MAPEH 9 HAND OUT

MUSIC
MUSIC OF MEDIEVAL PERIOD (700-1400)

Western music composed in the Middle Ages is called Medieval Music. Medieval era started from
the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century and ended in the early 15th century.
Chant, also known as plain song, is a monophonic sacred form used as the earliest music of the Christian
church. Chants from places in Europe were all developed to support the regional liturgies used when
celebrating the Mass.

1. Gregorian Chant- is the main practice of Western plainchant. It is a form of monophonic, sacred song
without accompaniment of the Western Roman Catholic Church. Gregorian chant developed mainly in
Western and Central Europe during the 9 th and 10th centuries. Stories credit Pope St. Gregory the Great for
introducing Gregorian chant, however, scholars say that it was created from a later Carolingian synthesis of
Gallican chant and Roman chant. Gregorian chants were formed initially into four, then eight and finally
twelve modes. The chants can be sung using six-note patterns called hexachords. Gregorian melodies are
traditionally written using neumes an early form of musical notation from which the modern four-line and
five-line staff developed. Multi-voice elaborations of Gregorian chant, known as organum, were an early
stage in the development of Western polyphony. Gregorian chant before was sung by men’s and boy’s choirs
in churches. It is also sung by women and men of religious orders in their chapels. It is the music of the
Roman Rite, performed in the Mass. Gregorian chant succeeded and relegated other indigenous plainchants
of the Christian West and became the official music of the Christian liturgy. Performance of the Gregorian
chant is no longer binding, but the Roman Catholic Church still officially considers it the music most
suitable for worship.

2. TROUBADOUR MUSIC- is composed and performed by troubadors in the Middle Ages, (1100-1350).
The term troubadour refers to man since it sounds masculine and female troubadours are referred to as
trobairitz. Troubadour tradition started in Occitania, late 11th century. According to Dante Alighierii,
troubadour lyric is a musical, poetical and rhetorical fiction.
Themes of troubadour songs are centered on chivalry and courtly love. Majority of these songs were
standard, intellectual and metaphysical. Humorous and rude satires characterize many of their songs. Their
songs can be classified into three styles. These are the trobar clus or close, trobar leu which means light and
trobar ric which is rich. Among the many genres, the most famous is the canso. The troubadours and
trouveres music was a dialect tradition of monophonic secular song. Their songs may be accompanied by
instruments, sung by professional, occasionally travelling musicians who were skilled as poets as they were
singers and instrumentalists. Troubadours use Occitan or Provencal language, while trovers use old French.
The period of the troubadours corresponded to the flowering of cultural life in Provence which lasted
through the 12th century and into the first decade of the 13 th century. Typical subjects of troubadour song
were chivalry, courtly love and war.
3. Adam De La Halle- He is a famous Troubadour, composed more than 36 compositions, and known for
being versatile and unique.
MUSIC OF THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
“When did the Renaissance era begin?” is a question music historian do not have a consensus answer. Of
course, majority of them agree that England was a medieval society at that time of 14 th-15th century.
Renaissance spread all throughout in Italy in the 14 th century. Renaissance is a French word which means
rebirth, which describes the period. This was the time of artistic growth, cultural awakening, great
intellectual achievement and scientific discovery. A philosophy that placed at the center of the universe and
stressed human potential is humanist which started to assert dominant influence on all aspects of learning.

1. Mass- is a form of sacred musical composition. It is a choral composition that sets consistent parts of the
Eucharistic liturgy. This pertains mainly to the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion and Lutheranism
music. Generally, Masses are settings of the Liturgy in Latin, the liturgical sacred language of the Catholic
Church’s Roman liturgy. Musical Masses take their name from the Catholic liturgy called “the Mass”.
Masses can be without an accompaniment which is called acapella or they can be accompanied by
instrumental obbligato sora full orchestra. Many Masses were never intended to be performed during
celebration of an actual mass.

2. Madrigal- Italian secular genre of the Madrigal became famous in the time of the Renaissance. In the
leading line, Madrigals featured much fluidity and motion. In Italy, canons were composed because of the
madrigal form. These were under Caccia, three-part secular pieces featuring two higher voices in canon that
goes with instrumental long-note principal accompaniment. Pure instrumental music developed in this time
in context of a developing theatrical tradition and for court use. The greatest genre which is purely
instrumental is dance music. Secular Ballata originated in medieval instrumental dance music.

MUSIC OF THE BAROQUE PERIOD

The Baroque period lasted from 1685-1750. “Barroco” is a Portuguese word which means a pearl
that is irregularly shaped. It is where the period was named after.
Baroque period shined under the leadership of Louis XIV of France. This period was the time of great
philosophers and writers such as Descartes, Locke and Voltaire.

1. Fugue- is a contrapuntal compositional technique in two or more voices. It is built on a theme introduced
at the beginning in imitation/repetition at different pitches and recurs often throughout the composition. The
English term fugue came from the 16th century and is taken from the French word fugue or the Italian fuga.
This also came from Latin, fuga, which is itself related to both fugere (to flee) and fugare (to chase). The
adjectival form is fugal. A fugue usually has three sections: the exposition, development and recapitulation
containing the return of the subject in the fugues tonic key. Most fugues open with a short main theme, the
subject which then sounds successively in each voice. After the first voice is done stating the subject, a
second voice repeats the subject at a different pitch and other voices repeat in the same way. When each
voice has entered, the exposition is complete. This is often followed by a connecting passage, or episode
formed from previously heard material. More “entries” of the subject then are heard in related keys. Entries
and episodes are generally alternated towards the “final entry” of the subject. This time the music has
returned to the opening key and is usually followed by the coda as closing material. In this sense, a fugue is
not a fixed structure, but a style of composition.
(Cipriano, et. al., 2015)
ARTS

Giotto di Bondone Giovanni Paolo Panini Pompeo Batoni

Born: Vicchio, Italy Born: June 17, 1691, Pianceza, Born: January 25, 1708
Died: January 8, 1337 Italy Died: February 4, 1787
Known for: painting, fresco, Died: October 21, 1765 Known for: painter
architecture Known for: painter Batoni was the leading
Giotto's masterwork is the Giovanni Paolo Panini, the most portrait painter of 18th-
decoration of the Scrovegni celebrated and popular view century Rome. He was
Chapel in Padua, commonly painter in eighteenth-century born in Lucca, the son of a
called as the Arena Chapel, Rome, was born 17 June 1691 in goldsmith, and his training
completed around 1305. This Piacenza. Although he prepared as probably took place there
fresco cycle depicts the life of a youth for a career in the Church, before he moved to Rome
the Virgin and the life of he studied perspective and in 1727.
Christ. It is regarded as one of architectural painting in his native From about 1740 Batoni
the supreme masterpieces of city and had received some established himself as the
the Early Renaissance. That architectural training by the time principal portraitist in
Giotto painted the Arena of his arrival in Rome in Rome of visitors from
Chapel and he was chosen by November 1711. Although already abroad, especially English
the commune of Florence in recognized as an independent aristocrats on the Grand
1334 to design the new painter of landscapes and Tour. Batoni's grand
campanile (bell tower) of the architectural and perspective decorative schemes and
Florence Cathedral are among views, Panini attended the drawing altarpieces show the
the few certainties of his academy of the figure painter influence both of the
biography. Almost every other Benedetto Luti until about 1717- antique and of Raphael,
aspect of it is subject to 1718. The formative influences whose work he often
controversy: his birthdate, his upon his style were the classical copied.
birthplace, his appearance, his ruin paintings of Giovanni His patrons on the Grand
apprenticeship, the order in Ghisolfi, the landscapes of Jan Van Tour included many
which he created his works, Bloemen and Andrea Locatelli, Englishmen, such as
whether or not he painted the and the topographical views of Charles Compton, Earl of
famous frescoes at Assisi, and Gaspar Van Wittel (1653-1736). Northampton, whose
where he was eventually portrait of 1758 is in the
buried after his death. Fitzwilliam Museum,
(Abanto, Dela Cruz & Aquino, Cambridge, and the
2018) unknown man in the
'Portrait of a Gentleman' in
the Gallery Collection.
Ognissanti Madona- The painting has a traditional Christian subject, representing the Virgin Mary and the
Christ Child seated on her lap, with saints and angels surrounding them on all sides. This particular
representation of the Virgin is called a Maestà, a popular representation at the time. It is often celebrated as
the first painting of the Renaissance due to its newfound naturalism and escape from the constraints of
Gothic art. PLEASE WATCH THIS ON YOUTUBE

The Triumph of Venice- The painting was commissioned in Rome by Marco Foscarini while serving as
Venetian ambassador to the papal court. It commemorates one of the great moments in the history of
Venetian culture, the first two decades of the 16th century, when the fine arts flourished during a time of
peace under the leadership of Doge Leonardo Loredan. The patron himself, Foscarini, went on to become
doge in the 1760s.
Doge Loredan appears at the center of the composition standing next to a woman driving a triumphal
carriage pulled by two winged lions–a personification of Venice. Other Roman gods and goddesses
represented include Ceres, Minerva, Neptune, Mars, and Mercury. In the background is a view of Venice’s
celebrated “Molo,” the waterfront area at the entrance to the Grand Canal near Piazza San Marco and the
Doge’s Palace, two of the most recognizable urban architectural monuments in Europe.
I would be curious to hear what attracts visitors today to this painting. Is it the bombastic depictions of
mythological and historical figures, warm palette dominated by blues and golds, representational realism,
magnificence of the Venetian waterfront and palaces in the background, or something else?
Learn more about this monumental painting here. –Lyle Humphrey, Associate Curator of European Art and
Collections History. PLEASE WATCH THIS ON YOUTUBE
The Ancient Rome- The paintings depict many of the most significant architectural sites and sculptures from
ancient Rome. PLEASE WATCH THIS ON YOUTUBE

Elements of Art
Think of the elements of art as the arrows in your quiver or tools in a toolbox. You use them individually and
in combination for any art making endeavor. For the visual arts, these are visual elements: color, form, line,
shape, space, texture, and value.
1. Color
A three-pronged element of art: hue, value and intensity.
Hue is the color itself.
Value is the hue’s lightness or darkness and changes when white or black is added to it.
Intensity is the aspect of brightness and purity of a color. High intensity colors are bold and bright. Low
intensity colors are faint and duller.
2. Space
Space is the element of art through which both positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth is
achieved in a work of art.
3. Texture
This aspect of art defines the way an art object or an element in a composition feels or looks as if it would
feel if touched.
4. Form
For painters and draftsmen, form is the element of art that renders a three-dimensional form in two
dimensions. In a lot of ways, it is the heart of an art object — the form itself. It can enclose a volume and
includes height, width and depth. A cube, a sphere, a cylinder and a pyramid are all different forms. Forms
can also be formless — abstracted and free-flowing.
5. Line
Marks made on a surface are known as line. They start at a point and move along, creating space as they go.
Lines can be two- or three-dimensional, describing form or the form itself, implied, or abstract. Creating a
series of parallel lines to indicate form is a technique known as hatching. Crosshatching indicates more than
one set of these lines laid over top of each other at angles to model and indicate tone.
Principles of Art
If the elements of art are your tools, the principles of art are how you put them to work. It is where the style
of art manipulates its substance. Rhythm, harmony, balance, contrast, movement, proportion, and variety are
the principles of art.
1. Rhythm
This principle of art describes the movement in or of an artwork. Rhythm is created by the variety and
repetition of elements in a work of art that come together to create a visual tempo or beat.
2. Harmony
This is achieved when the elements of an artwork come together in a unified way. Certain element is
repeated yet still look and feel similar. Not monotony and not chaos, harmony is that perfectly honed
combination of both.
3. Balance
Artists combine elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or stability to a work of art. Symmetry and
asymmetry are manifestations of balance.
4. Contrast
Areas of contrast are where a viewer’s eye are usually first drawn. Artists will combine elements to stress the
differences between those elements.
5. Movement
Movement is used to create the look and feeling of action in an artwork. It guides the viewer’s eye
throughout a piece. A sense of movement can be varied lines, repetition of elements, and gestural mark-
making among many more.
6. Pattern
This is the uniform repetition of an element of art or combination of elements. Anything can be turned into a
pattern through repetition.
7. Proportion
Within the realm of the elements and principles of art, proportion is the relationship of elements in an
artwork to the whole and to one another.
8. Variety
The principle of art concerned with diversity or contrast is that of variety. Variety is brought about by using
different colors, sizes and shapes in a work of art. It is the partner of unity. Artists seek the balance between
the two.

P.E

FACTORS LEADING TO LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASES

Eating too much or too less of what your body needs for a long period of time may cause health-related
problems. Your lifestyle reflects you’re eating habits, while the condition of your body is a reflection of
the food that you eat. As a result, your body will respond to the nutrients that are absorbed from the food.
According to the Department of Health, a lifestyle-related disease is a term used to emphasize the
contribution of our behavior to the development of chronic diseases. Lifestyle-related diseases are
diseases acquired because of engaging in unhealthy habits and lifestyles. Anyone is at risk of having
these diseases because of the following factors:
1. Smoking- a blood clot can form easily among people who smoke, which is due to the platelets
sticking together. This makes the heart work harder, increasing the risk of stroke and other
cardiovascular diseases.
2. Eating foods with high salt, fat, sugar and oil is a bad habit which slowly forms and sticks to the
walls of the arteries. This clogs blood vessels, therefore restricting the blood flow to the heart and
brain.
3. Poor nutrition- this results in a higher risk of developing diseases.
4. Physical inactivity- lack of regular physical activity might lead to weight gain, increased bad
cholesterol and increased blood pressure.
5. Stress- prolonged or severe stress decreases immune resistance and slows down the recovery of
the body.
6. Obesity- if an individual is 20-30% more than his or her ideal body weight, he or she is at a
higher risk of suffering from cardiovascular disease. Remember that additional weight increases
the workload of the heart and other internal organs.
MAJOR LIFESTYLE-RELATED DISEASES
1. Cardiovascular diseases- these are diseases related to the heart and blood vessels.
2. Diabetes-according to DOH, diabetes is a serious, chronic metabolic disease characterized by an
increase in blood sugar levels, which is associated with long-term damage and failure in organ
functions especially the eyes, the kidneys, the nerves, the heart and the blood vessels.
3. Hypertension- this is defined as a consistent elevation in mean arterial pressure. When blood
pressure is consistently high, it creates strain on the arteries of the heart, making the heart work
harder than it should.
4. Cancer- this develops when cells unnecessarily and rapidly multiply and they outgrow the
number of normal cells.
HEALTH
WHAT ARE SOME ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS RELATED TO WASTE?
Poor waste management contributes to climate change and air pollution, and directly affects many
ecosystems and species. Landfills, considered the last resort in the waste hierarchy, release methane, a very
powerful greenhouse gas linked to climate change.
WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO GARBAGE SEGREGATION AND
DISPOSAL?

Possible external factors are low collection frequency, low cleaning services, and insufficient facilities such
as small dumpsters. Possible internal factors, which also play an important role in this issue, include low
awareness, insufficient knowledge, and low responsibility for personal waste.