Physics 102 - Formula Sheet


~ 12 = Force exerted by q1 on q2
Coulomb’s law: ~ 12 = k q1 q2 r
F b12 =
1 q1 q2
b12
r
F
r2 4πε0 r2 b12 = unit vector pointing from q1 to q2
r

Force on a charge q in an electric field: ~ = qE

F ~
Z Z
~ =k dq 1 dq b = unit vector pointing
r
Electric field of a distributed charge: E b=
r b,
r
Q r 2 4πε0 Q r2 away from dq
I
Gauss’ law: ΦE = ~ A
E·d ~ = Qenc
S ε0
Electric field calculations:
Charge distribution ~
Electric field E

Point charge q
r = distance from the charge ~ =k q r
E b
b = unit vector pointing away from the charge
r r2

Uniformly charged ring of radius a 
 Q= total charge
 Qx
x= distance from the centre ~ =k
E b
n
(on a line through its centre   b=
n unit vector on this line and (x2 + a2 )
3/2

and perpendicular to its plane) pointing away from centre

 σ = surface charge density σ
Uniformly charged infinite ~ =
b = unit vector perpendicular to the sheet
n E b
n
non-conducting sheet  2ε0
and pointing away

Uniformly charged  λ = linear charge density λ
infinite line r = perpendicular distance from the line ~ =
E b
r

b = unit vector perpendicular to the line and pointing away 2πε0 r
r

 ~ =k Q r
E b r≥R
Uniformly charged  Q = total charge r2
sphere of radius R r = distance from the centre

b = unit vector pointing away from the centre
r ~ = k Qr r
E b r≤R
R3

Work done by the electric field in moving a charge q from a to b: Wab = Ua −Ub = q (Va − Vb )
q1 q2
Potential energy of two point charges: U (q1 , q2 ) = k
r
X qi qj
Potential energy of a system of point charges: U = k
i<j
rij
Z Z
dq 1 dq
Electric potential: V =k = relative to V = 0 at r → ∞
Q r 4πε0 Q r
Z b
~
Relationship between E and V : Va −Vb = ~ ~l
E·d
a

Electric potential calculations (Relative to V = 0 at ∞):

Charge distribution Electric potential V

q
Point charge q ( r = distance from the charge ) V =k
r

Uniformly charged ring of radius a 

Q = total charge Q
(on a line through its centre and per- V =k √
x = distance from the centre x 2 + a2
pendicular to its plane)
Capacitors: Q = CV
Capacitance of different capacitors (for air or vacuum, K = 1):
Capacitor Capacitance

A
Parallel-plate capacitor (A = plate-area, d = distance between the plates) K ε0
d

4π ra rb
Spherical capacitor of inner radius ra and outer radius rb K ε0
rb − ra

1 1 Q2 1
Energy stored in a capacitor: U = QV = CV 2 = Energy density: u = K ε0 E 2
2 2 2C 2
Capacitor Networks:
X 1 N N
X
1
Series connection: = Parallel connection: Ceq = Ci
Ceq i=1
Ci i=1
Z
dQ ~ ·dA
~ ~ = nq~v d
Electric Current and Resistance: I= = J J
dt
~ = ρJ
~ L V2
V = IR E R=ρ P = IV = I 2 R =
A R
Resistor Networks:
N
X X 1 N
1
Series connection: Req = Ri Parallel connection: =
i=1
Req i=1
Ri
RC Circuits: (Time Constant, τ = RC)
 
Charging: q(t) = CE 1 − e−t/τ Discharging: q(t) = Q0 e−t/τ

~ = q~v ×B
~ mv⊥ 2πm
Charged particle in a uniform magnetic field: F R= P = vk T T =
B|q| B|q|
Force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field: ~ = I L×
F ~ B~

~ = µ0 I d~l × rb
Magnetic field of a current element (Biot and Savart law): dB
I 4π r2
Amperes’s law: ~ ~l = µ Ienc
B·d 0

Magnetic field calculations:

Shape of the conductor carrying current Magnetic field B (magnitude)

Infinitely long straight wire carrying current I µ0 I

B=
(r = perpendicular distance from the wire) 2π r

µ0 Ia2
Circular loop of radius a carrying current I (x = distance from the centre) B= 3/2
2 (x2 + a2 )
(on a line through its centre and perpendicular to its plane)

µ0 I
At the centre of a Circular arc of radius a carrying current I B= θ
4π a
(θ = angle subtended at the centre)

Long solenoid with n turns per meter carrying a current I B = µ0 nI

F µ I1 I2
Force between two long parallel straight wires carrying currents: I1 and I2 = 0
L 2π d
Z
dΦB ~ A ~
Faraday’s law of induction: E =−N ΦB = B·d
dt
B 2 L2 v
Motional emf: E = BLv F =
R