LS-18001-HB1

HYDROSTATIC BENCH
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
COPYRIGHT

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Proudly Manufactured in MALAYSIA

Product Serial Number : 90412

Date of Production : April 2009

Manual Serial Number : 90412-01

Date of Print : 29th January 2010

Project Manager : K.Y. Chong

Authorized by : Y.W. Lee

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
CONTENT

1. Safety Instructions ............................................................................. 1

2. Theory................................................................................................ 2

3. Setup ............................................................................................... 24

4. Experiments ..................................................................................... 47

5. Manufacturer’s data ......................................................................... 56

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
SAFETY

READ INSTRUCTIONS COMPLETELY BEFORE STARTING EXPERIMENT

Normal operation of the equipment is not considered hazardous. However, the RECOMMENDED
PROCEDURES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED to be sure that the classroom instruction is performed
under the safest possible conditions. If the student knows and understands the principle and opera-
tion of the parts in the system, it will help him/her to operate the equipment safely.

THE STUDENT SHOULD ALWAYS BE ALERT to experimental procedures which may be a hazard
to the operator or be injurious to the equipment. Every control device and switch has a specific op-
erational application. Be certain that all connections and control settings are carefully managed. NO
SETTINGS SHOULD BE MADE INDISCRIMINATELY.

STUDENTS PERFORMING THE EXPERIMENTS SHOULD BE SUPERVISED. Even the most ex-
perienced student should never be allowed to operate it while alone.

Always have good lighting and ventilation when performing the experiments.

Instruments used in testing, while durable, are sensitive to abuse. When connecting an electrical
instrument into a circuit, make sure that the instrument and its settings are within the voltage and
current range to be applied to the instrument. This will protect the supervisor, the student and the
equipment.

Use extreme CAUTION when making electrical measurements. Remember, it is too late to learn
that a circuit is live after one has touched it. Be certain that the STUDENT knows if the instrument
is on or off at all times. Never handle live circuits when in contact with pipes, other wires, or damp
floors.

Keep the floor clean of debris – oil, water, or other slippery material.

An electrical short across a ring or wristwatch can cause a severe burn. It is best to remove all
watches and jewelry when working on electrical equipment.

DISCONNECT the electrical power source before isolating any component from the instrument.
Lock the switches open to prevent someone from closing them during demonstration or test proce-
dure.

Hands-on experience is an important teaching tool. However, most accidents are the result of
CARELESSNESS - when students are concentrating on their lessons, they tend to momentarily ne-
glect safety. Therefore, like the service technicians, the students must train themselves to do things
safely. They must study the job for its safety problems before starting and think about safety aspects
before each step.

Refer all repairs to qualified personnel.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH

THEORY

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
Properties of Fluids

The term fluid relates to both gases and liquids (for example, air and water) and, although there are
differences between them, they both have the same essential property that when acted upon by any
unbalanced external force, an infinite change of shape will occur if the force acts for a long enough
time. Alternatively, one may say that if acted on by a force, a fluid will move continuously, while a
solid will distort only a fixed amount. If a shear force is applied to one surface of a volume of fluid,
the layers of fluid will move over one another, so producing a velocity gradient in the fluid. For a
given shear stress, a property called the viscosity determines the velocity gradient and hence the
velocity of the fluid in the plane of the applied stress. The viscosity is a measure of the fluid's resis-
tance to motion. Viscosity is a very important property in fluid mechanics since it determines the be-
havior of fluids whenever they move relative to solid surfaces.

Liquids and gases both share the property of fluidity described previously, but they differ in other re-
spects. A quantity of liquid has a definite volume and, if in contact with a gas, it has a definite bound-
ary or free surface. Gases, on the other hand, expand to fill the space available and cannot be con-
sidered as having a definite volume unless constrained on all sides by fixed boundaries, such as a
totally enclosed vessel. The volume of a liquid changes slightly with pressure and temperature, but
for a gas these changes can be very large. For most engineering purposes, liquids can be regarded
as incompressible, by which we mean that volume and density do not change significantly with pres-
sure, whereas gases usually have to be treated as compressible. Similarly, the effects of varying
temperature can often he ignored for liquids, except in certain special cases, but must be taken into
account with gases.

The engineer is often concerned with determining the forces produced by static or moving fluid and,
when doing this, the above differences between liquids and gases can be very important. Generally,
it is much easier to deal with liquids because, for most purposes, it can be assumed that their vol-
ume and density do not change with pressure and temperature. In the study of hydrostatics, we are
primarily concerned with the forces due to static liquids. The forces result from the pressure acting in
the liquid and, at a given point, this depends on the depth below the free surface. Density, or mass
per unit volume, is a basic property which must be known before any calculation of forces can be
made.

When considering the interfaces between liquids, solids and gases there is a further property which
can produce forces and this is called the surface tension. When a liquid /gas interface is in contact
with a solid boundary, the edge of the liquid will be distorted upwards, or downwards, depending on
whether the solid attracts or repels the liquid. If the liquid is attracted to, or 'wets' the solid, it will
move upwards at the edge and the surface tension will cause a small upwards force in the body of
the liquid. If the liquid is in a tube, the force will act all rounds the periphery and the liquid may be
drawn up the tube by a small amount. This is sometimes called the capillarity effect or capillary ac-
tion. The forces involved are small and the effect need only be considered in a limited number of
cases.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
DENSITY, SPECIFIC GRAVITY, SPECIFIC WEIGHT

Density is a physical property of matter, as each element and compound has a unique density asso-
ciated with it. Density defined in a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative "heaviness" of
objects with a constant volume.

The formal definition of density is mass per unit volume. Usually the density is expressed in kilo-
grams per m3. Mathematically a "per" statement is translated as a division.

Density = mass (kg) / volume (m3)

Specific gravity, or relative density as it is sometimes called, is the ratio of the density of a fluid to the
density of water. Typical values are 0.8 for paraffin, 1.6 for carbon tetrachloride and 13.6 for mer-
cury. Specific gravity should not be confused with density, even though in some units (for example,
the c.g.s. system) it has the same numerical values.

Similarly specific weight should not be confused with density or specific gravity. Specific weight is
used in some text books in place of density and is the weight force per unit volume of a fluid. It only
has a fixed value when the gravitational acceleration is constant. In determining density, we have
used a beam balance to 'weigh' quantities of liquid and this is calibrated in grammes (i.e. units of
mass). The quantity to be weighed is balanced by sliding weights along the lever arms.

Specific gravity can be determined directly from the density of a liquid as measured, for example, by
using a density bottle. The value is simply divided by the density of water to obtain the specific grav-
ity. A convenient alternative method is to use a special ly-calibrated instrument called a hydrometer.
This takes the form of a hollow glass float which is weighted to float upright in liquids of various den-
sities. The depth to which the stem sinks in the liquid is a measure of the density of the liquid and a
scale is provided which is calibrated to read specific gravity. The sensitivity of the hydrometer de-
pends on the diameter of the stem. A very sensitive hydrometer would have a large bulb and a thin
stem (see Figure 1).

Figure 1 Types of hydrometer

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
CAPILLARY ACTION & SURFACE TENSION

Capillary action is the tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or to be drawn into small openings
such as those between grains of a rock. Capillary action, also known as capillarity, is a result of the
intermolecular attraction within the liquid and solid materials. A familiar example of capillary action is
the tendency of a dry paper towel to absorb a liquid by drawing it into the narrow openings between
the fibers.

The mutual attractive force that exists between like molecules of a particular liquid is called cohe-
sion. This force is responsible for holding a raindrop together as a single unit. Cohesion produces
the phenomenon known as surface tension, which may allow objects that are more dense than the
liquid to be supported on the surface of the liquid without sinking.

When an attractive force exists between two unlike materials, such as a liquid and a solid container,
the attractive force is known as adhesion. Adhesion is the force that causes water to stick to the in-
side of a glass. If the adhesive force between the liquid and solid is greater than the cohesive force
within the liquid, the liquid is said to wet the surface and the surface of the liquid near the edge of the
container will curve upward. In cases where the cohesive force is greater than adhesion, the liquid is
said to be nonwetting and the liquid surface will curve downward near the edge of the container.

The combination of the adhesive forces and the surface tension that arises from cohesion produces
the characteristic upward curve in a wetting fluid. Capillarity is the result of cohesion of water mole-
cules and adhesion of those molecules to the solid material forming the void. As the edges of the
container are brought closer together, such as in a very narrow tube, the interaction of these phe-
nomena causes the liquid to be drawn upward in the tube. The more narrow the tube, the greater the
rise of the liquid. Greater surface tension and increased ratio of adhesion to cohesion also result in
greater rise. However, increased density of the liquid will cause it to rise to a lesser degree.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
A quantitative analysis can be carried out as follows:

An enlarged section of a tube is shown in Figure 2. The surface tension a (force per unit length) pro-
duces an upwards force around the periphery of the tube. We will assume that the water is drawn up
at the edges, such that it forms a tangent to the surface, and the force acts vertically on the water.
The total force F is:

F = πd σ
(1)

For equilibrium this force is balanced by the weight W of the column of the water which is approxi-
mately

πd 2
W = ρ gh t
4 (2)

Solving for ht between equations (1) and (2) we obtain

4σ
ht =
ρgd
(3)

Similarly, for capillary action between plates distance b apart we obtain

2σ
hP =
ρgd
(4)

The actual heights obtained in an experiment will depend very much on the cleanliness of the tubes
or plates and on whether any impurities are present in the water. The effect can be very variable and
it is not worth calculating values of height from an accepted value of σ as the heights are unlikely to
agree with observations.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
VISCOSITY

As explained in the introduction to this section, viscosity is one of the most important properties of
fluids since it determines the behavior whenever relative movement between fluids and solids occurs
τ
in a simple case in which a section of fluid is acted on by a shear stress , it can be shown that a
velocity gradient is produced which is proportional to the applied shear stress. The constant of pro-
portionality is the coefficient of viscosity g and the equation is usually written: Kinematics viscosity is
very often more convenient to use and has units of m 2/s which are often easier to work with.

du
τ =υ
dy
(5)
du
where dy is the velocity gradient normal to the plane of the applied stress

Equation (5) is derived in most text books and represents a model of a situation in which layers of
fluid move smoothly over one another. This is termed viscous or laminar flow. For such conditions,
experiments show that Equation (5) is valid and the µ is constant for any given temperature. For
other conditions at higher velocities, when turbulent eddies are formed and mixing takes place be-
tween the layers, the behavior cannot be represented so simply and we will not consider these
cases here.

Equation (5) shows that if fluid flows over an object, there will be a velocity gradient in the flow adja-
cent to the surface, and a shear force transmitted to the fluid which tends to resist its motion. Simi-
larly, if an object moves through a fluid, velocity gradients will also be set up and a force generated
on the object which tends to resist its motion. In all such cases, a knowledge of µ is required to cal-
culate the forces involved. It should be noted that µ varies with temperature, so values for a given
fluid are usually tabulated for various temperatures. In the SI system µ has units of Ns/m2

In fluid mechanics the term µ/ρ often appears and this is called the Kinematics Viscosity and is de-
noted by
Coeficient of vis cos ity υ
V=
Density ρ

There are many experimental methods which can be used to determine µ and these are generally
less direct than measuring the parameters in Equation (5). One common method is to consider the
rate at which a smooth sphere will fall through a liquid for which it is required to determine the vis-
cosity. Under equilibrium conditions, the shear or 'friction' forces on the sphere will equal its weight,
and the sphere will fall at a constant velocity µ called the terminal velocity.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
An equation due to Stokes defines the terminal velocity and this is called Stokes' Law.
The equation can be written:

gd 2  σ 
υ=  − 1
18v  ρ 
(7)

Where

d is diameter of the sphere

σ is the density of the sphere
ρ is the density of the fluid
v is the Kinematics Viscosity of the fluid

This equation is only applicable for viscous flow, for which a variable called Reynolds Number is be-
low a certain value where:

pυ d υd
Reynolds Number Re = = (8)
υ v

The limiting value of Re is often taken as 0.2 and, above this value, the errors in applying Equation
(7) becomes significant.

In considering Equation (7), it is clear that the velocity decreases as v increases, and this can be
demonstrated for a range of different liquids. It is also possible to determine v (or µ) from Equation
(7) and this can be done using the falling sphere viscometer supplied with the apparatus.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
HYDROSTATIC PRINCIPLES

In the study of hydrostatics, we are primarily concerned with the pressures and forces produced on
solid boundaries by static fluids and, in particular, liquids. It can generally be assumed that the den-
sity of fluid does not vary significantly with pressure. Density does vary with temperature, but for
most purposes this variation can also be ignored. For water, it can be assumed that the density is
constant and equal to 1000 kg/m3. In order to determine the effects of forces produced by static liq-
uids, we need to know the pressure at each point in the liquid and the direction of the forces pro-
duced.

Consider the column of liquid in Figure 2. The cross-sectional area is constant and equal to A, the
height is h, and the liquid is homogeneous and therefore of constant density ρ. The downward force
at plane 2 is the sum of the pressure P1 acting over area A and the weight of water in the column.
For equilibrium, this must be balanced by pressure P2 acting upwards over area A, so we may write:

P2A = P1A + ρghA

or

P2 = P1 + ρgh (9)

Figure 2 Hydrostatic Pressure due to a column of fluid

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
Notice that the area cancels out and plays part in determining P2 so, if the area is very small, we can
consider P2 as the pressure at a point in the liquid. Also note that we have considered P2 as pres-
sure acting on the fluid at plane 2. If the liquid column extends downwards, then P2 Must is the pres-
sure exerted upwards by the liquid just below plane 2. Similarly, the liquid at plane 2 must exert a
pressure P2 in the downward direction. We may therefore deduce that the pressure at a point acts
equally upwards and downwards. In fact, the pressure at a point in a liquid acts equally in all direc-
tions and this is known as Pascal's Law. Most text books give proof of this by considering the pres-
sure forces acting on a triangular prism of fluid. The derivation need not be given here.

There are two further important facts about pressure forces in fluids which are related to Pascal's
Law.

a) Pressure forces acting between liquids and solid boundaries always act normal to the plane of
the boundary if the liquid is at rest.
b) The pressure is the same at all points in any horizontal plane in a liquid at rest. If this were not
the case, there would be a sideways force on an element of liquid and the liquid would move.

Figure 3 Up thrust on a floating body

We may now consider the case of a body immersed in a liquid. Figure 3 shows a rectangular body of
a plan area A floating in a liquid with its bottom horizontal. The pressure P2 acting upwards on the
bottom is given by Equation (9) and is equal over area A. For equilibrium, the net upwards force
must balance the weight W, hence:

W = ( P1 + ρgh) A-P1A = ρghA (10)

We may also note that the volume of water displaced is h x A and its weight is ρghA. This is equal to
the net upwards force of upthrust given by Equation (10). In fact, this is a simple case of a general
rule known as Archimedes' Law which states that: "The upthrust is equal to the weight of water dis-
placed " This is true for any body, irrespective of its shape, provided that the body and the liquid are
at rest.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
BUOYANCY, STABILITY OF FLOATING BODY

In the previous chapter, we have seen that the upthrust or buoyancy force, is equal to the weight of
water displaced. It should be noted that this depends only on the immersed volume of the body and
not on its density or weight. However, the question of whether a body will float or sink does depend
on these factors. The maximum buoyancy force is produced when the body is fully immersed and if
this is less that its total weight it will sink. Conversely, if it is greater, the body will find an equilibrium
position with only parts of its volume immersed, such that the buoyancy force just balances the
weight of the body, i.e. the body will float. The criterion for floating, therefore, is that the average
density must be less than that of water.

Simple Demonstrations

Various simple demonstrations can be carried out using one of the plastic beakers and the weights
supplied with the apparatus.

1. Attempt to float the beaker in the upper tank by placing it in the water, bottom downwards. It is
unstable and tips over, and will float or sink depending on whether water gets into it or not. The
beaker is 'top heavy' and will not float in the upright position.
2. Place a few weights in the centre of the bottom of the beaker and again place it in the water. It is
now more stable and will float in a more upright position, although it is lower in the water due to
the extra weight. The extra stability is produced by lowering the centre of gravity.
3. If further weights are added, the stability will further improve and the beaker will float lower down
in the water.
4. If sufficient weights are added, the beaker will sink. The volume is approximately 450 ml, so ap-
proximately 450 g should be required to make it sink. Note that at this point, the average density
of the beaker is equal to that of water, even though much of the volume is filled with air.

Stability of a Floating Body

The type of behavior demonstrated above can be quantified and analyzed using the Stability of a
Floating Body apparatus supplied with the bench. The stability will be found to depend on the posi-
tion of the centre of gravity and, in particular, its position in relation to the centre of buoyancy. This
leads to a definition of the metacentric height as a measure of stability.

The question of the stability of a body, such as a ship, which floats in the surface of a liquid, is one of
obvious importance. Whether the equilibrium is stable, neutral or unstable is determined by the
height of its centre of gravity.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY

The arrangement of the apparatus is shown in Figure 4. A pontoon of rectangular form floats in wa-
ter and carries a plastic sail, with five rows of V-slots at equally-spaced heights on the sail. The slots
centers are spaced at 10.0 mm intervals, equally disposed about the centre sail line. An adjustable
weight, consisting of two machined cylinders which can be screwed together, fits into the V-slots on
the sail; this can be used to change the height of the Centre of gravity and the angle of list of the
pontoon. A plum bob is suspended from the top Centre of the sail and is used in conjunction with the
scale fitted below the base of the sail to measure the angle of list.

Figure 4 Arrangement of the Floating Pontoon

Consider the rectangular pontoon shown floating in equilibrium on an even keel, as shown in the
cross-section of Figure 5 (a). The weight of the floating body acts vertically downwards through its
centre of gravity G and this is balanced by an equal and opposite buoyancy force acting upwards
through the centre of buoyancy B, which lies at the centre of gravity of the liquid displaced by the
pontoon.

Figure 5 Derivation of the stability of a Floating Pontoon

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
To investigate the stability of the system, consider a small angular displacement δθ from the equilib-
rium position as shown in Figure 5(b). The centre of gravity of the liquid displaced by the pontoon
shifts from B to B1. The vertical line action of the buoyancy force is shown in the diagram and inter-
sects the extension of line BG at M, the metacentre.

The equal and opposite forces through G and B1 exert a couple on the pontoon, and provided that M
lies above G, as shown in Figure 5(b), this couple acts in the sense of restoring the pontoon to even
keel, i.e. the pontoon is stable. If, however, the metacentre M lies below the centre of gravity G, the
sense of the couple is to increase the angular displacement and the pontoon is unstable. A special
case of the neutral stability occurs when M and G coincide.

Figure 5(b) shows clearly how the metacentric height GM may be established experimentally using
the adjustable weight (of mass co) to displace the centre of gravity sideways from G.

Suppose the adjustable weight is moved a distance δx, from its central position. If the weight of the
whole floating assembly is W, then the corresponding movement of the centre of gravity of the
whole, in a direction parallel to the base of the pontoon, is

ω
σx1
W
If this movement produces a new equilibrium position at an angle of list δθ, then in Figure 5(b), G, is
the position of the centre of gravity of the whole, i.e.

ω
GC1 = σx1 (11)
W
Now from the geometry of the figure:

GC1 =GM.δθ (12)

Eliminating GC1, between this equations we derived

ω σx1
GM = ⋅ (13)
W δϑ
or in the limit

ω  dx 1 
G M = ⋅  (14)
W  dϑ 

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY

dx1
The meta-centric height may thus be determined by measuring knowing ω and W.
dθ
Quite apart from experimental determinations, BM may be calculated from the menstruation of the
pontoon and the volume of liquid which it displaces. Referring again to Figure 5(b), it may be noted
that the restoring moment about B, due to shift of the centre of buoyancy to B1, is produced by addi-
tional buoyancy represented by triangle AA1C to one side of the centre line, and reduced buoyancy
represented by triangle FF1C to the other.

The element shaded in Figure 5(b) and Figure 5(c) has an area δs in plan view and a height xδθ in
vertical section, so that its volume is xδsδθ. The weight of liquid displaced by this element is
wxδsδθ, where w is the specific weight of the liquid, and this is the additional buoyancy due to the
element. The moment of this elementary buoyancy force about B is wx2δsδθ, so that the total restor-
ing moment about B is given by the expression:

∫
w δϑ x ds
2

where the integral extends over the whole areas of the pontoon at the plane of the water surface.
The integral may be referred to as I, where:

∫ x ds
2
I= (15)

The second moment of area of s about the axis XX.

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY

The total restoring moment about B may also be written as the total buoyancy force, wV, in which V
is the volume of liquid displacement by the pontoon, multiplied by the lever arm BB1.Equating this
product to the expression for total retiring moment derived previously:

wV.BB1 = w δϑ x ds ∫
2

Substituting from equation (15) for the integral and using the expression :

BB1 = δϑ BM (16)

Which follows from the geometry of figure 11(b), leads to

I
BM = (17)
V

This result, which depends only on the menstruation of the pontoon and the volume of liquid which it
displaces, will be used to check the accuracy of the experiment. It applies to a floating body of any
shape, provided that I is taken about an axis through the centroid of the area of the body at the
plane of the water surface. The axis being perpendicular to the plane in which angular displacement
takes place. For a rectangular pontoon, B lies at a depth below the water surface equal to half the
total depth of immersion, and I may readily be evaluated in terms of the dimensions of the pontoon
as:

D/2
1
I = ∫ x 2 ds = ∫ x 2 Ldx = LD 3
−D / 2
12
(18)

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
CENTER OF PRESSURE

The centre of pressure may be defined as: "The point in a plane at which the total fluid thrust can be
said to be acting normal to that plane”. The center of pressure apparatus used in this experiment
permits the moment due to the total fluid thrust on a wholly or partially submerged plane surface to
be measured directly and compared with theoretical analysis.

Water is contained in a quadrant tank assembly as part of a balance. The cylindrical sides of the
quadrant have their axes coincident with the centre of rotation of the tank assembly, and therefore
the total fluid pressure acting on these surfaces exerts no moment about that centre. The only mo-
ment present is that due to the fluid pressure acting on the plane surface. This moment is measured
experimentally by applying weights to a weight hanger mounted on the opposite side to the quadrant
tank.

A second tank, situated on the same side of the assembly as the weight hanger, provides a trimming
facility. A scale on the quadrant tank is used to measure the level of the water below the pivot (h).

The apparatus will require trimming in order to bring the submerged plane to the vertical in line with
the pendulum rule. This is achieved by gently pouring water into the trim tank until the desired posi-
tion is achieved, water can be removed in order to obtain the desired angle. Add weight to the
weight hanger. Pour water into the quadrant tank until a desired angle is restored. Note the weight
and the level of the water (h).

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THEORY

Figure 6 Determination of moment about axis above water surface.

Where
θ inclined angle to the vertical, which is subjected to the action of an increasing depth of water.
H depth of water above the lower edge of the rectangle.
R1 slant distance from the axis O to the upper edge.
R2 slant distance from the axis O to the lower edge.
R4 slant distance to the water surface.
B width of the rectangular plate.
y slant distance.
δy slant length.

First, consider the moment produced by the action of hydrostatic pressure on an element with the
slant distance of y and slant length of δy, therefore, the area of the element, δA=b δy.

The depth of element below the water surface is (y-R4)cosθ, thus the hydrostatic pressure, p on it is
p=w(y-R4)cosθ

The hydrostatic force, δF on the element is

δF=pδA=wb(y-R4)cosθδy

This force acts at radius y from the axis at O, as a result, the moment δM produced about O is
δM=wby(y-R4)cosθδy

The total moment M, obtained by integration over the submerged area,

M=wbcosθ ∫ y( y − R )dy
4 (20),

the limits of integration over the submerged area are different for partially submerged and fully sub-
merged.

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THEORY

Figure 7 Pressure Forces on a Plane Surface

Referring to figure 7, consider an element at start depth y, width δy

Case 1: Plane Fully Submerged

Limits R1 and R2
R4 < R1 and R2

M = wb cos θ ∫ y( y − R
R1
4 )dy

R2

= wb cos θ ∫(y − R 4 y ) dy
2

R1

( ) (
 R3 − R13 R4 R22 − R12 
M = wb cosθ  2 −
)

or  3 2  (21)
Case 2: Plane Partially submerged
Limits R2 and HSecθ
Hence:
R4 > R1 and R2

M = wb cos θ ∫ y( y − R
R4
4 )dy

R2
 y 3 R4 y 2 
= wb cos θ  − 
 3 2 R
4

( )
 R 3 − R43 R4 ( R22 − R42 ) 
M = wb cos θ  2 − 
or  3 2  (22)

18
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
BAROMETER

The mercury barometer provides a means of measuring absolute pressure by using a column of
mercury. An example of a simple mercury barometer is fitted to the bench and a diagram is shown in
Figure 8. The barometer consists of a closed-ended glass tube which is filled with mercury, such that
all air is excluded, and then inverted so that the closed end is at the top. The weight of the mercury
column is such that the column falls in the tube and a vacuum is formed at the top. A tiny amount of
mercury vapour is formed in the gap, but, for dost purposes, the pressure at the top of the column
can be considered an absolute zero, i.e. a complete vacuum.

Figure 8 Simple Mercury Barometer

If the top of the column is distance h above the free surface at plane 2, the pressure at that plane is
given by:

P2 = P1 + ρgh (27)

Where P2 is an absolute pressure.

In the case P1 = 0,the height h is a measure of the absolute pressure at plane 2. The only pressure
acting on the free I surface is atmospheric pressure, so the height h is an absolute measure of at-
mospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure varies from day to day, but a typical value gives a mer-
cury column height of 760 mm.

19
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
MANOMETER

Liquid Column Manometers

Columns of liquid can be used in a wide range of configurations for measuring pressures in both
static and moving fluids. The barometer represents a special case in which absolute pressure is
measured but, in general, liquid columns are used to measure differential pressures; that is to say
the difference in pressure between two points in a fluid system. Strictly speaking, the term manome-
ter relates to all methods of measuring pressure but, in normal usage, it is taken to refer to liquid col-
umns and particularly those in the form of U-tubes.

Figure 9 shows the general case of a U-tube manometer measuring the differential pressure be-
tween two points in a system containing fluid (liquid or gas) of density ρ1. The U-tube is filled with a
heavier fluid (liquid) of density ρ2 and the differential pressure is measured in terms of the difference
in height ∆h = (h4-h3) of tile two columns.

Figure 9 Pressure in a U-tube Manometer

The reminder of the U-tube and the connecting tubes are filled with the working fluid of density ρ1.
First consider the pressure at point 1 due to the column h of working fluid:

P1 = P2 + ρ 1 gh 1

or

P2 = P1 - ρ 1 gh 1

20
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
Now consider the pressure at the bottom of the U- table due to fluid in the left – hand column:

P3 = P2 + ρ1 gh2 + ρ 2 gh 3 (28)

and substituting for p2 we obtain:

P3 = P1 - ρ1 g (h1 − h2 ) + ρ 2 gh3

Similarly, for the right hand column and connecting tube:

P3 = P5 - ρ 1 g ( h6 − h5 ) + ρ 2 gh 4 (29)

Then on equating the right hand side of the equations (28) and (29) and rearranging we obtain:

(p1 – p5) = ρ2 g(h4 − h3 ) + ρ2 g(h2 − h5 ) (30)

Finally substituting h4 - h3 = h2 – h5 = ∆h and h1-h6 = h7 we obtain

(p1 – p5) = (ρ2 –ρ1) g∆h + ρ 1 gh 7 (31)

This represents the general case where the pressure tappings are at different heights and the den-
sity of the working fluid is significant compared to that of the manometer fluid. It can be seen that the
difference in height of the manometer columns gives a measure of (p1 - p5), but a correction has to
be made for the different heights of the pressure tappings. This is most important and must be re-
membered whenever a manometer is used with liquid rather than gas as the working fluid in the con-
necting tubes.

Notice also that the apparent density of the manometer fluid is reduced by ρ1, the density of the
working fluid. A common case is the mercury under water manometer where the apparent density is
13600 - 1000 = 12600 kg/M3 instead of 13600 kg/M3 for a mercury/air manometer. There are two
important cases which lead to a simplification of Equation (31).

Tappings at the same height

If the tappings are at the same height, the last term in Equation (31) becomes zero giving:

(p1 – p5) = (ρ2 – ρ1) g∆h (32)

Thus for this case, the pressure differences is proportional to ∆h multiplied by the apparent density
(ρ2 – ρ1).

21
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY

(ρ1 – ρ0) = ρ1g (h1 – h2) (33)

It may be noted that the second term on the right-hand side is a correction for the varying column of
water in the connecting tube. This variable correction can be eliminated by substituting h1 – h2 = h0 -
∆h/2 where h0 is the height 2 of the columns above the pressure tapping when the pressure differ-
ence is zero (see figure 17). Equation (33) can then be written:

 ρ 
(p1 – p0) =  ρ 2 − 2  g∆h + ρ1 g (h1 − h2 ) (34)
 2
where the second term on the right hand side is now a constant.

It should be noted that this is based on the assumption that each column moves the same distance
from level ho when displaced and this means that Equation (34) only applies if the tubes are of the
same cross-sectional area. The significance of this is explained in the next case.

Gas as the working fluid

If gas is the working fluid, its density can usually be taken as negligible compared to that of the ma-
nometer fluid and equations (30) and (31) reduced to :
(ρ1 – ρ5) = ρ2gh ∆h (32)

In this case the pressure difference depends directly on ∆h and the actual density of the manometer
fluid. Equations (31) and (32) are quite general. The following two cases are worthy for further dis-
cussion.

Figure 10 Manometer Opens to Atmospheric Pressure

22
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
THEORY
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT

Pressure measurement is important, not only in fluid mechanics but in virtually every branch of engi-
neering. There is a wide range of methods for measuring pressure and many of these employ hydro-
static principles.

When you apply a force to a solid object, the pressure is defined as the force applied divided by the
area of application. The equation for pressure is:

P = F/A

where
P is the pressure
F is the applied force
A is the surface area where the force is applied

For example, if you push on an object with your hand with a force of 20N, and the area of your hand
is 10 cm2, then the pressure you are exerting is 20 / 10 = 2 N per cm2.

23
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH

SETUP

24
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
SETUP

M L K

I
A
H
B

C G

A = Mercury Barometer
B = Measuring Cylinder
C = Capillary Tube Viscosity
D = Capillary Action Accessories
E = Dead Weight Calibrator Units
F = Water Tank
G = Triple Beam Balance
H = Metacentric Height Accessories
I = Center of Pressure Accessories
J = Control Panel
K = Water U-tube Manometer
L = Mercury U-tube Manometer
M = Pressure Vessel

25
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
SETUP
SETUP

1. Place the apparatus on a level floor. Lock the castor wheel of the apparatus.
2. Place the three measuring cylinders to its holders (B). Insert the three PVC caps to the opening
of the measuring cylinder.
3. Fill the water and mercury into the U-tube manometer (L, K).
4. Place the center of pressure apparatus (I) on the table top. Fill the tank with water. Ensure there
is no water leakage.
5. Fill the hydrometer jar and the capillary action tank with water (D). Ensure there is no water
leakage.
6. Check all the glassware of the apparatus. Make sure there is no crack on all the glassware.
7. Check the single limb barometer (A). Ensure the safety protective cover is attached.
8. Check the pressure calibrator unit (E). Remove the piston, fill the cylinder with oil. Check the
pressure gauge by pressing the piston of the unit.
9. Place the triple beam balance (G) and lever balance unit to the table top. Try to adjust the ad-
justable nut to ensure both of the balances are in equilibrium position.
10. Fill the stainless steel water tank (F) with clear water until at least 3/4 of its full capacity.
11. Connect the apparatus to 240VAC laboratory power supply. Switch ON the power supply (J).
12. Fully open the by pass valve located below the sink tank.
13. Switch ON the water pump. Ensure the water pump is working.
14. Check the battery condition of the digital manometer and digital height gauge. Ensure both of the
instruments are working.
15. The apparatus is ready for use if there is no defect on all the accessories.

MAINTENANCE

1. Check all the glassware from time to time. Ensure all the glassware are in good condition.
2. Fill all the tanks with laboratory water. Ensure there is no water leakage.
3. Check the piping of the apparatus. Ensure there is no water leakage.
4. Drain out all the water in the water tank during semester break.
5. The apparatus requires no major maintenance.

SAFETY & PRECAUTION

1. Ensure the water pump by pass valve is fully opened before switching ON the water pump.
2. Handle with care when dealing with the glassware.
3. No gold or silver material should be nearby the single limb barometer.
4. Be careful when applying pressure to the pressure vessel and the U-tube manometer.

26
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH

EXPERIMENTS

27
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1
Objective :
To determine the density and specific gravity of a fluid.

Equipment and Accessories :

Triple beam balance, 100 mL graduated beaker, density bottle 25ml, density bottle 50ml, test flu-
ids.

Experiment 1.1

Procedure:
1. Use the triple-beam balance to weigh the empty graduated beaker and record its mass, (m1).
2. Fill the beaker with certain of test fluid and read the volume, (V) as accurately as possible.
3. Weigh the beaker with fluid and record the total mass, (m2).

Experiment 1.2

Procedure:
1. Dry and weigh the density bottle and its attached glass stopper, (m1).
2. Fill the bottle with test fluid and replace the stopper. Fluid that is expelled would not affect the
volume of fluid which is 25.252cm3 (for 25ml bottle) and 51.741cm3 (for 50ml bottle), (V). Ensure
the fluid inside is levelled with the stopper.
3. Carefully dry the bottle exterior with a cloth or tissue paper.
4. Weigh the density bottle that is filled with test liquid and record the total mass, (m2).

Density Bottle

Triple Beam Balance

28
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Results and Calculation:

Table 1:

Sample Fluid Liquid A Liquid B Liquid C

m1 (kg)
m2 (kg)
V (m3)
ρ (kg/m3)
SG

Use the formula below to obtain the water density:

m 2 − m1
ρ ( kg / m 3 ) =
V

To obtain fluid’s specific gravity:

ρ fluid
SG fluid =
ρ water

Discussion :

1. Carry out these experiments to obtain test fluid’s density and specific gravity, then compare with
the theoretical values.
2. Define density, specific gravity and specific weight.
3. Which method gives more accurate result? Explain.
4. Discuss the possible factor that lead to these errors.

29
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 2

Objective:
Determine the use and principles of hydrometer.

Equipment and Accessories :

Header tank (measuring cylinder), hydrometer and test fluids.

Procedure:

1. Fill the header tank (measuring cylinder) with sufficient amount of test liquid.
2. Select and insert the appropriate hydrometer carefully.
3. Allow the fluid and hydrometer to reach stable state. Ensure the hydrometer does not come in
contact with the header tank wall.
4. Take the reading on the hydrometer from the bottom of the meniscus in line with the liquid sur-
face.
5. Repeat the last 3 steps with different liquids.

Hydrometer

Header Tank
(Measuring cylinder)

30
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Result and Calculation:

Sample Fluid Liquid A Liquid B Liquid C

SG

Density (kg/m3)

Complete the table above. Fluid specific gravity can be read directly from hydrometer. Hence, use
the specific gravity formula to obtain density of tested fluid with known water density.

Specific gravity formula:

ρ fluid
SG fluid =
ρ water

Density of water @ 25oC = 997.05

Discussion:
1. Carry out these experiments to obtain water’s (or other fluids) density and specific gravity.
2. Discuss the possible factors that lead to these errors.
3. On the other hand, compare the readings obtained from experiment 1 and 2 using the same
fluid.
4. Discuss the possible factors that lead to these differences.

31
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 3

Objective:
To demonstrate the capillary effect that occurs in various tubes and plate distances.

Equipment and Accessories :

Acrylic tank, 2 acrylic plates, 4 glass capillary tubes with bores of 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0
mm respectively, stainless steel shim, test fluids.

Experiment 3.1

Procedure:
1. Firstly, fill in the tank with sufficient water.
2. Place the 4 different bore size glass tubes in the holder and put it into the tank.
3. Wait for one minute, use the ruler provided to measure the water level in the tube. The height
level, h, is measured from the surface of the tube/plate to the maximum water level in the plate.
4. Change the water with other liquids and repeat Step 1 to 4.
5. Plot the graph of Capillary action against different bore size for different test fluid.

Experiment 3.2

Procedure:
1. Prepare a shim with known thickness, clamp it in between 2 acrylic plates.
2. Similarly, insert the acrylic plates in the tank with its holder.
3. Record the level that water creep up inside the plates with ruler. The height level, h, is measured
from the surface of the tube/plate to the maximum water level in the plate.
4. Change the water with other liquids and repeat step (1) to step (3).
5. Plot the graph of Capillary action against shim thickness for different test fluid.

32
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Results:

Capillary Action
Bore size, d Liquid A
(mm)
h hd/4 for Tube

0.8
1
1.5
2

Capillary Action
Shim thick-
ness, b Liquid A

(mm) h hb/2 for Plate

0.67
1.0
1.2
1.5

Discussion:

1. State and discuss the findings from the graph.

2. Explain the reasons of the experimental result variations for different tubes and plate gaps.
3. Evaluate whether the effect of surface tension is crucial when performing a hydrostatic calcula-
tion.
4. Explain about surface tension and why it is important.

33
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 4

Objective:
To determine a selected fluid’s kinematic viscosity.

Equipment and Accessories :

1000 mL measuring cylinders, 4 stainless steel balls (diameter: 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mm), ball guides,
stopwatch, test fluids.

Procedure:
1. Fill the cylinder with test fluid of approximately 1000mL.
2. Place the ball guide (PVC ball guide) on the cylinder.
3. Mark the starting and ending point on the cylinder to indicate the distance that is taken into con-
sideration for the ball traveling time (normally from the surface of the test fluid to bottom).
4. Insert the stainless steel ball via the ball guide and pay attention to the starting and ending point.
Record the ball traveling time. Repeat for the same diameter of ball and obtain the average read-
ing.
5. Repeat the experiment using ball with different diameter provided.
6. Repeat the experiment using different test fluid.
7. Calculate the kinematic viscosity using the equation provided.

PVC Ball Measuring

Guide Cylinder

34
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Result and Calculation :

Stainless steel ball diameter, d = mm

Fluid temperature, T = °C
Distance traveled, D = m
Time taken, t = s
Density of ball, σ = 7870 kg/m3
Density of test fluid A, ρA = use the result obtained from experiment 1
Density of test fluid B, ρB = use the result obtained from experiment 1
Density of test fluid B, ρB = use the result obtained from experiment 1

Follow the calculation steps:

Find the ratio of σ to ρ:

density of ball σ
=
density of fluid ρ

Obtain ball’s velocity:

dis tan ce traveled D

V= = m/s
time taken t

By substituting these values into Equation:

gd 2 σ 
ν =  − 1  m 2 / s
18 V  ρ 

Solve for fluid’s kinematic viscosity, υ

35
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Result:

Stainless Steel Ball Diameter, d (m)

Liquid
0.003 0.004 0.005
Average Distance Traveled, D (m)

Time Taken, t (s)

Average Time Taken, t (s)

Test Liquid A
Velocity, V (m/s)

σ/ρ

Kinematic Viscosity, υ at T °C, m2s

Discussion:

1. Explain why viscosity is an important fluid property and what kind of engineering design should
take fluid viscosity into design or operation consideration.
2. Explain what parameters will affect the kinematics viscosity.
3. Explain the differences between volume viscosity, dynamic viscosity and kinematics viscosity.

36
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 5

Objective:
To determine fluid’s viscosity with the use of Ubbelohde Viscometer.

Equipment and Accessories:

Ubbelohde Viscometer, Stop Watch, water, hydraulic oil, dish washer solution

Procedure:
1. Place the Ubbelohde Viscometer on a level table carefully.
2. Prepare dish washer solution, by mixing dish washer fluid with water in the ratio of 3:4, 4:4 and
4:3.
3. 15ml of test sample are transferred to the Viscometer through filling tube (3) into reservoir (4).
4. Connect capillary tube (1) to syringe. Close venting tube (2) by a finger or rubber stopper. Apply
vacuum to capillary tube by pulling the syringe piston. This will cause successive filling of the
reference level vessel (5), the capillary tube (1), the measuring sphere (8), and the pre-run
sphere (9).
5. Discontinue the syringe suction. Open the venting tube.
6. Liquid column will separate at the lower end of the capillary (7) and form suspended level at the
dome-shaped top part (6).
7. Remove the syringe from tubing. Fluid begins to flow down through capillary.
8. Measure the time interval it takes the leading edge of the meniscus of sample to descend from
the upper edge of upper timing mark M1 to the upper edge of lower timing
mark M2.
9. Repeat step 4 to 8 for 3 times to get an averaged time interval.
10. Refer to the attached table for Hagenbach correction factor (HC) (refer to
column Ia).

Note:
If air bubble formed in the capillary during the
test, it is advisable to repeat the measure-
ment.

37
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Result:

Test Liquid 1 Test Liquid 2

Time (s) Time (s)

1 1

2 2

3 3

Average Average

Useful Information:

Ubbelohde Viscometers ref no.: 501 11

Viscometer capillary numer: la
Capillary I.D: 0.95mm
Constant K approx.: 0.0507
Measuring range approx: 5 to 50 mm2/s

Calculation of viscosity:
The kinematic viscosity can be determined by the equation:

m = K (t-y)

Where m = kinematic viscosity (mm2/s)

K = constant for respective viscometer
t = measured time
y = Hagenbach correction factor (refer to table 1)

38
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

39
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 6

Objective:
To calculate the metacentric height by the Buoyancy floating study.

Equipment and Accessories :

Pontoon with weight, a basin of water, thick knotted cord

Procedure:
1. Draw a center line that goes through the center hole of the pontoon to the 0° with a white board
marker pen.
2. Fill the red container with water. Float the pontoon on the water.
3. Place the adjustable weight to the 2nd bottom row (135mm away from the base).
4. Ensure the plumb weight is pointing at the zero reading on the angular scale.
5. The adjustable weight is then moved in a steps across the width of the pontoon, the correspond-
ing angle of tilt being recorded at each step. (Reminder: Please read the tip of the scale for the
angle reading, beware of sign convention for the reading).
6. The step 5 is repeated for the other three above rows. Record all the readings into the table pro-
vided.
7. Plot the graph of θ against x1. Compute the gradient for all the cases.
8. Compute all the table provided.

Discussion:
1. Explain the effect of height and weight on the floating body stability.
2. Discuss the effect of moving weight on the floating body.
3. Explain why it is important to determine the stability of a floating body.

40
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Result and Calculations :

Weight of pontoon (excluding adjustable weight) (Wp) =1.280 kg

Adjustable weight (ω) =0.219 kg
Total weight, W = W p + ω =1.499kg
Breadth of pontoon (D) =0.220 m
Length of Pontoon (L) =0.305 m
Second moment of area, I=LD3/12 = m4
Pontoon displacement, V = W/ρ = m3
Area of pontoon in water, A = LD = m2
Depth of immersion, OC = V/A = m
Height of center of center of buoyancy B above OB=BC=OC/2 = m
ρ = density of water

Height of adjustable weight 305 260 200 135 80

from base plate (mm)
Center of gravity (OG) (mm) 99 90 81 64 58

41
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Height of Angle of List, θ (°) for Adjustable Weight Lateral Displacement from Sail
Adjustable Center Line, x1 (mm)
Weight, y1
(mm)

-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

135
200
265
315

Plot graph of angle against X1 for every Y1.

Find the gradient of every Y and start calculate the metacentric height when different height of the
adjustable weight.

Height of Adjust- Height of G dx1 Meta-centric BM (mm)

able Weight, y1 above Water Sur- Height, GM (mm)
(mm) face, OG (mm) dϑ
(mm/rad)
315
265
200
135

Useful equation:

dx1/dθ (mm/rad) = Gradient of the graph * 180o / 3.142

Meta-centric height, GM = ω ⋅  dx1 

W  dϑ 

BM = BG + GM = OG - OB + GM

42
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH

EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 7
Objective:
To determine the hydrostatic pressure on plane and its centre of pressure .

Equipment and Accessories :

Center of pressure quadrant tank and balance, a set of weights

Procedure:
1. Set the quadrant tank with base frame and hang the weight hanger on the hook attached on
left hand side.
2. Add some amount of water into the trim tank to get a desired angle (i.e 7o). Record the angle
and the reading of lower edge of the end plate.
3. Put a 50g weight on the weight hanger so that the quadrant tank will be tilted to one side.
4. Add water into the right hand side water tank until the correct angle is restored. Record the
reading of the water surface (h1) and the reading of lower edge of the end plate (h2). State
whether it is partially submerged or fully submerged case. (Note: Partially submerge is the
case where the end plate is not fully covered by the water)
5. Repeat step (3) and (4) until the water filled at least 3/4 of the right side water tank.
6. Repeat step (2) until step (5) for another angle by adding weight to the weight hanger before
adding water into trim tank.
7. Compute the tables provided.
8. Compute the theoretical moment using the correct equation and compare these results with
the experimental result.
9. Plot the graph of moment against slant depth of water (R2-R4) for both experiment and theo-
retical value.
10. From the graph obtained, discuss and state the findings.

Trim

Right side tank

Weight

End Plate

Discussion:
1. Explain what is center of pressure and hydrostatic pressure.
2. If a plate is partially submerged to the water, how would the pressure exerted on the plate
change if compare to the plate fully submerged into the water?
3. Discuss and explain the important of knowing the center of pressure of a flying object and sail-
ing object.

43
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Useful information:

Width of rectangle B 75 mm = 0.075 m

Radius to weight hanger Rw 202 mm = 0.202 m
Radius to lower edge R2 200 mm = 0.200 m
Radius to upper edge R1 100 mm = 0.100 m
Slant depth R2-R1 100 mm = 0.100 m
Water depth along the slope R2-R4 = (Hsecθ) m
Moment due to weight M = W Rw Nm

Result:

Data Obtained from experiment:

θ (°)
Weight h1 (mm) h2 (mm) H (mm) Partially or
(N) Fully sub-
merged

Useful Equation:

Weight (N) = Applied weight (kg) * 9.81

H (mm) = h2 - h1

44
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Experimental result for the cases of θ= °

R2-R4
W (N) H (m) M (Nm)
(m)

Useful Equation:

R2 - R4 = H secθ
Moment, M = W * Radius to weight hanger (Rw)

45
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Theoretical result for the cases of θ= °

θ (°)
Partially / Fully
R2 - R4 (m) R4 (m) Moment (Nm)
Submerged
0 P
0.01 P
0.02 P
0.03 P
0.04 P
0.05 P
0.06 P
0.07 P
0.08 P
0.09 F
0.1 F
0.11 F
0.12 F
0.13 F
0.14 F
0.15 F
0.16 F
0.17 F

Useful Equation:

R4 = R2 - (R2-R4)

Moment,

M = wb cos θ  2
(
 R 3 − R43 )R ( R 2 − R42 ) 
− 4 2  .. For partially submerged case only
 3 2 

(
 R 3 − R13
M = wb cos θ  2
) (
R R 2 − R12 
− 4 2
)
 .. For fully submerged case only
 3 2 

Where w = ρg
ρ = density of water = 1000kg/m3
g = gravity = 9.81m/s2
b = width of tank = 0.075mm
R2 = radius to lower edge of tank = 0.2m
R1 = radius to the upper edge of tank = 0.1m

46
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 8

Objective:
To determine the principle of mercury type barometer.

Equipment and Accessories :

Barometer with mercury.

Procedure:
1. Observe the mercury level in the barometer.
2. Using the printed scale at the behind of the barometer, measure the height different of the
mercury level.
3. Compare this result with the theoretical result.

Result:

Reading Error%

Mercury

Discussion:

1. Compare the result with theoretical value. Discuss the finding.

2. If this barometer is placed on top of a mountain, will the reading
change? Explain.

47
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 9

Objective:
To determine the principle of U-tube water manometer.

Equipment and Accessories :

Digital manometer, U-tube mercury manometer, U-tube water manometer and hand pump.

Procedure:
1. Fill the U-tube manometer with coloured water and mercury. Ensure the water level is half of its
full level.
2. Connect both of the U-tube manometers to the pressure vessel.
3. Open both of the hand valves.
4. Connect the digital manometer’s high (+) port to the top part of the pressure vessel.
5. Connect the tube from the bottom of the pressure vessel to the hand pump. Lock the tube to the
hand pump.
6. Slowly apply pressure to the pressure vessel. Keep an eye on the water manometer. Ensure the
water is in safe zone. (Reminder: please apply the pressure SLOWLY).
7. Close the hand valve which is located at the bottom of the pressure vessel to hold the pressure.
8. Record the water height difference, mercury height difference and also the reading shown in the
digital manometer (you may record down the pressure reading in mbar, cmHg and mH2O from
the digital manometer).
9. Compare the result shown in the digital manometer with reading from U-tube manometer. Also,
calculate the pressure reading applied to the mercury and water manometer using the equation
provided.

Mercury Manometer

Hand Valve

Water Manometer

Pressure Vessel

Hand Valve

Digital Manometer

48
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Result:

Water Height difference, ∆H (m)

Mercury Height difference, ∆H (m)

Pressure applied on water manometer

(Pa)
Pressure applied on mercury manometer
(Pa)
Digital manometer reading (Pressure)

Digital manometer reading (cmHg)

Digital manometer reading (mH22O)

Useful equation:

Pressure applied = ρg∆H

49
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 10
Objective:
To understand the principle of the Bourdon pressure gauge calibration.

Equipment and Accessories :

Dead weight pressure calibrator unit, sets of weight, piston, hydraulic oil, stainless steel tray.

Procedure:
1. Place the bleed valve’s hose to the stainless steel tray provided. Open the bleed valve.
2. Remove the piston from the cylinder. Close the bleed valve.
3. Fill the cylinder with oil. Ensure the oil is fully filled up the entire cylinder.
4. Insert the piston to the cylinder. Push down the piston to allow the oil apply to the pressure
gauge.
5. Relief the piston and allow it to extend.
6. Apply the 0.5kg of weight on the piston. Do not drop the weight onto the piston.
7. Record the applied weight and the pressure reading from the pressure gauge to the table pro-
vided. (Reminder: Due to the scaling resolution, kindly estimate some of the reading shown).
8. Repeat step 5 with different 0.5kg increment for 5 sets of reading.
9. Repeat the experiment 3 times to get an average readings.
10. Compare the pressure reading with the theoretical result. (Reminder: You must convert it to
the SI unit and include the piston weight.)

Reminder: Always applied some oil to the surface of the piston after use.

Useful information and equation:

P (N/m2) = F (N) / A (m2)

Piston diameter = 30mm
Piston weight = 308.2 gram
1 bar = 101300N/m2

Bleed Valve

Piston
Pressure gauge

Weight Cylinder

50
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Result:

Complete the table below,

Weight Ap- Gauge Pres- Gauge Pres- Gauge Pres- Average Pressure
plied (kg) sure 1 (bar) sure 2 (bar) sure 3 (bar) (bar)
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5

Weight Applied (N) + Gauge Pressure (N/m2)

piston weight (N)

Weight Applied Actual pressure Percentage error

(N) P (N/m2) (%)

Discussion:

1. Discuss the error between the experimental result with the theoretical value.
2. Explain the working principle of a bourdon pressure gauge.
3. Explain the differences between absolute pressure and gauge pressure.

51
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 11

Objective:
To calculate the density of unknown solid.

Equipment and Accessories :

Measuring beaker (100 ml), beam balance, solid sample

Procedure:
1. Fill the low form beaker with certain amount of water. State down the volume of the water in the
beaker. State this as initial volume.
2. Using beam balance to weigh the beaker which is filled with water. State this as initial mass.
3. Put unknown solid into the beaker until the water level reaches a new level. State down this vol-
ume as final volume.
4. Weight the beaker and state down the final mass.
5. Compute the density of the unknown solid using the correct equation.
6. Repeat the experiment to take an average for the unknown solid density.

52
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Result:

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Initial Volume (ml)
Final Volume (ml)
Initial Mass (g)
Final Mass (g)
Density (kg/m3)

Useful equation:

Density = (final mass - initial mass) / (final volume - initial volume)

53
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 12

Objective:
Measurement with hydrostatic balance using Archimedes principle.

Equipment and Accessories :

Lever balance, set of weights, measuring cylinder (100 ml), ruler

Procedure:
1. Place the lever balance unit on a level table.
2. Hanger both of the weight hangers together with 200g of weight to the lever balance. Do meas-
ure the bottom area of the weight hanger.
3. Ensure the lever balance is in balance position where the pointer pointing at the red line. Else,
adjust the adjustable nut located at the side of the balance.
4. Place a beaker to one side of the weight hanger. Fill the beaker with water until the lever balance
became unbalance.
5. Apply some small weight to the top pan of the lever balance until it becomes balance. State
down the amount of weight applied. (Ensure the weight is not fully submerged into the water,
else, reduce the amount of water in the beaker).
6. Measure the level between the bottom surface of the weight hanger to water surface. Record
this water level.
7. Calculate the theoretical upward force and compare this result with weight applied.

Balance Indicator

Top Pan
Adjustable nut

Adjustable nut

Weight hanger

Beaker

Sets of weight

54
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Result:

Height from bottom of weight hanger

to water surface, h (mm)

Weight applied (g)

Weight applied (N)

Theoretical calculation (N)

Useful equation:

Upward force, W = pghA

p = density of water
g = gravitational pull
h = distance from bottom of weight hanger to water surface
A = area of submerged body

55
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 13

Objective:
1) Demonstrating that the free surface of a static liquid is horizontal.
2) Studying the effect of flow on a free surface.

Equipment and Accessories :

Free Surface Tube and Hose

Procedure:
1. Place the free surface tube on the table.
2. Connect the hose provided to the water supply of bench and connect the other side (with gate
valve) to the sink for drainage .
3. Switch on the pump by turning on the Mains Switch.
4. Adjust the valve of water supply and slowly adjust the gate valve on the free surface tube.
5. Slowly close the valve of water supply and gate valve. Let the water maintain in the free surface
tube without water flowing through.
6. Check the water level in each tube. Is it all in the same level? If yes, discuss how this happened.
7. For the other test, open the valves and maintain the water level with water flowing through the
free surface tube.
8. Check the water level in each tube, is it all in the same level? Compare the answer and discuss
it.

Free Surface
Tube

Water Outlet
Water Inlet Port Port

56
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 14

Objective:
1) Measure pressure by using digital manometer.
2) Study the pressure loss in orifice meter and compare the effect of different diameter orifice on
pressure loss.

Equipment and Accessories :

Orifice Meter, Digital Manometer and Hose.

Procedure:
1. Place the Orifice Meter on the table.
2. Connect the hose provided to the water supply of bench and connect the other side (with gate
valve) to the sink for drainage .
3. Connect the tube to the pressure port of orifice meter and connect the other side to the digital
manometer.
4. If the manometer is not showing ZERO reading before testing , press the zero button on the me-
ter to set it to zero reading.
5. Switch on the pump by turnning on the Mains Switch.
6. Adjust the valve of water supply and slowly adjust the gate valve on the orifice meter.
7. Get the reading from the manometer and record down the flow rate by using the measuring
beaker and stop watch.
8. Get three readings with different flow rates.
9. Repeat Step 2 - 8 with different diameter orifice.
10. Record the result obtained in the table provided.
11. Compare the result with different orifice and discuss it.

Orifice Meter

Digital Manome-
ter

Orifice

57
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
EXPERIMENTS

Orifice Diameter: 3mm

Water Collected Time (sec) Flow Rate Pressure Dif-

(Liters) (LPM) ference (M)

Orifice Diameter: 5mm

Water Collected Time (sec) Flow Rate Pressure Dif-

(Liters) (LPM) ference (M)

Orifice Diameter: 8mm

Water Collected Time (sec) Flow Rate Pressure Differ-

(Liters) (LPM) ence (M)

58
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH

MANUFACTURER’S
DATA

59
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 1
Experiment 1.1

• using graduated beaker

Sample Fluid Liquid A Liquid B Liquid C

m1 (kg) 0.0468 0.0455 0.0455
m2 (kg) 0.1251 0.1168 0.124
V (m3) 0.00008 0.00008 0.00008
ρ (kg/m ) 3
978.75 891.25 981.25
SG 0.98 0.90482 0.99619

Experiment 1.2

• 51.743 cm3 density bottle

Sample Fluid Liquid A Liquid B Liquid C

m1 (kg) 0.031 0.031 0.031
m2 (kg) 0.0823 0.0777 0.082
V (m3) 0.000051743 0.000051743 0.000051743
ρ (kg/m3) 991.4385 902.5375 985.6406
SG 1 0.91033138 0.99415

• 25.252 cm3 density bottle

Sample Fluid Liquid A Liquid B Liquid C

m1 (kg) 0.0207 0.0207 0.0207
m2 (kg) 0.0458 0.0436 0.046
3
V (m ) 0.000025252 0.000025252 0.000025252
3
ρ (kg/m ) 993.9807 906.8589 1001.9008
SG 1 0.9123506 1.00796813

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 2

Sample Fluid Liquid A Liquid B Liquid C

SG 0.998 0.9 1

Density (kg/m3) 995.046 897.336 997.040

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 3

Capillary Action
Bore size, d Liquid A
(mm)
h (mm) hd/4 for Tube

0.8 14 2.4
1 11 2.75
1.5 7 2.625
2 5 2.5

Capillary Action
Shim thick-
ness, b Liquid A

(mm) h (mm) hb/2 for Plate

0.67 6.99 2.342

1.20 4.53 2.718
1.50 3.79 2.843

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 4

Stainless Steel Ball Diameter, d (m)

Liquid
0.003 0.004 0.005
Average Distance Traveled, D (m)
0.7 0.7 0.7
Time Taken, t (s)
39.42 23.11 14.72
40.02 23.56 14.56
Average Time Taken, t (s)
Test Liquid A 39.72 23.34 14.64
Velocity, V (m/s)
0.0176 0.030 0.048
σ/ρ
8.03
Kinematic Viscosity, υ at T °C, m2s
0.00195 0.00204 0.0020

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 5

40ml water + 40 ml dish washer 30ml water + 40 ml dish washer

Time (s) Time (s)

1 56 1 128
2 51 2 123
3 54 3 128
Average 53.6 Average 126.3

Calculation:
Case 1:
Constant K = 0.05
Flow time (averaged) = 53.6s
Hagenbach Correction for 53.6s, y = 0.257
Kinematic Viscosity, m = K (t - y)
= 0.05 (53.6 - 0.257)
= 2.667 mm2/s

Case 2:
Constant K = 0.05
Flow time (averaged) = 126.3s
Hagenbach Correction for 126.3s, y = 0.0437
Kinematic Viscosity, m = K (t - y)
= 0.05 (126.3 - 0.0437)
= 6.313 mm2/s

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 6
Result and Calculations

Weight of pontoon (excluding adjustable weight) (Wp) =1.280 kg

Adjustable weight (ω) =0.219 kg
Total weight, W = W p + ω =1.499kg
Breadth of pontoon (D) =0.220 m
Length of Pontoon (L) =0.305 m
Second moment of area, I=LD3/12 = 2.71x10-4m4
Pontoon displacement, V = W/ρ = 1.508x10-3m3
Area of pontoon in water, A = LD = 0.0671m2
Depth of immersion, OC = V/A = 0.02247m
Height of center of center of buoyancy B above OB=BC=OC/2 = 0.0112m
ρ = density of water

Height of adjustable weight 305 260 200 135 80

from base plate (mm)
Center of gravity (OG) (mm) 99 90 81 64 58

Height of Angle of List, θ (°) for Adjustable Weight Lateral Displacement from
Adjustable
Sail Center Line, x1 (mm)
Weight,
y1 (mm)
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
305 -2.4 -1.6 -0.8 0
260 -1.4 -0.8 0 0.8 1.8 2.4
200 -3.8 -3 -2.4 -1.8 -1.2 -0.6 0 0.8 1.4 2 2.6
135 -3.2 -2.8 -2 -1.4 -1 -0.6 0 0.4 1 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.4 4

65
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Graph of displacement vs angle of tilt

80
y1 = 18.224x
y2= 15.924x
60 y3 = 13.346x
y4 = 12.169x
40 y1 = 135mm
y2 = 200mm
displacement (mm)

20
y3 = 260mm

0 y4 = 305mm
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 Linear (y1 = 135mm)
-20
Linear (y2 = 200mm)
Linear (y3 = 260mm)
-40
Linear (y4 = 305mm)
-60

-80
Angle of Tilt (Degree)

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Height of Adjust- Height of G dx/dθ Meta-centric BM (mm)

able Weight, y1 above Water Sur- Height, GM (mm)
(mm) face, OG (mm) (mm/rad)
305 99 697.141948 101.757611 189.557611
260 90 764.570337 111.599726 190.399726
200 81 912.259707 133.157054 202.957054
135 64 1044.02292 152.389736 205.189736

Sample Calculation:

dx1/dθ = Gradient of the graph * 180o / 3.142

= 12.169*180/3.142
= 697.14
ω  dx 
= W ⋅  dϑ 
1
Meta-centric height, GM
 
= 0.219/1.499(697.14)
= 101.76mm

BM = BG + GM
= OG - OB + GM
= 99 - 11.2 + 101.76
= 189.56mm

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 7

Data Obtained from Experiment:

θ (°) 7o
Partially / Weight h1 (mm) h2 (mm) H (mm)
Fully sub- (N)
merged

P 0.4905 172 216 44

0.9810 152 216 64
1.4715 137 216 79
1.9620 128 216 88
F 2.4525 118 216 98
3.4335 96 216 120
4.4145 76 216 140
5.3955 55 216 161

P = Partially Submerged
F = Fully Submerged

Sample calculation:

Weight (N) = 50g * 9.81

= 0.050kg * 9.81
= 0.4905N

H (mm) = h2 - h1
= 216 - 172
= 44mm

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Experimental result for the cases of θ=7°

R2-R4
θ (°) W (N) H (m) M (Nm)
(m)
7 0.4905 0.044 0.0443 0.0991
0.9810 0.064 0.0645 0.1982
1.4715 0.079 0.0796 0.2972
1.9620 0.088 0.0887 0.3963
2.4525 0.098 0.0987 0.4954
3.4335 0.120 0.1209 0.6936
4.4145 0.140 0.1411 0.8917
5.3955 0.161 0.1622 1.0899

Sample calculation:

R2 - R4 = H secθ
= 0.044 * sec 7
= 0.044 * 1/cos 7
= 0.0443m

Moment, M = W * Radius to weight hanger (Rw)

= 0.4905 * 0.202
= 0.0991 Nm

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Theoretical result for the cases of θ=7°

θ (°) 7°
Partially / Fully
R2 - R4 (m) R4 (m) Moment (Nm)
Submerged
0 0.2 0.00000 P
0.01 0.19 0.00718 P
0.02 0.18 0.02824 P
0.03 0.17 0.06243 P
0.04 0.16 0.10905 P
0.05 0.15 0.16734 P
0.06 0.14 0.23660 P
0.07 0.13 0.31607 P
0.08 0.12 0.40504 P
0.09 0.11 0.49899 F
0.1 0.1 0.60853 F
0.11 0.09 0.71806 F
0.12 0.08 0.82760 F
0.13 0.07 0.93713 F
0.14 0.06 1.04667 F
0.15 0.05 1.15620 F
0.16 0.04 1.26574 F
0.17 0.03 1.37527 F

Sample calculation:

Partially submerged, R2 - R4 = 0.01 case,

R4 = 0.2 - 0.01
= 0.19

Moment,

M = wb cos θ  2
(
 R 3 − R43 )R ( R 2 − R42 ) 
− 4 2  .. For partially submerged case only
 3 2 

M = (9.81)(1000)(0.075)cos(7){[(0.23-0.193)/3]-[0.19(0.22-0.192)/2]}
= (730.2319)(0.0003803-0.0003705)
= 0.00718Nm

Where w = ρg
ρ = density of water = 1000kg/m3
g = gravity = 9.81m/s2
b = width of tank = 0.075mm
R2 = radius to lower edge of tank = 0.2m

70
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Fully submerged, R2 - R4 = 0.09 case,

R4 = 0.2 - 0.09
= 0.11

Moment,
 (R 3 − R13 ) R 4 (R22 − R12 )
M = wb cos θ  2 − 
 3 2  .. For fully submerged case only

M = (9.81)(1000)(0.075)cos(7){[(0.23-0.13)/3]-[0.11(0.22-0.12)/2]}
= (730.2319)(0.002333-0.00165)
= 0.49899Nm

Where w = ρg
ρ = density of water = 1000kg/m3
g = gravity = 9.81m/s2
b = width of tank = 0.075mm
R2 = radius to lower edge of tank = 0.2m
R1 = radius to the upper edge of tank = 0.1m

Comparison of experimental and theoretical result

Graph of Moment against Slant Depth of Water

1.6
1.4
1.2
Moment (Nm)

1
0.8
0.6 Experimental Result
0.4 Theoretical Result
0.2
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

Slant Depth (R2-R4) (m)

71
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 8

Reading Error%

Mercury 726 mm 4.473684

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 9

Water Height difference, ∆H (m) 0.175

Mercury Height difference, ∆H (m) 0.013

Pressure applied on water manometer 195.8

(Pa)
Pressure applied on mercury manometer 266.8
(Pa)
Digital manometer reading (Pressure), kPa 1.70

Digital manometer reading (cmHg) 1.26

Digital manometer reading (mH2O) 0.16

Sample calculation:

Pressure applied on water manometer = ρg∆H

= (998)(9.81)(0.175)
= 1713 Pa

Pressure applied on mercury manometer = ρg∆H

= (13600)(9.81)(0.013)
= 1734Pa

73
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 10

Weight Ap- Gauge Pres- Gauge Pres- Gauge Pres- Average Pressure
plied (kg) sure 1 (bar) sure 2 (bar) sure 3 (bar) (bar)
0 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.037
0.5 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.097
1.0 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.157
1.5 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.220
2.0 0.28 0.29 0.28 0.283
2.5 0.35 0.35 0.34 0.347

Weight Applied (N) + Gauge Pressure (N/m2)

piston weight (N)
3.02 3714.33
7.92 9792.33
12.82 15870.33
17.72 22286.00
22.62 28701.67
27.52 35117.33

Weight Applied Actual pressure Percentage error

(N) P (N/m2) (%)

3.02 4000.71 7.16

7.92 10491.94 6.67
12.82 16983.16 6.55
17.72 23474.38 5.06
22.62 29965.60 4.22
27.52 36456.83 3.67

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

Sample Calculation:

Piston diameter, d = 31mm

Piston cross sectional area, A = πd2/4 = 7.55 x 10-4 m2

Pressure applied = F/A

For experimental result,

Weight applied + Piston weight = (0.5kg * 9.8) + (0.302kg * 9.8)

= 7.92N

Gauge pressure (N/m2) = 0.097 bar * 101300

= 9792.33 N/m2

For theoretical result,

P (N/m2) = 7.92/7.55 x 10-4

= 10491.94 N/m2

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LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 11

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Initial Volume (ml) 31 40 60

Final Volume (ml) 40 48 68
Initial Mass (g) 77.7 85.7 103.1

Final Mass (g) 87 94.7 112

Density (kg/m3) 1033.333 1125 1112.5

Average is 1090.28 kg/m3.

Sample calculation:

Density = (final mass - initial mass) / (final volume - initial volume)

= (0.087-0.0777) / (0.00004-0.000031)
= 1033.33 kg/m3

76
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA

EXPERIMENT 12

Result:

Height from bottom of weight

15
hanger to water surface, h (mm)
Weight applied (g) 15

Weight applied (N) 0.147

Theoretical calculation (N) 0.170

Sample calculation:

Upward force, W = pghA

p = density of water
g = gravitational pull
h = water displacement height
A = area of submerged body

W = (998)(9.81)(0.015)(0.001164)
= 0.170N

77
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA
EXPERIMENT 13

After running the Experiment 13, it is found that the water level will become same level in horizontal
with and without the water flowing though the free surface tube.

78
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
MANUFACTURER’S DATA
EXPERIMENT 14
Orifice Diameter: 3mm

Water Collected Time (sec) Flow Rate Pressure Differ-

(Liters) (LPM) ence (M)
0.5 6 5 4.76
0.5 8 3.75 2.82
0.5 20 1.5 0.61

Orifice Diameter: 5mm

Water Collected Time (sec) Flow Rate Pressure Differ-

(Liters) (LPM) ence (M)
0.5 6 5 1.00
0.5 8 3.75 0.70
0.5 20 1.5 0.16

Orifice Diameter: 8mm

Water Collected Time (sec) Flow Rate Pressure Differ-

(Liters) (LPM) ence (M)
0.5 6 5 0.13
0.5 8 3.75 0.06
0.5 20 1.5 0.01

Pressure Loss In Orifice Meter

5
Pressure Loss (Meter H2O)

3
Orifice (3mm)
2
Orifice (5mm)
1
Orifice (8mm)
0
0 2 4 6

Flow Rate (LPM)

79
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH

COMPONENTS
LIST

80
LS-18 001-HB1 HYDROSTATIC BENCH
COMPONENT LIST
STORAGE CONDITION

Note : This machine may contain heat sensitive thermoplastic and

electronic components. Do not store in a place of temperature higher
than 40°C and lower than 10°C.

Any defects arising out of the improper storage condition will not be
considered a manufacturer’s defect and replacement of such af-
fected components shall be charged accordingly.

81