 man = J .ab0 «104-0606 «30-) «09809104 2 Section modulus “pata aty _ By 006" = 09547 ya (D 008 a 52.290 x 10° - 0.625 «10° 64x 0.03, 09185 x 10° ma? ec (Eee [F) = ooe( 24 [120% 10" _ \ 2 * \B00% To" «0.329% 10° (1.4178 radi) (Here 1.4379 isin radians seca ane let nono tat =: 120% 10° (120 x 10°) x (2.5 x 10°") « 6.566 ‘mas ~ 8,639 x 10 1.0975 x 10° apr es7048 10 Sea Anat oe CHE Nt Ane (COLUMNS AND STRUTS ine Problem 19.23. If the given column of problem 19.22 is eubjected to an eccentric load of 100 KN and maximum permissible strese 18 limited to 320 MN m®, then determine the masi- ‘mum eecontricity of the load. Sol. Given: Data from problem 19.23 (0 mm = 008 ,d = 50 mre 0.05 m, 1 E = 200 GN/m? = 200 x 10° Nim*, Ze LOTS x 10 m8 Aw 8.689% 104m ocentrie load, P= 100 KN = 100 = 108 N Mar. sree, gy = 320 MN? = $30 108 Nit Lote» Maman ecoentiiy Using equation 1.19), we got, (u, [E Preseli fE pac Et a ree A Z, (te, [2 Lat ws rt find the veo of ee | weof22, [100 10" 2" ¥ 200% 10" » 0.0828 « 19 oo (1.8 as) nse (1200. 8") se T4.0 «3.86 Sobsttting the Kw vate in equ, wo gt 100 10° (100 10°) «ex 3.685, x 108 20 esgx107 *” 1097510 = 115,754 x 108 + 88894 € x 10° or 8320 = 115.786 + 88894 xe 320— 115.754 or = DOSAISTBA 6116x108 m= 6.116mm. Ans, saat 116 x10 m= 6.116,p 19.17, COLUMNS WITH INITIAL CURVATURE ig. 19.14 shows a column AB of length ‘hinged at both ofits ends. The coluran is having initial curvature and this posi- tion is shown by AC'B, Let P be the crippling load at which the folumn has just buckled (Ge, han just started bending). This position is shown by AC'B. The initial shape ofthe oolumn may be assumed eivcular, parabolic or sinusoidal without making ‘much difference to the final result. But the most common form is vorm(3) where C= Maximum initial deflection, _y'= Initial deflection at a distance x from end A.064 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS a, and C2 sin (8 SF ain (= [At the cippling load ‘P, the final shape of column is shown by AC'B. Lat y i the final deflection at distance x from end A. Ohange of defletion = -y’ Let chang of deflection = y* ‘Then y= ~9") ‘This change of deflection is due to BM equal to Px BM. at the section due to crippling oad = ~(P x) (ve sign is due to sign convention given in Art, 19.4.1.) tit) sayy) rom eauatin i} .0914 Lette stn te shire = men) where m is a constant of integration. ‘Tho value om wil be obtained by finding the value of Sand substituting this value sd lot innstion19.40) Let tan of 2 nahin hae in eq 930 Differentiating equation Gif) wart, x, we got e 5 = Be mex F cos S ing the above equation, we get dty a venta) COLNANS AND STRUTS 855 Sutin te anf BF an yn onan 940, weg omen sin(%) oF Gonceting sin (%) t both sides, we eet = Gv) (Dividing numerator and denomenstor by =) Buler's load is given by 7 sn equation Gio), we got ‘The above equation gives the value of min terms of Euler’ loa and ax! load Substitatng the value of in equation (i, we get Pe =) I By On quation (19.15) gives the finel defection at any distance x ffom end A 918) Maximum deflection oetion 18 Yue L Ate 39a Now the equation (19.15) becomes as xCxuin (4) (endSTRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘Maximum stross ‘The maximum stress (0,2) is due to direct stress (9) and maximum bending stress « nas = 99 + Oy ‘The bonding stress should be compressive. St. will be maximum, where bending moment is maximum, () ButB.M. = Px y, Hence maximum BM: = P*Jugr WR ggs BB * © Pe ae ae Pea] anes = + 19.16) CcoLUMms aN STRUTS _ oe a ayfey) In equation (19.16), C ie the initial maximum deflection and y, is the distance of ex trome layer in compression from neutral axis. Problem 19.24. Determine the maximum stress developed in a circular stel strut which is subjected to an axial load of 140 bN. The outside ond inside diameters of the strut are 200 mm anc 140 mm respectively. It i¢ 5 m long and has both ofits end hinged. The strut is having initial eurvature of sinuscidal form with initial maximum deflection of 8 mm, Toke E=205 GN Sol. Given : Axial load, P= 140 KN = 140 «10°, both ends are hinged, initial maximum deflection, C 10° Nin Ltt Gye = Maxsitmum etrese developed 00 mm = 0.2 m,d= 140 mm = 0.14 m, sam = 0.008 m, B= 205 GN Now, Ask pi=a= 4% O2_018) mi § (00409190 - 00161" 12 Z w-ae S cat-039 968 x 10-* mt = gy (0.0016 0.000088 paw E5968 10% A” 0016 Let us nov find the values of a (stress due to direct load), ag (atress due ta Euler's Jona) and y, 000379 = 8.78 «10° Nim? 72 shore Py = Buler’s load = EEL 31 205 10" 25988410" 599, gee 7 e 458 «108 = £88x 10° 17 « 108 Nim Bx EO" = 901.87 x 10 lstance of extrome layer in compression from neutral axis = 0.1m, ‘These values are substituted in equation (19.16)253. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 8 Now using equation (19.16), we get (2em-1)(1-22) ea (max 1) (1 --875210¢ * (aaeeiae 3) [+ sonar) or istige- 1) (1-002805) (arestar-1} (00m ong aust i 875» 10° (002898) ae = CL + 0:22088) x 8.75 > 108 = 10.083 x 10° Nim? Ans. 19.18. STRUT WITH LATERAL LOAD (OR BEAM COLUMNS) Colurnns carry axial compressive loads, Ifthe columns are also subjected to trans verse loads, then they are known as beam columns. The transverse load is generally uni- formly distributed. But let us consider two eases when (j) Transverse load is @ point load and acts at the centre Gi) Teanaverse load is uniformly distributed. 1918.1. Strut Subjected to Compressive Axial Load or Axial Thrust and a Trans- verse Point Load at the Centre. Both ends aro Pined. Fig. 19.15 chows a strut AB of length? subjected to compreasive axial load P and a transverse point load W at the centre. The strut is pinned at both of its ends. Consider any section at a distance x from the end A. Let is the deflection at this section. The bending moment at the section is given by, @ ig. 19.15, Bad noon by ens SF “ Bang thee BE ren oan) ak dy w aye Feo or ee la eee : at nT? Ber couunmis a0 sTAUTS 389 i cso (on fF] eae 2x FE) cram [xe (E)-* 7 ‘The slope at any section given by ® 20, [F sinfex (2) e0,x [B em{sx (P)- % ae ar (+= ar) ig (Ver |> ae ‘The values of C, and C, are obtained from boundary conditions. ‘Atx=0, y = 0, Henoe from equation (ii) we get onc, ize, & wa, om quan Ge gt ° Esco (ir on(S* Fw - x ty €,=0) o on ‘Substituting the value of C, and C, is equation (i, we got 0+ Bs FH ssee(be FE )oin( se fF) St ap VP“ (2* VET mr) ae Wi, {er 1 [PE Wee ete Basal Sa [E}an (en [E]- SE 0 ‘The above equation (), gives the deflection at any section Let ua now find maximums deflsction, maxinnum bending moment and maximum stress induced ‘Maximum deflection jga,)- The deflostion is maximum at the centre, where x= eutaiing = £ inequnton (wget dein ow, xe tua Econ wat = yp \p xia (ei)860 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS ‘Maximum bending moment. The BM. is given by equation () 25, w Ma-(PxyeH xx] L ‘The bonding B.M. will be maximum st the cuntre where y =Jzyq and x= 5. Substituting 2 32, BT sant Bee ed YD aver) ap [72 "2 [soe yah fe equ) [Mf tanto JE) Bets pep epee) aa © stan fE ap 8 5 Ver ‘The—ve sign is due to sign convention. Hence the magnitude of maximum Bul. is given by P i 4, fF 19.7 az te) et Maximum stress (¢,,,). Meximum stress induced is due to dizect axial compressive load and due to maximum bending stress naz * 8 5 WETS 6 theee values in the above equation, we get Ma (magnitude) ‘Stross duo to direet axial compressive load Fro The stress due to bending of strut is given by, Ae A= Radius of gyration MoM, = Minas *¥s Ae w Max. bending stress * woa( fe ‘coLuns aNO STRUTS a Hence maximum stress indueed becomes as 9.18) Problem 19.25. Determine the maximum stress induced in a cylindrical stel strut of length 1.2 m and diameter 90 mmm. The strut is hinged at both ite ends and subjected to an asia thrust of 208N at its ends and a transveree point load of L8EN atthe contre, Take E-=208 GN, 0 ram = 0.08 m ; axiel thrust, P = 20 KN = 20 x 10° N ;transveree point 8x 10! N; K = 208 GNin® = 208 x 10° Nin? An¥ dt F @og (008 > 10-4 mat MOL, T= gq Oo = gq (0.08) = 3.976 x 10° Diroct stress is due to axial thrust. P__20x10° 7 y= ~ pee ag * 28-28 « 1OP Nin? = 28.29 MINI Maximum bending stress is given by Maas * , “ a a [ 20x 10" Ya0E 107} BTECIO™ JERS = 1.555 and 0.543 P 1555 1.555 ~ 0.933 rad « 0.998 x "80" -55.45* an (0.988 rad) = tan (59.45") 349 ‘Substituting known values in equation (i), we got ay, = 28x10 Substituting the above value in equation (), we get «0643 « 1349 78066 T 78086 x0018 ‘3.976x 10° (- nek 30 «15 mm-=0018 mand! 397610 m*)862 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 6 “Maximurn stress induced is given by "26.29 MNin® + 204.51 MIN? = 822.8 MN/m?, Ans, 19.182 Strut Subjected to Compressive Axial load or Axial thrust and a ‘Transverse Uniformly Distributed load of Intensity w per unit length. Both ends are Pinned. Fig. 9-16 shows astrut AB of ongth ? eubjected to axial thrust Pat its ends and also ‘transverse uniformly distributed load of intensity Want length, The strut is pinned at both offts ends. ‘Consider any section ata distance ‘from the end A, Let ys deflection at this section ‘The bending moment at the section is given by, x_wxt Ma-Pxyswenxd- Shtee wxet_wales w= Pxy+ WEE wales a) Pry 2 > Ai writen — fuoltt ig 1916 Bonding moment is also given by, aty we wen Jt) Ditfrontisting the exetion (, vert, wo get Mp dy, wade wal Pat 2 2 % wat a PD suns Me Differentiating the above equation again, we get ou pty, wie eat “ 7 © 4 substituting this value in equation Gi, we From equation ti), £3 = 44 substituting this value in equation Gi), we go eM ae eae eee Gee-Px pve EM Pay ‘The above equation can be written as oH oy anP ane 4 sae whewd= 2 or ax {eo ‘This equation isa differentia! equation in M and is more useful asthe maxiroum bend {ng moment ean be obtained drectiy fom this, . COLUMNS AO STRUTS a “The solution of the above equation is Ma6,cos(ans) + Oysinta2)+ well) ase Eo) VET P [P| fen [P) , we kt cos = [| cyan (=) + 2 wy Lot na AF tn Goth ae equation Box |p on(ox(E) -eaxfZ om[2e JE) 20 6B in(en [Eon fF owe) 0 The values of Cand C, are obtained trom boundary condone. At x= 0,8 0, hence from equation Gv), we have wx Br wx BI P "P (as atthe contre shear force = Ry—w from equation (vs, wo got 2 et ie rw te 0. fF ain (PE) +0. [Exe (SE sila) ole (ev (Coneciing Eto both sides) xB (1, [F (ble) elf Eee (§